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Martinez M, Thomas KC, Williams CS, Christian R, Crais E, Pretzel R, Hooper SR. Family Experiences with the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder: System Barriers and Facilitators of Efficient Diagnosis. J Autism Dev Disord 2019; 48:2368-2378. [PMID: 29453706 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-018-3493-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper examines family experiences with the efficiency of ASD diagnosis. Children were age 8 or younger with ASD (n = 450). Outcomes were delay from first parent concern to diagnosis, shifting diagnoses, and being told child did not have ASD. Predictors were screening, travel distance, and problems finding providers. Logit models were used to examine associations. Screening was associated with reduced delay in diagnosis; problems finding providers were associated with greater delay. Screening, travel distance, and delay in diagnosis were associated with shifting diagnoses and being told child did not have ASD. Physician and parent training in communication and addressing mental health professional shortages and maldistribution may improve the diagnosis experiences of families of children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Martinez
- Cecil G Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 725 MLK Blvd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7590, USA
| | - K C Thomas
- Cecil G Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 725 MLK Blvd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7590, USA.
| | - C S Williams
- Cecil G Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 725 MLK Blvd, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7590, USA
| | - R Christian
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Renee Lynne Ct, Carrboro, NC, 27510, USA
| | - E Crais
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, 321 S. Columbia Street, Bondurant Hall, CB#7190, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7190, USA
| | - R Pretzel
- Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 101 Renee Lynne Ct, Carrboro, NC, 27510, USA
| | - S R Hooper
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, 321 S. Columbia Street, Bondurant Hall, CB#7190, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7190, USA
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Herrity AN, Williams CS, Angeli CA, Harkema SJ, Hubscher CH. Lumbosacral spinal cord epidural stimulation improves voiding function after human spinal cord injury. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8688. [PMID: 29875362 PMCID: PMC5989228 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26602-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Deficits in urologic function after spinal cord injury (SCI) manifest both as a failure to store and empty, greatly impacting daily life. While current management strategies are necessary for urological maintenance, they oftentimes are associated with life-long side effects. Our objective was to investigate the efficacy of spinal cord epidural stimulation (scES) as a promising therapy to improve bladder control after SCI. A bladder mapping study was undertaken for sixteen sessions over the course of four months in an individual with chronic, motor complete SCI. Varying combinations of stimulating cathode electrodes were initially tested during filling cystometry resulting in the identification of an effective configuration for reflexive bladder emptying at the caudal end of the electrode array. Subsequent systematic testing of different frequencies at a fixed stimulus intensity and pulse width yielded lowest post-void residual volumes at 30 Hz. These stimulation parameters were then tested in four additional research participants and found to also improve reflexive voiding efficiency. Taken together with SCI studies on step, stand, voluntary motor control and cardiovascular regulation, these findings further corroborate that scES has an all-encompassing potential to increase the central state of excitability, allowing for the control of multiple body functions, including the urological system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Herrity
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - C S Williams
- Department of Urology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - C A Angeli
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Frazier Rehab Institute, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - S J Harkema
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.,Frazier Rehab Institute, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - C H Hubscher
- Kentucky Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA. .,Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Wang C, Gong G, Sheh A, Muthupalani S, Bryant EM, Puglisi DA, Holcombe H, Conaway EA, Parry NAP, Bakthavatchalu V, Short SP, Williams CS, Wogan GN, Tannenbaum SR, Fox JG, Horwitz BH. Interleukin-22 drives nitric oxide-dependent DNA damage and dysplasia in a murine model of colitis-associated cancer. Mucosal Immunol 2017; 10:1504-1517. [PMID: 28198364 PMCID: PMC5557711 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The risk of colon cancer is increased in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Inflammation-induced DNA damage could be an important link between inflammation and cancer, although the pathways that link inflammation and DNA damage are incompletely defined. RAG2-deficient mice infected with Helicobacter hepaticus (Hh) develop colitis that progresses to lower bowel cancer. This process depends on nitric oxide (NO), a molecule with known mutagenic potential. We have previously hypothesized that production of NO by macrophages could be essential for Hh-driven carcinogenesis, however, whether Hh infection induces DNA damage in this model and whether this depends on NO has not been determined. Here we demonstrate that Hh infection of RAG2-deficient mice rapidly induces expression of iNOS and the development of DNA double-stranded breaks (DSBs) specifically in proliferating crypt epithelial cells. Generation of DSBs depended on iNOS activity, and further, induction of iNOS, the generation of DSBs, and the subsequent development of dysplasia were inhibited by depletion of the Hh-induced cytokine IL-22. These results demonstrate a strong association between Hh-induced DNA damage and the development of dysplasia, and further suggest that IL-22-dependent induction of iNOS within crypt epithelial cells rather than macrophages is a driving force in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Wang
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - G Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - A Sheh
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - S Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - EM Bryant
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - DA Puglisi
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - H Holcombe
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - EA Conaway
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - NAP Parry
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - V Bakthavatchalu
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - SP Short
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - CS Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, and Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical School, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
| | - GN Wogan
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - SR Tannenbaum
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - JG Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - BH Horwitz
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Heung LK, Sessions HT, Poore AS, Jacobs WD, Williams CS. Next-Generation TCAP Hydrogen Isotope Separation Process. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst08-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. K. Heung
- Savannah River National Laboratory 773-A, Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC 29808 USA
| | - H. T. Sessions
- Savannah River National Laboratory 773-A, Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC 29808 USA
| | - A. S. Poore
- Savannah River National Laboratory 773-A, Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC 29808 USA
| | - W. D. Jacobs
- Savannah River National Laboratory 773-A, Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC 29808 USA
| | - C. S. Williams
- Savannah River National Laboratory 773-A, Savannah River Site, Aiken, SC 29808 USA
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Parang B, Bradley AM, Mittal MK, Short SP, Thompson JJ, Barrett CW, Naik RD, Bilotta AJ, Washington MK, Revetta FL, Smith JJ, Chen X, Wilson KT, Hiebert SW, Williams CS. Myeloid translocation genes differentially regulate colorectal cancer programs. Oncogene 2016; 35:6341-6349. [PMID: 27270437 PMCID: PMC5140770 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2016.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Myeloid translocation genes (MTGs), originally identified as chromosomal translocations in acute myelogenous leukemia, are transcriptional corepressors that regulate hematopoietic stem cell programs. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that MTGs were mutated in epithelial malignancy and suggested that loss of function might promote tumorigenesis. Genetic deletion of MTGR1 and MTG16 in the mouse has revealed unexpected and unique roles within the intestinal epithelium. Mtgr1−/− mice have progressive depletion of all intestinal secretory cells, and Mtg16−/− mice have a decrease in goblet cells. Furthermore, both Mtgr1−/− and Mtg16−/− mice have increased intestinal epithelial cell proliferation. We thus hypothesized that loss of MTGR1 or MTG16 would modify Apc1638/+-dependent intestinal tumorigenesis. Mtgr1−/− mice, but not Mtg16−/− mice, had a 10-fold increase in tumor multiplicity. This was associated with more advanced dysplasia, including progression to invasive adenocarcinoma, and augmented intratumoral proliferation. Analysis of ChIP-seq datasets for MTGR1 and MTG16 targets indicated that MTGR1 can regulate Wnt and Notch signaling. In support of this, immunohistochemistry and gene expression analysis revealed that both Wnt and Notch signaling pathways were hyperactive in Mtgr1−/− tumors. Furthermore, in human colorectal cancer (CRC) samples MTGR1 was downregulated at both the transcript and protein level. Overall our data indicates that MTGR1 has a context dependent effect on intestinal tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Parang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A M Bradley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M K Mittal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S P Short
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J J Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C W Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - R D Naik
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - A J Bilotta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M K Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - F L Revetta
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - J J Smith
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - X Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - K T Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - S W Hiebert
- Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - C S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN, USA.,Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
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6
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Sloane PD, Figueiro M, Garg S, Cohen LW, Reed D, Williams CS, Preisser J, Zimmerman S. Effect of home-based light treatment on persons with dementia and their caregivers. Light Res Technol 2015; 47:161-176. [PMID: 26273229 PMCID: PMC4530796 DOI: 10.1177/1477153513517255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disorders are problematic for persons with dementia and their family caregivers. This randomized controlled trial with crossover evaluated the effects of an innovative blue-white light therapy on 17 pairs of home-dwelling persons with dementia and their caregivers. Subjects with dementia received blue-white light and control ('red-yellow' light) for six weeks separated by a four-week washout. Neither actigraphic nor most self-reported sleep measures significantly differed for subjects with dementia. For caregivers, both sleep and role strain improved. No evidence of retinal light toxicity was observed. Six weeks of modest doses of blue-white light appear to improve sleep in caregivers but not in persons with dementia. Greater or prolonged circadian stimulation may be needed to determine if light is an effective treatment for persons with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- PD Sloane
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Figueiro
- Lighting Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - S Garg
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - LW Cohen
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - D Reed
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - CS Williams
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Preisser
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S Zimmerman
- Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Williams
- Dept of Zoology, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK CB2 3EJ
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Simon L, Avery L, Braden TD, Williams CS, Okumu LA, Williams JW, Goyal HO. Exposure of neonatal rats to anti-androgens induces penile mal-developments and infertility comparable to those induced by oestrogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 35:364-76. [PMID: 22150386 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2011.01232.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that oestrogen exposure in neonatal rats induced permanent infertility and malformed penis characterized by fat accumulation, which replaced most of the smooth muscle cells and cavernous spaces in the body of the penis, structures essential for erection. The objective of this study was to determine if reduced androgen production/action in the neonatal period, in the absence of exogenous oestrogen exposure, induces penile deformities similar to those caused by oestrogen. Male rats were treated from postnatal days 1-6 with GnRH antagonist antide (A, 10 mg/kg) or androgen receptor (AR) antagonist flutamide (F, 50 mg/kg) or F + A, with or without AR agonist dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 20 mg/kg). For comparison, pups received diethylstilbestrol (DES, 0.1 mg/kg), with or without DHT. Tissues were collected at ages 7 and 12 days and at adulthood. Flutamide alone decreased penile length and weight significantly (p < 0.05), but it caused neither fat accumulation, nor affected fertility (80% vs. 87% in controls). Antide alone reduced penile length and weight significantly, and induced fat accumulation in 4/11 rats and infertility in 13/14 rats. Conversely, all 11 F + A-treated rats, similar to all nine DES-treated rats, had fat accumulation and loss of smooth muscle cells and cavernous spaces in the body of the penis and were infertile. In addition, reductions in penile length and weight were higher than in rats treated with F or A alone. DHT co-administration mitigated penile deformities in the DES group, but did not in the F + A group. Testicular testosterone was reduced by 70-95% at 7 or 12 days of age in all treated groups, except in the F group, which had threefold higher testosterone than controls. Collectively, data unequivocally show that reduced androgen production/action in the neonatal period, in the absence of oestrogen exposure, induces permanent infertility and malformed penis similar to that caused by oestrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Simon
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, USA
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Goyal HO, Braden TD, Williams CS, Williams JW. Estrogen-induced developmental disorders of the rat penis involve both estrogen receptor (ESR)- and androgen receptor (AR)-mediated pathways. Biol Reprod 2009; 81:507-16. [PMID: 19420389 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.071951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that the estrogen receptor (ESR) pathway, androgen receptor (AR) pathway, or both mediate estrogen-induced developmental penile disorders. Rat pups received diethylstilbestrol (DES), with or without the ESR antagonist ICI 182,780 (ICI) or the AR agonist dihydrotestosterone (DHT) or testosterone (T), from Postnatal Days 1 to 6. Testicular T concentration, penile morphology and morphometry, and/or fertility was determined at age 7, 28, or 150 days. DES treatment alone caused 90% reduction in the neonatal intratesticular T surge; this reduction was prevented by ICI coadministration, but not by DHT or T coadministration. Unlike the T surge, coadministration of ICI and coadministration of DHT or T mitigated penile deformities and loss of fertility. Generally, ICI, DHT, or T treatment alone did not alter penile morphology; however, fertility was 20% that of controls in ICI-treated rats vs. 70%-90% in DHT- or T-treated rats. The lower fertility in the rats treated with ICI alone could be due to altered sexual behavior, as these males did not deposit vaginal plugs. In conclusion, observations that both an ESR antagonist and AR agonists prevent penile deformities and infertility suggest that both pathways are involved in estrogen-induced penile disorders. Observations that coadministration of ICI, but not DHT or T, prevents the DES-induced reduction in the neonatal T surge suggest that, although ICI exerts its mitigating effect both at the level of Leydig cells and penile stromal cells, DHT and T do so only at the level of stromal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biology/CBR/RCMI, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
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Goyal HO, Braden TD, Cooke PS, Szewczykowski MA, Williams CS, Dalvi P, Williams JW. Estrogen receptor alpha mediates estrogen-inducible abnormalities in the developing penis. Reproduction 2007; 133:1057-67. [PMID: 17616734 DOI: 10.1530/rep-06-0326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we reported an association between estrogen receptor-alpha (ERalpha) upregulation and detrimental effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in the rat penis. The objective of this study was to employ the ERalpha knockout (ERalphaKO) mouse model to test the hypothesis that ERalpha mediates DES effects in the developing penis. ERalphaKO and wild-type C57BL/6 mice received oil or DES at a dose of 0.2 microg/pup per day (0.1 mg/kg) on alternate days from postnatal days 2 to 12. Fertility was tested at 80-240 days of age and tissues were examined at 96-255 days of age. DES caused malformation of the os penis, significant reductions in penile length, diameter, and weight, accumulation of fat cells in the corpora cavernosa penis, and significant reductions in weight of the bulbospongiosus and levator ani muscles in wild-type mice. Conversely, ERalphaKO mice treated with DES developed none of the above abnormalities. While nine out of ten male mice sired pups in the wild-type/control group, none did in the wild-type/DES group. ERalphaKO mice, despite normal penile development, are inherently infertile. Both plasma and intratesticular testosterone levels were unaltered in the DES-treated wild-type or DES-treated ERalphaKO mice when compared with controls, although testosterone concentration was much higher in the ERalphaKO mice. Hence, the resistance of ERalphaKO mice to developing penile abnormalities provides unequivocal evidence of an obligatory role for ERalpha in mediating the harmful effects of neonatal DES exposure in the developing penis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
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11
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Abstract
In this review, we report permanent dysmorphogenesis of the penis and loss of fertility in adult rats treated neonatally with estrogen. Specifically, we report replacement of smooth muscle cells and cavernous spaces by fat cells in the corpus cavernosum penis, but not in the adjoining corpus spongiosum. Induction of these novel, region-specific phenotypes is dose-dependent, requires a critical window of exposure and associated with decreased testosterone and up-regulation of estrogen receptor α (ERα). The resistance of ERα knockout mice to develop these abnormalities implies an unequivocal role for ERα in mediating maldevelopment of the penis. Additionally, the prevention of estrogen-inducible penile abnormalities by ER antagonist ICI 182 780 implies that a functional ER-mediated pathway is essential for inducing penile abnormalities. Likewise, the ability of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone to negate these abnormalities suggests a role for an androgen receptor (AR)-mediated pathway. Taken together, these observations led us to hypothesize that neonatal estrogen exposure, via an ER-mediated pathway (direct action) or an AR-mediated pathway (indirect action through decreased testosterone) or both pathways, up-regulates ERα expression in stromal cells of the penis, which are then reprogrammed such that their differentiation into smooth muscle cells is inhibited and their differentiation into adipocytes is stimulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing and Allied Health, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase (COX), the key regulatory enzyme for prostaglandin synthesis, is transcribed from two distinct genes. COX-1 is expressed constitutively in most tissues whereas COX-2 is induced by a wide variety of stimuli and was initially identified as an immediate-early growth response gene. In addition, COX-2 expression is markedly increased in 85-90% of human colorectal adenocarcinomas while COX-1 levels remain unchanged. Several epidemiological studies have reported a 40-50% reduction in the risk of developing colorectal cancer in persons who chronically take non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin, which are classic inhibitors of COX. Genetic evidence also supports a role for COX-2, since mice null for COX-2 have an 86% reduction in tumour multiplicity in a background containing a mutated APC allele. These results strongly suggest that COX-2 contributes to the development of intestinal tumours and that inhibition of COX is chemopreventative. It is hoped that the chemopreventative effects of NSAIDs will be enhanced by the recent development of COX-2-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Williams
- Department of Cell Biology and Medicine, Vanderbilt University, MCN C-2104, 1161 21st Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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Goyal HO, Braden TD, Williams CS, Dalvi P, Mansour M, Williams JW. Estrogen-induced abnormal accumulation of fat cells in the rat penis and associated loss of fertility depends upon estrogen exposure during critical period of penile development. Toxicol Sci 2005; 87:242-54. [PMID: 15976194 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that diethylstilbestrol (DES) or estradiol valerate (EV) exposure at a dose of 0.10-0.12 mg/kg, or higher, per day, on alternate days, from postnatal days 2-12, resulted in abnormal penis development and infertility (H. O. Goyal et al., 2005, J. Androl. 26, 32-43). The objective of this study was to identify a critical developmental period(s) during which EV exposure results in the observed penile abnormalities. Male pups received EV at a dose of 0.10-0.12 mg/kg on postnatal day(s) 1, 1-3, 4-6, 1-6, 7-12, 13-18, 19-24, or 25-30. Fertility was tested at 102-115 days of age and tissues were examined at 117-137 days. Both penile morphology and fertility were unaltered in rats treated with EV after 12 days of age. Conversely, except in rats treated on postnatal day 1 only, none of the males treated prior to 12 days of age sired pups, and all had abnormal penises, including varying degrees of abnormal accumulation of fat cells and loss of cavernous spaces and smooth muscle cells in the corpora cavernosa penis, which were maximal in the 1-6-day group. Also, the preputial sheath was partially released or its release was delayed, and the weight of the bulbospongiosus muscle was significantly reduced. Plasma testosterone (T) in the 1-6- and 4-6-day groups and intratesticular T in the 4-6-day group were significantly lower. The testosterone surge, characteristic of controls in the first week of life, was suppressed in the 1-3-day group. Estrogen receptor alpha mRNA expression was enhanced in the body of the penis in the 1-3-day group, but not in the 13-18-day group. Hence, EV exposure prior to 12 days of age (as short as 1-3 days postnatal), but not after 12 days of age, results in long-term abnormal penile morphology, characterized by abnormal accumulation of fat cells in the corpora cavernosa penis and, consequently, loss of fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama, USA.
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Goyal HO, Braden TD, Williams CS, Dalvi P, Mansour MM, Mansour M, Williams JW, Bartol FF, Wiley AA, Birch L, Prins GS. Abnormal Morphology of the Penis in Male Rats Exposed Neonatally to Diethylstilbestrol Is Associated with Altered Profile of Estrogen Receptor-α Protein, but Not of Androgen Receptor Protein: A Developmental and Immunocytochemical Study1. Biol Reprod 2004; 70:1504-17. [PMID: 14749301 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.103.026328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives of the study were to determine developmental changes in morphology and expression of androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER)alpha in the body of the rat penis exposed neonatally to diethylstilbestrol (DES). Male pups received DES at a dose of 10 microg per rat on alternate days from Postnatal Day 2 to Postnatal Day 12. Controls received olive oil vehicle only. Tissue samples were collected on Days 18 (prepuberty), 41 (puberty), and 120 (adult) of age. DES-induced abnormalities were evident at 18 days of age and included smaller, lighter, and thinner penis, loss of cavernous spaces and associated smooth muscle cells, and increased deposition of fat cells in the corpora cavernosa penis. Fat cells virtually filled the entire area of the corpora cavernosa at puberty and adulthood. Plasma testosterone (T) was reduced to an undetectable level, while LH was unaltered in all treated groups. AR-positive cells were ubiquitous and their profile (incidence and staining intensity) did not differ between control and treated rats of the respective age groups. Conversely, ERalpha-positive cells were limited to the stroma of corpus spongiosus in all age groups of both control and treated rats, but the expression in treated rats at 18 days was up-regulated in stromal cells of corpora cavernosa, coincident with the presence of morphological abnormalities. Hence, this study reports for the first time DES-induced developmental, morphological abnormalities in the body of the penis and suggests that these abnormalities may have resulted from decreased T and/or overexpression of ERalpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, USA.
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Goyal HO, Braden TD, Williams CS, Dalvi P, Williams JW, Srivastava KK. Exposure of neonatal male rats to estrogen induces abnormal morphology of the penis and loss of fertility. Reprod Toxicol 2004; 18:265-74. [PMID: 15019723 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2003.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2003] [Revised: 09/10/2003] [Accepted: 10/30/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The research objectives are to determine whether estrogen-induced infertility is associated with abnormal morphology of the penis and if morphological alterations can be reversed by testosterone (T). Male pups received diethylstilbestrol (DES) on alternate days from postnatal days 2 to 12. They received T or empty implants at 180 days, were tested for fertility at 188 days, and terminated at 200 days. While 5/7 control males sired pups, only 1/6 did in the DES group, and 0/8 in the DES plus T group. In addition to reductions in penile length and weight, the novel structural change induced by DES, and not reversed by T, was a replacement of cavernous spaces by fat cells in the penis body. Hence, T substitution for 8 days at adulthood did not reverse infertility in rats treated neonatally with DES and provided evidence that infertility probably resulted from absence of cavernous spaces and/or accumulation of fat cells in the penis body.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
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Goyal HO, Robateau A, Braden TD, Williams CS, Srivastava KK, Ali K. Neonatal estrogen exposure of male rats alters reproductive functions at adulthood. Biol Reprod 2003; 68:2081-91. [PMID: 12606459 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.102.010637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of neonatal exposure to different doses of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on the reproductive functions of male rats at adulthood were evaluated. Sprague-Dawley rats (5-8/group) received sc injections of 25 microl olive oil containing DES (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) at a dose of 10 microg, 1 microg, 100 ng, 10 ng, or 1 ng per rat on alternate days from Postnatal Days 2-12. Control animals received olive oil only. All animals were allowed to develop until 83-91 days of age; however, when they were 70 to 80 days old, four male rats each from the 10 microg, 1 microg, 100 ng, and control groups were cohabited with untreated 60- to 70-day-old females (1:1) for 12 days. At the end of cohabitation, both mated and unmated male rats were weighed, and blood and tissue samples were collected and processed. Results revealed that although sperm motility patterns and sperm morphology were adversely affected in the 10- microg group, other reproductive parameters, including 1). daily sperm production (DSP)/testis; 2). absolute and relative weights of the testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle; and 3). sperm numbers in both regions of the epididymis declined significantly in a dose-dependent manner in the 10- and 1- microg groups. Conversely, in the <1- microg groups, none of these parameters (except DSP/testis and weight of the epididymis in the 100-ng group, and sperm numbers in the epididymis of the 100- and 10-ng groups) was different from controls. Generally, plasma testosterone levels decreased in the 10- and 1- microg groups, FSH level increased in the 10-microg group, and prolactin and LH levels were unaltered. In the fertility study, although each male in the 1-microg, 100-ng, and control groups produced a copulatory plug and impregnated a female, none could do so in the 10-microg group. The mean number of pups per litter was reduced to eight in the 1-microg group, in contrast to 15 each in the 100-ng and control groups. In conclusion, exposure of neonatal male rats to DES altered sperm motility patterns, sperm fertility (as evident from the reduced number of pups in the 1-microg group), and sexual behavior (as evident from the absence of copulatory plugs in the 10-microg group) and reduced weights of reproductive organs, DSP/testis, and sperm numbers in the epididymis. Whether these alterations/reductions persist in older rats (6-8 mo of age) is under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, USA.
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Brown RK, Murray TP, Williams CS. Formation and isomerization of 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene and 6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-3-ene. Course of .alpha.-halogenation of acetals. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00808a037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapidly expanding proportion of the US population 65 years and older is anticipated to have a profound effect on health care expenditures. Whether the changing health status of older Americans will modulate this effect is not well understood. This study sought to determine the relationship between functional status and government-reimbursed health care services in older persons. METHODS Longitudinal cohort study of a representative sample of community-dwelling persons 72 years or older. Clinical data were linked with data on 2-year expenditures for Medicare-reimbursed hospital, outpatient, and home care services and Medicare- and Medicaid-reimbursed nursing home services. Per capita expenditures associated with different functional status transitions were calculated, as were excess expenditures associated with functional disability adjusted for demographic, health, and psychosocial variables. RESULTS The 19.6% of older persons who had stable functional dependence or who declined to dependence accounted for almost half (46.3%) of total expenditures. Persons in these groups had an excess of approximately $10 000 in expenditures in 2 years compared with those who remained independent. The 9.6% of patients who were dependent at baseline accounted for more than 40.0% of home health and nursing home expenditures; the 10.0% who declined accounted for more than 20.0% of hospital, outpatient, and nursing home expenditures. CONCLUSIONS Functional dependence places a large burden on government-funded health care services. Whereas functional decline places this burden on short- and long-term care services, stable functional dependence places the burden predominantly on long-term care services. Declining rates of functional disability and interventions to prevent disability hold promise for ameliorating this burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Fried
- Geriatrics and Extended Care 240, West Haven Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, 950 Campbell Ave, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.
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Culp RW, Williams CS. Proximal row carpectomy for the treatment of scaphoid nonunion. Hand Clin 2001; 17:663-9, x. [PMID: 11775477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Nonunion of the scaphoid bone may occur even with early diagnosis of fracture and modern internal fixation techniques. A pattern of degenerative instability termed scaphoid nonunion advanced collapse may lead to collapse of the carpus with irreversible articular damage initially isolated to the radiostyloid joint. Proximal row carpectomy (PRC), which removes the intercalary proximal row and creates a radiocapitate articulation, is a motion preserving salvage procedure which unloads the areas of articular pathology, and creates a new articulation that allows motion and is able to bear compressive forces over time. Although results of PRC specifically for scaphoid nonunion are clearly not reported in the article, several studies demonstrate that PRC provides a pain relieving and motion-sparing salvage option particularly suited for this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Culp
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional status measures are potent independent predictors of hospital outcomes and mortality. The study objective was to compare medical record with interview data for functional status. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Subjects were 525 medical patients, aged 70 years or older, hospitalized at an academic medical center. Patient interviews determined status for 7 basic activities of daily living (BADLs) and 7 instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). Medical records were reviewed to assess documentation of BADLs and IADLs. RESULTS Most medical records contained no documentation of individual BADLs and IADLs (61% to 98% of records lacking documentation), with the exception of walking (24% of medical records lacking documentation). Impairment prevalence was lower in medical records than at interview for all BADLs and IADLs, and agreement between interview and medical record was poor (kappa < 0.40 for individual BADLs and IADLs). Sensitivity of the medical record for BADL and IADL impairment was poor (range 95% to 44%), using the interview as a reference standard. Sensitivity and specificity of the medical record for detection of BADL and IADL impairment changed substantially when records with nondocumentation of functional status were excluded or were assumed to be equivalent to independence. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the medical record is a poor source of data on many functional status measures, and that assuming that nondocumentation of functional status is equivalent to independence may be unwarranted. Given the prognostic importance of functional status measures, the results highlight the importance of developing reliable and efficient means of obtaining functional status information on hospitalized older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Bogardus
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. 06504, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Restricted activity is a potentially important indicator of health and functional status. Yet, relatively little is known about the incidence, precipitants, or health care utilization associated with restricted activity among older persons. OBJECTIVE To more accurately estimate the rate of restricted activity among community-living older persons, to identify the health-related and non-health-related problems that lead to restricted activity, and to determine whether restricted activity is associated with increased health care utilization. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING New Haven, Connecticut. PARTICIPANTS 754 nondisabled members of a large health plan, 70 years of age or older, who were categorized according to their risk for disability (low, intermediate, or high). MEASUREMENTS Occurrence of restricted activity (defined as having stayed in bed for at least half a day or having cut down on one's usual activities because of an illness, injury, or another problem), problems leading to restricted activity, and health care utilization were ascertained during monthly telephone interviews for up to 2 years. RESULTS In median follow-up of 15 months, 76.6% of participants reported restricted activity during at least 1 month and 39.3% reported restricted activity during 2 consecutive months. The rates of restricted activity per 100 person-months were 19.0 episodes for all participants and 16.9, 27.3, and 22.7 episodes for participants at low, intermediate, and high risk for disability, respectively. Of the 24 prespecified health-related and non-health-related problems, the rates per 100 person-months of restricted activity ranged from 0.1 episode for "problem with alcohol" to 65.5 episodes for "been fatigued." On average, participants identified 4.5 different problems as a cause for their restricted activity. Health care utilization was substantially greater during months with restricted activity than months without restricted activity. The corresponding rates per 100 person-months were 63.8 and 45.1 for physician office visits, 12.5 and 1.0 for emergency department visits, 14.1 and 0.3 for hospital admissions, and 67.6 and 45.1 for any health care utilization (P < 0.001 for each pairwise comparison). CONCLUSIONS Restricted activity is common among community-living older persons, regardless of risk for disability, and it is usually attributable to several concurrent health-related problems. Although restricted activity is associated with a substantial increase in health care utilization, older persons with restricted activity often do not seek medical attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Gill
- Yale University School of Medicine, Dorothy Adler Geriatric Assessment Center, 20 York Street, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
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Williams CS, Sheng H, Brockman JA, Armandla R, Shao J, Washington MK, Elkahloun AG, DuBois RN. A cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (SC-58125) blocks growth of established human colon cancer xenografts. Neoplasia 2001; 3:428-36. [PMID: 11687954 PMCID: PMC1506203 DOI: 10.1038/sj.neo.7900177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2001] [Accepted: 05/09/2001] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective COX-2 inhibitors reduce adenoma formation and cancer progression in rodent models of colorectal cancer. To assess the therapeutic activity of selective COX-2 inhibitors, we tested the effect of SC-58125 treatment on the growth of human colon carcinoma cells in nude mice. Delaying treatment by 2, 4, or 7 weeks following implantation of the carcinoma cells resulted in a significant inhibition of tumor growth. Furthermore, short-term (48 hours) treatment with SC-58125 was sufficient to attenuate tumor growth for up to 15 days. SC-58125 treatment did not alter the rate at which cells underwent apoptosis, but did result in a delayed progression through the cell cycle at the G(2)/M transition. Accordingly, p34(cdc2) protein levels and activity were decreased following SC-58125 treatment. We conclude that SC-58125 primarily exerts a cytostatic effect in vivo, which is likely to be mediated through inhibition of progression through the G(2)/M phase of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Williams
- Department of Medicine, The Vanderbilt Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2279, USA
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Abstract
Milk contains biologically relevant concentrations of erythropoietin (Epo), the primary hormone responsible for erythrocyte production. In animals, milk-borne Epo stimulates erythropoiesis. Epo receptors have been found in nonerythropoietic tissues including gastrointestinal tract. We hypothesized that milk-borne Epo is distributed to local gastrointestinal tissues, absorbed intact, and then distributed peripherally via the systemic circulation. Rat milk protected recombinant human Epo (rhEpo) from degradation in the suckling rat gastrointestinal tract. Simulated digestion of (125)I-rhEpo in suckling rat gastrointestinal juices was performed. When measured by acid precipitation and immunoassay, rat milk protected rhEpo from gastrointestinal juices better than saline (p < 0.0001). The fate of enterally administered milk-borne (125)I-rhEpo was examined in 10-d-old rats. RhEpo fed in rat milk was better protected from in vivo proteolytic degradation than rhEpo in saline (p < 0.05). After enteral (125)I-rhEpo dosing, radiolabeled protein from gastric tissue comigrated on SDS-PAGE with intact rhEpo at 36.5 kD. To determine the local and systemic distribution of physiologic intakes of rhEpo, suckling rats were fed (125)I-rhEpo in rat milk, and tissues were harvested 1, 2, and 4 h later. Intact (125)I-rhEpo was found in gastric and small intestinal walls and lumens. Five percent of total administered dose was found intact in the plasma, whereas another 8 to 10% of total administered dose was localized to bone marrow, percentages comparable to those seen after parenteral administration. Radiolabel was also localized to liver and peripheral solid tissues. These patterns of localization and degradation of rhEpo after acute administration support both systemic absorption and gastrointestinal cellular processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Miller-Gilbert
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Arizona Health Sciences Center, Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, Tucson, AZ 85724-5073, U.S.A
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Rizzo JA, Bogardus ST, Leo-Summers L, Williams CS, Acampora D, Inouye SK. Multicomponent targeted intervention to prevent delirium in hospitalized older patients: what is the economic value? Med Care 2001; 39:740-52. [PMID: 11458138 DOI: 10.1097/00005650-200107000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delirium, or acute confusional state, is a common and serious occurrence among hospitalized older persons. Current estimates suggest that delirium complicates hospital stays for more than 2.3 million older persons each year, involving more than 17.5 million hospital days and accounting for more than $4 billion (1994 dollars) of Medicare expenditures. A 40% reduction was recently reported in the risk for delirium among hospitalized older persons receiving a multicomponent targeted risk factor intervention (MTI) strategy to prevent delirium, compared with subjects receiving usual hospital care.1 Before recommending that this preventive strategy be implemented in clinical practice, however, the cost implications must be thoroughly examined as well. METHODS The present analysis performs net cost evaluations of the MTI for the prevention of delirium among hospitalized patients. Hospital charge and cost-to-charge ratio data are linked to a database of 852 subjects, who were treated with MTI or usual care. Multivariable regression methods were used to help isolate the impact of MTI on hospital costs. These results were then combined with our earlier work on the impact of the MTI on delirium prevention to assess the cost effectiveness of this intervention. RESULTS The MTI significantly reduced nonintervention costs among subjects at intermediate risk for developing delirium, but not among subjects at high risk. When MTI intervention costs were included, MTI had no significant effect on overall health care costs in the intermediate risk cohort, but raised overall costs in the high risk group. CONCLUSIONS Because the MTI prevented delirium in the intermediate risk group without raising costs, the conclusion reached is that it is a cost effective treatment option for patients at intermediate risk for developing delirium. In contrast, the results suggest that the MTI is not cost effective for subjects at high risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Rizzo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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van Doorn C, Bogardus ST, Williams CS, Concato J, Towle VR, Inouye SK. Risk adjustment for older hospitalized persons: a comparison of two methods of data collection for the Charlson index. J Clin Epidemiol 2001; 54:694-701. [PMID: 11438410 DOI: 10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To compare Charlson indices based on chart data and ICD-9 data for agreement overall and on rating specific comorbid conditions, and to compare mortality risks associated with these indices. Prospective cohort study. Six general medicine wards at Yale-New Haven Hospital. 524 consecutive patients who had no clinical evidence of delirium at enrollment, admitted between November 6, 1989 and July 31, 1991, aged 70 years or older. Death within 1 year of the index hospital admission date. Scores using the chart-based data were significantly higher than those using ICD-9 data. About half of the individual conditions showed fair-to-good agreement between the two scores, whereas the other half showed poor agreement. A comparison of mortality prediction indicated that the weightings assigned to individual comorbidities differed substantially from those used in Charlson's original index. While mortality prediction of each individual index was comparable, the ICD-9 and chart indices contributed independently to mortality prediction in the presence of the other. Low agreement between Charlson scores based on the two methods of data collection and their cumulative contribution to mortality prediction suggest that these indices may include different information. Our results suggest that the original Charlson index may not provide optimal risk adjustment for elderly general medicine samples. We suggest development of an empirically-derived index of comorbid conditions and weights may be warranted for older general medical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C van Doorn
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, 20 York Street, TMP 15, New Haven, CT 06504, USA
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Mann M, Sheng H, Shao J, Williams CS, Pisacane PI, Sliwkowski MX, DuBois RN. Targeting cyclooxygenase 2 and HER-2/neu pathways inhibits colorectal carcinoma growth. Gastroenterology 2001; 120:1713-9. [PMID: 11375952 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2001.24844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and ErbB/HER pathways are important modulators of cancer cell growth. We sought to determine the effects of treatment with a specific COX-2 inhibitor and/or a monoclonal antibody against the ErbB receptor subtype HER-2/neu on carcinoma cell growth. METHODS A cell-proliferation assay was used to determine the response of HCA-7 cells to the HER-3/HER-4 ligand heregulin beta-1 (HRGbeta-1). Both in vitro and in vivo assays were used to determine the effects of the selective COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, and/or an anti-HER-2/neu monoclonal antibody (either Herceptin [Genetech Inc., S. San Francisco, CA] or 2C4) on cell growth. RESULTS HCA-7 cells express HER-2/neu messenger RNA and protein, and exposure of these cells to HRGbeta-1 results in a significant stimulation of cell growth. Celecoxib or Herceptin inhibits HCA-7 cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Combination therapy with celecoxib plus Herceptin or celecoxib plus 2C4 resulted in additive effects that resulted in almost complete inhibition of tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Combined treatment with COX-2 and HER-2/neu inhibitors more effectively reduces colorectal carcinoma growth than either agent alone. Therefore, targeting of both the COX-2 and ErbB signaling pathways may represent a novel approach for the treatment and/or prevention of colorectal cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mann
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279, USA
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Atwal OS, Minhas KJ, Williams CS. Ultrastructural response of pulmonary intravascular macrophages to exogenous oestrogen in the bovine lung: translocation of the surface-coat and enhanced cell membrane plasticity and angiogenesis. J Anat 2001; 198:611-24. [PMID: 11430700 PMCID: PMC1468250 DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19850611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs) of domestic ungulates are recognised by their specific surface coat, consisting of linearly arranged globules along the external leaf of the plasma membrane. The coat is sensitive to in vitro digestion with lipolytic lipase (LPL), intravenous heparin and clinical exposure to halothane anaesthesia. The sensitivity to these experimental manipulations suggests that the globules of the coat are predominantly composed of lipoproteins (LDL). The present administration of oestradiol proprionate in castrated male calves potentiated the translocation of the surface coat into the endocytotic pathway of the PIMs. Concurrently with mobilisation of the coat, the plasma membrane was thrown into prominent arrays of lamellipodial extensions. The sprawling macrophages made extensive adhesive contacts with the lining endothelium of the capillaries. Consequently, the endothelial cells were highly attenuated and precariously maintained the integrity of the vascular wall. At some focal points, the vascular wall was penetrated by the filopodial processes of PIMs, which protruded into the perivascular space. Furthermore, there were signs of neovascularisation in the form of overt mitotic changes, sprouting and precursor capillary formation. It is conceivable that the evolving profile of angiogenesis is due to the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) paracrine function of PIMs. Endothelial cell specificity has been considered an important advantage of VEGF for neovascularisation. It allows pleotrophic response of endothelial cells to proliferate and to assemble into endothelial tubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- O S Atwal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropathy is a common complication of primary Sjögren syndrome, but central nervous system involvement also occurs and may be the only extraglandular manifestation. Sicca symptoms may also be minimal. Combinations of lesions along with relapses and remissions can suggest multiple sclerosis in the proper clinical setting, making the correct diagnosis elusive. OBJECTIVES To report a case of progressive transverse myelopathy with previous optic neuropathy in primary central nervous system Sjögren syndrome (CNS-SS), and to review 17 previously reported cases and the patient's responses to various therapies. DESIGN Case report and literature review. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT A 63-year-old Hispanic woman with a 10-month history of progressive spastic paraparesis associated with optic neuropathy and a T10 sensory level. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated multifocal, contrast-enhancing lesions in the spinal cord. The patient was diagnosed as having CNS-SS because of the presence of sicca symptoms, abnormal serological test results, and salivary gland biopsy results, which fulfilled San Diego criteria for "definite" Sjögren syndrome. She responded to treatment with a combination of prednisone and cyclophosphamide. CONCLUSIONS Diagnosis of primary CNS-SS requires a high index of suspicion and specialized clinical testing. Treatment with pulse doses of corticosteroids alone may be suboptimal, but results of treatment with a combination of corticosteroids and either cyclophosphamide or chlorambucil have been encouraging.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Williams
- Department of Neurology, Wilford Hall Medical Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas, USA.
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Shinohara H, Williams CS, McWilliam DL, Koldovský O, Philipps AF, Dvorák B. Transforming growth factor-alpha delays gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in suckling rats. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001; 36:356-60. [PMID: 11336158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is a biologically potent polypeptide detected in the gastrointestinal tract in suckling rats. The major goal of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the administration of TGF-alpha affects gastric emptying and small intestinal transit in suckling rats. Suckling (12-day-old) rats fasted 16 h received rat TGF-alpha subcutaneously (s.c.) or orogastrically in varying doses (0, 0.5, 1.0 microg/rat in 0.1% BSA). Control animals received 0.1% BSA only. Poly R-478 dye was used as a motility marker. Rats were decapitated 45 min after marker administration and the amount of dye in the stomach and the small intestine was measured by spectrophotometry. Subcutaneous administration of TGF-alpha significantly delayed stomach evacuation. In controls, the stomach contained 21.4 +/- 1.4% (mean +/- s(x)) of the Poly R-478 marker, whereas in TGF-alpha treated rats the stomach contained 37.2 +/- 2.8% of the total Poly R-478 dye given to animals. The delaying effect of TGF-alpha was time- and dose-dependent. Small intestinal transit was also significantly delayed. The proximal jejunum of TGF-alpha treated rats contained a 1.4-fold higher amount of marker in comparison with control rats. Orogastrically administered rTGF-alpha did not affect gastric emptying or intestinal transit. In conclusion, s.c. administration of rat TGF-alpha significantly delayed the gastrointestinal motility in vivo in suckling rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Shinohara
- Dept. of Pediatrics and Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724, USA
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Goyal HO, Braden TD, Mansour M, Williams CS, Kamaleldin A, Srivastava KK. Diethylstilbestrol-treated adult rats with altered epididymal sperm numbers and sperm motility parameters, but without alterations in sperm production and sperm morphology. Biol Reprod 2001; 64:927-34. [PMID: 11207210 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod64.3.927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we characterized estrogenic effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) on reproductive parameters in male rats to identify a minimal dose level that alters epididymal and sperm functions but has little or no effect on sperm production and/or spermatogenesis. Adult rats (five animals/group) received s.c. injections of 0.2 ml of corn oil containing DES at a rate of 1.0 mg, 200 microg, 40 microg, 8 microg, 1.6 microg, or 320 ng x rat(-1) x day(-1) for 12 days. The control group received corn oil only. DES effects were similar in the 8-microg group and higher dose groups and included significant (P < or = 0.05) reductions in 1) absolute and relative weights of the head and body of the epididymis (EP), tail of the EP, and seminal vesicle, 2) numbers of sperm in both regions of the EP, and 3) motility characteristics in sperm collected from the tail of the EP. Conversely, no significant changes were observed in relative testis weight, daily sperm production, spermatogenesis, seminiferous epithelial height in stage VII, and sperm morphology. All of the above parameters in the 1.6-microg group (except seminal vesicle weight) and 320-ng group were comparable to those of controls. Plasma testosterone (T) level was reduced to an almost undetectable level in the > or = 8-microg groups and to a very low level in the 1.6-microg group (0.35 vs. 2.36 ng/ml in controls or 320-ng group), but LH level was unaltered. In a parallel fertility study, males received DES at a rate of 40, 8, or 1.6 microg x rat(-1) x day(-1) for 12 days prior to and 12 days during cohabitation (1:1) with untreated females. Of the 15 females cohabited with treated males (5 females/dose), none in the 40-microg and 8-microg groups and 1 in the 1.6-microg group formed a copulatory plug and delivered 8 pups, in contrast to 5/5 copulatory plugs and 13-15 pups/litter in the controls. DES at a rate of 8 microg x rat(-1) x day(-1) for 12 days reduced EP weights, sperm numbers in the EP, and sperm motility patterns but caused minimal to no alterations in daily sperm production, spermatogenesis, or sperm morphology. Factors other than T, or in addition to lower T, may be responsible for DES-induced reproductive disorders (despite lower T, sperm contents and sperm motility patterns in the EP were normal in the 1.6-microg group). Deficits in EP sperm functions and/or sexual behavior (as evident from absence of copulatory plugs) probably accounted for reduced fertility in treated males.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Establishing shared treatment goals for patients may improve the quality of care by facilitating achievement of appropriate and desired outcomes. The purpose of this study was to describe types of family caregiver and physician treatment goals for frail elderly patients who had a high prevalence of cognitive impairment, and to ascertain the level of agreement between family caregivers and physicians on principal treatment goals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We surveyed family caregivers and physicians for 200 consecutive older adults who were initially evaluated at the outpatient geriatric assessment center of a major teaching hospital. Treatment goals for patients were measured after a comprehensive geriatric assessment. RESULTS Goals commonly chosen as most important by family caregivers and physicians pertained to day-to-day functioning (61 [31%] family caregivers, 81 [41%] physicians), behavior and emotional health (56 [28%] family caregivers, 50 [25%] physicians), and safety (40 [20%] family caregivers, 29 [15%] physicians). Although a substantial proportion of family caregiver and physician pairs shared at least one goal (157 [79%] of 200), agreement on presence or absence of individual categories of goals was poor (kappas from -0.19 to 0.28), and agreement on the most important goal was also poor (kappa 0.20). CONCLUSIONS Agreement on treatment goals between family caregivers and physicians for patients at the study site was low. These results suggest that encounters between family caregiver and physician may need improvement. Further research is needed to assess whether lack of agreement is found in other settings, persists over time, and affects achievement of goals and optimal health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Bogardus
- Department of Internal Medicine (Geriatrics), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE While dizziness has traditionally been considered solely as a symptom of discrete diseases, recent findings from population-based studies of older persons suggest that it may often be a geriatric syndrome with multiple predisposing risk factors, representing impairments in diverse systems. To validate these findings, we identified predisposing risk factors for dizziness in a clinic-based population. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Geriatric assessment center. PARTICIPANTS 262 consecutive, eligible patients. MEASUREMENTS Medical history and physical examination data were ascertained and characteristics of patients with and without a report of dizziness were compared. RESULTS Seven factors were independently associated with a report of dizziness, namely depressive symptoms, cataracts, abnormal balance or gait, postural hypotension, diabetes, past myocardial infarction, and the use of three or more medications. Of patients with none of these risk factors, none reported dizziness. This proportion rose from 6% among patients with one factor, to 12%, 26%, and 51% among patients with two, three, and four or more factors, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The finding of similar factors associated with dizziness in previous community-based cohorts and the present clinic-based cohort supports the possibility of a multifactorial etiology of dizziness in many older persons. A multifactorial intervention targeting the factors identified in these studies may be effective at reducing the frequency or severity of dizziness in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Kao
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Identifying and eliminating environmental hazards in the home has high face validity but little empirical support for fall prevention. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine whether environmental hazards increase the risk of nonsyncopal falls in the homes of community-living older persons. RESEARCH DESIGN This was a prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS The study included 1,088 men and women from a probability sample of 1,103 persons > or =72 years of age. MEASURES A room-by-room assessment for 13 potential trip or slip hazards was completed at baseline and 1 year later by a trained research nurse using a standard instrument. Falls were ascertained monthly for 3 years using a fall calendar and follow-up phone calls. RESULTS The numbers of participants with a nonsyncopal fall (by room) were as follows: 88 (kitchen), 144 (living room), 41 (hallway), 136 (bedroom), and 59 (bathroom). The risk of a nonsyncopal fall was significantly elevated for only 1 of the 13 trip or slip hazards. For exposure to > or =1 hazards per room, the relative risks adjusted for age, gender, and housing type were 0.91 (95% CI, 0.58-1.43) for the kitchen, 1.30 (95% CI, 0.92-1.83) for the living room, 1.73 (95% CI, 0.93-3.22) for the hallway, 1.29 (95% CI, 0.90-1.84) for the bedroom, and 0.57 (95% CI, 0.32-1.00) for the bathroom. No consistent association was found between the 13 trip or slip hazards and nonsyncopal falls, even after participants were categorized by impairments in vision, balance/gait, and cognition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings do not support an association between environmental hazards and nonsyncopal falls.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Gill
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06504, USA.
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Williams CS, Watson AJ, Sheng H, Helou R, Shao J, DuBois RN. Celecoxib prevents tumor growth in vivo without toxicity to normal gut: lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo models. Cancer Res 2000; 60:6045-51. [PMID: 11085526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have potential for use in the prevention and/or treatment of colorectal cancer. We have studied the cytotoxic effect of a specific COX-2 inhibitor, celecoxib, against LLC, HCA-7, and HCT-15 cells grown in cell culture and have compared these results with its effect on HCA-7 cells grown as xenografts in nude mice. "High-dose" celecoxib (>20 microM) reduced the viability of all three cell lines in vitro as measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that this loss of viability was attributable to the induction of apoptosis. Significantly, concentrations of the drug <10 microM had no effect on cell viability in vitro. The cytotoxic effects of high-dose celecoxib were independent of COX-2 inhibition because similar effects were observed in cox-2 (+/+), cox-2 (+/-) and cox-2 (-/-) fibroblasts. A plasma concentration of 2.3+/-0.7 microM was achieved when celecoxib (1250 mg/kg of chow) was fed to animals ad libitum. Despite a lack of toxicity at 2-3 microM celecoxib in vitro, there was attenuation of HCA-7 xenograft growth in vivo. Celecoxib had no effect on apoptosis, cell division, or the epithelial architecture of the normal gut in treated mice. These results support the need for additional clinical evaluation of celecoxib for treatment and/or prevention of colorectal cancer in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Williams
- Department of Medicine, The Vanderbilt Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279, USA
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Marottoli RA, Glass TA, Williams CS, Cooney LM, Berkman LF. Consequences of driving cessation: decreased out-of-home activity levels. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2000; 55:S334-40. [PMID: 11078110 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/55.6.s334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Increasing age, socioeconomic factors, and declining function and health have been linked to driving cessation, but little is known about the consequences of stopping driving. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that driving cessation leads to a decline in out-of-home activity levels. METHODS In 1989 a survey of driving practices was administered to surviving noninstitutionalized members of the New Haven Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly (EPESE) cohort. Of 1,316 respondents, 502 were active drivers as of 1988, 92 had stopped driving between 1982 and 1987, and 722 never drove or stopped before 1982. Information on sociodemographic and health-related variables came from in-home EPESE interviews in 1982, 1985, and 1988, and from yearly phone interviews. Activity was measured at all three in-home interviews, and an activity measure was created based on self-reported participation in nine out-of-home activities. A repeated measures random-effects model was used to test the effect of driving cessation on activity while controlling for potential confounders. RESULTS Driving cessation was strongly associated with decreased out-of-home activity levels (coefficient-1.081, standard error 0.264, p < .001) after adjustment for sociodemographic and health-related factors. DISCUSSION The potential consequences of driving limitations or cessation should be taken into account when advising older drivers and developing alternative transportation strategies to help maintain their mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Marottoli
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven 06516, USA.
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Philipps AF, Dvorák B, Anderson GG, Grille JG, Williams CS, Koldovský O. Secretion of insulin-like growth factor-II into bile of rats of different ages. Biol Neonate 2000; 78:106-12. [PMID: 10971003 DOI: 10.1159/000014258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bile from rats of different ages (suckling 10-12 days; weanling 30-33 days, and adult 60-70 days) was collected and studied for the presence of immuno- and receptor-assayable insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) concentrations. Concentrations of RIA IGF-II in bile were highest in suckling rats (230 +/- 38 ng/ml) and lowest in adults (47 +/- 7 ng/ml). These concentrations were approximately twice those of the bile IGF-I concentration in sucklings, as measured in a previous study. Selected bile samples were also assayed using a competitive binding assay with a crude preparation of adult rat liver membranes bearing the IGF-II receptor. These studies confirmed the presence of receptor- (as well as immuno-) active IGF-II in bile. Since bile flow rates increased dramatically after the suckling period, bile delivery rates of IGF-II were normalized as picograms per gram body weight per hour. When such calculations were done, bile IGF-II delivery rates to the small intestine were highest in sucklings and weanlings in comparison to adult rats. Thus non-enterically derived (milk- and bile-borne) IGF-II delivery to the suckling small intestine can be approximated at roughly 1 microg/day. Unlike IGF-I, intravenously injected IGF-II could not be detected in suckling bile, suggesting a predominantly hepatic origin. From this study we conclude that there exists a significant delivery of receptor-active IGF-II to the gastrointestinal tract of rats of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Philipps
- Department of Pediatrics, Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Ariz., USA.
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Mattera JA, De Leon CM, Wackers FJ, Williams CS, Wang Y, Krumholz HM. Association of patients' perception of health status and exercise electrocardiogram, myocardial perfusion imaging, and ventricular function measures. Am Heart J 2000; 140:409-18. [PMID: 10966538 DOI: 10.1067/mhj.2000.108518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients' viewpoint of their health status is increasingly used as an important outcome measure of the success of treatments. Because clinicians rarely formally measure patients' health-related quality of life, the question arises whether noninvasive testing for ischemia can provide similar information regarding physical functioning and general health perception. METHODS We measured physical functioning and general health status with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) survey in 195 consecutive patients (68% male, mean age 55.6 +/- 11.1 years) referred for exercise testing with myocardial perfusion imaging. The survey was completed immediately before the exercise test. RESULTS In the multivariate analysis, the strongest predictor of physical functioning and general health perception was metabolic equivalents. However, the best model, including demographic, clinical, and test variables, predicted only 14% of the variation in physical functioning and 10% of the variability in general health perception. CONCLUSIONS The variation in physical functioning and general health perception, as measured by the SF-36, among patients referred for exercise testing is not predicted well by the results of the test. As expected, several test results are significantly associated with physical functioning and general health perception; however, there was substantial overlap among individual patients, suggesting that the parameters are poor surrogates for the actual assessment of the domains. If these domains are deemed important to tracking patient outcomes, then they should supplement the current assessments of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Mattera
- Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge has been analyzed in cultured fetal, neonatal, and adult hepatocytes and in hepatoma cell lines. METHODS To study the mechanisms of LPS-dependent expression of COX-2 in these cells, the activity of the COX-2 promoter and the levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins (C/EBPs) were determined. RESULTS COX-2 was induced in fetal hepatocytes, but this response declined rapidly after birth. This loss of inducibility of COX-2 paralleled the expression of C/EBP-alpha in neonatal hepatocytes. Transfection of fetal and adult hepatocytes with sequences corresponding to the 5'-flanking region of the rat COX-2 gene confirmed the absence of promoter activity in adult hepatocytes. Moreover, transient expression of C/EBP-alpha, but not C/EBP-delta, in the hepatoma cell line AT3F cells abolished the COX-2 promoter activity. Prolonged culture of adult hepatocytes restored the induction of COX-2 after complete disappearance of C/EBP-alpha. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the presence of high levels of C/EBP-alpha is involved in the impairment of COX-2 expression in adult hepatocytes challenged with proinflammatory stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Callejas
- Instituto de Bioquímica, Centro Mixto Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas-Universidad Complutense, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Dvorak B, McWilliam DL, Williams CS, Dominguez JA, Machen NW, McCuskey RS, Philipps AF. Artificial formula induces precocious maturation of the small intestine of artificially reared suckling rats. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2000; 31:162-9. [PMID: 10941968 DOI: 10.1097/00005176-200008000-00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The artificially reared rat model was used successfully to study the effect of nutrition during the early postnatal period on growth and development of the neonate. Overgrowth and morphologic changes of the gastrointestinal tract are known consequences of artificial rearing. The major goal of our study was to elucidate whether artificial rearing-enhanced gut development is caused by artificial diet or by gastrostomy and the artificial rearing technique itself. METHODS Suckling rats at day 8 of age underwent intragastric cannulation and were machine fed either a cow's milk-based artificial rat's milk substitute or pooled rat's milk for 4 days. Dam-fed littermates served as a control. RESULTS Body growth did not differ in the three experimental groups. In rats receiving rat's milk substitute, small intestinal wet weight was approximately 60% greater than in rats fed rat's milk or control rats. Additionally, the entire small intestine was approximately 20% longer in the rat's milk substitute group. Morphologically, rat's milk substitute-fed pups demonstrated significantly greater intestinal villus length and crypt depth compared with rat's milk-fed or control rats. Jejunum and midjejunum of the rat's milk and control groups did not differ in these parameters. Intestinal sucrase activity of rat's milk substitute-fed rats was significantly elevated compared with rat's milk-fed rats or control animals. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that cow's milk-based formula, not gastrostomy or artificial feeding technique, is a principal cause of the small intestine overgrowth and precocious maturation of some intestinal functions observed in artificially reared sucklings.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dvorak
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724-5073, USA
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Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2; Ptgs2) acts as a tumor promoter in rodent models for colorectal cancer, but its precise role in carcinogenesis remains unclear. We evaluated the contribution of host-derived COX-1 and COX-2 in tumor growth using both genetic and pharmacological approaches. Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells grow rapidly as solid tumors when implanted in C57BL/6 mice. We found that tumor growth was markedly attenuated in COX-2(-/-), but not COX-1(-/-) or wild-type mice. Treatment of wild-type C57BL/6 mice bearing LLC tumors with a selective COX-2 inhibitor also reduced tumor growth. A decrease in vascular density was observed in tumors grown in COX-2(-/-) mice when compared with those in wild-type mice. Because COX-2 is expressed in stromal fibroblasts of human and rodent colorectal carcinomas, we evaluated COX-2(-/-) mouse fibroblasts and found a 94% reduction in their ability to produce the proangiogenic factor, VEGF. Additionally, treatment of wild-type mouse fibroblasts with a selective COX-2 inhibitor reduced VEGF production by 92%.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Williams
- Department of Medicine, The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279, USA
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Abstract
Caprine efferent ductule epithelium contains ciliated and nonciliated cells. The latter cells are divided into three types: type II cells contain PAS-positive granules, type III cells contain PAS-negative vacuoles, and type I cells lack both granules and vacuoles (Goyal and Williams, Anat. Rec. 220:58-67). The objectives of this study are i) to determine when the epithelium differentiates into ciliated and nonciliated cells, ii) to determine when nonciliated cells acquire characteristics typical for type II and type III cells, and iii) to relate developmental changes in the epithelium with those in the testis. Testes and efferent ductules were examined at the light and electron microscopic levels in goats from 1-25 weeks of age. Efferent ductule epithelium contained ciliated and nonciliated cells as early as week 1. While ciliated cells were differentiated at week 1, differentiation of nonciliated cells did not occur until week > or =15. Differential features in ciliated cells included the presence of cilia at the apical border and an aggregation of mitochondria in the apical cytoplasm. Those in nonciliated cells included the presence of i) an endocytotic apparatus at week > or =15, ii) PAS-positive granules at week > or =15, and iii) PAS-negative vacuoles at week > or =25. The seminiferous tubules developed lumens at 12-15 weeks. Hence, while differentiation of ciliated cells occurred much before lumen formation in the seminiferous tubules, that of nonciliated cells coincided with, or occurred soon after, lumen formation, suggesting a role for testicular fluid contents in their differentiation. The goat efferent ductules can be characterized morphologically mature by 25 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- H O Goyal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, Alabama 36088, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The recommended clinical strategy for a health condition should depend both on the known causes of and outcomes associated with the condition. The aim of this study was to determine the range of adverse outcomes associated with chronic dizziness. DESIGN Population-based prospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A probability sample of 1087 persons, age 72 and older, living in the community. MEASUREMENTS The following were measured: chronic dizziness, death, hospitalizations, falls, syncope, basic and instrumental activities of daily living, depressive symptoms, self-rated health, falls self-efficacy, and social activities. RESULTS Of the 1087 participants, 261 (24%) reported chronic dizziness. Over 1 year of follow-up, chronic dizziness was not associated with mortality, hospitalization for any reason, or change in basic or instrumental activities of daily living, but was associated with risk of falling (unadjusted relative risk [RR] 1.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06-1.72) and with experiencing syncope (RR 2.31; 95% CI 1.24-4.30). After adjustment for baseline level, chronic dizziness also was associated with worsening of depressive symptoms, self-rated health, falls efficacy, and social activities. The relationship remained significant, after adjustment for potential confounding factors, for self-rated health (T-statistic -2.95, P = .003) and falls efficacy (T-statistic -2.68; P = .008), and was of marginal significance for depressive symptoms (T-statistic -1.73; P = .085). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the goals of care for older persons with chronic dizziness should be redirected from solely identifying and treating discrete diseases--an often expensive and unrewarding task--toward reducing the symptoms of chronic dizziness and alleviating the resulting physical, psychological, and social disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Tinetti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Abstract
Previous evaluative studies of outpatient geriatric assessment have focused on a limited set of outcomes related to functioning, health services utilization, and costs. The purpose of this study was to identify important goals for care as described by patients and family caregivers being cared for in this setting. Using a cross-section of 226 consecutive sets of patients and their primary family caregivers, physicians, and case managers, goals of care for individual patients were coded from open-ended interview responses. The most common categories of goals expressed by family caregivers were obtaining education and referrals (57.5%) and improving social and family relationships (53.0%). The process of establishing and meeting such goals should be explicitly included in the design of future evaluations of outpatient geriatric assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E H Bradley
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In previous studies of dizziness, the prevalence of specific causes has varied widely and either no or multiple causes have been identified. Dizziness might be better considered a geriatric syndrome that results from impairment or disease in multiple systems. OBJECTIVE To determine the predisposing characteristics and situational factors associated with dizziness. DESIGN Population-based, cross-sectional study. SETTING Community. PARTICIPANTS Probability sample of 1087 community-living persons in New Haven, Connecticut, who were at least 72 years of age. MEASUREMENTS Episodes of dizziness that occurred for at least 1 month; manifestations of dizziness; and predisposing demographic, medical, neurologic, sensory, and psychological characteristics. RESULTS 261 participants (24%) reported dizziness; 56% of dizzy persons described several sensations and 74% reported several triggering activities. The adjusted relative risks for characteristics associated with dizziness were 1.69 (95% CI, 1.24 to 2.30) for anxiety, 1.36 (CI, 1.02 to 1.80) for depressive symptoms, 1.27 (CI, 0.99 to 1.63) for impaired hearing, 1.30 (CI, 1.01 to 1.68) for five or more medications, 1.31 (CI, 0.92 to 1.87) for postural hypotension, 1.34 (CI, 0.95 to 1.90) for impaired balance, and 1.31 (CI, 1.00 to 1.71) for past myocardial infarction. The adjusted relative risk for dizziness was 1.38 (CI, 1.27 to 1.49) for each additional characteristic. CONCLUSIONS The association among characteristics in multiple domains (cardiovascular, neurologic, sensory, psychological, and medication-related) and dizziness, coupled with the multiplicity of sensations and triggering activities, suggests that dizziness may be a geriatric syndrome, similar to delirium and falling. If so, an impairment reduction strategy, proven effective for other geriatric syndromes, may be effective in reducing the symptoms and disabilities associated with dizziness.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Tinetti
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.
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Sheng H, Shao J, Dixon DA, Williams CS, Prescott SM, DuBois RN, Beauchamp RD. Transforming growth factor-beta1 enhances Ha-ras-induced expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in intestinal epithelial cells via stabilization of mRNA. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:6628-35. [PMID: 10692471 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.275.9.6628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic ras induces the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in a variety of cells. Here we investigated the role of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the Ras-mediated induction of COX-2 in intestinal epithelial cells (RIE-1). RIE-1 cells were transfected with an inducible Ha-Ras(Val12) cDNA and are referred as RIE-iRas cells. the addition of 5 mM isopropyl-1-thio-beta-D-galactopyranoside (IPTG) induced the expression of Ha-Ras(Val12), closely followed by an increase in the expression of COX-2. Neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibody partially blocked the Ras-induced increase in COX-2. Combined treatment with IPTG and TGF-beta1 resulted in a 20-50-fold increase in the levels of COX-2 mRNA. The t1/2 of COX-2 mRNA was increased from 13 to 24 min by Ha-Ras induction alone. The addition of TGF-beta1 further stabilized the COX-2 mRNA (t1/2 > 50 min). Stable transfection of a luciferase reporter construct containing the COX-2 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) revealed that TGF-beta1 treatment and Ras induction each stabilized the COX-2 3'-UTR. Combined treatment with IPTG and TGF-beta1 synergistically increased the luciferase activity. Furthermore, a conserved AU-rich region located in the proximal COX-2 3'-UTR is required for maximal stabilization of COX-2 3'-UTR by Ras or TGF-beta1 and is necessary for the synergistic stabilization of COX-2 3'-UTR by oncogenic Ras and TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Sheng
- Department of Surgery, The Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To obtain and evaluate evidence about the supposed disulfiram-like interaction between metronidazole and ethanol. DATA SOURCES MEDLINE search from January 1964 to June 1999, using the terms metronidazole, ethanol, and drug reaction. DATA SYNTHESIS The manufacturer's warnings include a disulfiram-like reaction between metronidazole and ethanol. However, review of reports published between 1969 and 1982 produced no convincing evidence that this reaction exists. Six case reports involving eight patients were evaluated. CONCLUSIONS Four of the eight cases were serious, including one death, but the authors of all the reports presumed the metronidazole-ethanol reaction to be an established pharmacologic fact. None provided evidence that could justify their conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Williams
- Pharmacy Department, Winchester and Eastleigh NHS Trust, England
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Dvorak B, Williams CS, McWilliam DL, Shinohara H, Dominguez JA, McCuskey RS, Philipps AF, Koldovsky O. Milk-borne epidermal growth factor modulates intestinal transforming growth factor-alpha levels in neonatal rats. Pediatr Res 2000; 47:194-200. [PMID: 10674346 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200002000-00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) is present in milk from various mammalian species, but its physiologic function in neonatal development remains unclear. Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is a peptide structurally related to EGF, and its presence is detected in the developing small intestine of rats. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of milk-borne EGF on endogenous production of EGF and TGF-alpha in the small intestine of suckling rats. Neonatal rats were fed via gastrostomy either growth factor-free rat milk substitute (RMS) or RMS supplemented with EGF (100 ng/mL of RMS) from 8 to 12 d of age. Artificially reared rats were then compared with their dam-fed littermates. Animals fed the EGF-deficient diet RMS had markedly increased EGF and TGF-alpha mRNA levels in duodenum and ileum compared with dam-fed controls and significantly elevated total intestinal content of TGF-alpha peptide. Intestinal EGF content and EGF serum levels were significantly decreased in the RMS group compared with controls. The addition of EGF to the RMS diet normalized TGF-alpha mRNA levels in the duodenum and ileum, EGF mRNA levels in the ileum, and total intestinal TGF-alpha content and EGF serum levels to the levels measured in dam-fed littermates. Motility studies showed that enteral administration of EGF did not affect stomach emptying and intestinal transit. These studies indicate that exogenous milk-borne EGF modulates endogenous production of TGF-alpha in developing small intestine. It is likely that neither TGF-alpha nor EGF are solely responsible for small intestinal overgrowth of artificially reared neonatal rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dvorak
- Department of Pediatrics and Steele Memorial Children's Research Center, University of Arizona, Tucson 85724-5073, USA
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Benson LS, Waters PM, Meier SW, Visotsky JL, Williams CS. Pediatric hand injuries due to home exercycles. J Pediatr Orthop 2000; 20:34-9. [PMID: 10641685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The clinical presentation and management of 19 children who sustained injuries by stationary exercise bicycles were reviewed retrospectively. These injuries represented 32 traumatized digits with a minimum of 2-year follow-up. The index and long fingers were most commonly involved. Wheel-spoke injuries typically produced repairable nerve and tendon lacerations, and full functional recovery in these cases was common. The chain/sprocket injury involved a crushing mechanism and frequently produced severe injury including amputations that were not salvageable. Stationary exercise bicycles represented a predictable source of severe hand injury in children between the ages of 18 months and 5 years. Adult supervision was not reliable in preventing contact between an operating exercycle and a child's hand. We recommend that children not be allowed access to any stationary exercycle machinery, whether it is in use or not. Safety design considerations should focus on not only shielding the wheel spokes, but also (and perhaps even more important) on enclosing the entire chain axis and gear interface. In addition to these design considerations, public education will be critical in reducing the incidence of injury.
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Abstract
The cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes catalyze a key step in the conversion of arachidonate to PGH2, the immediate substrate for a series of cell specific prostaglandin and thromboxane synthases. Prostaglandins play critical roles in numerous biologic processes, including the regulation of immune function, kidney development, reproductive biology, and gastrointestinal integrity. There are two COX isoforms, which differ mainly in their pattern of expression. COX-1 is expressed in most tissues, whereas COX-2 usually is absent, but is induced by numerous physiologic stimuli. Surprisingly, disruption of Cox1 (Ptgs1) in the mouse did not result in gastrointestinal abnormalities. cox-2 (Ptgs2) null mice show reproductive anomalies and defects in kidney development. Epidemiologic, animal, and human data indicate that NSAIDs, inhibitors of cyclooxygenase, are chemopreventive for colon cancer. COX-2 is overexpressed in 50% of benign polyps and 80-85% of adenocarcinomas. Offspring from cox-2 null by Apcdelta716 matings exhibit an 86% reduction in polyp number when compared to offspring from control animals, thus providing genetic evidence that COX-2 contributes to tumor formation or growth. The in vivo mechanism by which COX-2 affects tumor growth has not been determined. It is possible that both tumor and stromally derived COX-2 could influence tumor angiogenesis and/ or immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Williams
- Department of Medicine, The Vanderbilt Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2279, USA
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Bakkenist CJ, Koreth J, Williams CS, Hunt NC, McGee JO. Heat shock cognate 70 mutations in sporadic breast carcinoma. Cancer Res 1999; 59:4219-21. [PMID: 10485459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Heat Shock Cognate 70 (HSC70) is a constitutively expressed molecular chaperone, functions of which regulate the structure, subcellular localization, and turnover of cell proteins. It is also a component of the centrosome facilitating rearrangements during mitotic/meiotic spindle formation and cytoplasmic microtubule organization. We localized HSC70 to 11q23.3, a region deleted in 40% of sporadic breast and other cancers. Sequencing demonstrated mutation in the NH2-terminal ATPase domain of HSC70 in 2 of 15 sporadic breast carcinomas examined. In both cases, mutation was coincident with allelic imbalance, suggesting that HSC70 is a target of somatic mutation and deletion in a fraction of breast carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Bakkenist
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom.
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