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Gerber PF, Cao D, Xiao CT, Chen Q, Lager K, Bosch BJ, Meng XJ, Halbur PG, Opriessnig T. Failure to experimentally infect 10 days-old piglets with a cell culture-propagated infectious stock of a classical genotype 1a porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1279162. [PMID: 38046573 PMCID: PMC10693406 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1279162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes enteric disease in pigs of all ages. PEDV can be grouped into G1 (classical strains) and G2 (variant strains) based on sequence differences in the spike gene. Although several pathogenesis studies using contemporary strains of PEDV have been conducted to date, there is limited information on the pathogenesis of historical PEDV strains in contemporary pigs. This study aimed to investigate the clinical disease course of 10 days-old pigs infected with a classical European G1a PEDV strain from the 1980s which was last passaged in pigs in 1994. Methods Sequencing results confirmed that the virus inoculum was a PEDV strain closely related to the prototype CV777 strain. The PEDV stock was serially passaged three times in Vero cells, and the P3 infectious virus stock was used to inoculate the pigs. A total of 40 pigs were inoculated using the oral route. Results Pigs showed no enteric disease signs, and PEDV shedding was not detected for 44 days post-inoculation (dpi). At necropsy at 3 (5 pigs) or 7 dpi (5 pigs), no lesions were observed in intestinal sections, which were negative for PEDV antigen by immunohistochemistry. In addition, no IgG or IgA PEDV-specific antibodies in serum or fecal samples for 35 dpi further indicates a lack of infection. Titration of the leftover thawed and refrozen PEDV virus stock inoculum showed that the virus stock retained its infectivity in Vero cell culture and the porcine small intestine enterocytes cell line IPEC-J2. Discussion The reasons for the loss of infectivity in pigs are unknown. In conclusion, we showed that a classical G1a PEDV strain successfully propagated in cell cultures could not orally infect 40 piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla F. Gerber
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dianjun Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Chao-Ting Xiao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kelly Lager
- National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Services, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Patrick G. Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Vaccines and Diagnostics Department, Moredun Research Institute, Penicuik, United Kingdom
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2
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Haagmans BL, Noack D, Okba NMA, Li W, Wang C, Bestebroer T, de Vries R, Herfst S, de Meulder D, Verveer E, van Run P, Lamers MM, Rijnders B, Rokx C, van Kuppeveld F, Grosveld F, Drabek D, Geurts van Kessel C, Koopmans M, Bosch BJ, Kuiken T, Rockx B. SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Human Antibodies Protect Against Lower Respiratory Tract Disease in a Hamster Model. J Infect Dis 2021; 223:2020-2028. [PMID: 34043806 PMCID: PMC8243397 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective clinical intervention strategies for COVID-19 are urgently needed.
Although several clinical trials have evaluated the use of convalescent plasma
containing virus-neutralizing antibodies, the levels of neutralizing antibodies
are usually not assessed and the effectiveness has not been proven. We show that
hamsters treated prophylactically with a 1:2560 titer of human convalescent
plasma or a 1:5260 titer of monoclonal antibody were protected against weight
loss, had a significant reduction of virus replication in the lungs and showed
reduced pneumonia . Interestingly, this protective effect was lost with a titer
of 1:320 of convalescent plasma. These data highlight the importance of
screening plasma donors for high levels of neutralizing antibodies. Our data show that prophylactic administration of high levels of neutralizing
antibody, either monoclonal or from convalescent plasma, prevent severe
SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in a hamster model, and could be used as an alternative or
complementary to other antiviral treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Danny Noack
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M A Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elwin Verveer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter van Run
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mart M Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart Rijnders
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Casper Rokx
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank van Kuppeveld
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Grosveld
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Harbour BioMed, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marion Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Section, Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barry Rockx
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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3
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Steenhuis M, van Mierlo G, Derksen NIL, Ooijevaar‐de Heer P, Kruithof S, Loeff FL, Berkhout LC, Linty F, Reusken C, Reimerink J, Hogema B, Zaaijer H, van de Watering L, Swaneveld F, van Gils MJ, Bosch BJ, van Ham SM, ten Brinke A, Vidarsson G, van der Schoot EC, Rispens T. Dynamics of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in convalescent plasma donors. Clin Transl Immunology 2021; 10:e1285. [PMID: 34026115 PMCID: PMC8126762 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Characterisation of the human antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection is vital for serosurveillance purposes and for treatment options such as transfusion with convalescent plasma or immunoglobulin products derived from convalescent plasma. In this study, we longitudinally and quantitatively analysed antibody responses in RT-PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 convalescent adults during the first 250 days after onset of symptoms. METHODS We measured antibody responses to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the nucleocapsid protein in 844 longitudinal samples from 151 RT-PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2 convalescent adults. With a median of 5 (range 2-18) samples per individual, this allowed quantitative analysis of individual longitudinal antibody profiles. Kinetic profiles were analysed by mixed-effects modelling. RESULTS All donors were seropositive at the first sampling moment, and only one donor seroreverted during follow-up analysis. Anti-RBD IgG and anti-nucleocapsid IgG levels declined with median half-lives of 62 and 59 days, respectively, 2-5 months after symptom onset, and several-fold variation in half-lives of individuals was observed. The rate of decline of antibody levels diminished during extended follow-up, which points towards long-term immunological memory. The magnitude of the anti-RBD IgG response correlated well with neutralisation capacity measured in a classic plaque reduction assay and in an in-house developed competitive assay. CONCLUSION The result of this study gives valuable insight into the long-term longitudinal response of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Mierlo
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ninotska IL Derksen
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar‐de Heer
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Simone Kruithof
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Floris L Loeff
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lea C Berkhout
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Federica Linty
- Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Chantal Reusken
- Department of Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Service region UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Johan Reimerink
- Department of Infectious DiseasesPublic Health Service region UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Boris Hogema
- Department of VirologySanquin Diagnostic ServicesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Hans Zaaijer
- Sanquin Blood Supply Foundation and Amsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | - Francis Swaneveld
- Department of Transfusion MedicineSanquin Blood BankAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Department of Medical MicrobiologyAmsterdam UMCUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology DivisionDepartment of Infectious Diseases and ImmunologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anja ten Brinke
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Ellen C van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental ImmunohematologySanquin Research and Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of ImmunopathologySanquin ResearchAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Landsteiner LaboratoryAmsterdam University Medical CentreUniversity of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
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4
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Vogelzang EH, Loeff FC, Derksen NIL, Kruithof S, Ooijevaar-de Heer P, van Mierlo G, Linty F, Mok JY, van Esch W, de Bruin S, Vlaar APJ, Seppen B, Leeuw M, van Oudheusden AJG, Buiting AGM, Jim KK, Vrielink H, Swaneveld F, Vidarsson G, van der Schoot CE, Wever PC, Li W, van Kuppeveld F, Murk JL, Bosch BJ, Wolbink GJ, Rispens T. Development of a SARS-CoV-2 Total Antibody Assay and the Dynamics of Antibody Response over Time in Hospitalized and Nonhospitalized Patients with COVID-19. J Immunol 2020; 205:3491-3499. [PMID: 33127820 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 infections often cause only mild disease that may evoke relatively low Ab titers compared with patients admitted to hospitals. Generally, total Ab bridging assays combine good sensitivity with high specificity. Therefore, we developed sensitive total Ab bridging assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 Abs to the receptor-binding domain (RBD) and nucleocapsid protein in addition to conventional isotype-specific assays. Ab kinetics was assessed in PCR-confirmed, hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (n = 41) and three populations of patients with COVID-19 symptoms not requiring hospital admission: PCR-confirmed convalescent plasmapheresis donors (n = 182), PCR-confirmed hospital care workers (n = 47), and a group of longitudinally sampled symptomatic individuals highly suspect of COVID-19 (n = 14). In nonhospitalized patients, the Ab response to RBD is weaker but follows similar kinetics, as has been observed in hospitalized patients. Across populations, the RBD bridging assay identified most patients correctly as seropositive. In 11/14 of the COVID-19-suspect cases, seroconversion in the RBD bridging assay could be demonstrated before day 12; nucleocapsid protein Abs emerged less consistently. Furthermore, we demonstrated the feasibility of finger-prick sampling for Ab detection against SARS-CoV-2 using these assays. In conclusion, the developed bridging assays reliably detect SARS-CoV-2 Abs in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients and are therefore well suited to conduct seroprevalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik H Vogelzang
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, 1056 AB Reade, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Floris C Loeff
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Biologics Laboratory, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Simone Kruithof
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pleuni Ooijevaar-de Heer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Mierlo
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Federica Linty
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Juk Yee Mok
- Sanquin Reagents, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim van Esch
- Sanquin Reagents, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sanne de Bruin
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander P J Vlaar
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Seppen
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, 1056 AB Reade, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maureen Leeuw
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, 1056 AB Reade, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anne J G van Oudheusden
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, 5042 AD Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Anton G M Buiting
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, 5042 AD Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Kin Ki Jim
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Departments of Medical Microbiology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 5223 GZ 's Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Vrielink
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Bank, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francis Swaneveld
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, Sanquin Blood Bank, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter C Wever
- Departments of Medical Microbiology, Jeroen Bosch Hospital, 5223 GZ 's Hertogenbosch, the Netherlands
| | - Wentao Li
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Frank van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Jean-Luc Murk
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, 5042 AD Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands; and
| | - Gerrit-Jan Wolbink
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, 1056 AB Reade, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Rheumatology, OLVG Hospital, 1091 AC Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory Academic Medical Centre, 1066 CX Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
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5
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Stalin Raj V, Okba NMA, Gutierrez-Alvarez J, Drabek D, van Dieren B, Widagdo W, Lamers MM, Widjaja I, Fernandez-Delgado R, Sola I, Bensaid A, Koopmans MP, Segalés J, Osterhaus ADME, Bosch BJ, Enjuanes L, Haagmans BL. Chimeric camel/human heavy-chain antibodies protect against MERS-CoV infection. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaas9667. [PMID: 30101189 PMCID: PMC6082650 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aas9667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) continues to cause outbreaks in humans as a result of spillover events from dromedaries. In contrast to humans, MERS-CoV-exposed dromedaries develop only very mild infections and exceptionally potent virus-neutralizing antibody responses. These strong antibody responses may be caused by affinity maturation as a result of repeated exposure to the virus or by the fact that dromedaries-apart from conventional antibodies-have relatively unique, heavy chain-only antibodies (HCAbs). These HCAbs are devoid of light chains and have long complementarity-determining regions with unique epitope binding properties, allowing them to recognize and bind with high affinity to epitopes not recognized by conventional antibodies. Through direct cloning and expression of the variable heavy chains (VHHs) of HCAbs from the bone marrow of MERS-CoV-infected dromedaries, we identified several MERS-CoV-specific VHHs or nanobodies. In vitro, these VHHs efficiently blocked virus entry at picomolar concentrations. The selected VHHs bind with exceptionally high affinity to the receptor binding domain of the viral spike protein. Furthermore, camel/human chimeric HCAbs-composed of the camel VHH linked to a human Fc domain lacking the CH1 exon-had an extended half-life in the serum and protected mice against a lethal MERS-CoV challenge. HCAbs represent a promising alternative strategy to develop novel interventions not only for MERS-CoV but also for other emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Stalin Raj
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nisreen M. A. Okba
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Javier Gutierrez-Alvarez
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology–Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Dubravka Drabek
- Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Brenda van Dieren
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - W. Widagdo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mart M. Lamers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ivy Widjaja
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Raul Fernandez-Delgado
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology–Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Sola
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology–Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal [CReSA, IRTA–Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)], Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marion P. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- UAB, CReSA (IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Albert D. M. E. Osterhaus
- Artemis One Health, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Center for Infection Medicine and Zoonoses Research, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Luis Enjuanes
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, National Center for Biotechnology–Spanish National Research Council (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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6
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Dortmans JCFM, Li W, van der Wolf PJ, Buter GJ, Franssen PJM, van Schaik G, Houben M, Bosch BJ. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) introduction into a naive Dutch pig population in 2014. Vet Microbiol 2018; 221:13-18. [PMID: 29981699 PMCID: PMC7117506 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PEDV G1b was not circulating in the Netherlands before November 2014. Description of the first PEDV G1b outbreak in the Netherlands in 2014. PEDV sequences suggests a one event introduction of PEDV G1b in Europe in 2014.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is the highly contagious, causative agent of an economically important acute enteric disease in pigs of all ages. The disease is characterized by diarrhea and dehydration causing mortality and growth retardation. In the last few decades, only classical PEDV was reported sporadically in Europe, but in 2014 outbreaks of PEDV were described in Germany. Phylogenetic analysis showed a very high nucleotide similarity with a variant of PEDV that was isolated in the US in January 2014. The epidemiological situation of PEDV infections in the Netherlands in 2014 was unknown and a seroprevalence study in swine was performed. In total, 838 blood samples from sows from 267 farms and 101 samples from wild boars were collected from May till November 2014 and tested for antibodies against PEDV by ELISA. The apparent herd prevalence of 0.75% suggests that PEDV was not circulating on a large scale in the Netherlands at this time. However, in November 2014 a clinical outbreak of PEDV was diagnosed in a fattener farm by PCR testing. This was the first confirmed PEDV outbreak since the early nineties. Sequence analyses showed that the viruses isolated in 2014 and 2015 in the Netherlands cluster with recently found European G1b strains. This suggests a one event introduction of PEDV G1b strains in Europe in 2014, which made the Netherlands and other European countries endemic for this type of strains since then.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W Li
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P J van der Wolf
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands; Present address: IDT-Biologika Benelux, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - G J Buter
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | | | - G van Schaik
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands; Department of Farm Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Houben
- GD Animal Health, 7400 AA, Deventer, The Netherlands
| | - B J Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Guardado-Calvo P, Atkovska K, Jeffers SA, Grau N, Backovic M, Pérez-Vargas J, de Boer SM, Tortorici MA, Pehau-Arnaudet G, Lepault J, England P, Rottier PJ, Bosch BJ, Hub JS, Rey FA. A glycerophospholipid-specific pocket in the RVFV class II fusion protein drives target membrane insertion. Science 2018; 358:663-667. [PMID: 29097548 DOI: 10.1126/science.aal2712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is transmitted by infected mosquitoes, causing severe disease in humans and livestock across Africa. We determined the x-ray structure of the RVFV class II fusion protein Gc in its postfusion form and in complex with a glycerophospholipid (GPL) bound in a conserved cavity next to the fusion loop. Site-directed mutagenesis and molecular dynamics simulations further revealed a built-in motif allowing en bloc insertion of the fusion loop into membranes, making few nonpolar side-chain interactions with the aliphatic moiety and multiple polar interactions with lipid head groups upon membrane restructuring. The GPL head-group recognition pocket is conserved in the fusion proteins of other arthropod-borne viruses, such as Zika and chikungunya viruses, which have recently caused major epidemics worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Guardado-Calvo
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. .,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - K Atkovska
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S A Jeffers
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - N Grau
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - M Backovic
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - J Pérez-Vargas
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - S M de Boer
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - M A Tortorici
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - G Pehau-Arnaudet
- UMR 3528, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
| | - J Lepault
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, CNRS (UMR 9198), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P England
- UMR 3528, CNRS, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France.,Proteopole, Plateforme de Biophysique des Macromolécules et de leurs Interactions (PFBMI), Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, F-75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - P J Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - B J Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J S Hub
- Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig weg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - F A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Département de Virologie, Unité de Virologie Structurale, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France. .,UMR 3569 Virologie, CNRS-Institut Pasteur, 25-28 Rue du Docteur Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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8
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Kortekaas J, Vloet RPM, McAuley AJ, Shen X, Bosch BJ, de Vries L, Moormann RJM, Bente DA. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Subunit Vaccines Induce High Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies But No Protection in STAT1 Knockout Mice. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:759-64. [PMID: 26684523 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2015.1855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus is a tick-borne bunyavirus of the Nairovirus genus that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans with high case fatality. Here, we report the development of subunit vaccines and their efficacy in signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) knockout mice. Ectodomains of the structural glycoproteins Gn and Gc were produced using a Drosophila insect cell-based expression system. A single vaccination of STAT129 mice with adjuvanted Gn or Gc ectodomains induced neutralizing antibody responses, which were boosted by a second vaccination. Despite these antibody responses, mice were not protected from a CCHFV challenge infection. These results suggest that neutralizing antibodies against CCHFV do not correlate with protection of STAT1 knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Kortekaas
- 1 Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI-Lelystad), part of Wageningen University and Research Centre , Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Rianka P M Vloet
- 1 Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI-Lelystad), part of Wageningen University and Research Centre , Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander J McAuley
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas.,3 Galveston National Laboratory , Galveston, Texas
| | - Xiaoli Shen
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas.,3 Galveston National Laboratory , Galveston, Texas
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- 4 Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Laura de Vries
- 4 Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob J M Moormann
- 1 Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute (CVI-Lelystad), part of Wageningen University and Research Centre , Lelystad, The Netherlands .,4 Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University , Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis A Bente
- 2 Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas.,3 Galveston National Laboratory , Galveston, Texas
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9
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Burkard C, Verheije MH, Wicht O, van Kasteren SI, van Kuppeveld FJ, Haagmans BL, Pelkmans L, Rottier PJM, Bosch BJ, de Haan CAM. Coronavirus cell entry occurs through the endo-/lysosomal pathway in a proteolysis-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004502. [PMID: 25375324 PMCID: PMC4223067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Enveloped viruses need to fuse with a host cell membrane in order to deliver their genome into the host cell. While some viruses fuse with the plasma membrane, many viruses are endocytosed prior to fusion. Specific cues in the endosomal microenvironment induce conformational changes in the viral fusion proteins leading to viral and host membrane fusion. In the present study we investigated the entry of coronaviruses (CoVs). Using siRNA gene silencing, we found that proteins known to be important for late endosomal maturation and endosome-lysosome fusion profoundly promote infection of cells with mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV). Using recombinant MHVs expressing reporter genes as well as a novel, replication-independent fusion assay we confirmed the importance of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and demonstrated that trafficking of MHV to lysosomes is required for fusion and productive entry to occur. Nevertheless, MHV was shown to be less sensitive to perturbation of endosomal pH than vesicular stomatitis virus and influenza A virus, which fuse in early and late endosomes, respectively. Our results indicate that entry of MHV depends on proteolytic processing of its fusion protein S by lysosomal proteases. Fusion of MHV was severely inhibited by a pan-lysosomal protease inhibitor, while trafficking of MHV to lysosomes and processing by lysosomal proteases was no longer required when a furin cleavage site was introduced in the S protein immediately upstream of the fusion peptide. Also entry of feline CoV was shown to depend on trafficking to lysosomes and processing by lysosomal proteases. In contrast, MERS-CoV, which contains a minimal furin cleavage site just upstream of the fusion peptide, was negatively affected by inhibition of furin, but not of lysosomal proteases. We conclude that a proteolytic cleavage site in the CoV S protein directly upstream of the fusion peptide is an essential determinant of the intracellular site of fusion. Enveloped viruses need to fuse with a host cell membrane in order to deliver their genome into the host cell. In the present study we investigated the entry of coronaviruses (CoVs). CoVs are important pathogens of animals and man with high zoonotic potential as demonstrated by the emergence of SARS- and MERS-CoVs. Previous studies resulted in apparently conflicting results with respect to CoV cell entry, particularly regarding the fusion-activating requirements of the CoV S protein. By combining cell-biological, infection, and fusion assays we demonstrated that murine hepatitis virus (MHV), a prototypic member of the CoV family, enters cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Moreover, although MHV does not depend on a low pH for fusion, the virus was shown to rely on trafficking to lysosomes for proteolytic cleavage of its spike (S) protein and membrane fusion to occur. Based on these results we predicted and subsequently demonstrated that MERS- and feline CoV require cleavage by different proteases and escape the endo/lysosomal system from different compartments. In conclusion, we elucidated the MHV entry pathway in detail and demonstrate that a proteolytic cleavage site in the S protein of different CoVs is an essential determinant of the intracellular site of fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Burkard
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Monique H. Verheije
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Wicht
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sander I. van Kasteren
- Division of Bio-Organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucas Pelkmans
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter J. M. Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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10
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Drosten C, Meyer B, Müller MA, Corman VM, Al-Masri M, Hossain R, Madani H, Sieberg A, Bosch BJ, Lattwein E, Alhakeem RF, Assiri AM, Hajomar W, Albarrak AM, Al-Tawfiq JA, Zumla AI, Memish ZA. Transmission of MERS-coronavirus in household contacts. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:828-35. [PMID: 25162889 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1405858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strategies to contain the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) depend on knowledge of the rate of human-to-human transmission, including subclinical infections. A lack of serologic tools has hindered targeted studies of transmission. METHODS We studied 26 index patients with MERS-CoV infection and their 280 household contacts. The median time from the onset of symptoms in index patients to the latest blood sampling in contact patients was 17.5 days (range, 5 to 216; mean, 34.4). Probable cases of secondary transmission were identified on the basis of reactivity in two reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) assays with independent RNA extraction from throat swabs or reactivity on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay against MERS-CoV S1 antigen, supported by reactivity on recombinant S-protein immunofluorescence and demonstration of neutralization of more than 50% of the infectious virus seed dose on plaque-reduction neutralization testing. RESULTS Among the 280 household contacts of the 26 index patients, there were 12 probable cases of secondary transmission (4%; 95% confidence interval, 2 to 7). Of these cases, 7 were identified by means of RT-PCR, all in samples obtained within 14 days after the onset of symptoms in index patients, and 5 were identified by means of serologic analysis, all in samples obtained 13 days or more after symptom onset in index patients. Probable cases of secondary transmission occurred in 6 of 26 clusters (23%). Serologic results in contacts who were sampled 13 days or more after exposure were similar to overall study results for combined RT-PCR and serologic testing. CONCLUSIONS The rate of secondary transmission among household contacts of patients with MERS-CoV infection has been approximately 5%. Our data provide insight into the rate of subclinical transmission of MERS-CoV in the home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Drosten
- From the Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Center, Bonn (C.D., B.M., M.A.M., V.M.C., A.S.), and Euroimmun, Lübeck (E.L.) - both in Germany; Global Center for Mass Gatherings Medicine, Ministry of Health (M.A.-M., R.F.A., A.M. Assiri, A.I.Z., Z.A.M.), Prince Sultan Military Medical City (A.M. Albarrak), and Alfaisal University (Z.A.M.), Riyadh, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran (J.A.A.-T.), and Regional Laboratory, Ministry of Health, Jeddah (R.H., H.M.) and Riyadh (W.H.) - all in Saudi Arabia; Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (J.A.A.-T.); the Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands (B.J.B.); and the Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL), and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals, London (A.I.Z.)
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11
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Burkard C, Bloyet LM, Wicht O, van Kuppeveld FJ, Rottier PJM, de Haan CAM, Bosch BJ. Dissecting virus entry: replication-independent analysis of virus binding, internalization, and penetration using minimal complementation of β-galactosidase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101762. [PMID: 25025332 PMCID: PMC4099126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of viral entry into host cells often rely on the detection of post-entry parameters, such as viral replication or the expression of a reporter gene, rather than on measuring entry per se. The lack of assays to easily detect the different steps of entry severely hampers the analysis of this key process in virus infection. Here we describe novel, highly adaptable viral entry assays making use of minimal complementation of the E. coli β-galactosidase in mammalian cells. Enzyme activity is reconstituted when a small intravirion peptide (α-peptide) is complementing the inactive mutant form ΔM15 of β-galactosidase. The method allows to dissect and to independently detect binding, internalization, and fusion of viruses during host cell entry. Here we use it to confirm and extend current knowledge on the entry process of two enveloped viruses: vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and murine hepatitis coronavirus (MHV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Burkard
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oliver Wicht
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank J. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J. M. Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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12
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Reusken CB, Farag EA, Jonges M, Godeke GJ, El-Sayed AM, Pas SD, Raj VS, Mohran KA, Moussa HA, Ghobashy H, Alhajri F, Ibrahim AK, Bosch BJ, Pasha SK, Al-Romaihi HE, Al-Thani M, Al-Marri SA, AlHajri MM, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MP. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) RNA and neutralising antibodies in milk collected according to local customs from dromedary camels, Qatar, April 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 19. [PMID: 24957745 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2014.19.23.20829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) were detected in serum and milk collected according to local customs from 33 camels in Qatar, April 2014. At one location, evidence for active virus shedding in nasal secretions and/or faeces was observed for 7/12 camels; viral RNA was detected in milk of five of these seven camels. The presence of MERS-CoV RNA in milk of camels actively shedding the virus warrants measures to prevent putative food-borne transmission of MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Reusken
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Bosch BJ, Smits SL, Haagmans BL. Membrane ectopeptidases targeted by human coronaviruses. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 6:55-60. [PMID: 24762977 PMCID: PMC4072739 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Six coronaviruses, including the recently identified Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, are known to target the human respiratory tract causing mild to severe disease. Their interaction with receptors expressed on cells located in the respiratory tract is an essential first step in the infection. Thus far three membrane ectopeptidases, dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4), angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and aminopeptidase N (APN), have been identified as entry receptors for four human-infecting coronaviruses. Although the catalytic activity of the ACE2, APN, and DPP4 peptidases is not required for virus entry, co-expression of other host proteases allows efficient viral entry. In addition, evolutionary conservation of these receptors may permit interspecies transmissions. Because of the physiological function of these peptidase systems, pathogenic host responses may be potentially amplified and cause acute respiratory distress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3508 TD Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia L Smits
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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14
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Reusken CB, Ababneh M, Raj VS, Meyer B, Eljarah A, Abutarbush S, Godeke GJ, Bestebroer TM, Zutt I, Muller MA, Bosch BJ, Rottier PJ, Osterhaus AD, Drosten C, Haagmans BL, Koopmans MP. Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in Jordan, June to September 2013. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:20662. [PMID: 24342516 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.50.20662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Between June and September 2013, sera from 11 dromedary camels, 150 goats, 126 sheep and 91 cows were collected in Jordan, where the first human Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cluster appeared in 2012. All sera were tested for MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies by protein microarray with confirmation by virus neutralisation. Neutralising antibodies were found in all camel sera while sera from goats and cattle tested negative. Although six sheep sera reacted with MERS-CoV antigen, neutralising antibodies were not detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- C B Reusken
- These authors contributed equally to this work
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15
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Ohnuma K, Haagmans BL, Hatano R, Raj VS, Mou H, Iwata S, Dang NH, Bosch BJ, Morimoto C. Inhibition of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection by anti-CD26 monoclonal antibody. J Virol 2013; 87:13892-9. [PMID: 24067970 PMCID: PMC3838260 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02448-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We identified the domains of CD26 involved in the binding of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) using distinct clones of anti-CD26 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). One clone, named 2F9, almost completely inhibited viral entry. The humanized anti-CD26 MAb YS110 also significantly inhibited infection. These findings indicate that both 2F9 and YS110 are potential therapeutic agents for MERS-CoV infection. YS110, in particular, is a good candidate for immediate testing as a therapeutic modality for MERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Ohnuma
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bart L. Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - V. Stalin Raj
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huihui Mou
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Satoshi Iwata
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nam H. Dang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Department of Therapy Development and Innovation for Immune Disorders and Cancers, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Li C, Li Z, Zou Y, Wicht O, van Kuppeveld FJM, Rottier PJM, Bosch BJ. Manipulation of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus genome using targeted RNA recombination. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69997. [PMID: 23936367 PMCID: PMC3732256 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes severe economic losses in the swine industry in China and other Asian countries. Infection usually leads to an acute, often lethal diarrhea in piglets. Despite the impact of the disease, no system is yet available to manipulate the viral genome which has severely hampered research on this virus until today. We have established a reverse genetics system for PEDV based on targeted RNA recombination that allows the modification of the 3′-end of the viral genome, which encodes the structural proteins and the ORF3 protein. Using this system, we deleted the ORF3 gene entirely from the viral genome and showed that the ORF3 protein is not essential for replication of the virus in vitro. In addition, we inserted heterologous genes (i.e. the GFP and Renilla luciferase genes) at two positions in the viral genome, either as an extra expression cassette or as a replacement for the ORF3 gene. We demonstrated the expression of both GFP and Renilla luciferase as well as the application of these viruses by establishing a convenient and rapid virus neutralization assay. The new PEDV reverse genetics system will enable functional studies of the structural proteins and the accessory ORF3 protein and will allow the rational design and development of next generation PEDV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
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17
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Reusken C, Mou H, Godeke GJ, van der Hoek L, Meyer B, Müller MA, Haagmans B, de Sousa R, Schuurman N, Dittmer U, Rottier P, Osterhaus A, Drosten C, Bosch BJ, Koopmans M. Specific serology for emerging human coronaviruses by protein microarray. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:20441. [PMID: 23594517 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es2013.18.14.20441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a serological assay for the specific detection of IgM and IgG antibodies against the emerging human coronavirus hCoV-EMC and the SARS-CoV based on protein microarray technology. The assay uses the S1 receptor-binding subunit of the spike protein of hCoV-EMC and SARS-CoV as antigens. The assay has been validated extensively using putative cross-reacting sera of patient cohorts exposed to the four common hCoVs and sera from convalescent patients infected with hCoV-EMC or SARS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Reusken
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, Division Virology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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18
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Milewska A, Ciejka J, Kaminski K, Karewicz A, Bielska D, Zeglen S, Karolak W, Nowakowska M, Potempa J, Bosch BJ, Pyrc K, Szczubialka K. Novel polymeric inhibitors of HCoV-NL63. Antiviral Res 2012. [PMID: 23201315 PMCID: PMC7114096 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The human coronavirus NL63 is generally classified as a common cold pathogen, though the infection may also result in severe lower respiratory tract diseases, especially in children, patients with underlying disease, and elderly. It has been previously shown that HCoV-NL63 is also one of the most important causes of croup in children. In the current manuscript we developed a set of polymer-based compounds showing prominent anticoronaviral activity. Polymers have been recently considered as promising alternatives to small molecule inhibitors, due to their intrinsic antimicrobial properties and ability to serve as matrices for antimicrobial compounds. Most of the antimicrobial polymers show antibacterial properties, while those with antiviral activity are much less frequent. A cationically modified chitosan derivative, N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-3-trimethylammonium chitosan chloride (HTCC), and hydrophobically-modified HTCC were shown to be potent inhibitors of HCoV-NL63 replication. Furthermore, both compounds showed prominent activity against murine hepatitis virus, suggesting broader anticoronaviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Milewska
- Microbiology Department, Faculty of Biochemistry Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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Kortekaas J, Antonis AFG, Kant J, Vloet RPM, Vogel A, Oreshkova N, de Boer SM, Bosch BJ, Moormann RJM. Efficacy of three candidate Rift Valley fever vaccines in sheep. Vaccine 2012; 30:3423-9. [PMID: 22449427 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-transmitted Bunyavirus that causes high morbidity and mortality among ruminants and humans. The virus is endemic to the African continent and the Arabian Peninsula and continues to spread into new areas. The explosive nature of RVF outbreaks requires that vaccines provide swift protection after a single vaccination. We recently developed several candidate vaccines and here report their efficacy in lambs within three weeks after a single vaccination. The first vaccine comprises the purified ectodomain of the Gn structural glycoprotein formulated in a water-in-oil adjuvant. The second vaccine is based on a Newcastle disease virus-based vector that produces both RVFV structural glycoproteins Gn and Gc. The third vaccine comprises a recently developed nonspreading RVFV. The latter two vaccines were administered without adjuvant. The inactivated whole virus-based vaccine produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products was used as a positive control. Five out of six mock-vaccinated lambs developed high viremia and fever and one lamb succumbed to the challenge infection. A single vaccination with each vaccine resulted in a neutralizing antibody response within three weeks after vaccination and protected lambs from viremia, pyrexia and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kortekaas
- Department of Virology, Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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20
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de Vries RP, de Vries E, Bosch BJ, de Groot RJ, Rottier PJM, de Haan CAM. The influenza A virus hemagglutinin glycosylation state affects receptor-binding specificity. Virology 2010; 403:17-25. [PMID: 20441997 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this study we evaluated the receptor-binding properties of recombinant soluble hemagglutinin (HA) trimers (subtype H2 and H7) produced in insect S2 cells, human HEK293T or HEK293S GnTI(-) cells, which produce proteins with paucimannose, complex or high-mannose N-linked glycans, respectively. The results show that HA proteins that only differ in their glycosylation status possess different receptor fine specificities. HEK293T cell-produced HA displayed a very narrow receptor specificity. However, when treated with neuraminidase this HA was able to bind more glycans with similar specificity as HEK293S GnTI(-) cell-produced HA. Insect cell-produced HA demonstrated decreased receptor specificity. As a consequence, differences in HA fine receptor specificities could not be observed with the insect cell-, but were readily detected with the HEK293S GnTI(-) cell-produced HAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert P de Vries
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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de Boer SM, Kortekaas J, Antonis AF, Kant J, van Oploo JL, Rottier PJM, Moormann RJM, Bosch BJ. Rift Valley fever virus subunit vaccines confer complete protection against a lethal virus challenge. Vaccine 2010; 28:2330-9. [PMID: 20056185 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is an emerging mosquito-borne virus causing significant morbidity and mortality in livestock and humans. Rift Valley fever is endemic in Africa, but also outside this continent outbreaks have been reported. Here we report the evaluation of two vaccine candidates based on the viral Gn and Gc envelope glycoproteins, both produced in a Drosophila insect cell expression system. Virus-like particles (VLPs) were generated by merely expressing the Gn and Gc glycoproteins. In addition, a soluble form of the Gn ectodomain was expressed and affinity-purified from the insect cell culture supernatant. Both vaccine candidates fully protected mice from a lethal challenge with RVFV. Importantly, absence of the nucleocapsid protein in either vaccine candidate facilitates the differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals using a commercial recombinant nucleocapsid protein-based indirect ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M de Boer
- Central Veterinary Institute of Wageningen University and Research Centre, Cluster of Mammalian Virology, Edelhertweg 15, 8219 PH, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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22
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Würdinger T, Verheije MH, van der Aa LM, Bosch BJ, de Haan CAM, van Beusechem VW, Gerritsen WR, Rottier PJM. Antibody-mediated targeting of viral vectors to the Fc receptor expressed on acute myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 2006; 20:2182-4. [PMID: 17039233 PMCID: PMC7099968 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2404422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Würdinger
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Gene Therapy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Molecular Neurogenetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129 USA
| | - M H Verheije
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Gene Therapy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L M van der Aa
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B J Bosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - C A M de Haan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - V W van Beusechem
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Gene Therapy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - W R Gerritsen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Division of Gene Therapy, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - P J M Rottier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Virology Division, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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de Haan CAM, Te Lintelo E, Li Z, Raaben M, Wurdinger T, Bosch BJ, Rottier PJM. Cooperative involvement of the S1 and S2 subunits of the murine coronavirus spike protein in receptor binding and extended host range. J Virol 2006; 80:10909-18. [PMID: 16956938 PMCID: PMC1642182 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00950-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the process of spike (S)-receptor interaction during coronavirus entry, we evaluated the contributions of mutations in different regions of the murine hepatitis virus (MHV) S protein to natural receptor murine carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1a (CEACAM1a) dependence and to the acquisition of extended host range. Extended-host-range variants of MHV strain A59 were previously obtained from persistently infected cells (J. H. Schickli, B. D. Zelus, D. E. Wentworth, S. G. Sawicki, and K. V. Holmes, J. Virol. 71:9499-9504, 1997). These variant viruses contain several mutations in the S protein that confer to the viruses the ability to enter cells in a heparan sulfate-dependent manner (C. A. de Haan, Z. Li, E. te Lintelo, B. J. Bosch, B. J. Haijema, and P. J. M. Rottier, J. Virol. 79:14451-14456, 2005). While the parental MHV-A59 is fully dependent on murine CEACAM1a for its entry, viruses carrying the variant mutations in the amino-terminal part of their S protein had become dependent on both CEACAM1a and heparan sulfate. Substitutions in a restricted, downstream part of the S protein encompassing heptad repeat region 1 (HR1) and putative fusion peptide (FP) did not alter the CEACAM1a dependence. However, when the mutations in both parts of the S protein were combined, the resulting viruses became independent of CEACAM1a and acquired the extended host range. In addition, these viruses showed a decreased binding to and inhibition by soluble CEACAM1a. The observations suggest that the amino-terminal region of the S protein, including the receptor-binding domain, and a region in the central part of the S protein containing HR1 and FP, i.e., regions far apart in the linear sequence, communicate and may even interact physically in the higher-order structure of the spike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Pyrc K, Bosch BJ, Berkhout B, Jebbink MF, Dijkman R, Rottier P, van der Hoek L. Inhibition of human coronavirus NL63 infection at early stages of the replication cycle. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2000-8. [PMID: 16723558 PMCID: PMC1479111 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01598-05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), a recently discovered member of the Coronaviridae family, has spread worldwide and is associated with acute respiratory illness in young children and elderly and immunocompromised persons. Further analysis of HCoV-NL63 pathogenicity seems warranted, in particular because the virus uses the same cellular receptor as severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. As there is currently no HCoV-NL63-specific and effective vaccine or drug therapy available, we evaluated several existing antiviral drugs and new synthetic compounds as inhibitors of HCoV-NL63, targeting multiple stages of the replication cycle. Of the 28 compounds that we tested, 6 potently inhibited HCoV-NL63 at early steps of the replication cycle. Intravenous immunoglobulins, heptad repeat 2 peptide, small interfering RNA1 (siRNA1), siRNA2, beta-D-N(4)-hydroxycytidine, and 6-azauridine showed 50% inhibitory concentrations of 125 microg/ml, 2 microM, 5 nM, 3 nM, 400 nM, and 32 nM, respectively, and low 50% cytotoxicity concentrations (>10 mg/ml, >40 microM, >200 nM, >200 nM, >100 microM, and 80 microM, respectively). These agents may be investigated further for the treatment of coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Pyrc
- Department of Human Retrovirology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Würdinger T, Verheije MH, Broen K, Bosch BJ, Haijema BJ, de Haan CAM, van Beusechem VW, Gerritsen WR, Rottier PJM. Soluble receptor-mediated targeting of mouse hepatitis coronavirus to the human epidermal growth factor receptor. J Virol 2006; 79:15314-22. [PMID: 16306602 PMCID: PMC1316040 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15314-15322.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) infects murine cells by binding of its spike (S) protein to murine CEACAM1a. The N-terminal part of this cellular receptor (soR) is sufficient for S binding and for subsequent induction of the conformational changes required for virus-cell membrane fusion. Here we analyzed whether these characteristics can be used to redirect MHV to human cancer cells. To this end, the soR domain was coupled to single-chain monoclonal antibody 425, which is directed against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), resulting in a bispecific adapter protein (soR-425). The soR and soR-425 proteins, both produced with the vaccinia virus system, were able to neutralize MHV infection of murine LR7 cells. However, only soR-425 was able to target MHV to human EGFR-expressing cancer cells. Interestingly, the targeted infections induced syncytium formation. Furthermore, the soR-425-mediated infections were blocked by heptad repeat-mimicking peptides, indicating that virus entry requires the regular S protein fusion process. We conclude that the specific spike-binding property of the CEACAM1a N-terminal fragment can be exploited to direct the virus to selected cells by linking it to a moiety able to bind a receptor on those cells. This approach might be useful in the development of tumor-targeted coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Würdinger
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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26
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Abstract
Only a relatively few mutations in its spike protein allow the murine coronavirus to switch from a murine-restricted tropism to an extended host range by being passaged in vitro. One such virus that we studied had acquired two putative heparan sulfate-binding sites while preserving another site in the furin-cleavage motif. The adaptation of the virus through the use of heparan sulfate as an attachment/entry receptor was demonstrated by increased heparin binding as well as by inhibition of infection through treatment of cells and the virus with heparinase and heparin, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Würdinger T, Verheije MH, Raaben M, Bosch BJ, de Haan CAM, van Beusechem VW, Rottier PJM, Gerritsen WR. Targeting non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells using a bispecific single-chain antibody. Gene Ther 2006; 12:1394-404. [PMID: 15843808 PMCID: PMC7091791 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3302535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To explore the potential of using non-human coronaviruses for cancer therapy, we first established their ability to kill human tumor cells. We found that the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) and a felinized murine hepatitis virus (fMHV), both normally incapable of infecting human cells, could rapidly and effectively kill human cancer cells artificially expressing the feline coronavirus receptor aminopeptidase N. Also 3-D multilayer tumor spheroids established from such cells were effectively eradicated. Next, we investigated whether FIPV and fMHV could be targeted to human cancer cells by constructing a bispecific single-chain antibody directed on the one hand against the feline coronavirus spike protein--responsible for receptor binding and subsequent cell entry through virus-cell membrane fusion--and on the other hand against the human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The targeting antibody mediated specific infection of EGFR-expressing human cancer cells by both coronaviruses. Furthermore, in the presence of the targeting antibody, infected cancer cells formed syncytia typical of productive coronavirus infection. By their potent cytotoxicity, the selective targeting of non-human coronaviruses to human cancer cells provides a rationale for further investigations into the use of these viruses as anticancer agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Würdinger
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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28
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Huang IC, Bosch BJ, Li F, Li W, Lee KH, Ghiran S, Vasilieva N, Dermody TS, Harrison SC, Dormitzer PR, Farzan M, Rottier PJM, Choe H. SARS coronavirus, but not human coronavirus NL63, utilizes cathepsin L to infect ACE2-expressing cells. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:3198-203. [PMID: 16339146 PMCID: PMC8010168 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m508381200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses require specific cellular receptors to infect their target cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a cellular receptor for two divergent coronaviruses, SARS coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63). In addition to hostcell receptors, lysosomal cysteine proteases are required for productive infection by some viruses. Here we show that SARS-CoV, but not HCoV-NL63, utilizes the enzymatic activity of the cysteine protease cathepsin L to infect ACE2-expressing cells. Inhibitors of cathepsin L blocked infection by SARS-CoV and by a retrovirus pseudotyped with the SARS-CoV spike (S) protein but not infection by HCoV-NL63 or a retrovirus pseudotyped with the HCoV-NL63 S protein. Expression of exogenous cathepsin L substantially enhanced infection mediated by the SARS-CoV S protein and by filovirus GP proteins but not by the HCoV-NL63 S protein or the vesicular stomatitis virus G protein. Finally, an inhibitor of endosomal acidification had substantially less effect on infection mediated by the HCoV-NL63 S protein than on that mediated by the SARS-CoV S protein. Our data indicate that two coronaviruses that utilize a common receptor nonetheless enter cells through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chueh Huang
- Pulmonary Division, Children's Hospital, Children's Hospital Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Bosch BJ, de Haan CA, Smits SL, Rottier PJ. Spike protein assembly into the coronavirion: exploring the limits of its sequence requirements. Virology 2005; 334:306-18. [PMID: 15780881 PMCID: PMC7111810 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Revised: 10/17/2004] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus spike (S) protein, required for receptor binding and membrane fusion, is incorporated into the assembling virion by interactions with the viral membrane (M) protein. Earlier we showed that the ectodomain of the S protein is not involved in this process. Here we further defined the requirements of the S protein for virion incorporation. We show that the cytoplasmic domain, not the transmembrane domain, determines the association with the M protein and suffices to effect the incorporation into viral particles of chimeric spikes as well as of foreign viral glycoproteins. The essential sequence was mapped to the membrane-proximal region of the cytoplasmic domain, which is also known to be of critical importance for the fusion function of the S protein. Consistently, only short C-terminal truncations of the S protein were tolerated when introduced into the virus by targeted recombination. The important role of the about 38-residues cytoplasmic domain in the assembly of and membrane fusion by this approximately 1300 amino acids long protein is discussed.
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Duquerroy S, Vigouroux A, Rottier PJ, Rey FA, Jan Bosch B. Central ions and lateral asparagine/glutamine zippers stabilize the post-fusion hairpin conformation of the SARS coronavirus spike glycoprotein. Virology 2005; 335:276-85. [PMID: 15840526 PMCID: PMC7111771 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2005] [Revised: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The coronavirus spike glycoprotein is a class I membrane fusion protein with two characteristic heptad repeat regions (HR1 and HR2) in its ectodomain. Here, we report the X-ray structure of a previously characterized HR1/HR2 complex of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein. As expected, the HR1 and HR2 segments are organized in antiparallel orientations within a rod-like molecule. The HR1 helices form an exceptionally long (120 A) internal coiled coil stabilized by hydrophobic and polar interactions. A striking arrangement of conserved asparagine and glutamine residues of HR1 propagates from two central chloride ions, providing hydrogen-bonding "zippers" that strongly constrain the path of the HR2 main chain, forcing it to adopt an extended conformation at either end of a short HR2 alpha-helix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Duquerroy
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire and Structurale, UMR 2472/1157 CNRS-INRA and IFR 115, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Armelle Vigouroux
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire and Structurale, UMR 2472/1157 CNRS-INRA and IFR 115, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Peter J.M. Rottier
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Félix A. Rey
- Laboratoire de Virologie Moléculaire and Structurale, UMR 2472/1157 CNRS-INRA and IFR 115, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- Corresponding author.
| | - Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Due to the limited ultrastructural information about the coronavirion, little is known about the interactions acting at the interface between nucleocapsid and viral envelope. Knowing that subtle mutations in the carboxy-terminal endodomain of the M protein are already lethal, we have now probed the equivalent domain of the spike (S) protein by extending it terminally with a foreign sequence of 27 kDa: the green fluorescent protein (GFP). When expressed individually in murine cells, the S-GFP chimeric protein induced the formation of fluorescent syncytia, indicating that it was synthesized and folded properly, trimerized, and transported to the plasma membrane, where it exhibited the two key S protein functions, i.e., interaction with virus receptor molecules and membrane fusion. Incorporation into virus-like particles demonstrated the assembly competence of the chimeric spike protein. The wild-type S gene of mouse hepatitis coronavirus (MHV) was subsequently replaced by the chimeric construct through targeted recombination. A viable MHV-SGFP was obtained, infection by which could be visualized by the fluorescence induced. The efficiency of incorporation of the chimeric protein into particles was, however, reduced relative to that in wild-type particles which may explain, at least in part, the reduced infectivity produced by MHV-SGFP infection. We conclude that the incorporation of spikes carrying the large GFP moiety is apparently impaired by geometrical constraints and selected against during the assembly of virions. Probably due to this disadvantage, deletion mutants, having lost the foreign sequences, rapidly evolved and outcompeted the chimeric viruses during virus propagation. The fluorescent MHV-SGFP will now be a convenient tool to study coronaviral cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Jan Bosch
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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32
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de Haan CAM, Stadler K, Godeke GJ, Bosch BJ, Rottier PJM. Cleavage inhibition of the murine coronavirus spike protein by a furin-like enzyme affects cell-cell but not virus-cell fusion. J Virol 2004; 78:6048-54. [PMID: 15141003 PMCID: PMC415802 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.11.6048-6054.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cleavage of the mouse hepatitis coronavirus strain A59 spike protein was blocked in a concentration-dependent manner by a peptide furin inhibitor, indicating that furin or a furin-like enzyme is responsible for this process. While cell-cell fusion was clearly affected by preventing spike protein cleavage, virus-cell fusion was not, indicating that these events have different requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis A M de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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33
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Bosch BJ, Martina BEE, Van Der Zee R, Lepault J, Haijema BJ, Versluis C, Heck AJR, De Groot R, Osterhaus ADME, Rottier PJM. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeat-derived peptides. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:8455-60. [PMID: 15150417 PMCID: PMC420415 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0400576101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 292] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus SARS-CoV is the primary cause of the life-threatening severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). With the aim of developing therapeutic agents, we have tested peptides derived from the membrane-proximal (HR2) and membrane-distal (HR1) heptad repeat region of the spike protein as inhibitors of SARS-CoV infection of Vero cells. It appeared that HR2 peptides, but not HR1 peptides, were inhibitory. Their efficacy was, however, significantly lower than that of corresponding HR2 peptides of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) in inhibiting MHV infection. Biochemical and electron microscopical analyses showed that, when mixed, SARS-CoV HR1 and HR2 peptides assemble into a six-helix bundle consisting of HR1 as a central triple-stranded coiled coil in association with three HR2 alpha-helices oriented in an antiparallel manner. The stability of this complex, as measured by its resistance to heat dissociation, appeared to be much lower than that of the corresponding MHV complex, which may explain the different inhibitory potencies of the HR2 peptides. Analogous to other class I viral fusion proteins, the six-helix complex supposedly represents a postfusion conformation that is formed after insertion of the fusion peptide, proposed here for coronaviruses to be located immediately upstream of HR1, into the target membrane. The resulting close apposition of fusion peptide and spike transmembrane domain facilitates membrane fusion. The inhibitory potency of the SARS-CoV HR2-peptides provides an attractive basis for the development of a therapeutic drug for SARS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Jan Bosch
- Division of Virology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Bosch BJ, van der Zee R, de Haan CAM, Rottier PJM. The coronavirus spike protein is a class I virus fusion protein: structural and functional characterization of the fusion core complex. J Virol 2003; 77:8801-11. [PMID: 12885899 PMCID: PMC167208 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.16.8801-8811.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1023] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus entry is mediated by the viral spike (S) glycoprotein. The 180-kDa oligomeric S protein of the murine coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 is posttranslationally cleaved into an S1 receptor binding unit and an S2 membrane fusion unit. The latter is thought to contain an internal fusion peptide and has two 4,3 hydrophobic (heptad) repeat regions designated HR1 and HR2. HR2 is located close to the membrane anchor, and HR1 is some 170 amino acids (aa) upstream of it. Heptad repeat (HR) regions are found in fusion proteins of many different viruses and form an important characteristic of class I viral fusion proteins. We investigated the role of these regions in coronavirus membrane fusion. Peptides HR1 (96 aa) and HR2 (39 aa), corresponding to the HR1 and HR2 regions, were produced in Escherichia coli. When mixed together, the two peptides were found to assemble into an extremely stable oligomeric complex. Both on their own and within the complex, the peptides were highly alpha helical. Electron microscopic analysis of the complex revealed a rod-like structure approximately 14.5 nm in length. Limited proteolysis in combination with mass spectrometry indicated that HR1 and HR2 occur in the complex in an antiparallel fashion. In the native protein, such a conformation would bring the proposed fusion peptide, located in the N-terminal domain of HR1, and the transmembrane anchor into close proximity. Using biological assays, the HR2 peptide was shown to be a potent inhibitor of virus entry into the cell, as well as of cell-cell fusion. Both biochemical and functional data show that the coronavirus spike protein is a class I viral fusion protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berend Jan Bosch
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, and Institute of Biomembranes, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Theilmann DA, Willis LG, Bosch BJ, Forsythe IJ, Li Q. The baculovirus transcriptional transactivator ie0 produces multiple products by internal initiation of translation. Virology 2001; 290:211-23. [PMID: 11883186 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2001.1165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ie0 is the only gene of the baculovirus Orgyia pseudotsugata multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (OpMNPV) that is known to be spliced. In this study, cDNAs of ie0 were isolated, cloned, and sequenced. It was observed that IE0 contains 35 amino acids (aa) added to the N-terminus of IE1. In addition, it was found that the leader sequence of ie0 contains a 4-aa minicistron. To functionally characterize IE0, ie0 cDNAs were expressed under control of either the ie1 or the ie0 promoter. Unexpectedly, examination of ie0 translation products revealed that the predominant product from ie0 mRNAs was not IE0, but IE1. Mutation analysis showed that IE1 translation was preferentially initiated from either of two AUGs found in the first 15 nucleotides (nt) of the ie1 ORF that are internal to the ie0 ORF. It is unknown whether the internal translation initiation occurs via a leaky scanning mechanism or by an internal ribosomal entry site. Transactivation analysis with constructs that had point mutations in the ie1 AUGs and were translated only as IE0 revealed that OpMNPV IE0 is a 14- to 15-fold stronger transactivator than IE1. IE0 was also shown to be autoregulatory and to transactivate early genes in an enhancer-independent or -dependent manner. These results suggest that differential expression of baculovirus early genes can be obtained by coexpression of IE0 and IE1 in infected cells, which may permit subtle regulation of specific sets of viral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Theilmann
- Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 4200 Highway 97, Summerland, British Columbia V0H 1Z0, Canada
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Abstract
Sputum isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is associated with extensive disease in bronchiectasis. It is not known, however, whether infection with P. aeruginosa is the result or the cause of severe disease. We compared spirometry in patients with bronchiectasis before and after infection with P. aeruginosa, with that of patients infected by other organisms. All patients (n=12) with chronic colonization by P. aeruginosa (PA group) were studied. These were compared with other patients with bronchiectasis with no isolations of P. aeruginosa (n=37, non-PA group). In the PA group, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were lower than in the non-PA group. The PA group, however, also had lower values at the time of initial colonization with P. aeruginosa than the current values for the non-PA group. Change in FEV1 and FVC over time was faster in the PA group than in the non-PA group. Reduction of FEV1 and FVC over time in the PA group prior to P. aeruginosa colonization was intermediate, not being statistically different from either value above. Our results confirm the association of chronic P. aeruginosa colonization with poor lung function, but conclude that patients with bronchiectasis who become colonized by P. aeruginosa have poorer lung function when first colonized than those colonized by other organisms. Decline in lung function is faster in those chronically colonized by P. aeruginosa than in those colonized by other organisms. It is not clear whether chronic P. aeruginosa colonization causes an accelerated decline in lung function or whether it is simply a marker of those whose lung function is already declining rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Evans
- Dept of Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, UK
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