1
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Coralli I, Giuri D, Spada L, Ortolani J, Mazzocchetti L, Tomasini C, Stevens LA, Snape CE, Fabbri D. Valorization Strategies in CO 2 Capture: A New Life for Exhausted Silica-Polyethylenimine. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14415. [PMID: 37833862 PMCID: PMC10572583 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for alternative ways to give a second life to materials paved the way for detailed investigation into three silica-polyethylenimine (Si-PEI) materials for the purpose of CO2 adsorption in carbon capture and storage. A solvent extraction procedure was investigated to recover degraded PEIs and silica, and concomitantly, pyrolysis was evaluated to obtain valuable chemicals such as alkylated pyrazines. An array of thermal (TGA, Py-GC-MS), mechanical (rheology), and spectroscopical (ATR-FTIR, 1H-13C-NMR) methods were applied to PEIs extracted with methanol to determine the relevant physico-chemical features of these polymers when subjected to degradation after use in CO2 capture. Proxies of degradation associated with the plausible formation of urea/carbamate moieties were revealed by Py-GC-MS, NMR, and ATR-FTIR. The yield of alkylpyrazines estimated by Py-GC-MS highlighted the potential of exhausted PEIs as possibly valuable materials in other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Coralli
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Technopole of Rimini, Via Dario Campana 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy; (I.C.); (C.T.); (D.F.)
| | - Demetra Giuri
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Technopole of Rimini, Via Dario Campana 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy; (I.C.); (C.T.); (D.F.)
| | - Lorenzo Spada
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Technopole of Rimini, Via Dario Campana 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy; (I.C.); (C.T.); (D.F.)
| | - Jacopo Ortolani
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (J.O.); (L.M.)
| | - Laura Mazzocchetti
- Department of Industrial Chemistry “Toso Montanari”, University of Bologna, Viale Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy; (J.O.); (L.M.)
| | - Claudia Tomasini
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Technopole of Rimini, Via Dario Campana 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy; (I.C.); (C.T.); (D.F.)
| | - Lee A. Stevens
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, The Energy Technologies Building, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; (L.A.S.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Colin E. Snape
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, The Energy Technologies Building, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK; (L.A.S.); (C.E.S.)
| | - Daniele Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry “Giacomo Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Technopole of Rimini, Via Dario Campana 71, 47922 Rimini, Italy; (I.C.); (C.T.); (D.F.)
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2
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Brown RW, Chadwick DR, Bott T, West HM, Wilson P, Hodgins GR, Snape CE, Jones DL. Biochar application to temperate grasslands: challenges and opportunities for delivering multiple ecosystem services. Biochar 2023; 5:33. [PMID: 37325199 PMCID: PMC10261193 DOI: 10.1007/s42773-023-00232-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grasslands (natural, semi-natural and improved) occupy approximately one-third of the terrestrial biosphere and are key for global ecosystem service provision, storing up to 30% of soil organic carbon (SOC). To date, most research on soil carbon (C) sequestration has focused on croplands where the levels of native soil organic matter (SOM) are typically low and significant potential exists to replenish SOM stocks. However, with the renewed push to achieve "net zero" C emissions by 2050, grasslands may offer an additional C store, utilising tools such as biochar. Here, we critically evaluate the potential for biochar as a technology for increasing grassland C stocks, identifying a number of practical, economic, social and legislative challenges that need to be addressed before the widescale adoption of biochar may be achieved. We critically assess the current knowledge within the field of grassland biochar research in the context of ecosystem service provision and provide opinions on the applicability of biochar as an amendment to different types of grassland (improved, semi-improved and unimproved) and the potential effect on ecosystem provision using a range of application techniques in the topsoil and subsoil. We concluded that the key question remains, is it possible for managed grasslands to store more C, without causing a loss in additional ecosystem services? To address this question future research must take a more multidisciplinary and holistic approach when evaluating the potential role of biochar at sequestering C in grasslands to mitigate climate change. Graphical Abstract Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42773-023-00232-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Brown
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW Gwynedd UK
| | - David R. Chadwick
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW Gwynedd UK
| | - Tom Bott
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Helen M. West
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Paul Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Loughborough, LE12 5RD UK
| | - Genevieve R. Hodgins
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2TU UK
| | - Colin E. Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Jubilee Campus, Nottingham, NG7 2TU UK
| | - Davey L. Jones
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW Gwynedd UK
- Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, SoilsWest, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
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3
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Uguna CN, Snape CE. Should IQOS Emissions Be Considered as Smoke and Harmful to Health? A Review of the Chemical Evidence. ACS Omega 2022; 7:22111-22124. [PMID: 35811880 PMCID: PMC9260752 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The chemical evidence that IQOS emissions fit the definition of both an aerosol and smoke, and that IQOS and potentially other heated tobacco products (HTPs) pose some harmful health threats from the range of compounds released even at somewhat lower concentrations is reviewed. Further, we address the yields of harmful and potentially harmful compounds (HPHCs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and the constituents of IQOS emission that are diagnostic of pyrolysis to provide information on the temperatures reached in IQOS tobacco sticks. The HPHCs present in IQOS emissions are the same as in conventional cigarette smoke (CCs), analogous to emissions from earlier generation of HTPs classed as smoke. However, Philip Morris International (PMI) studies have to some degree underestimated IQOS aerosol HPHC yields, which are a factor of between 3.2 and 3.6 higher when expressed on a tobacco rather than an IQOS stick basis compared to the reference 3R4F cigarette. Further, IQOS emissions contain carbon particles, which fit definition of both aerosol and smoke. Continual reheating of deposited tar in the IQOS device will occur with real-life use, likely leading to generation of even higher concentrations of HPHCs and particulate matter. Despite IQOS not exceeding 350 °C, local hot spots could exist, causing formation of species (phenol/cresols, PAHs). It is recommended that the impact of repeated use to determine the levels of black carbon (insoluble organic matter) in the particulate matter, and the extent to which compounds in IQOS emissions are formed by pyrolysis need to be assessed rigorously. To address whether uneven temperature profiles in heat sticks can lead to potential hot spots that could, for example, lead to PAH formation, it is recommended that pyrolysis studies on tobacco and other constituents of HTPs are required in conjunction with more effort on heating tobacco blends under controlled temperature/time conditions.
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4
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Edney MK, Kotowska AM, Spanu M, Trindade GF, Wilmot E, Reid J, Barker J, Aylott JW, Shard AG, Alexander MR, Snape CE, Scurr DJ. Molecular Formula Prediction for Chemical Filtering of 3D OrbiSIMS Datasets. Anal Chem 2022; 94:4703-4711. [PMID: 35276049 PMCID: PMC8943605 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
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Modern mass spectrometry
techniques produce a wealth of spectral
data, and although this is an advantage in terms of the richness of
the information available, the volume and complexity of data can prevent
a thorough interpretation to reach useful conclusions. Application
of molecular formula prediction (MFP) to produce annotated lists of
ions that have been filtered by their elemental composition and considering
structural double bond equivalence are widely used on high resolving
power mass spectrometry datasets. However, this has not been applied
to secondary ion mass spectrometry data. Here, we apply this data
interpretation approach to 3D OrbiSIMS datasets, testing it for a
series of increasingly complex samples. In an organic on inorganic
sample, we successfully annotated the organic contaminant overlayer
separately from the substrate. In a more challenging purely organic
human serum sample we filtered out both proteins and lipids based
on elemental compositions, 226 different lipids were identified and
validated using existing databases, and we assigned amino acid sequences
of abundant serum proteins including albumin, fibronectin, and transferrin.
Finally, we tested the approach on depth profile data from layered
carbonaceous engine deposits and annotated previously unidentified
lubricating oil species. Application of an unsupervised machine learning
method on filtered ions after performing MFP from this sample uniquely
separated depth profiles of species, which were not observed when
performing the method on the entire dataset. Overall, the chemical
filtering approach using MFP has great potential in enabling full
interpretation of complex 3D OrbiSIMS datasets from a plethora of
material types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max K Edney
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Anna M Kotowska
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Matteo Spanu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Gustavo F Trindade
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K.,National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Edward Wilmot
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Jacqueline Reid
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Jim Barker
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Jonathan W Aylott
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Alexander G Shard
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, U.K
| | | | - Colin E Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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5
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Edney MK, He W, Smith EF, Wilmot E, Reid J, Barker J, Griffiths RL, Alexander MR, Snape CE, Scurr DJ. Time resolved growth of (N)-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in engine deposits uncovered with OrbiSIMS depth profiling. Analyst 2022; 147:3854-3866. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00798c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Insoluble carbonaceous deposits were grown in internal combustion engine components and interrogated by OrbiSIMS depth profiling, and we uncovered the composition and proposed time resolved growth mechanisms of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max K. Edney
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 7RD, UK
| | - Wenshi He
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Emily F. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Edward Wilmot
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK
| | - Jacqueline Reid
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK
| | - Jim Barker
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire, CH65 4EY, UK
| | - Rian L. Griffiths
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Morgan R. Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Colin E. Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 7RD, UK
| | - David J. Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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6
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Edney MK, Lamb JS, Spanu M, Smith EF, Steer E, Wilmot E, Reid J, Barker J, Alexander MR, Snape CE, Scurr DJ. Spatially Resolved Molecular Compositions of Insoluble Multilayer Deposits Responsible for Increased Pollution from Internal Combustion Engines. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:51026-51035. [PMID: 33121243 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c14532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Internal combustion engines are used heavily in diverse applications worldwide. Achieving the most efficient operation is key to improving air quality as society moves to a decarbonized energy system. Insoluble deposits that form within internal combustion engine components including fuel injectors and filters negatively impact CO2 and pollutant emissions. Understanding the composition, origins, and formation mechanisms of these complex materials will be key to their mitigation however, previous attempts only afforded nondiagnostic chemical assignments and limited knowledge toward this. Here, we uncover the identity and spatial distribution of molecular species from a gasoline direct injector, diesel injector, and filter deposit in situ using a new hyphenation of secondary ion mass spectrometry and the state-of-the-art Orbitrap mass analyzer (3D OrbiSIMS) and elemental analysis. Through a high mass resolving power and tandem MS we unambiguously uncovered the identity, distribution, and origin of species including alkylbenzyl sulfonates and provide evidence of deposit formation mechanisms including formation of longer chain sulfonates at the gasoline deposit's surface as well as aromatization to form polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons up to C66H20, which were prevalent in the lower depth of this deposit. Inorganic salts contributed significantly to the diesel injector deposit throughout its depth, suggesting contamination over multiple fueling cycles. Findings will enable several strategies to mitigate these insoluble materials such as implementing stricter worldwide fuel specifications, modifying additives with adverse reactivity, and synthesizing new fuel additives to solubilize deposits in the engine, thereby leading to less polluting vehicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max K Edney
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Joseph S Lamb
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Matteo Spanu
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Emily F Smith
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Elisabeth Steer
- Nanoscale and Microscale Research Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Edward Wilmot
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Jacqueline Reid
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Jim Barker
- Innospec Ltd., Oil Sites Road, Ellesmere Port, Cheshire CH65 4EY, U.K
| | - Morgan R Alexander
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Colin E Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - David J Scurr
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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7
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Whitelaw P, Uguna CN, Stevens LA, Meredith W, Snape CE, Vane CH, Moss-Hayes V, Carr AD. Shale gas reserve evaluation by laboratory pyrolysis and gas holding capacity consistent with field data. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3659. [PMID: 31431625 PMCID: PMC6702211 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11653-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration for shale gas occurs in onshore basins, with two approaches used to predict the maximum gas in place (GIP) in the absence of production data. The first estimates adsorbed plus free gas held within pore space, and the second measures gas yields from laboratory pyrolysis experiments on core samples. Here we show the use of sequential high-pressure water pyrolysis (HPWP) to replicate petroleum generation and expulsion in uplifted onshore basins. Compared to anhydrous pyrolysis where oil expulsion is limited, gas yields are much lower, and the gas at high maturity is dry, consistent with actual shales. Gas yields from HPWP of UK Bowland Shales are comparable with those from degassed cores, with the ca. 1% porosity sufficient to accommodate the gas generated. Extrapolating our findings to the whole Bowland Shale, the maximum GIP equate to potentially economically recoverable reserves of less than 10 years of current UK gas consumption. Quantification of shale gas reserves is critical to shape the energy policies of countries. Here, the authors present a new procedure to estimate gas in place and show that important UK gas reserves are actually much lower than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Whitelaw
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Energy Technologies Building, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.,British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Clement N Uguna
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Energy Technologies Building, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK.,British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Lee A Stevens
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Energy Technologies Building, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Will Meredith
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Energy Technologies Building, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Colin E Snape
- University of Nottingham, Faculty of Engineering, Energy Technologies Building, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, UK. .,British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK.
| | - Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Vicky Moss-Hayes
- British Geological Survey, Centre for Environmental Geochemistry, Keyworth, Nottingham, NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Andrew D Carr
- Advanced Geochemical Systems Ltd., 1 Towles Fields, Burton-on-the-Wolds, Leicestershire, LE12 5TD, UK
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8
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Wood CJ, Summers GH, Clark CA, Kaeffer N, Braeutigam M, Carbone LR, D'Amario L, Fan K, Farré Y, Narbey S, Oswald F, Stevens LA, Parmenter CDJ, Fay MW, La Torre A, Snape CE, Dietzek B, Dini D, Hammarström L, Pellegrin Y, Odobel F, Sun L, Artero V, Gibson EA. A comprehensive comparison of dye-sensitized NiO photocathodes for solar energy conversion. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 18:10727-38. [PMID: 26734947 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05326a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated a range of different mesoporous NiO electrodes prepared by different research groups and private firms in Europe to determine the parameters which influence good quality photoelectrochemical devices. This benchmarking study aims to solve some of the discrepancies in the literature regarding the performance of p-DSCs due to differences in the quality of the device fabrication. The information obtained will lay the foundation for future photocatalytic systems based on sensitized NiO so that new dyes and catalysts can be tested with a standardized material. The textural and electrochemical properties of the semiconducting material are key to the performance of photocathodes. We found that both commercial and non-commercial NiO gave promising solar cell and water-splitting devices. The NiO samples which had the two highest solar cell efficiency (0.145% and 0.089%) also gave the best overall theoretical H2 conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Wood
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Gareth H Summers
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Charlotte A Clark
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Nicolas Kaeffer
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Maximilian Braeutigam
- Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany and Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | | | - Luca D'Amario
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 259, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ke Fan
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yoann Farré
- CEISAM, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, CNRS, UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques Université de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 NANTES Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Frédéric Oswald
- Solaronix, rue de l'Ouriette 129, CH-1170 Aubonne, Switzerland
| | - Lee A Stevens
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Christopher D J Parmenter
- Nottingham Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Michael W Fay
- Nottingham Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Alessandro La Torre
- Nottingham Nanotechnology and Nanoscience Centre, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Colin E Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Benjamin Dietzek
- Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT) Jena e. V., Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany and Institute for Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Danilo Dini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rome "La Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry-Ångström, Uppsala University, Box 259, SE-751 05 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yann Pellegrin
- CEISAM, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, CNRS, UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques Université de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 NANTES Cedex 3, France
| | - Fabrice Odobel
- CEISAM, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité, Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, CNRS, UMR 6230, Faculté des Sciences et des Techniques Université de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, 44322 NANTES Cedex 3, France
| | - Licheng Sun
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vincent Artero
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, 17 rue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- School of Chemistry, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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9
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Wang X, Liu H, Jin B, Zhao J, Sun C, Snape CE. Experimental Evaluation of a Chinese Sulfur-Containing Lean Iron Ore as the Oxygen Carrier for Chemical-Looping Combustion. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People’s Republic of China
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Hao Liu
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Baosheng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenggong Sun
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Colin E. Snape
- Faculty
of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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10
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Zannotti M, Wood CJ, Summers GH, Stevens LA, Hall MR, Snape CE, Giovannetti R, Gibson EA. Correction to "Ni Mg Mixed Metal Oxides for p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells". ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:27580. [PMID: 26633753 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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11
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Zannotti M, Wood CJ, Summers GH, Stevens LA, Hall MR, Snape CE, Giovannetti R, Gibson EA. Ni Mg Mixed Metal Oxides for p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:24556-24565. [PMID: 26468918 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b06170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mg Ni mixed metal oxide photocathodes have been prepared by a mixed NiCl2/MgCl2 sol-gel process. The MgO/NiO electrodes have been extensively characterized using physical and electrochemical methods. Dye-sensitized solar cells have been prepared from these films, and the higher concentrations of MgO improved the photovoltage of these devices; however, there was a notable drop in photocurrent with increasing Mg(2+). Charge extraction and XPS experiments revealed that the cause of this was a positive shift in the energy of the valence band, which decreased the driving force for electron transfer from the NiO film to the dye and, therefore, the photocurrent. In addition, increasing concentrations of MgO increases the volume of pores between 0.500 and 0.050 μm, while reducing pore volumes in the mesopore range (less than 0.050 μm) and lowering BET surface area from approximately 41 down to 30 m(2) g(-1). A MgO concentration of 5% was found to strike a balance between the increased photovoltage and decreased photocurrent, possessing a BET surface area of 35 m(2) g(-1) and a large pore volume in both the meso- and macropore range, which lead to a higher overall power conversion efficiency than NiO alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zannotti
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
- Chemistry Unit, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino (MC) , Via Sant'Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Christopher J Wood
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
- School of Chemistry, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Gareth H Summers
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
- School of Chemistry, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Lee A Stevens
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Matthew R Hall
- Division of Materials, Mechanics and Structures, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Colin E Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | | | - Elizabeth A Gibson
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham , University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
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12
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Abstract
The major organic component in carbonaceous meteorites is an organic macromolecular material. The Murchison macromolecular material comprises aromatic units connected by aliphatic and heteroatom-containing linkages or occluded within the wider structure. The macromolecular material source environment remains elusive. Traditionally, attempts to determine source have strived to identify a single environment. Here, we apply a highly efficient hydrogenolysis method to liberate units from the macromolecular material and use mass spectrometric techniques to determine their chemical structures and individual stable carbon isotope ratios. We confirm that the macromolecular material comprises a labile fraction with small aromatic units enriched in (13)C and a refractory fraction made up of large aromatic units depleted in (13)C. Our findings suggest that the macromolecular material may be derived from at least two separate environments. Compound-specific carbon isotope trends for aromatic compounds with carbon number may reflect mixing of the two sources. The story of the quantitatively dominant macromolecular material in meteorites appears to be made up of more than one chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Sephton
- Impacts and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan S. Watson
- Impacts and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - William Meredith
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
| | - Gordon D. Love
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Iain Gilmour
- Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Colin E. Snape
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, UK
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13
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Rombolà AG, Meredith W, Snape CE, Baronti S, Genesio L, Vaccari FP, Miglietta F, Fabbri D. Fate of Soil Organic Carbon and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in a Vineyard Soil Treated with Biochar. Environ Sci Technol 2015; 49:11037-11044. [PMID: 26263378 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effect of biochar addition on the levels of black carbon (BC) and polcyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a vineyard soil in central Italy was investigated within a two year period. Hydropyrolysis (HyPy) was used to determine the contents of BC (BCHyPy) in the amended and control soils, while the hydrocarbon composition of the semi-labile (non-BCHyPy) fraction released by HyPy was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, together with the solvent-extractable PAHs. The concentrations of these three polycyclic aromatic carbon reservoirs changed and impacted differently the soil organic carbon over the period of the trial. The addition of biochar (33 ton dry biochar ha(-1)) gave rise to a sharp increase in soil organic carbon, which could be accounted for by an increase in BCHyPy. Over time, the concentration of BCHyPy decreased significantly from 36 to 23 mg g(-1) and as a carbon percentage from 79% to 61%. No clear time trends were observed for the non-BCHyPy PAHs varying from 39 to 34 μg g(-1) in treated soils, not significantly different from control soils. However, the concentrations of extractable PAHs increased markedly in the amended soils and decreased with time from 153 to 78 ng g(-1) remaining always higher than those in untreated soil. The extent of the BCHyPy loss was more compatible with physical rather than chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro G Rombolà
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", C.I.R.I. Energia Ambiente and C.I.R.S.A., Università di Bologna, Ravenna Campus , Via S. Alberto 163, 48123, Ravenna, Italy
| | - Will Meredith
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin E Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Baronti
- Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) , Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Genesio
- Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) , Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Primo Vaccari
- Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) , Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy
| | - Franco Miglietta
- Institute of Biometeorology (IBIMET), National Research Council (CNR) , Via G. Caproni 8, 50145 Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", C.I.R.I. Energia Ambiente and C.I.R.S.A., Università di Bologna, Ravenna Campus , Via S. Alberto 163, 48123, Ravenna, Italy
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14
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Sun N, Sun C, Liu J, Liu H, Snape CE, Li K, Wei W, Sun Y. Surface-modified spherical activated carbon materials for pre-combustion carbon dioxide capture. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra02665b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon beads exhibiting potential in practical pre-combustion CO2 capture were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Sun
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
- CAS Key Lab of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering
| | - Chenggong Sun
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | - Hao Liu
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | - Colin E. Snape
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham NG7 2RD
- UK
| | - Kaixi Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials
- Institute of Coal Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Taiyuan 030001
- PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- CAS Key Lab of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- PR China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- CAS Key Lab of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 201203
- PR China
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15
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Woodward RT, Stevens LA, Dawson R, Vijayaraghavan M, Hasell T, Silverwood IP, Ewing AV, Ratvijitvech T, Exley JD, Chong SY, Blanc F, Adams DJ, Kazarian SG, Snape CE, Drage TC, Cooper AI. Swellable, Water- and Acid-Tolerant Polymer Sponges for Chemoselective Carbon Dioxide Capture. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9028-35. [DOI: 10.1021/ja5031968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee A. Stevens
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ian P. Silverwood
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew V. Ewing
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jason D. Exley
- Micromeritics
Instrument Corporation, 4356 Communications Drive, Norcross, Georgia 30093, United States
| | | | | | | | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Colin E. Snape
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor C. Drage
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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16
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Wang C, Sun N, Zhao N, Wei W, Zhang J, Zhao T, Sun Y, Sun C, Liu H, Snape CE. The Properties of Individual Carbon Residuals and Their Influence on The Deactivation of Ni-CaO-ZrO2Catalysts in CH4Dry Reforming. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201300754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Dawson R, Stevens LA, Drage TC, Snape CE, Smith MW, Adams DJ, Cooper AI. Impact of Water Coadsorption for Carbon Dioxide Capture in Microporous Polymer Sorbents. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:10741-4. [DOI: 10.1021/ja301926h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dawson
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Lee A. Stevens
- Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Trevor C. Drage
- Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin E. Snape
- Department of Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Martin W. Smith
- Dstl, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4
0JQ, Wiltshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dave J. Adams
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and
Centre for Materials Discovery, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, United Kingdom
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18
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Drage TC, Snape CE, Stevens LA, Wood J, Wang J, Cooper AI, Dawson R, Guo X, Satterley C, Irons R. Materials challenges for the development of solid sorbents for post-combustion carbon capture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm12592g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Meredith W, Gomes RL, Cooper M, Snape CE, Sephton MA. Hydropyrolysis over a platinum catalyst as a preparative technique for the compound-specific carbon isotope ratio measurement of C27 steroids. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:501-505. [PMID: 20112272 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) is an important method for the determination of the (13)C/(12)C ratios of biomolecules such as steroids, for a wide range of applications. However, steroids in their natural form exhibit poor chromatographic resolution, while derivatisation adds carbon thereby corrupting the stable isotopic composition. Hydropyrolysis with a sulphided molybdenum catalyst has been shown to defunctionalise the steroids, while leaving their carbon skeleton intact, allowing for the accurate measurement of carbon isotope ratios. The presence of double bonds in unsaturated steroids such as cholesterol resulted in significant rearrangement of the products, but replacing the original catalyst system with one of platinum results in higher conversions and far greater selectivity. The improved chromatographic performance of the products should allow GC/C/IRMS to be applied to more structurally complex steroid hormones and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Meredith
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK.
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20
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López-Antón MA, Abad-Valle P, Díaz-Somoano M, Perry R, Snape CE, Sun CG, Martínez-Tarazona MR. Comparison of Mercury Retention by Fly Ashes Using Different Experimental Devices. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ie900766y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Antonia López-Antón
- Fuels and Power Technology Research Division, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Instituto Nacional del Carbón (CSIC), C/Francisco Pintado Fe No. 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Patricia Abad-Valle
- Fuels and Power Technology Research Division, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Instituto Nacional del Carbón (CSIC), C/Francisco Pintado Fe No. 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mercedes Díaz-Somoano
- Fuels and Power Technology Research Division, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Instituto Nacional del Carbón (CSIC), C/Francisco Pintado Fe No. 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ron Perry
- Fuels and Power Technology Research Division, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Instituto Nacional del Carbón (CSIC), C/Francisco Pintado Fe No. 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Colin E. Snape
- Fuels and Power Technology Research Division, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Instituto Nacional del Carbón (CSIC), C/Francisco Pintado Fe No. 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Cheng-gong Sun
- Fuels and Power Technology Research Division, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Instituto Nacional del Carbón (CSIC), C/Francisco Pintado Fe No. 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
| | - M. Rosa Martínez-Tarazona
- Fuels and Power Technology Research Division, Faculty of Engineering, University Park, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom, and Instituto Nacional del Carbón (CSIC), C/Francisco Pintado Fe No. 26, 33011, Oviedo, Spain
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21
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Gomes RL, Meredith W, Snape CE, Sephton MA. Analysis of conjugated steroid androgens: deconjugation, derivatisation and associated issues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2009; 49:1133-40. [PMID: 19304432 PMCID: PMC2684592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2008] [Revised: 12/31/2008] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is the preferred technique for the detection of urinary steroid androgens for drug testing in athletics. Excreted in either the glucuronide or sulfated conjugated form, steroids must first undergo deconjugation followed by derivatisation to render them suitable for GC analysis. Discussed herein are the deconjugation and the derivatisation preparative options. The analytical challenges surrounding these preparatory approaches, in particular the inability to cleave the sulfate moiety have led to a focus on testing protocols that reply on glucuronide conjugates. Other approaches which alleviate the need for deconjugation and derivatisation are also highlighted.
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Key Words
- 13c/12c, stable carbon isotope ratio
- aps, adenosine-5′-phosphate
- atp, adenosine triphosphate
- bstfa, n,o-bis(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide
- dhea, dehydroepiandrosterone
- es, external standard
- fid, flame ionisation detector
- fu, fishman unit
- g, glucuronide
- gc/c/irms, gas chromatography/combustion/isotopic ratio mass spectrometry
- gc/ms, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
- is, internal standard
- iu, international unit
- lc/ms, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
- l–l, liquid–liquid
- mstfa, n-methyl-n-(trimethylsilyl)-trifluoroacetamide
- paps, 3′,5′-phosphoadenosine
- p-pi, pyrophosphate
- s, sulfate
- spe, solid phase extraction
- t/e ratio, testosterone to epitestosterone ratio
- tmcs, trimethylchlorosilane
- tmis, trimethyliodosilane
- tms, trimethylsilyating
- u, unit
- udpga, uridine diphosphoglucuronic acid
- ru, roy unit
- wada, world anti-doping agency
- conjugated steroids
- biological samples
- forensic drug testing
- deconjugation
- derivatisation
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Gomes
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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22
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Love GD, Grosjean E, Stalvies C, Fike DA, Grotzinger JP, Bradley AS, Kelly AE, Bhatia M, Meredith W, Snape CE, Bowring SA, Condon DJ, Summons RE. Fossil steroids record the appearance of Demospongiae during the Cryogenian period. Nature 2009; 457:718-21. [PMID: 19194449 DOI: 10.1038/nature07673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 11/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Neoproterozoic era (1,000-542 Myr ago) was an era of climatic extremes and biological evolutionary developments culminating in the emergence of animals (Metazoa) and new ecosystems. Here we show that abundant sedimentary 24-isopropylcholestanes, the hydrocarbon remains of C(30) sterols produced by marine demosponges, record the presence of Metazoa in the geological record before the end of the Marinoan glaciation ( approximately 635 Myr ago). These sterane biomarkers are abundant in all formations of the Huqf Supergroup, South Oman Salt Basin, and, based on a new high-precision geochronology, constitute a continuous 100-Myr-long chemical fossil record of demosponges through the terminal Neoproterozoic and into the Early Cambrian epoch. The demosponge steranes occur in strata that underlie the Marinoan cap carbonate (>635 Myr ago). They currently represent the oldest evidence for animals in the fossil record, and are evidence for animals pre-dating the termination of the Marinoan glaciation. This suggests that shallow shelf waters in some late Cryogenian ocean basins (>635 Myr ago) contained dissolved oxygen in concentrations sufficient to support basal metazoan life at least 100 Myr before the rapid diversification of bilaterians during the Cambrian explosion. Biomarker analysis has yet to reveal any convincing evidence for ancient sponges pre-dating the first globally extensive Neoproterozoic glacial episode (the Sturtian, approximately 713 Myr ago in Oman).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon D Love
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA.
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23
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Gomes RL, Meredith W, Snape CE, Sephton MA. Conjugated steroids: analytical approaches and applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:453-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 09/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Sephton MA, Meredith W, Sun CG, Snape CE. Biomedical and Forensic Applications of Combined Catalytic Hydrogenation-Stable Isotope Ratio Analysis. Anal Chem�Insights 2007. [DOI: 10.4137/117739010700200013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Studies of biological molecules such as fatty acids and the steroid hormones have the potential to benefit enormously from stable carbon isotope ratio measurements of individual molecules. In their natural form, however, the body's molecules interact too readily with laboratory equipment designed to separate them for accurate measurements to be made. Some methods overcome this problem by adding carbon to the target molecule, but this can irreversibly overprint the carbon source ‘signal’. Hydropyrolysis is a newly-applied catalytic technique that delicately strips molecules of their functional groups but retains their carbon skeletons and stereochemistries intact, allowing precise determination of the carbon source. By solving analytical problems, the new technique is increasing the ability of scientists to pinpoint molecular indicators of disease, elucidate metabolic pathways and recognise administered substances in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Sephton
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ
| | - Will Meredith
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Cheng-Gong Sun
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Colin E. Snape
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
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25
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Sephton MA, Meredith W, Sun CG, Snape CE. Biomedical and forensic applications of combined catalytic hydrogenation-stable isotope ratio analysis. Anal Chem Insights 2007; 2:37-42. [PMID: 19662175 PMCID: PMC2716821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies of biological molecules such as fatty acids and the steroid hormones have the potential to benefit enormously from stable carbon isotope ratio measurements of individual molecules. In their natural form, however, the body's molecules interact too readily with laboratory equipment designed to separate them for accurate measurements to be made. Some methods overcome this problem by adding carbon to the target molecule, but this can irreversibly overprint the carbon source 'signal'. Hydropyrolysis is a newly-applied catalytic technique that delicately strips molecules of their functional groups but retains their carbon skeletons and stereochemistries intact, allowing precise determination of the carbon source. By solving analytical problems, the new technique is increasing the ability of scientists to pinpoint molecular indicators of disease, elucidate metabolic pathways and recognise administered substances in forensic investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Sephton
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ.,Correspondence: Mark A. Sephton, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK. Tel: +44 (0)20 7594 6542; Fax: +44 (0)20 7594 7444;
| | - Will Meredith
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Cheng-Gong Sun
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Colin E. Snape
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
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26
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Gómez X, Diaz MC, Cooper M, Blanco D, Morán A, Snape CE. Study of biological stabilization processes of cattle and poultry manure by thermogravimetric analysis and (13)C NMR. Chemosphere 2007; 68:1889-97. [PMID: 17433408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The biological stabilization process of cattle and poultry manure was studied using thermogravimetric analysis and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance. The stabilization processes carried out were composting, anaerobic digestion and a mixed process (partly aerobic, partly anaerobic). It was observed from the analyzed samples that the biological stabilization processes reduce the volatile content of the bio-wastes and increase the degree of aromaticity. The stabilization of cattle manure by means of aerobic processes was able to further oxidize and enriched in aromatic compounds the bio-waste when compared with the digestion process. On the other hand, the stabilization of poultry manure resulted in a greater aromatization under the digestion process. Stabilized samples with a high degree of aromaticity presented a lower volatile content accompanied by a reduction in the intensity of the differential thermogravimetry peak registered under an inert atmosphere, indicative of the thermal decomposition of the organic matter. The thermal decomposition of all the analyzed materials (fresh and stabilized samples) commenced at around 200 degrees C but for the digested poultry manure, which decomposition initiated close to 250 degrees C. All stabilized samples yielded a lower degree of volatilization to that one observed in fresh samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Gómez
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of León, IRENA-ESTIA, Avda. de Portugal 41, León 24071, Spain
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shang
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel W. Kingman
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Colin E. Snape
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - John P. Robinson
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Shang H, Snape CE, Kingman SW, Robinson JP. Treatment of Oil-Contaminated Drill Cuttings by Microwave Heating in a High-Power Single-Mode Cavity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/ie0500772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shang
- School of Chemical, Environmental, and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Colin E. Snape
- School of Chemical, Environmental, and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Sam W. Kingman
- School of Chemical, Environmental, and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - John P. Robinson
- School of Chemical, Environmental, and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
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29
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Tester RF, Ansell R, Snape CE, Yusuph M. Effects of storage temperatures and annealing conditions on the structure and properties of potato (Solanum tuberosum) starch. Int J Biol Macromol 2005; 36:1-8. [PMID: 15907996 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2005.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2004] [Revised: 02/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Starches were extracted from freshly harvested potatoes (12 cultivars, grown in Perthshire) and the properties of the starches of six cultivars were compared with starches extracted from the same samples but stored at 5, 25 or 55 degrees C for 7 days before extraction. The amylose (total) content of the freshly extracted starches from tubers stored at 5, 25 or 55 degrees C was on average 27.9+/-2.3, 28.3+/-1.7, 29.2+/-2.2 and 28.8+/-1.5%, respectively, with corresponding phosphorus representing 60+/-16, 64+/-9, 61+/-5 and 63+/-9 mg 100 g(-1). The unit chain distribution by chromatography of the amylopectin molecules from the starches extracted from the different conditions was very similar with an average degree of polymerisation (DP) of 26+/-2 where the two major fractions (F1 and F2) represented 54+/-2 and 19+/-1, respectively. Peak gelatinisation temperatures (Tp) and enthalpies (DeltaH) for the freshly extracted starches and from tubers stored at 5 or 25 degrees C were very similar (63.3+/-1.5 degrees C and 18.6+/-0.8 J g(-1); 63.1+/-1.0 degrees C and 17.7+/-1.5 J g(-1) and; 62.9+/-0.7 degrees C and 18.7+/-1.1 J g(-1), respectively) although starches stored at 55 degrees C were annealed, where Tp represented 71.1+/-1.1 degrees C and DeltaH 18.1+/-1.4 J g(-1). These in situ-annealed starches were comparable in terms of gelatinisation characteristics to annealed freshly extracted starches where on average, T(p) represented 72.7+/-1.0 degrees C and DeltaH 20.8+/-1.0 J g(-1). Annealing of tubers in situ prior to processing might be beneficial with respect to developing new potato-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Tester
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Food Research Laboratories, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Cowcaddens Road, City Campus, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK.
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30
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Sephton MA, Meredith W, Sun CG, Snape CE. Hydropyrolysis of steroids: a preparative step for compound-specific carbon isotope ratio analysis. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2005; 19:3339-42. [PMID: 16228967 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry is an important method for the detection of steroid abuse in athletes. However, steroids in their natural form exhibit poor chromatographic resolution, while derivatization adds carbon thereby corrupting the starting stable isotopic composition. Hydropyrolysis is a new approach, which defunctionalizes steroids but leaves their carbon skeleton intact. The process improves chromatography, allowing the faithful measurement of carbon isotope ratios and enabling a more effective apportionment for the source of steroids and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sephton
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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31
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Sephton MA, Meredith W, Sun CG, Snape CE. Hydropyrolysis as a preparative method for the compound-specific carbon isotope analysis of fatty acids. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2005; 19:323-325. [PMID: 15645412 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Compound-specific stable carbon isotope analysis by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry is an effective and risk-free means of investigating fatty acid metabolism. Straightforward analysis, however, leads to poor chromatographic resolution, while derivatization adds carbon thereby corrupting the starting stable isotopic composition. Hydropyrolysis is a new approach which defunctionalizes fatty acids to yield the corresponding n-alkanes thus retaining the carbon skeleton intact and improving chromatography, allowing the faithful measurement of carbon isotope ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Sephton
- Centre for Earth, Planetary, Space and Astronomical Research (CEPSAR), Earth Sciences, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK.
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32
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Kiran Ciliz N, Ekinci E, Snape CE. Pyrolysis of virgin and waste polypropylene and its mixtures with waste polyethylene and polystyrene. Waste Manag 2004; 24:173-181. [PMID: 14761756 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2003.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A comparison of waste and virgin polypropylene (PP) plastics under slow pyrolysis conditions is presented. Moreover, mixtures of waste PP with wastes of polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) were pyrolyzed under the same operating conditions. Not only the impact of waste on degradation products but also impacts of the variations in the mixing ratio were investigated. The thermogravimetric weight loss curves and their derivatives of virgin and waste PP showed differences due to the impurities which are dirt and food residues. The liquid yield distribution concerning the aliphatic, mono-aromatic and poly-aromatic compounds varies as the ratio of PP waste increases in the waste plastic mixtures. In addition to this, the alkene/alkane ratio of gas products shows variations depending on the mixing ratio of wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilgun Kiran Ciliz
- Bogazici University, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bebek, 80815 Istanbul, Turkey.
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33
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Abstract
The forage brassicas are a useful model system for the study of wood formation because the thickened cell walls of their vascular tissue can vary widely in lignin content. Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy was used to quantify lignin, and determine features of its structure, in the vascular cell walls of forage rape (Brassica napus L.), and Thousandhead and marrowstem cultivars of kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala). During the first season of vegetative growth, lignin levels in these cell walls remained low in the upper part of the stems despite the physical resemblance of this tissue to wood. The extended flowering stems produced in the following year were thinner and their vascular tissue contained much more strongly lignified cell walls. The structure of the lignin was typical of angiosperm wood. It showed only small variations in syringyl/guaiacyl ratio, but this ratio increased with lignin content and thus with the proportion of the lignin that was associated with secondary cell-wall layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Evans
- Chemistry Department, Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
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34
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Yusuph M, Tester RF, Ansell R, Snape CE. Composition and properties of starches extracted from tubers of different potato varieties grown under the same environmental conditions. Food Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Vane CH, Drage TC, Snape CE. Biodegradation of oak (Quercus alba) wood during growth of the shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes): a molecular approach. J Agric Food Chem 2003; 51:947-956. [PMID: 12568554 DOI: 10.1021/jf020932h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The chemical transformations that occur during growth of the shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) on oak (Quercus alba) were investigated to improve mushroom cultivation and utilization of the spent substrate. Oak logs were decayed by L. edodes over 8 years, during which time they were sampled at six intervals (30, 40, 66, 76, 77, and 101 months). Fresh and decayed oak samples were analyzed using solid-state (13)C NMR and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as well as off-line thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide. Degraded oak exhibited lower carbon contents and increased oxygen content compared to the control. Solid-state (13)C NMR analysis revealed that polysaccharides were the major component of both fresh and decayed oak but that L. edodes mediated the preferential loss of cellulose and xylans as compared to lignin, which remained in an altered form. Several trends point toward the degradation of lignin, including a decrease in the proportion of syringyl units as compared to guaiacyl units and a reduction in side-chain length. An increase in guaiacyl and syringyl acid-to-aldehyde ratios occurred with growth, which suggested that the fungus had caused oxidation of Calpha-Cbeta bonds. The overall effect of L. edodes on oak is similar to that of many white-rot fungi, which simultaneously degrade all cell wall components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher H Vane
- British Geological Survey, Kingsley Dunham Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, United Kingdom.
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36
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Sun C, Cooper M, Snape CE. Use of compound-specific delta13C and deltaD stable isotope measurements as an aid in the source apportionment of polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2003; 17:2611-2613. [PMID: 14648897 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The potential of using compound-specific stable carbon isotopic analysis for the source apportionment of environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has already been demonstrated by the authors, and other researchers. PAHs arising from wood burning and vehicle emissions have been shown to exhibit different isotopic signatures, and the isotopic compositions of n-alkanes and PAHs produced from combustion of C3 and C4 plant species have been reported. 13C/12C isotopic ratios for PAHs derived from coal and wood pyrolysis and from diesel particulates have been noted to vary over a range by ca. 8 per thousand, which may provide a basis for source apportionment. In order to further improve the ability of stable isotope measurements to source apportion environmental PAHs, hydrogen stable isotopes (deltaD) of PAHs from a number of processes have been measured. The wide range of deltaD values, in conjunction with the delta13C values obtained, provide a much greater degree of differentiation between petrol and jet fuel derived PAHs, and between PAHs from different coal conversion processes, than the delta13C values alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenggong Sun
- Nottingham Fuel and Energy Centre, School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering (SChEME), University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
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37
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Diaz MC, Hall PJ, Snape CE, Brown SD, Hughes R. Contrast-Matching Small-Angle Neutron Scattering to Monitor the Accessibility of Solvents to the Porosity of Coked FCC Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ie000868y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Castro Diaz
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K., School of Applied Science, Centre for Thermal Studies, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, West Yorkshire, U.K. and Chemical Engineering Unit, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, U.K
| | - Peter J. Hall
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K., School of Applied Science, Centre for Thermal Studies, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, West Yorkshire, U.K. and Chemical Engineering Unit, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, U.K
| | - Colin E. Snape
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K., School of Applied Science, Centre for Thermal Studies, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, West Yorkshire, U.K. and Chemical Engineering Unit, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, U.K
| | - Steven D. Brown
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K., School of Applied Science, Centre for Thermal Studies, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, West Yorkshire, U.K. and Chemical Engineering Unit, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, U.K
| | - Ron Hughes
- School of Chemical, Environmental and Mining Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K., Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K., School of Applied Science, Centre for Thermal Studies, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield HD1 3DH, West Yorkshire, U.K. and Chemical Engineering Unit, University of Salford, Salford M5 4WT, U.K
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Fabbri D, Vassura I, Snape CE. Simple off-line flash pyrolysis procedure with in situ silylation for the analysis of hydroxybenzenes in humic acids and coals. J Chromatogr A 2002; 967:235-42. [PMID: 12685570 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(02)00740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A simple device consisting of a glass pyrolysis chamber fitted for a commercial resistively heated pyrolysis probe and connected to a solvent desorption tube for air monitoring was applied to off-line pyrolysis under silylating conditions of humic acids (soil, lake) and coals. Samples were flash pyrolysed at 700 degrees C in the presence of excess hexamethyldisilazane, and evolved products were swept off by a nitrogen stream and trapped onto a charcoal filter from where they were desorbed with dichloromethane and analysed by gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry. Humic acids afforded trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers of phenols, 2-methoxyphenols (guaiacols), 2,6-dimethoxyphenols (syringols), and dihydroxy and trihydroxybenzenes as major products. TMSoxy benzenes were the principal products observed from pyrolysis/silylation of coals. In comparison with conventional pyrolysis, the in-situ derivatisation process enhances the levels of phenols with respect to hydrocarbons and improves the GC separation of isomers (e.g. meta- from para-cresol). With respect to tetramethylammonium hydroxide thermochemolysis, pyrolysis/silylation operates under milder conditions and permits discrimination between free and methylated hydroxy groups. The performance of the method for the quantitative determination of evolved product is described. Yields of evolved silylated mono and dihydroxybenzenes occur in the mg/g range with relative standard deviations generally between 16 and 30%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Fabbri
- Department of Chemistry G. Ciamician and Laboratorio di Chimica, c/o ITIS, CIRSA-Università di Bologna, Via Marconi 2, 1-48100 Ravenna, Italy.
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39
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Law RV, Sherrington DC, Snape CE, Ando I, Korosu H. Solid State 13C MAS NMR Studies of Anion Exchange Resins and Their Precursors. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ie00047a025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Bartle KD, Gibson C, Mills D, Mulligan MJ, Taylor N, Martin TG, Snape CE. Differential-pulse voltammetry at the hanging-mercury-drop electrode for identification of aromatic structures in coal extracts. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00248a017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Fabbri D, Locatelli C, Snape CE, Tarabusi S. Sulfur speciation in mercury-contaminated sediments of a coastal lagoon: the role of elemental sulfur. J Environ Monit 2001; 3:483-6. [PMID: 11695115 DOI: 10.1039/b104477j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemical equilibrium studies have predicted that elemental sulfur (S0) could play a crucial role in mercury mobility in salt marsh sediments. This prompted us to consider the occurrence of S0 in conjunction with the degree of contamination in sediments of a coastal wetland (Pialassa Baiona, Italy) impacted by inputs of mercury derived from past industrial activity. The distribution of S0, total Hg, soluble sulfates and acid-soluble sulfides was studied in five sediment cores collected in two ponds of the lagoon. Sulfides, sulfates and S0 exhibited vertical profiles typical of salt marsh systems, with concentrations declining with depth. Mercury enrichment (2-23 mg kg-1) was detected at the surface strata where the highest concentrations of sulfides and S0 were found (up to 1.70 and 0.9 g kg-1, respectively). The effect of elevated levels of sulfides and elemental sulfur on the fate of mercury in the lagoon is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fabbri
- Laboratorio di Chimica Ambientale, Università di Bologna, via Marconi 2, I-48100 Ravenna, Italy.
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42
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Vane CH, Martin SC, Snape CE, Abbott GD. Degradation of lignin in wheat straw during growth of the oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) using off-line thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide and solid-state (13)C NMR. J Agric Food Chem 2001; 49:2709-2716. [PMID: 11409955 DOI: 10.1021/jf001409a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) is widely cultivated on wheat straw (Triticum aestivum); however, there is a need to better understand the relationship between the chemical composition of the compost and mushroom growth. Wheat straw was degraded over a period of 63 days by P. ostreatus during which time it was sampled at weekly intervals. Off-line thermochemolysis with tetramethylammonium hydroxide and solid-state (13)C NMR were then used in the molecular characterization of the undegraded wheat straw and the degraded samples. The degraded wheat straw samples had a lower proportion of syringyl- to guaiacyl-derived moieties and cinnamyl- to guaiacyl-derived moieties than the undegraded control. There were increases in both guaiacyl and syringyl acid to aldehyde ratios with composting time, which showed that side-chain oxidation has been mediated by P. ostreatus. The (13)C NMR spectra confirmed the increase in carboxyl content but indicated that the overall lignin and methoxyl contents remained relatively constant, although some nonsystematic variations were observed. The spectra also showed a decrease in amorphous noncellulosic polysaccharides in relation to the crystalline cellulose upon degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Vane
- Department of Fossil Fuels and Environmental Geochemistry (Postgraduate Institute), NRG, Drummond Building, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
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43
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45
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Dick CM, Denecker C, Liggat JJ, Mohammed MH, Snape CE, Seeley G, Lindsay C, Eling B, Chaffanjon P. Solid state13C andin situ1H NMR study on the effect of melamine on the thermal degradation of a flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM INT 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0126(200010)49:10<1177::aid-pi437>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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46
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Snape CE, Morrison WR, Maroto-Valer MM, Karkalas J, Pethrick RA. Solid state13C NMR investigation of lipid ligands in V-amylose inclusion complexes. Carbohydr Polym 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0144-8617(98)00010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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47
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McRae C, Snape CE, Fallick AE. Variations in the stable isotope ratios of specific aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons from coal conversion processes. Analyst 1998. [DOI: 10.1039/a801899e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert V. Law
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
| | - David C. Sherrington
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
| | - Colin E. Snape
- Department of Pure & Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, Scotland, U.K
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49
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Snape CE. Chromatography in the petroleum industry. Trends Analyt Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0165-9936(96)80742-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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50
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Law RV, Sherrington DC, Snape CE, Ando I, Kurosu H. Solid-State 13C MAS NMR Studies of Hyper-Cross-Linked Polystyrene Resins. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma951606o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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