Hydrogen sulfide modulates IL-6/STAT3 pathway and inhibits oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in rat model of methotrexate hepatotoxicity

Methotrexate (MTX) is a commonly used anticancer and immunosuppressive agent. However, MTX can induce hepatotoxicity due to oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), the endogenous gaseous molecule, has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. The present work explored the probable protective effect of H₂S against MTX hepatotoxicity in rats and also the possible mechanisms underlying this effect. MTX was given at a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) dose of 20 mg/kg. Sodium H₂S (56 µmol /kg/day, i.p.), as H₂S donor, was given for 10 days, starting 6 days before MTX administration. H₂S significantly reduced serum alanine aminotransferase, hepatic malondialdehyde, interleukin 6, nuclear factor κB p65, cytosolic cytochrome c, phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio and significantly increased hepatic total antioxidant capacity and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) in rats received MTX. In addition, H₂S minimized the histopathological injury and significantly decreased the expression of STAT3 in liver tissue of MTX-challenged rats. The effects of H₂S were significantly antagonized by administration of glibenclamide as K_ATP channel blocker, Nω-nitro-l-arginine, as eNOS inhibitor, or ruthenium red, as transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist. It was concluded that H₂S provided significant hepatoprotection in MTX-challenged rats through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic effects. These effects are most probably mediated by the ability of H₂S to act as IL-6/STAT3 pathway modulator, K_ATP channel opener, eNOS activator, and TRPV1 agonist.

Investigation of the prevalence and severity of foot pad dermatitis at the slaughterhouse in fattening turkeys reared in organic production systems in Germany

The present study shows the prevalence and severity of foot pad dermatitis (FPD) in turkeys reared in organic production systems assessed at slaughterhouses in Germany. The investigations of altogether 1,860 turkeys of the strains Kelly Broad Breasted Bronze (Kelly BBB; 540 toms, 540 hens) and British United Turkeys (B.U.T.) 6 and the Test Product 7 (TP 7; 780 hens) showed that 97.7% of the examined turkeys were diagnosed with different degrees of FPD. Only 4.6% of the toms and 1.3% of the hens had feet without lesions. Most frequent were necrotic lesions measuring up to 2 cm in diameter (64.3% of all turkeys). Extensive necrotic lesions of the foot pads (toms: 29.8%; hens: 12.4%) and necrosis of superficial scales (toms: 11.3%; hens: 7.6%) were less frequent. Plantar abscesses were rare findings (1.9%). In general, the feet of the Kelly BBB hens were more affected by foot pad lesions than those of the Kelly BBB toms. There were significant differences between the investigated flocks concerning the occurrence of foot pad lesions. The aim in rearing turkeys must be the reduction of FPD.

Mechanisms underlying gastroprotective effect of paeonol against indomethacin-induced ulcer in rats

Paeonol, a natural phenolic compound, possesses diverse beneficial effects including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Gastric ulcer is still the most prevalent irritant illness among the gastrointestinal diseases. The present study explored the protective effect of paeonol at two dose levels in indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Forty-eight male Wistar rats were arranged into six groups: control, paeonol-treated, IND-treated, IND/paeonol (low and high doses)-treated, and ranitidine-treated groups. The oxidative status was evaluated by determining malondialdehyde level, superoxide dismutase activity, reduced glutathione content as well as hemoxygenase-1 (HO-1) gene expressions, and the antioxidant protein; NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) immunostaining. The pro-inflammatory genes nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) were estimated together with the proapoptotic gene of caspase 3. IND caused multiple gastric ulcers with evident oxidative damage and elevated pro-inflammatory and proapoptotic markers. Paeonol protected significantly, in a dose-dependent manner, the gastric mucosa from ulcerative lesion of IND similar to the reference drug ranitidine. Paeonol pretreatment diminished gastric oxidative stress and restored the gastric antioxidant capacity by elevating gastric gene expression of HO-1 and protein expression of NQO1. Paeonol also reduced NF-κB, IL-1β, and caspase 3 gene expressions. In conclusion, paeonol offered a gastroprotection dependent on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects.

PI3K/Akt and Nrf2/HO-1 pathways involved in the hepatoprotective effect of verapamil against thioacetamide toxicity in rats

Liver is a precious organ to maintain body life. Hepatotoxicity is a worldwide health problem that is still a challenge for research. Although countless pharmaceutical drugs and herbal compounds were screened for their hepatoprotective effects, the death from hepatotoxicity is increasing. Thus, there is continuous necessity of searching for the hepatoprotective effect of commonly used drugs. Accordingly, our aim was to examine a hepatoprotective potential for the antihypertensive drug, verapamil, and searching for new insights underlie its protective mechanism. Four groups of adult male rats were randomly arranged as controls, thioacetamide (TAA) hepatotoxic, and TAA + verapamil treated. Serum liver enzyme, hepatic antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory parameters were assessed. Gene relative expression for heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), and serine/threonine-specific protein kinase (Akt) were quantified in hepatic tissue. TAA caused hepatic injury evident both histopathologically and biochemically by a decrease in all gene expressions. Verapamil alleviated the injury via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that were suggested to be via upregulation of the previous gene expressions. In conclusion, the calcium channel blocker, verapamil, that is used widely as antihypertensive exhibits a valuable hepatoprotective effect. The protection partially rests on activation of Nrf2/HO-1 and PI3K/Akt pathways.

Investigations on aviadenoviruses isolated from turkey flocks in Germany

During routine diagnosis in 2012, 69 samples of diseased turkey breeding and fattening flocks in Germany were examined for infection with aviadenoviruses by virus isolation using primary chicken embryo liver cells. In total, 21 aviadenovirus isolates, identified by a group-specific indirect immunofluorescence test, were obtained from 19 flocks. In almost all cases, molecular typing of these isolates based on partial hexon gene sequences revealed the presence of different types of turkey aviadenoviruses (TAdVs), including species Turkey aviadenovirus B (TAdV-B) with at least two different genotypes, as well as the species Turkey aviadenovirus C (TAdV-C) and Turkey aviadenovirus D (TAdV-D). Further analysis of DNA-dependent DNA polymerase gene sequences confirmed the classification of selected TAdV-C and TAdV-D isolates. Based on the results obtained for both genes, we suggest that TAdV-2, in addition to TAdV-4, belongs to the species TAdV-C. In contrast, amplification of the DNA polymerase gene fragment of nearly all investigated TAdV-B isolates failed due to unknown reasons. The results of sequence and phylogenetic analysis support the previously proposed classification of TAdVs into three different species and demonstrated how widely spread these viruses are in German turkey flocks. Analysis of case histories revealed a wide range of clinical and pathological changes; however an apparent link between types and disease conditions was not identified.

Introduction and enzootic of A/H5N1 in Egypt: Virus evolution, pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy ten years on

It is almost a decade since the highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus (A/H5N1) of clade 2.2.1 was introduced to Egypt in 2005, most likely, via wild birds; marking the longest endemic status of influenza viruses in poultry outside Asia. The endemic A/H5N1 in Egypt still compromises the poultry industry, poses serious hazards to public health and threatens to become potentially pandemic. The control strategies adopted for A/H5N1 in Egyptian poultry using diverse vaccines in commercialized poultry neither eliminated the virus nor did they decrease its evolutionary rate. Several virus clades have evolved, a few of them disappeared and others prevailed. Disparate evolutionary traits in both birds and humans were manifested by accumulation of clade-specific mutations across viral genomes driven by a variety of selection pressures. Viruses in vaccinated poultry populations displayed higher mutation rates at the immunogenic epitopes, promoting viral escape and reducing vaccine efficiency. On the other hand, viruses isolated from humans displayed changes in the receptor binding domain, which increased the viral affinity to bind to human-type glycan receptors. Moreover, viral pathogenicity exhibited several patterns in different hosts. This review aims to provide an overview of the viral evolution, pathogenicity and vaccine efficacy of A/H5N1 in Egypt during the last ten years.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Isolated from Poultry Flocks in Germany

Between 2010 and 2011, 145 Enterococcus isolates (Enterococcus faecalis, n = 127; Enterococcus faecium, n = 18) were collected during routine bacteriologic diagnostics from broilers, layers, and fattening turkeys in Germany showing various clinical signs. The susceptibility to 24 antimicrobial agents was investigated by broth microdilution test to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). All E. faecalis isolates (n = 127) were susceptible to the beta-lactam antibiotics ampicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and penicillin. Corresponding MIC with 50% inhibition (MIC50) and MIC with 90% inhibition (MIC90) values of these antimicrobial agents were at the lower end of the test range (≤ 4 μg/ml). In addition, no vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) were found. High resistance rates were identified in both Enterococcus species for lincomycin (72%-99%) and tetracycline (67%-82%). Half or more than half of Enterococcus isolates were resistant to gentamicin (54%-72%) and the macrolide antibiotics erythromycin (44%-61%) and tylosin-tartate (44%-56%). Enterococcus faecalis isolated from fattening turkeys showed the highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance compared to other poultry production systems. Eighty-nine out of 145 Enterococcus isolates were resistant to three or more antimicrobial classes. Again, turkeys stood out with 42 (8 1%) multiresistant isolates. The most-frequent resistance patterns of E. faecalis were gentamicin, lincomycin, and tetracycline in all poultry production systems.

Characterization, mode of action, and efficacy of twelve silica-based acaricides against poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) in vitro

Poultry red mite infestation still is an unsolved problem in poultry farms. Legal regulations, residue risks, and resistances limit chemical control of mites. Alternatives to chemical acaricides for control of poultry red mite are silica-based products, which have as a main constituent silicon dioxide. The acaricidal effect is attributed to sorptive properties of the particles, which result in the mite's death by desiccation. In the present study, the acaricidal efficacy of 12 products containing natural or synthetic silica, 9 in powder form, and 3 for liquid application was tested under laboratory conditions. Mite mortality was measured at several intervals and the mean lethal time (LT₅₀) determined by Probit analysis after Abbott's correction. The LT₅₀ values of the products significantly differed (Tukey's HSD p < 0.05). LT₅₀ values of powdery formulations ranged from 5.1 to 18.7 h and overlapped with those of the fluid ones which ranged from 5.5 to 12.7 h. In order to explain the differences in efficacy of the tested silica products, further characterizations were carried out. X-ray fluorescence, specific surface, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and water absorption capacity (WAC) were measured. Furthermore, electron microscopy was conducted and different products compared. Silicon dioxide content (ranging from 65 to 89% for powders and 57 to 80% for fluids) had no significant impact on efficacy, while specific surface and CEC (2.4-23.2 mEq 100(-1) g(-1) for powders and 18-30.8 mEq 100(-1) g(-1)) were positively and WAC (1.3-4.4 wt% for powders and 3.3-4.8 wt% for fluids) negatively related to the acaricidal efficacy. Influence of these parameters on acaricidal efficacy was significant according to the results of a stepwise regression analysis (p < 0.01).

Occurrence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in turkey flocks

In the present study, the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in turkeys in the southwest of Germany was investigated. For this purpose, 200 cloacal swab samples and 5 environmental dust samples (tested as a pooled sample) of each of the 20 flocks (10 female and 10 male flocks) included in this study were examined. The VRE could be isolated by means of a procedure combining bacterial cultivation in an enrichment broth and on a selective solid media. Enterococci were identified biochemically and subsequently tested on the presence of the vancomycin resistance genes vanA, vanB (B1/B2/B3), and vanC (C1/C2/C3) using real-time PCR assays. In 54 (27%) turkeys originating from 11 (55%) flocks and in 14 (70%) of the dust samples, exclusively vanA and vanC1 genes could be detected. Of the turkeys examined, 46 were colonized with VRE bearing the resistance gene vanC1 and 8 vanA, originating from 9 and 2 flocks, respectively. None of the birds carried vanB, vanC2, or vanC3 positive VRE. The results obtained from the birds are largely confirmed by the dust samples originating from 4 vanA and 10 vanC1 positive flocks. However, one flock housing animals colonized with vanC1 positive VRE could not be confirmed by the dust samples that revealed vanA bearing VRE. However, in one case vanA and in 3 cases vanC1 carrying VRE could be detected in dust samples of the turkey houses, but not in the turkeys of the associated flock. In 5 flocks the turkeys as well as the dust samples were free of VRE.

Elucidation of colonization time and prevalence of thermophilic Campylobacter species during turkey rearing using multiplex polymerase chain reaction

Two turkey flocks (male and female) and the environment of their house were investigated for the presence of thermophilic Campylobacter. Sample DNA was extracted directly from fecal material and environmental samples. Bacterial identification was done using a modified Campylobacter species specific multiplex PCR. The times needed for colonization and prevalence in male and female turkeys were determined independently. All environmental samples collected before restocking were negative in the PCR analysis, showing a good hygiene and biosecurity system. The first positive PCR results were obtained in drinking water samples at 6 d of age. Colonization occurred between the second and third week of age, starting in female birds and then followed by the males. Campylobacter jejuni was detected by multiplex PCR at first; later on, Campylobacter coli and mixtures of both were seen. After the 9 wk of age, the colonization of the flocks was completed. Great attention should be given to drinking water as a supposed source of Campylobacter contamination. Multiplex PCR proved to be a rapid, sensitive, and cheap tool for the diagnosis of Campylobacter contamination.

Isolation of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 from table eggs after vaccinal break in commercial layer flock

In May 2009, during routine monitoring of a commercial layer flock of about 87,000 birds kept in cages in 4 different houses that had been vaccinated 3 times with an inactivated H5N1 vaccine at weeks 1, 7, and 16, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of subtype H5N1 was isolated and detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in tracheal and cloacal swabs collected from houses 3 and 4; 7 days after onset of clinical signs, there was an increase in mortality accompanied by a decrease in egg production and egg quality. In addition, using RT-PCR, the viral RNA could be detected from albumin and eggshell as well. Seven days after the onset of the clinical signs, the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers in the affected houses were 3.2 and 1.9 log2. In the other two houses, there were no clinical signs, and all tested samples were negative using virus isolation and real-time RT-PCR. The HI titers were 6.6 and 7.0 log2 in nonaffected houses. The isolated virus from egg albumin showed high nucleotides and amino-acid identities and clustered with viruses from recently H5N1-confirmed human infections and poultry from different places in Egypt. Moreover, several amino-acid substitutions of viral H5 protein were observed. The vaccinal break seems to be associated with immune escape mutants and/or improper vaccination. The role of contaminated eggs as a source of infection and as a vehicle for spread of the virus should be considered in area with avian influenza outbreaks.

Pathogenicity ofMycoplasma lipofaciensstrain ML64 for turkey embryos

Mycoplasma lipofaciens strain ML64, isolated from an egg of a northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), has been found to be pathogenic for chicken embryos causing mortality during the first 2 weeks of incubation. The same strain was inoculated in turkey embryos to evaluate its pathogenicity and its ability to be transmitted laterally in the hatchery. The strain was found to be pathogenic for turkey embryos, causing a high mortality (88.9%) during late incubation as well as haemorrhages of the legs, dwarfing, curled toes and a severe, multifocal, purulent to necrotizing bronchopneumonia. In addition, lateral transmission between turkey poults hatched from infected eggs and poults from non-infected controls was observed in the incubator.

Serologic response against fowl poxvirus and reticuloendotheliosis virus after experimental and natural infections of chickens with fowl poxvirus

Two infection studies in chickens were done to investigate the humoral immune response against fowl poxvirus (FPV) and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) after intradermal infection with different passages of a field isolate and with the vaccine strain HP B. The field isolate in a low passage carried the near-full-length REV provirus and induced antibodies to REV, but not to FPV. The vaccine strain carried only remnants of the long terminal repeat and induced antibodies against FPV, but not against REV. The field isolate lost the provirus after 36 passages in vitro, and it induced few antibodies against FPV and no antibodies against REV. Intravenous challenge with the low passage field isolate caused some antibody development against FPV in the birds that had previously been infected with the field isolate, but it caused no antibodies against REV in the previously vaccinated birds. REV proviral DNA was found in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of most birds that had been infected with the low passage field isolate. However, FPV DNA was found only once. The findings showed that the integrated REV provirus had an effect on the pathogenesis of fowlpox and that the tested vaccine strain is effective against FPV strains carrying REV provirus. Investigation of sera from FPV diseased flocks and flocks vaccinated against FPV showed a similar proportion of sera with antibodies against FPV. Sera from all diseased flocks but only from two of 10 vaccinated flocks had antibodies against REV. This indicated that the integrated REV provirus is common in FPV field strains.

Light and transmission electron microscopic studies on trophozoites and cyst-like stages of Histomonas meleagridis from cultures

The present study deals with Berlin strains of Histomonas meleagridis, the specimens of which were cultivated in Dwyer's medium. The light and electron microscopic examination revealed that the cultivated trophozoite stages (reaching about 10 mum in size) appeared more or less spherical, although their surface (covered by a single membrane) showed amoeba-like waves. All stages were uni-nucleated and reproduced by binary fission with an extranuclear spindle apparatus. Some trophozoites appeared ovoid and possessed a single flagellum with a typical microtubular 9 x 2 + 2 arrangement. Furthermore, the latter were characterized by an inner row of typical microtubules (remnant of an axostyle) and a Golgi apparatus (both adjacent to the nucleus), multivesicular structures, hydrogenosomes, and many food vacuoles containing either starch grains or bacteria. Their cytoplasm was densely filled with glycogen granules and ribosomes. Similar stages were also documented in the caeca and cloaca of chicken when being inoculated (via cloaca) with such culture stages. In addition to these typical trophozoites, the cultures contained a low number of 10-mum-sized spherical cyst-like stages with a surrounding amorphous layer. The cytoplasm of some of these cyst-like stages-when studied by electron microscopy-appeared with two membranes or had formed an amorphic, cyst-wall-like layer at their surface, apparently corresponding to their light microscopical appearance. Such stages might be involved in transmission from one host to another and probably have been missed before in microscopical examinations of infected poultry.

Plasma chemistry reference values in hybrid falcons in relation to their species of origin

Twenty-one blood chemistry parameters were determined in 127 peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus), 79 gyr-peregrine hybrids and 166 gyr-saker hybrids. These parameters, together with those previously established in 53 gyr falcons (Falco rusticolus) and 234 saker falcons (Falco cherrug), were compared. There were statistically significant differences in 15 of the parameters between the saker and peregrine falcons; the saker and gyr falcons; the saker and gyr-saker hybrids; the peregrine and gyr falcons; and the peregrine and gyr-peregrine hybrids, but not between the gyr falcons and the gyr-saker falcon hybrids.

Adenovirus of psittacine birds: investigations on isolation and development of a real-time polymerase chain reaction for specific detection

Liver samples of psittacine birds with a histological suspicion of an adenovirus infection, confirmed by electron microscopy examination, were subjected to virus isolation attempts using a heterologous cell culture system and a homologous cell culture system in the form of chicken embryo liver cells and psittacine embryo fibroblasts, respectively. Whereas isolation in chicken embryo liver cells failed, virus was isolated successfully in the psittacine embryo fibroblasts cell culture system. Molecular investigations identified the virus as a specific psittacine adenovirus (PsAdV). Additionally, on the basis of the hexon gene sequence data obtained, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for specific detection of PsAdV was developed. To ensure an exclusive hybridization with PsAdV, selected primers were located within the variable L1 region of the hexon gene. Furthermore, the specificity of the real-time PCR was confirmed by investigation of a panel of different avian adenoviruses and unrelated DNA viruses. Using this PCR, the threshold cycle values obtained support the propagation of PsAdV in the homologous cell culture system in comparison with the chicken cell culture system. Moreover, the developed PCR represents a reliable method for specific and sensitive detection of PsAdV in clinical samples.

Lower-limb revascularization and major amputation rates in England

BACKGROUND

The aim was to establish national data for lower-limb revascularization and major amputation procedures performed in England.

METHODS

Data for lower-limb revascularization procedures and major amputations were collected from the Hospital Episode Statistics (finished consultant episodes) which is published yearly by the Department of Health. Transluminal procedures were analysed from 1998 onwards. Age adjustment was performed according to figures for the resident population of England in the interval studied.

RESULTS

In all age groups, revascularization rates initially increased to a peak in the mid-1990 s. This was followed by a steady decline in procedures to the present day. However, amputations gradually increased in the 45-64-years age group and showed only a slight decline in the 65-74-years age group. Among patients aged over 75 years there was a marked decline from the mid-1990 s to present-day. Data for diabetics showed similar trends.

CONCLUSION

The national rate of amputation initially rose despite an increasing number of vascular interventions. It is significant, however, that among patients aged over 75 years this has been followed by a decrease in both revascularization procedures and amputation rates to present levels, the lowest for 14 years.

Prevalence of mycoplasmas in eggs from birds of prey using culture and a genus-specific mycoplasma polymerase chain reaction

Mycoplasmas are commensals and pathogens of different avian species, especially poultry and passeriforms. The role of mycoplasmas in raptors has not yet been completely determined, and especially not the possibility of vertical transmission. Therefore 424 raptor eggs were examined for the occurrence of mycoplasmas using culture, and 155 of these eggs with a Mycoplasma genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. This PCR was tested for its sensitivity and specificity, especially for use in a bird population of unknown mycoplasma status (prevalence and species). The size of the amplified PCR product was large (1013 base pairs) to enable use of the product for species differentiation by sequencing. Culture and PCR yielded only one positive result, in an egg of a Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). The isolate was identified as Mycoplasma lipofaciens using an immunobinding assay, as well as by sequencing part of its 16S rRNA gene.

Pathogenicity ofMycoplasma lipofaciensstrain ML64, isolated from an egg of a Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), for chicken embryos

Some Mycoplasma species are well-known avian pathogens and are of importance in poultry breeder flocks due to their pathogenic potential for embryos. Mycoplasmas are regularly detected in birds of prey, and a strain of Mycoplasma lipofaciens that was isolated from an egg of a Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) was examined for its pathogenicity in specific pathogen free chicken embryos since birds of prey eggs were not available for this purpose. The strain was found to be pathogenic, causing a high mortality as well as dwarfing, curled toes and infiltrations of heterophils in the liver, kidney, intestine and chorioallantoic membrane.

Isolation and Molecular Biological Investigations of Avian Poxviruses from Chickens, a Turkey, and a Pigeon in Croatia

In the last 3 yr, several outbreaks of avian poxviruses (APVs) have been observed in different parts of Croatia. Four strains of APVs, from chickens, a pigeon, and a turkey, were isolated from cutaneous lesions by inoculation onto the chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) of 12-day-old specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos. The resulting proliferative CAM lesions contained eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. The characteristic viral particles of poxvirus were detected in the infected CAM and also in the infected tissues by transmission electron microscopy. Further identification and differentiation of the four various APVs were carried out by the use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction enzyme analysis. Using one primer set, which framed a region within the APV 4b core protein gene, it was possible to detect APV-specific DNA from all four tested isolates. PCR results revealed no recognizable differences in size of amplified fragments between the different APVs from chickens, turkey, and pigeon. Restriction enzyme analysis of PCR products using NlaIII showed the same cleavage pattern for turkey and chicken isolates and a different one for the pigeon isolate. Multiplex PCR for direct detection of APV and reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) was carried out to determine the possible integration of REV in the genome of isolated APVs. The obtained results revealed that REV was present in chicken and turkey strains of poxviruses, whereas the pigeon isolate was negative. It is not known whether the avipoxvirus vaccine strain used in Croatia is contaminated with REV or if the REV is naturally contaminating Croatian field strains of fowl poxvirus. The latter is indicated by the negative REV finding in the pigeon, which was not vaccinated. The results of the present study indicate the reemergence of fowlpox in Croatia, where infections have not been recorded since 1963 and never confirmed etiologically.

Detection of Histomonas meleagridis DNA in Different Organs After Natural and Experimental Infections of Meat Turkeys

Histomonas meleagridis infection of turkeys is usually accompanied by a severe disease with unspecific clinical symptoms but with distinct pathological lesions in the ceca and liver. In the literature some macro- and microscopic evidence of the spread of histomonads to the other organs has been provided. The aim of the present investigations was to use real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to demonstrate the dissemination of H. meleagridis DNA to different organs after natural and experimental infection of meat turkeys. Samples from several organs were collected from a meat-turkey flock, which proved to be naturally infected with histomoniasis, and examined for histomonad DNA by real-time PCR. Histomonad DNA was detected in all investigated ceca, livers, spleens, kidneys, and pooled brain swabs. Additionally it was found in 75% of investigated samples from bursae of Fabricius, in 50% of investigated duodenums, and in 40% of investigated jejunum samples. After experimental intracloacal infection of 3-wk-old turkey poults with 147,500 histomonads, similar samples were collected from all turkeys that died. After a 3-wk observation period the surviving birds, as well as the noninfected control group, were euthanatized and samples were taken. During the entire experimental period, 10 birds out the 20 infected birds died. Histomonad DNA was detected in all investigated ceca, livers, lungs, and hearts (100%) and almost all kidneys (90%) and bursae of Fabricius (80%). On the other hand, only 30% of examined spleens and 10% of brain samples revealed positive results. Surviving infected birds were euthanatized and necropsied; histomonad DNA was found in one out of 10 livers but not in any ceca. Also, histomonad DNA could not be detected in examined cecal and lung samples from the noninfected control group.

[Comparative studies on detection of Chlamydophila psittaci and Chlamydophila abortus in meat turkey flocks using cell culture, ELISA, and PCR]

The prevalence of chlamydia in 10 meat turkey flocks was investigated. As samples served of each moment of collection and sex of the animals 10 cloacal swabs which were taken at the age of 1, 4, 8 and 12 (females) or 16 weeks (males) and at the time of slaughter at the age of 16 or 20 weeks. Spleen samples were taken at the time of slaughter, additionally. These were pooled making 1 pool out of 5 individual samples. The cloacal and spleen pools were examined by nested PCR (nPCR), Capture-ELISA and Capture Blocking-ELISA directly as well as after isolation attempts in cell cultures. The most sensitive method to detect chlamydia, with 6 isolates proved to be the isolation by cell culture followed by detection using nPCR. Not corresponding to the results of the nPCR were 4 positive reactions found by the Capture-ELISA which could in no case be affirmed by Capture-Blocking-ELISA. The direct examination of cloacal swab pools by nPCR proved positive in only 2 cases. In contrast to this the examination of these samples by Capture-ELISA showed a high percentage of 71.9% positive results, of which only 2 cases were confirmed by nPCR and none by Capture-Blocking-ELISA. Of the 8 Chlamydia positive results in the nPCR 7 could be classified by DNA sequencing to Cp. abortus and only one to Cp. psittaci.

Comparison of the Specificity and Sensitivity of PCR, Nested PCR, and Real-Time PCR for the Diagnosis of Histomoniasis

Blackhead, also known as enterohepatitis, is caused by a protozoan parasite called Histomonas meleagridis. Clinical symptoms are nonspecific. Until now, diagnosis has been mainly based on postmortem lesions and microscopical and histopathological examination. In many cases, especially in layer flocks, these conventional methods are not sufficient, as the lesions are sometimes not clear. The technique for isolation of histomonads in vitro offers many advantages, but the confirmation of histomonads growing in culture may require a time-consuming procedure of rectal inoculation of culture material into chickens or turkeys. The aim of our investigation was to establish a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a nested PCR, and a real-time PCR, and to examine their specificity as well as sensitivity in the diagnosis of histomoniasis. The obtained results have shown that the conventional PCR is more sensitive than the real-time PCR. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the PCR can be increased by adding the nested PCR. However, the real-time PCR is more specific.

Key role of Chlamydophila psittaci on Belgian turkey farms in association with other respiratory pathogens

Two hundred turkey sera from eight Belgian and two French farms were tested for the presence of antibodies against avian pneumovirus (APV), Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT), Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma meleagridis and Chlamydophila psittaci. At slaughter, C. psittaci, APV and ORT antibodies were detected in 94, 34 and 6.5% of the turkeys, respectively. No antibodies against M. gallisepticum or M. meleagridis were present. Additionally, turkeys on three Belgian farms were examined from production onset until slaughter using both serology and antigen or gene detection. All farms experienced two C. psittaci infection waves, at 3-6 and 8-12 weeks of age. Each first infection wave was closely followed by an ORT infection starting at the age of 6-8 weeks, which was still detectable when the second C. psittaci infection waves started. Animals on farm A were not vaccinated against APV leading to an APV subtype B outbreak accompanying the first C. psittaci infection wave. Despite subtype A APV vaccination on farms B and C, the second C. psittaci infection waves were accompanied (farm B) or followed (farm C) by a subtype B APV infection. On all farms respiratory signs always appeared together with a proven C. psittaci, APV and/or ORT infection. This study suggests an association between C. psittaci, APV and ORT, and indicates the multi-factorial aetiology of respiratory infections in commercial turkeys. All three pathogens should be considered when developing prevention strategies for respiratory disease.

Differentiation of avian poxvirus strains on the basis of nucleotide sequences of 4b gene fragment

Investigations for detection and differentiation of nine avian poxviruses (APVs) were carried out by the use of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) and further nucleotide sequence analysis. With one primer set, which framed a region within the fowl poxvirus 4b core protein gene, we were able to detect APV-specific DNA from 19 tested strains and isolates belonging to five defined Avipoxvirus species and four previously undefined isolated species. PCR results revealed no recognizable differences in size of amplified fragments among the different APVs. REA of PCR products with MseI and EcoRV allowed us to differentiate most of the tested avipox species. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the amplified fragments showed a nucleotide similarity of 72%-100% among the different species. Phylogenetic analysis documented five distinguishable sequence clusters in accordance with results obtained by REA. PCR in combination with REA and sequencing of the amplified fragments is a rapid and effective diagnostic system, and it is a new approach to refine epidemiologic studies of APV infections.

Safety assessment of Bt 176 maize in broiler nutrition: degradation of maize-DNA and its metabolic fate

Insect resistant Bt 176 maize has been developed by genetic modification to resist European borer infection. In the present investigation, the experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding a new hybrid of Bt 176 maize (NX 6262- Bt 176) on general health condition and performance of broiler chickens. Maize grains and diets were subjected to proximate analysis. Amino and fatty acids investigation were applied for both maize grains before used. To evaluate the degradation of NX 6262- Bt 176 maize DNA and its metabolic fate in broiler blood, muscles and organs. One-day-old male broilers were fed ad libitum on either an experimental diet containing NX 6262- Bt 176 or a control diet containing the non-modified maize grains for 35 days. Feed consumption and body weight were recorded weekly during the experimental period. All chickens were subjected to nutritional evaluation period at day 20 of age for 5 successive days, to calculate the percentage of apparent digestible nutrients in both diets. At day 35 samples were collected at several intervals after feed withdrawal. Prior to slaughter blood samples were collected from all birds by heart puncture to prevent DNA cross contamination. Samples from pectoral and thigh muscles, liver, spleen, kidney, heart muscle, bursa and thymus glands were collected. Digesta from different sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) were collected as well. Packed cell volume (PCV) and some serum parameters were investigated. There were no significant differences between control and experimental group concerning chemical composition of feeds, apparent digestible nutrients, and all performance parameters measured (P > 0.05). Furthermore, there were no differences in the PCV and the analysed serum parameters between the control and experimental group. The results of maize DNA digestibility showed that the new variety takes the normal physiological passage along broiler GIT similar to the conventional line. In addition, Bt 176 maize DNA appears to be partially degraded in different parts of GIT comparable to the DNA of the control maize line. Results of the metabolic fate of maize DNA in broiler blood, muscles and organs indicated that only short DNA fragments (199 bp) derived from the plant chloroplast gene could be detected in the blood, skeletal muscles, liver, spleen and kidney, which disappeared after prolongation the fasting time. In heart muscle, bursa of Fabricius and thymus, no plant chloroplast DNA was found. Bt gene specific constructs from Bt 176 maize were not detected in any investigated blood or tissue samples.

Upper limb arterial injuries: experience of 713 patients and analysis of risk factors associated with limb loss

Background

Experience of upper limb arterial injury management was analysed and risk factors associated with limb loss were identified.

Methods

Between 1987 and 1997, data on 713 patients with 760 upper limb arterial injuries were analysed retrospectively.

Results

The mechanism of injury was stabbing in 52 per cent, gunshot in 23 per cent, blunt trauma in 14 per cent and shotgun in 5 per cent. The most frequently injured vessel was the brachial artery (53 per cent) followed by the axillary (20 per cent), subclavian (14 per cent), radial (7 per cent) and ulnar (6 per cent) arteries. Associated injuries included bony injury in 12 per cent, nerve injury in 39 per cent and remote injury affecting the head, chest or abdomen in 3 per cent. Surgical revascularization was carried out in 95 per cent of patients and arm fasciotomy was necessary in 9 per cent. The limb salvage rate for this series was 96 per cent (27 amputations) and the survival rate was 98 per cent (11 deaths). On stepwise logistic regression analysis, significant (P &lt; 0·01) independent risk factors for amputation were blocked graft (odds ratio (OR) 7·6), tense compartment at presentation (OR 6·5), neurological deficit at presentation (OR 5·4) and associated compound fracture (OR 5·4).

Conclusion

Despite good collateral circulation, upper limb arterial injuries carry a considerable risk of limb loss, particularly when associated with soft tissue damage.

The use of PCR combined with restriction enzyme analysis to characterize fowl adenovirus field isolates from northern India

Ten fowl adenoviruses (FAVs), isolated from suspected cases of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) in quails and broilers, were characterized by a hexon-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of the amplified DNA fragments. All the isolates could be detected using H1/H2 and H3/H4 primer sets. Amplification of DNA with H1/H2 and H3/H4 primer sets resulted in fragments of approximately 1219 bp and 1319 bp, respectively. HaeII digestion of the H1/ H2 PCR products and HpaII digestion of the H3/H4 PCR products characterized all the isolates in FAV groups, known from genomic typing using the whole DNA. For some of the isolates, neutralization tests were used to confirm these results. The results revealed that, as well as FAV serotype 1, which is the sole member of DNA group A, FAVs of DNA group E are also associated with IBH in poultry in northern India. The FAV specific PCR combined with REA was found to be very useful in investigating the epidemiological situation in the field. It was even possible to define mixed infections with more than one FAV.

A fiber gene-based polymerase chain reaction for specific detection of pigeon adenovirus

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was developed to detect a recently described pigeon adenovirus (PiAV). Primers located in the fiber gene of PiAV amplified a PCR fragment solely from PiAV DNA, whereas all 12 serotypes of fowl adenoviruses (FAV1 to FAV12), some of them able to infect pigeons, did not react. A PCR fragment of 967 base pairs was amplified from three different isolates serologically typed as PiAV and from some pigeon liver samples showing morphological and histological signs of an adenovirus infection. Those samples did not react with a published primer pair (H3/H4) able to detect FAV, demonstrating the specificity of both PCRs to react exclusively with the respective pathogen, PiAV or FAV. The presented PCR is a suitable diagnostic tool to gain further insight into the epidemiology of PiAV infections in pigeons.

Serological investigations on reticuloendotheliosis in turkey flocks

Four meat turkey and one turkey breeding flocks were surveyed for antibodies against reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) at different intervals using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, serum samples collected from 18 flocks at different ages were also tested for antibodies against REV. No antibodies were detected in any of the four meat turkey flocks that were surveyed. In the breeder flock, 20%) of tested samples from 1-day-old poults were positive. Between the fourth and 12th weeks all samples that were tested yielded negative results. At 16 weeks of age 15% of samples yielded a positive reaction, but antibodies could not be detected 4 weeks later. Examination of serum samples from 18 different flocks at various ages revealed that antibodies could be detected in five flocks. The percentage of positive sera per flock ranged between 10 and 40%.

Lower extremity arterial injury: results of 550 cases and review of risk factors associated with limb loss

PURPOSE

We sought to analyze the results of lower limb arterial injury (LLAI) management in a busy metropolitan vascular unit and to identify risk factors associated with limb loss.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Between 1987 and 1997, prospectively collected data on 550 patients with 641 lower limb arterial injuries were analyzed.

RESULTS

The mechanism of LLAI was gunshot wounds in 46.1%, blunt in 19%, stabbing in 11.8%, and shotgun in 9.1%. The most frequently injured vessel was the superficial femoral artery (37.2%), followed by the popliteal (30.7%), crural (11%), common femoral (8.7%), and deep femoral (5.3%) arteries. In 3.4% of cases, there was a combined injury on either side of the knee (ipsilaterally). Associated injuries included bony injury in 35.1% of cases, nerve injury in 7.6%, and remote affecting the head, chest, or abdomen in 3.6%. Surgery was carried out on 96.2% of cases with a limb salvage rate of 83.8% and a survival of 98.5%. In spite of a rising trend in LLAI, our total and delayed amputation rates remained stable. On stepwise logistic regression analysis, significant (P <.01) independent risk factors for amputation were occluded graft (odds ratio [OR] 16.7), combined above- and below-knee injury (OR 4.4), tense compartment (OR 4.2), arterial transsection (OR 2.8), and associated compound fracture (OR 2.7).

CONCLUSION

LLAI carries a high amputation rate. Stab injuries are the least likely to lead to amputations, whereas high-velocity firearm injuries are the most likely to do so. The most significant independent risk factor for limb loss was failed revascularization.

Presence of avian pneumovirus type A in continental Europe during the 1980s

Three isolates of avian pneumovirus (APV) were isolated in Germany during 1987 and 1988 from turkeys with clinical signs of turkey rhinotracheitis and one was isolated during 1990 from a broiler breeder flock with typical signs of swollen head syndrome. The isolates were typed using type-specific reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. The three isolates from turkeys were identified as type A, while the isolate from the broiler breeders was type B. During the late 1980s no APV live-virus vaccine was used in poultry flocks in Germany, which is indicative of the presence of both types at that time. Previous isolates detected from elsewhere in Europe during the 1980s had been only of type B.

Efficacy of ELISA for detection of antibodies against several Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale serotypes

The present investigation were carried out to compare self-made ELISA based on SDS-Antigen extraction of serotype B and one commercial ELISA-kit (Biocheck, Gouda, The Netherlands) for their ability to detect antibodies against 12 ORT serotypes (A-L). Using both ELISA systems, antibodies against all serotypes were detected. Examination of serum samples collected from commercial flocks showed similar results on flock bases. However, some minor variations on sample basis could be demonstrated. In conclusion using both ELISA system antibodies against different serotypes could be detected.

Myocardial injury in major aortic surgery

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of major aortic surgery and its associated oxidative stress and injury on the myocardium.

METHODS

Plasma from 27 patients who underwent thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair and 17 patients who underwent infrarenal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair was collected at incision, aortic crossclamping, and reperfusion and 1, 8, and 24 hours thereafter. Samples were assayed for the myocardial specific protein troponin-T, total antioxidant status, and lipid hydroperoxides.

RESULTS

Ten patients experienced cardiac dysfunction in the first 24 hours after surgery (eight patients in the TAAA group and two patients in the AAA group). Immediately after reperfusion, total antioxidant status levels dropped in all patients with TAAA and with AAA; this was more marked in patients with TAAA, leading to a significant difference between the two groups at this time point and for up to 1 hour thereafter (P <.01). Patients with TAAA showed a sharp rise in lipid hydroperoxide levels immediately after reperfusion, and levels were significantly higher than in patients with AAA (P =.0007). In patients with AAA, no significant change in troponin-T was observed throughout the study period; whereas in patients with TAAA, levels were significantly elevated at 8 and 24 hours after reperfusion (P <.01). Troponin-T levels significantly correlated with total antioxidant status (r = -0.5) and lipid hydroperoxides (r = 0.78) but not with systolic blood pressure.

CONCLUSION

Supracoeliac aortic crossclamping is associated with a significant release of the myocardial injury marker troponin-T. This seems to correlate with the severity of oxidative rather than hemodynamic stresses. Ameliorating oxidative injury during TAAA surgery may therefore have a cardioprotective effect.

Enhancing venous outflow in the lower limb with intermittent pneumatic compression. A comparative haemodynamic analysis on the effect of foot vs. calf vs. foot and calf compression

OBJECTIVES

intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC), an established method of deep-vein thrombosis prophylaxis, is also an effective means of leg inflow enhancement, improving the walking capacity and ankle pressure of claudicants, long-term. This study, using duplex ultrasonography, compares the haemodynamic effect of IPC of the (a) foot (at 120 mmHg [IPC(foot/120 mmHg)], and 180 mmHg [IPC(foot/180 mmHg)]), (b) calf (IPC(calf), 120 mmHg) and (c) both simultaneously (IPC(foot+calf), 120 mmHg), on the venous outflow of 20 legs of normals and 25 legs of claudicants.

RESULTS

the peak and mean velocities, volume flow and pulsatility index in the superficial femoral and popliteal veins of both groups increased significantly with all IPC modes (p<0.001). IPC(foot+calf)produced the highest enhancement followed by IPC(calf)(p<0.01), which was more effective (p<0.001) than either IPC(foot/180 mmHg)or IPC(foot/120 mmHg). The venous volume expelled with IPC(calf)and IPC(foot+calf)was 2-2.5 and 3-3.5 times that with IPC(foot/180 mmHg)respectively. Velocity enhancement with IPC was similar between groups and the superficial femoral and popliteal veins. IPC(foot/180 mmHg)produced higher (p<0. 01) flow velocities than IPC(foot/120 mmHg)in both groups and veins examined; however, differences were limited.

CONCLUSIONS

all IPC modes proved effective, IPC(foot+calf)generating the highest venous outflow enhancement. Higher venous volumes expelled with IPC(foot+calf)explain its reported superiority on leg inflow over the other modes. Increase of applied pressure from 120 to 180 mmHg with IPC(foot)offered only a small outflow improvement. Venous haemodynamics at rest and with IPC in claudicants do not differ significantly from those in healthy subjects.

Endotoxemia during supraceliac aortic crossclamping is associated with suppression of the monocyte CD14 mechanism: possible role of transforming growth factor-beta1

PURPOSE

Monocyte CD14 and its soluble form (sCD14) mediate the proinflammatory response to endotoxemia. The aim of this study was to measure the changes to these factors after major aortic surgery and the possible inhibitory role of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) during these procedures.

METHODS

Twenty-four patients with supraceliac aortic crossclamping during thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair and 12 patients with infrarenal aortic crossclamping as part of infrarenal aneurysm repair (AAA) were studied. Blood was collected at incision, aortic clamping, and reperfusion and at 1, 8, and 24 hours after reperfusion. Samples were assayed for endotoxin, peripheral blood monocyte CD14 expression, sCD14, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and TGF-beta(1).

RESULTS

Although there was significant endotoxemia on reperfusion in both groups of patients, peak plasma endotoxin levels were significantly higher in patients with TAAA (P =.001). Monocyte CD14 and plasma sCD14 were significantly decreased in patients with TAAA at reperfusion and 1 hour after reperfusion (P <.01, both points). In patients with AAA, a significant upregulation of CD14 was observed at 24 hours after reperfusion (P <.01), but no significant changes in sCD14 were observed. TNF-alpha showed no significant changes during the study period in both groups. In patients with TAAA, TGF-beta(1) showed significant elevation at all time points (P <.01); whereas in patients with AAA, TGF-beta(1) showed no significant changes.

CONCLUSION

Splanchnic ischemia reperfusion in patients who undergo supraceliac aortic clamping is associated with peripheral blood monocyte CD14 suppression and significant elevation of TGF-beta(1). TGF-beta(1) may play an important role in modulating the immune response to endotoxemia during major aortic aneurysm surgery.

PCR for specific detection of haemorrhagic enteritis virus of turkeys, an avian adenovirus

A hexon gene based PCR was developed for specific amplification of DNA sequences from the haemorrhagic enteritis virus (HEV) of turkeys. The hexon genes of different avian adenoviruses were compared for primer construction. Two regions with low sequence homology between HEV and fowl adenovirus (FAV) hexon genes were selected for primer localisation. In correlation with the known sequence data a fragment of 1647 bp was amplified from a live vaccine and spleens of turkeys suffering from haemorrhagic enteritis (HE). All other avian adenoviruses which are able to infect turkeys, i.e. FAV and turkey adenoviruses (TAV), were negative. This is the first PCR for specific detection of HEV DNA which should be useful for rapid diagnosis and epidemiological investigations of HEV infections in turkeys.

Investigations on different Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale "ORT" isolates

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the antigenic relationship between different Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale (ORT) isolates and to serotype field isolates obtained from turkey and chickens. Different antigen extractions (heat-stable, proteinase K-stable [lipopolysaccharide], and sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS] extractions) were prepared from each serotype (A, B, C, D, E, and G) as well as from 21 ORT field isolates and examined in agar gel precipitation (AGP) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. The field isolates were cultured from turkey (16 isolates) and chicken (5 isolates) flocks showing respiratory manifestations. Monospecific reactions were obtained with heat-stable as well as proteinase K-stable antigens prepared from serotypes A, C, D, E, and G in AGP tests. On the other hand, with the same antigen preparations from a strain of serotype B in AGP tests, cross-reactions with antisera prepared against serotypes A and E could be detected. The cross-reactions were observed mostly between 48 and 72 hr. In applications of SDS-antigen preparations in AGP tests, cross-reactions between all serotypes except serotype C were detected between 24 and 72 hr. Testing all antigen preparation in ELISA, different cross-reactions were observed and the evaluation of the results is very difficult. Serotyping of the field isolates in AGP tests by using heat-extracted antigens showed after 24 hr that 10 out of 16 isolates from turkey belonged to serotype B, five to serotype A, and one to serotype E. Results obtained after 48-72 hr revealed cross-reactions between serotype B and E in 11 cases and between A and B in two cases. All five isolates obtained from chicken reacted after 24 hr only with serum against serotype A. After 48-72 hr, two isolates showed cross-reaction with antiserum against serotype B. Similar results were obtained with proteinase K-stable antigen.

Serologic evidence of pneumovirus in Chile

Chicken and turkey serum samples were obtained and tested in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to establish the presence or absence of antibodies to avian pneumovirus in the commercial poultry population of Chile. A total of 600 serum samples representing 15 different poultry farms of the central region of Chile were considered. These samples were obtained from 52 different flocks and included 220 turkey and 380 chicken sera. The results showed three flocks of market turkeys belonging to the same farm and three flocks of laying chickens of three different farms to be positive to antibody against pneumovirus. These results provide serologic evidence for the presence of pneumovirus in Chilean poultry.

Current status on the laboratory diagnosis of Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale "ORT" in poultry

Respiratory disease conditions are one of the most serious groups of diseases affecting poultry. Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale by has recently been recognized in many countries. Clinical signs and lesions are of little value in diagnosis. Accurate diagnosis must be substantiated by isolation and identification of the causative bacteria and/or detection of antibodies using serological examination. In the present paper a review on the current status of ORT laboratory diagnosis, results of serotyping of field isolates, serological surveillance in poultry flocks as well as the role of other avian pathogens in course of ORT infection will be given.

Deuterium oxide-based University of Wisconsin solution improves viability of hypothermically stored vascular tissue

BACKGROUND

Preservation of vascular function largely determines the outcome of transplantation. We have investigated replacing the water (H2O) in University of Wisconsin (UW) solution with deuterium oxide (D2O) in an attempt to improve vascular function after hypothermic storage.

METHODS

Rat aortic segments were stored in UW solutions based on 100% H2O, 25% D2O, 50% D2O, and 100% D2O at 4 degrees C for 24, 48, or 72 hr. Vascular function was measured via contraction and endothelium-dependent relaxation after stimulation with phenylephrine and acetylcholine.

RESULTS

UW solution with 25% D2O gave a significant (P<0.05) improvement of contraction and relaxation in comparison with H2O-based UW solution and other concentrations of D2O.

CONCLUSIONS

Low concentrations (25%) of D2O-UW solution are significantly superior to the H2O-based (i.e., commonly used) equivalent at up to 72 hr. These results suggest that low concentrations of D2O-UW solution can improve the quality of hypothermic storage.

Spinal cord complications of thoracoabdominal aneurysm surgery

BACKGROUND

Although rare, paralysis secondary to spinal cord ischaemia after aortic aneurysm surgery is a devastating complication. Many papers have been published on this topic but without a clear consensus on the best way of minimizing the problem. Recent articles have included advanced pharmacological approaches and the literature has been reviewed in light of these.

METHODS

Relevant papers were identified by an extensive text word search of the Medline database and a review of quoted articles.

RESULTS

Spinal cord complications are commoner after the repair of Crawford type II aneurysms than less extensive aneurysms. The presence of dissection, rupture and prolonged clamp times are associated with an increased incidence. About a quarter of all cord problems develop over 24 h after surgery and this may be due to a reperfusion type injury, although the exact mechanisms are by no means clear.

CONCLUSION

A combination of rapid surgery, left heart bypass for the repair of more extensive aneurysms, free spinal drainage and the avoidance of postoperative hypoxia and hypotension help to minimize spinal cord ischaemia. No pharmacological agent has yet been shown conclusively to improve outcome in the clinical setting.

Salmonella enteritidis colonization in turkey poults

An experimental trial on the colonization of two Salmonella enteritidis strains (phage types 4 and 8) originating from meat turkey flocks, were carried out. Three-day old poults were inoculated orally with approximately 10(6) cfu/bird (one group with PT8 and the other with PT4). clinical signs were not observed in any of the groups. The total reisolation rates from cloacal swabs in birds inoculated with PT4 was higher than from birds inoculated with PT8. The inoculated strains could also be detected in contact birds. Examination of internal organs 21 days p.i. revealed higher isolation rates in the group infected with PT4 than with PT8. The results indicate that both phage types of S. enteritidis were able to colonize the intestinal tract and the internal organs of turkey poults. However, the colonization and duration of shedding differed between the two phage types. This may be due to the fact that PT8 strain used was free from the S. e. virulence plasmid 37 MDa.

Surveillance on Salmonella in turkey flocks and processing plants

The present investigation was carried out to investigate the occurrence and distribution of Salmonella infection on all stages of turkey production. Therefore, samples from turkey parent flocks, hatchery, meat turkey flocks, turkey feed and finally from the surveillanced flocks at different steps in processing plant were examined. Salmonella was isolated from 4 out of 6 turkey parent flocks (66.7%), but none of the examined 485 samples from the hatchery revealed positive Salmonella results. Eight out of 24 monitored meat turkey flocks were free from Salmonella during the entire rearing period (33.3%); seven flocks (29.2%) appeared to be infected with only one serovar and in another 9 flocks (37.5%) two or more different serovars were isolated during the rearing period, in some cases at the same time. In 20 out of 506 examined feed samples Salmonella was isolated (3.95%). During processing, bacteriological investigations on the presence of Salmonella were carried out on the monitored flocks at different processing steps. Cross contamination seems to be very common during processing and even in several flocks contamination appeared to have started already during transport.

[Structural changes in the poultry production industry and in the tasks of veterinarians]

The rapid expansion and improvement in poultry production began during the mid-1930s. These enhanced by innovation in technology, science and management on different levels such as on artificial incubation, genetics, breeding, rearing, nutrition, disease control and processing technology. During the past 30 years the total egg production as well as poultry meat production has increased tremendously. The modern poultry industry oriented for high production and better quality at low cost, together with increasing claim of consumers for poultry meat and products, demand continuous efficient and goal oriented veterinary care. For this purpose, in many countries poultry health services supervised by veterinarians in co-operation with a central veterinary diagnostic laboratory, are established. Today the main duties of the poultry veterinarians have changed from therapeutic to prevention objectives. The tasks of the modern veterinary poultry specialists are described.

Comparative investigation on different turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT) virus isolates from different countries

The present investigation was carried out to compare the antigenic relationship between TRT virus isolates from different countries. The obtained results showed that all virus isolates shared similar physiochemical properties. In virus neutralisation tests marked two way cross reactions between BUT 1 = 8544 (England), STG 761/88 and STG 854/88 (Germany) could be detected. On the other hand VCO 3 isolate (France) showed only partial reaction. Also the SDS-poly acrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) profiles of three TRT viruses (one from England and two from Germany) were very similar, while the VCO 3 strain from France showed some variation.