1
|
Zeitlin L, Cross RW, Woolsey C, West BR, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Prasad AN, Deer DJ, Stuart L, McCavitt-Malvido M, Kim DH, Pettitt J, Crowe JE, Whaley KJ, Veesler D, Dimitrov A, Abelson DM, Geisbert TW, Broder CC. Therapeutic administration of a cross-reactive mAb targeting the fusion glycoprotein of Nipah virus protects nonhuman primates. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadl2055. [PMID: 38569014 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adl2055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
No licensed vaccines or therapies exist for patients infected with Nipah virus (NiV), although an experimental human monoclonal antibody (mAb) cross-reactive to the NiV and Hendra virus (HeV) G glycoprotein, m102.4, has been tested in a phase 1 trial and has been provided under compassionate use for both HeV and NiV exposures. NiV is a highly pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus causing regular outbreaks in humans and animals in South and Southeast Asia. The mortality rate of NiV infection in humans ranges from 40% to more than 90%, making it a substantial public health concern. The NiV G glycoprotein mediates host cell attachment, and the F glycoprotein facilitates membrane fusion and infection. We hypothesized that a mAb against the prefusion conformation of the F glycoprotein may confer better protection than m102.4. To test this, two potent neutralizing mAbs against NiV F protein, hu1F5 and hu12B2, were compared in a hamster model. Hu1F5 provided superior protection to hu12B2 and was selected for comparison with m102.4 for the ability to protect African green monkeys (AGMs) from a stringent NiV challenge. AGMs were exposed intranasally to the Bangladesh strain of NiV and treated 5 days after exposure with either mAb (25 milligrams per kilogram). Whereas only one of six AGMs treated with m102.4 survived until the study end point, all six AGMs treated with hu1F5 were protected. Furthermore, a reduced 10 milligrams per kilogram dose of hu1F5 also provided complete protection against NiV challenge, supporting the upcoming clinical advancement of this mAb for postexposure prophylaxis and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | | | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | | | | | - Do H Kim
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - James E Crowe
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Antony Dimitrov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine Inc., Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | | | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
| | - Christopher C Broder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eghrari AO, Shantha JG, Ross RD, Ryn CV, Crozier I, Hayek B, Gradin D, Roberts B, Prakalapakorn SG, Amegashie F, Nishant K, Singh G, Dolo R, Fankhauser J, Burkholder B, Pettitt J, Gross R, Brady T, Dighero-Kemp B, Reilly C, Hensley L, Higgs E, Yeh S, Bishop RJ. Efficacy and Safety Outcomes of Cataract Surgery in Survivors of Ebola Virus Disease: 12-Month Results From the PREVAIL VII Study. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:32. [PMID: 33520427 PMCID: PMC7838547 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.1.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose In survivors of Ebola virus disease (EVD), intraocular viral persistence raises questions about the timing and safety of cataract surgery. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first controlled study evaluating Ebola virus persistence and cataract surgery safety and outcomes in EVD survivors. Methods Seropositive EVD survivors and seronegative controls with vision worse than 20/40 from cataract and without active intraocular inflammation were enrolled. Aqueous humor from survivors was tested with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for Ebola viral RNA. Participants underwent manual small-incision cataract surgery and 1 year of follow-up examinations. Results Twenty-two eyes of 22 survivors and 12 eyes of eight controls underwent cataract surgery. All of the aqueous samples tested negative for Ebola viral RNA. Median visual acuity improved from 20/200 at baseline to 20/25 at 1 year in survivors and from count fingers to 20/50 in controls (overall, P < 0.001; between groups, P = 0.07). After a 1-month course of topical corticosteroids, 55% of survivors and 67% of controls demonstrated at least 1+ anterior chamber cell. Twelve months after surgery, optical coherence tomography revealed a median increase in macular central subfield thickness of 42 µm compared with baseline (overall, P = 0.029; between groups, P = 0.995). Conclusions EVD survivors and controls demonstrated significant visual improvement from cataract surgery. The persistence of intraocular inflammation highlights the importance of follow-up. The absence of detectable intraocular Ebola viral RNA provides guidance regarding the safety of eye surgery in Ebola survivors. Translational Relevance These findings demonstrate the safety and efficacy of cataract surgery in Ebola survivors and will inform ocular surgery guidelines in this population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Allen O Eghrari
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jessica G Shantha
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Collin Van Ryn
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Brent Hayek
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dan Gradin
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ben Roberts
- University of Alabama Birmingham-Callahan Eye Hospital, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Tenwek Hospital, Bomet, Kenya
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bryn Burkholder
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James Pettitt
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robin Gross
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tyler Brady
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bonnie Dighero-Kemp
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cavan Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lisa Hensley
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Higgs
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Steven Yeh
- Emory Eye Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rachel J Bishop
- National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rimoin AW, Lu K, Bramble MS, Steffen I, Doshi RH, Hoff NA, Mukadi P, Nicholson BP, Alfonso VH, Olinger G, Sinai C, Yamamoto LK, Ramirez CM, Okitolonda Wemakoy E, Kebela Illunga B, Pettitt J, Logue J, Bennett RS, Jahrling P, Heymann DL, Piot P, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Hensley LE, Simmons G. Ebola Virus Neutralizing Antibodies Detectable in Survivors of theYambuku, Zaire Outbreak 40 Years after Infection. J Infect Dis 2019; 217:223-231. [PMID: 29253164 PMCID: PMC5853670 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The first reported outbreak of Ebola virus disease occurred in 1976 in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. Antibody responses in survivors 11 years after infection have been documented. However, this report is the first characterization of anti-Ebola virus antibody persistence and neutralization capacity 40 years after infection. Using ELISAs we measured survivor’s immunological response to Ebola virus Zaire (EBOV) glycoprotein and nucleoprotein, and assessed VP40 reactivity. Neutralization of EBOV was measured using a pseudovirus approach and plaque reduction neutralization test with live EBOV. Some survivors from the original EBOV outbreak still harbor antibodies against all 3 measures. Interestingly, a subset of these survivors’ serum antibodies could still neutralize live virus 40 years postinitial infection. These data provide the longest documentation of both anti-Ebola serological response and neutralization capacity within any survivor cohort, extending the known duration of response from 11 years postinfection to at least 40 years after symptomatic infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Kai Lu
- Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Matthew S Bramble
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles.,Department of Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Imke Steffen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Reena H Doshi
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Nicole A Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Patrick Mukadi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, DRC
| | - Bradly P Nicholson
- Institute for Medical Research, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Carolina
| | - Vivian H Alfonso
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Gerrard Olinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick.,Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Cyrus Sinai
- Department of Epidemiology, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Lauren K Yamamoto
- Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Christina M Ramirez
- Department of Biostatistics, Jonathan and Karin Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | | | | | | | - James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick
| | | | | | - David L Heymann
- Chatham House Center on Global Health Security, London, UK.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Peter Piot
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick.,Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bramble MS, Hoff N, Gilchuk P, Mukadi P, Lu K, Doshi RH, Steffen I, Nicholson BP, Lipson A, Vashist N, Sinai C, Spencer D, Olinger G, Wemakoy EO, Illunga BK, Pettitt J, Logue J, Marchand J, Varughese J, Bennett RS, Jahrling P, Cavet G, Serafini T, Ollmann Saphire E, Vilain E, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Hensely LE, Simmons G, Crowe JE, Rimoin AW. Pan-Filovirus Serum Neutralizing Antibodies in a Subset of Congolese Ebolavirus Infection Survivors. J Infect Dis 2018; 218:1929-1936. [PMID: 30107445 PMCID: PMC6217721 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One year after a Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) outbreak occurred in the Boende Health Zone of the Democratic Republic of the Congo during 2014, we sought to determine the breadth of immune response against diverse filoviruses including EBOV, Bundibugyo (BDBV), Sudan (SUDV), and Marburg (MARV) viruses. After assessing the 15 survivors, 5 individuals demonstrated some degree of reactivity to multiple ebolavirus species and, in some instances, Marburg virus. All 5 of these survivors had immunoreactivity to EBOV glycoprotein (GP) and EBOV VP40, and 4 had reactivity to EBOV nucleoprotein (NP). Three of these survivors showed serologic responses to the 3 species of ebolavirus GPs tested (EBOV, BDBV, SUDV). All 5 samples also exhibited ability to neutralize EBOV using live virus, in a plaque reduction neutralization test. Remarkably, 3 of these EBOV survivors had plasma antibody responses to MARV GP. In pseudovirus neutralization assays, serum antibodies from a subset of these survivors also neutralized EBOV, BDBV, SUDV, and Taï Forest virus as well as MARV. Collectively, these findings suggest that some survivors of naturally acquired ebolavirus infection mount not only a pan-ebolavirus response, but also in less frequent cases, a pan-filovirus neutralizing response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Bramble
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
- Department of Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Nicole Hoff
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Patrick Mukadi
- Institut National de Recherche Biomedicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Kai Lu
- Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Reena H Doshi
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Imke Steffen
- Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Bradly P Nicholson
- Institute for Medical Research, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, North Carolina
| | - Allen Lipson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Neerja Vashist
- Department of Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Cyrus Sinai
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - D’andre Spencer
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| | - Garrard Olinger
- Boston University, School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts
| | | | - Benoit Kebela Illunga
- Direction de la Lutte Contre les Maladies, Ministère de la Sante, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - James Pettitt
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland
| | - James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Marchand
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Justin Varughese
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Richard S Bennett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland
| | - Peter Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland
| | | | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Eric Vilain
- Department of Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | | | - Lisa E Hensely
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, Maryland
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, NIAID, NIH, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, and Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Anne W Rimoin
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Logue J, Tuznik K, Follmann D, Grandits G, Marchand J, Reilly C, Sarro YDS, Pettitt J, Stavale EJ, Fallah M, Olinger GG, Bolay FK, Hensley LE. Use of the Filovirus Animal Non-Clinical Group (FANG) Ebola virus immuno-assay requires fewer study participants to power a study than the Alpha Diagnostic International assay. J Virol Methods 2018; 255:84-90. [PMID: 29481881 PMCID: PMC5942582 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
As part of the scientific community's development of medical countermeasures against Ebola virus disease, optimization of standardized assays for product evaluation is paramount. The recent outbreak heightened awareness to the scarcity of available assays and limited information on performance and reproducibility. To evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccines entering Phase I-III trials and to identify survivors, two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, the Filovirus Animal Non-Clinical Group assay and the Alpha Diagnostics International assay, were evaluated for detection of immunoglobulin G against Ebola virus glycoprotein. We found that the Filovirus Animal Nonclinical Group assay produced a wider range of relative antibody concentrations, higher assay precision, larger relative accuracy range, and lower regional background. Additionally, to sufficiently power a vaccine trial, use of the Filovirus Animal Nonclinical Group assay would require one third the number of participants than the Alpha Diagnostics International assay. This reduction in needed study participants will require less money, fewer man hours, and much less time to evaluate vaccine immunogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, USA.
| | - Kaylie Tuznik
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Dean Follmann
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Greg Grandits
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jonathan Marchand
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Cavan Reilly
- University of Minnesota, School of Public Health, Division of Biostatistics, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yeya Dit Sadio Sarro
- University Clinical Research Center (UCRC) - SEREFO Laboratory, University of Sciences, Techniques and Technology of Bamako (USTTB), Bamako, Mali
| | - James Pettitt
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, USA
| | - Eric J Stavale
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, USA
| | | | - Gene G Olinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, USA
| | | | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Frederick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Harbourt DE, Johnston SC, Pettitt J, Warren TK, Dorman WR. Detection of Ebola Virus RNA Through Aerosol Sampling of Animal Biosafety Level 4 Rooms Housing Challenged Nonhuman Primates. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:554-558. [PMID: 28011922 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease is a serious illness of humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). Direct contact has been shown to be the primary source of Ebola (EBOV) transmission. We used a high-volume air sampler to determine whether EBOV could be detected during 3 independent studies with EBOV-challenged NHPs. Viral RNA was recovered during days 9 and 10 of Study I and days 7 and 8 of Study III. Viral RNA levels were below limits of detection during all other collections. The results demonstrate that the biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) suit protects workers from aerosols in a BSL-4 environment using proper engineering and administrative controls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David E Harbourt
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara C Johnston
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Maryland, USA
| | - James Pettitt
- Integrated Research Facility, Ft Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Travis K Warren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Maryland, USA
| | - William R Dorman
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Pettitt J, Higgs E, Fallah M, Nason M, Stavale E, Marchand J, Reilly C, Jensen K, Dighero-Kemp B, Tuznik K, Logue J, Bolay F, Hensley L. Assessment and Optimization of the GeneXpert Diagnostic Platform for Detection of Ebola Virus RNA in Seminal Fluid. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:547-553. [PMID: 28003349 PMCID: PMC6075475 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have suggested that Ebola virus (EBOV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) potentially present in the semen of a large number of survivors of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in Western Africa may contribute to sexual transmission of EVD and generate new clusters of cases in regions previously declared EVD-free. These findings drive the immediate need for a reliable, rapid, user-friendly assay for detection of EBOV RNA in semen that is deployable to multiple sites across Western Africa. In this study, we optimized the Xpert EBOV assay for semen samples by adding dithiothreitol. Compared to the assays currently in use in Liberia (including Ebola Zaire Target 1, major groove binder real-time-polymerase chain reaction assays, and original Xpert EBOV assay), the modified Xpert EBOV assay demonstrated greater sensitivity than the comparator assays. Thus, the modified Xpert EBOV assay is optimal for large-scale monitoring of EBOV RNA persistence in male survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Pettitt
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Higgs
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Martha Nason
- Biostatistics Research Branch, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, USA
| | - Eric Stavale
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan Marchand
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Cavan Reilly
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kenneth Jensen
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Bonnie Dighero-Kemp
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Kaylie Tuznik
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - James Logue
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Fatorma Bolay
- Liberian Institute of Biomedical Research, Charlesville, Liberia
| | - Lisa Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Phan JC, Pettitt J, George JS, Fakoli LS, Taweh FM, Bateman SL, Bennett RS, Norris SL, Spinnler DA, Pimentel G, Sahr PK, Bolay FK, Schoepp RJ. Lateral Flow Immunoassays for Ebola Virus Disease Detection in Liberia. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S222-S228. [PMID: 27443616 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lateral flow immunoassays (LFIs) are point-of-care diagnostic assays that are designed for single use outside a formal laboratory, with in-home pregnancy tests the best-known example of these tests. Although the LFI has some limitations over more-complex immunoassay procedures, such as reduced sensitivity and the potential for false-positive results when using complex sample matrices, the assay has the benefits of a rapid time to result and ease of use. These benefits make it an attractive option for obtaining rapid results in an austere environment. In an outbreak of any magnitude, a field-based rapid diagnostic assay would allow proper patient transport and for safe burials to be conducted without the delay caused by transport of samples between remote villages and testing facilities. Use of such point-of-care instruments in the ongoing Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in West Africa would have distinct advantages in control and prevention of local outbreaks, but proper understanding of the technology and interpretation of results are important. METHODS In this study, a LFI, originally developed by the Naval Medical Research Center for Ebola virus environmental testing, was evaluated for its ability to detect the virus in clinical samples in Liberia. Clinical blood and plasma samples and post mortem oral swabs submitted to the Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, the National Public Health Reference Laboratory for EVD testing, were tested and compared to results of real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR), using assays targeting Ebola virus glycoprotein and nucleoprotein. RESULTS The LFI findings correlated well with those of the real-time RT-PCR assays used as benchmarks. CONCLUSIONS Rapid antigen-detection tests such as LFIs are attractive alternatives to traditional immunoassays but have reduced sensitivity and specificity, resulting in increases in false-positive and false-negative results. An understanding of the strengths, weaknesses, and limitations of a particular assay lets the diagnostician choose the correct situation to use the correct assay and properly interpret the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill C Phan
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center
| | - James Pettitt
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health
| | | | | | - Fahn M Taweh
- Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville
| | - Stacey L Bateman
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | | | - Sarah L Norris
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| | - David A Spinnler
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center
| | | | - Phillip K Sahr
- Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville
| | | | - Randal J Schoepp
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Cnops L, Van den Eede P, Pettitt J, Heyndrickx L, De Smet B, Coppens S, Andries I, Pattery T, Van Hove L, Meersseman G, Van Den Herrewegen S, Vergauwe N, Thijs R, Jahrling PB, Nauwelaers D, Ariën KK. Development, Evaluation, and Integration of a Quantitative Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Diagnostic Test for Ebola Virus on a Molecular Diagnostics Platform. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S192-S202. [PMID: 27247341 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2013-2016 Ebola epidemic in West Africa resulted in accelerated development of rapid diagnostic tests for emergency outbreak preparedness. We describe the development and evaluation of the Idylla™ prototype Ebola virus test, a fully automated sample-to-result molecular diagnostic test for rapid detection of Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) and Sudan ebolavirus (SUDV). METHODS The Idylla™ prototype Ebola virus test can simultaneously detect EBOV and SUDV in 200 µL of whole blood. The sample is directly added to a disposable cartridge containing all reagents for sample preparation, RNA extraction, and amplification by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis. The performance was evaluated with a variety of sample types, including synthetic constructs and whole blood samples from healthy volunteers spiked with viral RNA, inactivated virus, and infectious virus. RESULTS The 95% limits of detection for EBOV and SUDV were 465 plaque-forming units (PFU)/mL (1010 copies/mL) and 324 PFU/mL (8204 copies/mL), respectively. In silico and in vitro analyses demonstrated 100% correct reactivity for EBOV and SUDV and no cross-reactivity with relevant pathogens. The diagnostic sensitivity was 97.4% (for EBOV) and 91.7% (for SUDV), the specificity was 100%, and the diagnostic accuracy was 95.9%. CONCLUSIONS The Idylla™ prototype Ebola virus test is a fast, safe, easy-to-use, and near-patient test that meets the performance criteria to detect EBOV in patients with suspected Ebola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter Van den Eede
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse Biocartis, Mechelen, Belgium
| | - James Pettitt
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp
| | | | - Sandra Coppens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp
| | - Ilse Andries
- Janssen Diagnostics, Janssen Pharmaceutica, Beerse
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Peter B Jahrling
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Integrated Research Facility, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Kevin K Ariën
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Johnson RF, Bagci U, Keith L, Tang X, Mollura DJ, Zeitlin L, Qin J, Huzella L, Bartos CJ, Bohorova N, Bohorov O, Goodman C, Kim DH, Paulty MH, Velasco J, Whaley KJ, Johnson JC, Pettitt J, Ork BL, Solomon J, Oberlander N, Zhu Q, Sun J, Holbrook MR, Olinger GG, Baric RS, Hensley LE, Jahrling PB, Marasco WA. 3B11-N, a monoclonal antibody against MERS-CoV, reduces lung pathology in rhesus monkeys following intratracheal inoculation of MERS-CoV Jordan-n3/2012. Virology 2016; 490:49-58. [PMID: 26828465 PMCID: PMC4769911 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was identified in 2012 as the causative agent of a severe, lethal respiratory disease occurring across several countries in the Middle East. To date there have been over 1600 laboratory confirmed cases of MERS-CoV in 26 countries with a case fatality rate of 36%. Given the endemic region, it is possible that MERS-CoV could spread during the annual Hajj pilgrimage, necessitating countermeasure development. In this report, we describe the clinical and radiographic changes of rhesus monkeys following infection with 5×106 PFU MERS-CoV Jordan-n3/2012. Two groups of NHPs were treated with either a human anti-MERS monoclonal antibody 3B11-N or E410-N, an anti-HIV antibody. MERS-CoV Jordan-n3/2012 infection resulted in quantifiable changes by computed tomography, but limited other clinical signs of disease. 3B11-N treated subjects developed significantly reduced lung pathology when compared to infected, untreated subjects, indicating that this antibody may be a suitable MERS-CoV treatment. MERS-CoV Jordan-n3/2012 challenge of rhesus monkeys results in a mild disease. CT can be used to monitor disease progression to aid models of human disease. Treatment with the human monoclonal antibody 3B11-N resulted in decreased disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reed F Johnson
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Ulas Bagci
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda MD 20892, USA; Center for Research in Computer Vision (CRCV), Department of Electrics Electronics and Computer Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
| | - Lauren Keith
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Xianchun Tang
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Daniel J Mollura
- Center for Infectious Disease Imaging, National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego CA 92121, USA
| | - Jing Qin
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Louis Huzella
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Christopher J Bartos
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | - Do H Kim
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Jesus Velasco
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc., San Diego CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Joshua C Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - James Pettitt
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Britini L Ork
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey Solomon
- Clinical Research Directorate/Clinical Monitoring Research Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research,Frederick, MD 21702-USA
| | - Nicholas Oberlander
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiusong Sun
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gene G Olinger
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Emerging Viral Pathogens Section National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology & AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mate SE, Kugelman JR, Nyenswah TG, Ladner JT, Wiley MR, Cordier-Lassalle T, Christie A, Schroth GP, Gross SM, Davies-Wayne GJ, Shinde SA, Murugan R, Sieh SB, Badio M, Fakoli L, Taweh F, de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Munster VJ, Pettitt J, Prieto K, Humrighouse BW, Ströher U, DiClaro JW, Hensley LE, Schoepp RJ, Safronetz D, Fair J, Kuhn JH, Blackley DJ, Laney AS, Williams DE, Lo T, Gasasira A, Nichol ST, Formenty P, Kateh FN, De Cock KM, Bolay F, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Palacios G. Molecular Evidence of Sexual Transmission of Ebola Virus. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:2448-54. [PMID: 26465384 PMCID: PMC4711355 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1509773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A suspected case of sexual transmission from a male survivor of Ebola virus disease (EVD) to his female partner (the patient in this report) occurred in Liberia in March 2015. Ebola virus (EBOV) genomes assembled from blood samples from the patient and a semen sample from the survivor were consistent with direct transmission. The genomes shared three substitutions that were absent from all other Western African EBOV sequences and that were distinct from the last documented transmission chain in Liberia before this case. Combined with epidemiologic data, the genomic analysis provides evidence of sexual transmission of EBOV and evidence of the persistence of infective EBOV in semen for 179 days or more after the onset of EVD. (Funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency and others.).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E Mate
- From the Center for Genome Sciences (S.E.M., J.R.K., J.T.L., M.R.W., K.P., M.S.-L., G.P.) and Diagnostic Systems Division (R.J.S.), U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, and the Division of Clinical Research, Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH) (J.P., L.E.H., J.H.K.) - all in Frederick, MD; the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare (T.G.N., S.B.S., M.B., F.N.K.) and the World Health Organization (WHO) (G.J.D.-W., R.M.), Monrovia, and the Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, Charlesville (L.F., F.T., F.B.) - all in Liberia; WHO, Geneva (T.C.-L., A.G., P.F.); the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (A.C., B.W.H., U.S., D.J.B., A.S.L., D.E.W., T.L., S.T.N., K.M.D.C.); Illumina, San Diego, CA (G.P.S., S.M.G.); WHO, New Delhi, India (S.A.S); Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Hamilton, MT (E.W., N.D., V.J.M., D.S.); Naval Medical Research Unit 3, Cairo (J.W.D.); and the Foundation Mérieux, Washington, DC (J.F.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pettitt J, Higgs ES, Adams RD, Jahrling PB, Hensley LE. Use of Existing Diagnostic Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Assays for Detection of Ebola Virus RNA in Semen. J Infect Dis 2015; 213:1237-9. [PMID: 26374912 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual transmission of Ebola virus in Liberia has now been documented and associated with new clusters in regions previously declared Ebola free. Assays that have Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) and are routinely used to detect Ebola virus RNA in whole blood and plasma specimens at the Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research were tested for their suitability in detecting the presence of Ebola virus RNA in semen. Qiagen AVL extraction protocols, as well as the Ebola Zaire Target 1 and major groove binder quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assays, were demonstrably suitable for this purpose and should facilitate epidemiologic investigations, including those involving long-term survivors of Ebola.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Pettitt
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth S Higgs
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Rick D Adams
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kugelman JR, Wiley MR, Mate S, Ladner JT, Beitzel B, Fakoli L, Taweh F, Prieto K, Diclaro JW, Minogue T, Schoepp RJ, Schaecher KE, Pettitt J, Bateman S, Fair J, Kuhn JH, Hensley L, Park DJ, Sabeti PC, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Bolay FK, Palacios G. Monitoring of Ebola Virus Makona Evolution through Establishment of Advanced Genomic Capability in Liberia. Emerg Infect Dis 2015; 21:1135-43. [PMID: 26079255 PMCID: PMC4816332 DOI: 10.3201/eid2107.150522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
To support Liberia's response to the ongoing Ebola virus (EBOV) disease epidemic in Western Africa, we established in-country advanced genomic capabilities to monitor EBOV evolution. Twenty-five EBOV genomes were sequenced at the Liberian Institute for Biomedical Research, which provided an in-depth view of EBOV diversity in Liberia during September 2014-February 2015. These sequences were consistent with a single virus introduction to Liberia; however, shared ancestry with isolates from Mali indicated at least 1 additional instance of movement into or out of Liberia. The pace of change is generally consistent with previous estimates of mutation rate. We observed 23 nonsynonymous mutations and 1 nonsense mutation. Six of these changes are within known binding sites for sequence-based EBOV medical countermeasures; however, the diagnostic and therapeutic impact of EBOV evolution within Liberia appears to be low.
Collapse
|
14
|
Christie A, Davies-Wayne GJ, Cordier-Lasalle T, Blackley DJ, Laney AS, Williams DE, Shinde SA, Badio M, Lo T, Mate SE, Ladner JT, Wiley MR, Kugelman JR, Palacios G, Holbrook MR, Janosko KB, de Wit E, van Doremalen N, Munster VJ, Pettitt J, Schoepp RJ, Verhenne L, Evlampidou I, Kollie KK, Sieh SB, Gasasira A, Bolay F, Kateh FN, Nyenswah TG, De Cock KM. Possible sexual transmission of Ebola virus - Liberia, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015; 64:479-81. [PMID: 25950255 PMCID: PMC4584553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
On March 20, 2015, 30 days after the most recent confirmed Ebola Virus Disease (Ebola) patient in Liberia was isolated, Ebola was laboratory confirmed in a woman in Monrovia. The investigation identified only one epidemiologic link to Ebola: unprotected vaginal intercourse with a survivor. Published reports from previous outbreaks have demonstrated Ebola survivors can continue to harbor virus in immunologically privileged sites for a period of time after convalescence. Ebola virus has been isolated from semen as long as 82 days after symptom onset and viral RNA has been detected in semen up to 101 days after symptom onset. One instance of possible sexual transmission of Ebola has been reported, although the accompanying evidence was inconclusive. In addition, possible sexual transmission of Marburg virus, a filovirus related to Ebola, was documented in 1968. This report describes the investigation by the Government of Liberia and international response partners of the source of Liberia's latest Ebola case and discusses the public health implications of possible sexual transmission of Ebola virus. Based on information gathered in this investigation, CDC now recommends that contact with semen from male Ebola survivors be avoided until more information regarding the duration and infectiousness of viral shedding in body fluids is known. If male survivors have sex (oral, vaginal, or anal), a condom should be used correctly and consistently every time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Moses Badio
- Ministry of Health and Social Welfare, Liberia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kuhn JH, Andersen KG, Bào Y, Bavari S, Becker S, Bennett RS, Bergman NH, Blinkova O, Bradfute S, Brister JR, Bukreyev A, Chandran K, Chepurnov AA, Davey RA, Dietzgen RG, Doggett NA, Dolnik O, Dye JM, Enterlein S, Fenimore PW, Formenty P, Freiberg AN, Garry RF, Garza NL, Gire SK, Gonzalez JP, Griffiths A, Happi CT, Hensley LE, Herbert AS, Hevey MC, Hoenen T, Honko AN, Ignatyev GM, Jahrling PB, Johnson JC, Johnson KM, Kindrachuk J, Klenk HD, Kobinger G, Kochel TJ, Lackemeyer MG, Lackner DF, Leroy EM, Lever MS, Mühlberger E, Netesov SV, Olinger GG, Omilabu SA, Palacios G, Panchal RG, Park DJ, Patterson JL, Paweska JT, Peters CJ, Pettitt J, Pitt L, Radoshitzky SR, Ryabchikova EI, Saphire EO, Sabeti PC, Sealfon R, Shestopalov AM, Smither SJ, Sullivan NJ, Swanepoel R, Takada A, Towner JS, van der Groen G, Volchkov VE, Volchkova VA, Wahl-Jensen V, Warren TK, Warfield KL, Weidmann M, Nichol ST. Filovirus RefSeq entries: evaluation and selection of filovirus type variants, type sequences, and names. Viruses 2014; 6:3663-82. [PMID: 25256396 PMCID: PMC4189044 DOI: 10.3390/v6093663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequence determination of complete or coding-complete genomes of viruses is becoming common practice for supporting the work of epidemiologists, ecologists, virologists, and taxonomists. Sequencing duration and costs are rapidly decreasing, sequencing hardware is under modification for use by non-experts, and software is constantly being improved to simplify sequence data management and analysis. Thus, analysis of virus disease outbreaks on the molecular level is now feasible, including characterization of the evolution of individual virus populations in single patients over time. The increasing accumulation of sequencing data creates a management problem for the curators of commonly used sequence databases and an entry retrieval problem for end users. Therefore, utilizing the data to their fullest potential will require setting nomenclature and annotation standards for virus isolates and associated genomic sequences. The National Center for Biotechnology Information’s (NCBI’s) RefSeq is a non-redundant, curated database for reference (or type) nucleotide sequence records that supplies source data to numerous other databases. Building on recently proposed templates for filovirus variant naming [<virus name> (<strain>)/<isolation host-suffix>/<country of sampling>/<year of sampling>/<genetic variant designation>-<isolate designation>], we report consensus decisions from a majority of past and currently active filovirus experts on the eight filovirus type variants and isolates to be represented in RefSeq, their final designations, and their associated sequences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Yīmíng Bào
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Sina Bavari
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Stephan Becker
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Richard S Bennett
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Nicholas H Bergman
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Olga Blinkova
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | | | - J Rodney Brister
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology and Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Alexander A Chepurnov
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Robert A Davey
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Ralf G Dietzgen
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Norman A Doggett
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Olga Dolnik
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sven Enterlein
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Paul W Fenimore
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Pierre Formenty
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Alexander N Freiberg
- Department of Pathology and Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Robert F Garry
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Nicole L Garza
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Stephen K Gire
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Jean-Paul Gonzalez
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA. :
| | - Anthony Griffiths
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Christian T Happi
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Lisa E Hensley
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michael C Hevey
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Anna N Honko
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Georgy M Ignatyev
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Peter B Jahrling
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Joshua C Johnson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Karl M Johnson
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Hans-Dieter Klenk
- Institut für Virologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Gary Kobinger
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Tadeusz J Kochel
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Matthew G Lackemeyer
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Daniel F Lackner
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Eric M Leroy
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Mark S Lever
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Elke Mühlberger
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Sergey V Netesov
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Gene G Olinger
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sunday A Omilabu
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Rekha G Panchal
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Daniel J Park
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Jean L Patterson
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Janusz T Paweska
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Clarence J Peters
- Department of Pathology and Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - James Pettitt
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Louise Pitt
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Sheli R Radoshitzky
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Elena I Ryabchikova
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Rachel Sealfon
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | | | - Sophie J Smither
- FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Robert Swanepoel
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Ayato Takada
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Jonathan S Towner
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Guido van der Groen
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Viktor E Volchkov
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Valentina A Volchkova
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Victoria Wahl-Jensen
- National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Travis K Warren
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Kelly L Warfield
- Information Engineering Branch, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA.
| | - Manfred Weidmann
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Stuart T Nichol
- IViral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens Pathology, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Qiu X, Wong G, Audet J, Bello A, Fernando L, Alimonti JB, Fausther-Bovendo H, Wei H, Aviles J, Hiatt E, Johnson A, Morton J, Swope K, Bohorov O, Bohorova N, Goodman C, Kim D, Pauly MH, Velasco J, Pettitt J, Olinger GG, Whaley K, Xu B, Strong JE, Zeitlin L, Kobinger GP. Reversion of advanced Ebola virus disease in nonhuman primates with ZMapp. Nature 2014; 514:47-53. [PMID: 25171469 PMCID: PMC4214273 DOI: 10.1038/nature13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 700] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Without an approved vaccine or treatments, Ebola outbreak management has been limited to palliative care and barrier methods to prevent transmission. These approaches, however, have yet to end the 2014 outbreak of Ebola after its prolonged presence in West Africa. Here we show that a combination of monoclonal antibodies (ZMapp), optimized from two previous antibody cocktails, is able to rescue 100% of rhesus macaques when treatment is initiated up to 5 days post-challenge. High fever, viraemia and abnormalities in blood count and blood chemistry were evident in many animals before ZMapp intervention. Advanced disease, as indicated by elevated liver enzymes, mucosal haemorrhages and generalized petechia could be reversed, leading to full recovery. ELISA and neutralizing antibody assays indicate that ZMapp is cross-reactive with the Guinean variant of Ebola. ZMapp exceeds the efficacy of any other therapeutics described so far, and results warrant further development of this cocktail for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangguo Qiu
- National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Gary Wong
- 1] National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Jonathan Audet
- 1] National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Alexander Bello
- 1] National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Lisa Fernando
- National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Judie B Alimonti
- National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Hugues Fausther-Bovendo
- 1] National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Haiyan Wei
- 1] National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada [2] Institute of Infectious Disease, Henan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, 450012 Henan, China
| | - Jenna Aviles
- National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Ernie Hiatt
- Kentucky BioProcessing, Owensboro, Kentucky 42301, USA
| | | | - Josh Morton
- Kentucky BioProcessing, Owensboro, Kentucky 42301, USA
| | - Kelsi Swope
- Kentucky BioProcessing, Owensboro, Kentucky 42301, USA
| | - Ognian Bohorov
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | | | - Charles Goodman
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Do Kim
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Michael H Pauly
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Jesus Velasco
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - James Pettitt
- 1] United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA [2] Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Gene G Olinger
- 1] United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA [2] Integrated Research Facility, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Kevin Whaley
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Bianli Xu
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Henan Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou, 450012 Henan, China
| | - James E Strong
- 1] National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada [3] Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3A 1S1, Canada
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical Inc., San Diego, California 92121, USA
| | - Gary P Kobinger
- 1] National Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases and Special Pathogens, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3R2, Canada [2] Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada [3] Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada [4] Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pettitt J, Zeitlin L, Kim DH, Working C, Johnson JC, Bohorov O, Bratcher B, Hiatt E, Hume SD, Johnson AK, Morton J, Pauly MH, Whaley KJ, Ingram MF, Zovanyi A, Heinrich M, Piper A, Zelko J, Olinger GG. Therapeutic intervention of Ebola virus infection in rhesus macaques with the MB-003 monoclonal antibody cocktail. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:199ra113. [PMID: 23966302 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) remains one of the most lethal transmissible infections and is responsible for high fatality rates and substantial morbidity during sporadic outbreaks. With increasing human incursions into endemic regions and the reported possibility of airborne transmission, EBOV is a high-priority public health threat for which no preventive or therapeutic options are currently available. Recent studies have demonstrated that cocktails of monoclonal antibodies are effective at preventing morbidity and mortality in nonhuman primates (NHPs) when administered as a post-exposure prophylactic within 1 or 2 days of challenge. To test whether one of these cocktails (MB-003) demonstrates efficacy as a therapeutic (after the onset of symptoms), we challenged NHPs with EBOV and initiated treatment upon confirmation of infection according to a diagnostic protocol for U.S. Food and Drug Administration Emergency Use Authorization and observation of a documented fever. Of the treated animals, 43% survived challenge, whereas both the controls and all historical controls with the same challenge stock succumbed to infection. These results represent successful therapy of EBOV infection in NHPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James Pettitt
- Division of Virology, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter Street, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zeitlin L, Pettitt J, Scully C, Bohorova N, Kim D, Pauly M, Hiatt A, Ngo L, Steinkellner H, Whaley KJ, Olinger GG. Enhanced potency of a fucose-free monoclonal antibody being developed as an Ebola virus immunoprotectant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:20690-4. [PMID: 22143789 PMCID: PMC3251097 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1108360108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
No countermeasures currently exist for the prevention or treatment of the severe sequelae of Filovirus (such as Ebola virus; EBOV) infection. To overcome this limitation in our biodefense preparedness, we have designed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) which could be used in humans as immunoprotectants for EBOV, starting with a murine mAb (13F6) that recognizes the heavily glycosylated mucin-like domain of the virion-attached glycoprotein (GP). Point mutations were introduced into the variable region of the murine mAb to remove predicted human T-cell epitopes, and the variable regions joined to human constant regions to generate a mAb (h-13F6) appropriate for development for human use. We have evaluated the efficacy of three variants of h-13F6 carrying different glycosylation patterns in a lethal mouse EBOV challenge model. The pattern of glycosylation of the various mAbs was found to correlate to level of protection, with aglycosylated h-13F6 providing the least potent efficacy (ED(50) = 33 μg). A version with typical heterogenous mammalian glycoforms (ED(50) = 11 μg) had similar potency to the original murine mAb. However, h-13F6 carrying complex N-glycosylation lacking core fucose exhibited superior potency (ED(50) = 3 μg). Binding studies using Fcγ receptors revealed enhanced binding of nonfucosylated h-13F6 to mouse and human FcγRIII. Together the results indicate the presence of Fc N-glycans enhances the protective efficacy of h-13F6, and that mAbs manufactured with uniform glycosylation and a higher potency glycoform offer promise as biodefense therapeutics.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hollis RP, Lagido C, Pettitt J, Porter AJ, Killham K, Paton GI, Glover LA. Toxicity of the bacterial luciferase substrate, n-decyl aldehyde, to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans. FEBS Lett 2001; 506:140-2. [PMID: 11591388 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02905-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study determined that the bacterial luciferase fusion gene (luxAB) was not a suitable in vivo gene reporter in the model eukaryotic organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans. LuxAB expressing S. cerevisiae strains displayed distinctive rapid decays in luminescence upon addition of the bacterial luciferase substrate, n-decyl aldehyde, suggesting a toxic response. Growth studies and toxicity bioassays have subsequently confirmed, that the aldehyde substrate was toxic to both organisms at concentrations well tolerated by Escherichia coli. As the addition of aldehyde is an integral part of the bacterial luciferase activity assay, our results do not support the use of lux reporter genes for in vivo analyses in these model eukaryotic organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Hollis
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lagido C, Pettitt J, Porter AJ, Paton GI, Glover LA. Development and application of bioluminescent Caenorhabditis elegans as multicellular eukaryotic biosensors. FEBS Lett 2001; 493:36-9. [PMID: 11278001 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02271-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We describe a novel approach to assess toxicity to the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that relies on the ability of firefly luciferase to report on endogenous ATP levels. We have constructed bioluminescent C. elegans with the luc gene under control of a constitutive promoter. Light reduction was observed in response to increasing temperature, concentrations of copper, lead and 3,5-dichlorophenol. This was due to increased mortality coupled with decreased metabolic activity in the surviving animals. The light emitted by the transgenic nematodes gave a rapid, real-time indication of metabolic status. This forms the basis of rapid and biologically relevant toxicity tests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Lagido
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Aberdeen, Institute of Medical Sciences, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The ability to form selective cell-cell adhesions is an essential property of metazoan cells. Members of the cadherin superfamily are important regulators of this process in both vertebrates and invertebrates. With the advent of genome sequencing projects, determination of the full repertoire of cadherins available to an organism is possible and here we present the identification and analysis of the cadherin repertoires in the genomes of Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. Hidden Markov models of cadherin domains were matched to the protein sequences obtained from the translation of the predicted gene sequences. Matches were made to 21 C. elegans and 18 D. melanogaster sequences. Experimental and theoretical work on C. elegans sequences, and data from ESTs, show that three pairs of genes, and two triplets, should be merged to form five single genes. It also produced sequence changes at one or both of the 5' and 3' termini of half the sequences. In D. melanogaster it is probable that two of the cadherin genes should also be merged together and that three cadherin genes should be merged with other neighbouring genes. Of the 15 cadherin proteins found in C. elegans, 13 have the features of cell surface proteins, signal sequences and transmembrane helices; the other two have only signal sequences. Of the 17 in D. melanogaster, 11 at present have both features and another five have transmembrane helices. The evidence currently available suggests about one-third of the cadherins in the two organisms can be grouped into subfamilies in which all, or parts of, the molecules are conserved. Each organism also has a approximately 980 residue protein (CDH-11 and CG11059) with two cadherin domains and whose sequences match well over their entire length two proteins from human brain. Two proteins in C. elegans, HMR-1A and HMR-1B, and three in D. melanogaster, CadN, Shg and CG7527, have cytoplasmic domains homologous to those of the classical cadherin genes of chordates but their extracellular regions have different domain structures. Other common subclasses include the seven-helix membrane cadherins, Fat-like protocadherins and the Ret-like cadherins. At present, the remaining cadherins have no obvious similarities in their extracellular domain architecture or homologies to their cytoplasmic domains and may, therefore, represent species-specific or phylum-specific molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Hill
- MRC, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 2QH, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pettitt J, Wood WB, Plasterk RH. cdh-3, a gene encoding a member of the cadherin superfamily, functions in epithelial cell morphogenesis in Caenorhabditis elegans. Development 1996; 122:4149-57. [PMID: 9012534 DOI: 10.1242/dev.122.12.4149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Several genes that encode members of the cadherin superfamily have been identified in Caenorhabditis elegans. Based on the roles of cadherins in vertebrates and Drosophila, it is expected that they function in the control of epithelial morphogenesis, an event which is poorly understood at the molecular level in C. elegans. Reporter genes under the control of upstream sequences from one of these genes, cdh-3, are expressed in developing epithelial cells, but also in a number of neuroectodermal cells that extend processes along some of these epithelial cells. We generated a loss-of-function mutation in cdh-3 by transposon-mediated deletion mutagenesis. This mutation affects the morphogenesis of a single cell, hyp10, which forms the tip of the nematode tail. The lack of detectable defects associated with the other cells expressing cdh-3 reporter constructs hints at the existence of other genes that can compensate for cdh-3 loss of function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pettitt
- Division of Molecular Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The distinction between soma and germline was recognized more than a century ago: somatic cells form the body of an organism, whereas germ cells serve to produce future generations. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the separation of some and germline occurs through a series of asymmetrical divisions, in which embryonic germline blastomeres divide unequally to produce one somatic daughter and one germline daughter. Here we show that after each asymmetrical division, embryonically transcribed RNAs are detected in somatic, but not germline, blastomeres. This asymmetry depends on the activity of the germline specific factor, PIE-1. In the absence of PIE-1, embryonically transcribed RNAs are detected in both somatic and germline blastomeres. Furthermore, ectopic expression of PIE-1 in somatic blastomeres can significantly reduce the accumulation of new transcripts in these cells. Taken together, these results suggest that germ-cell fate depends on an inhibitory mechanism that blocks new gene expression in the early embryonic germ lineage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Seydoux
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Maryland 21210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
A comparison of the genomic DNA sequence that encodes the Ascaris suum alpha 2(IV) collagen chain with the corresponding cDNA sequence led to the identification of a putative exon that was not expressed in the cDNA. The identification of this putative exon raised the possibility that transcripts of the alpha 2(IV) gene may undergo alternative splicing. We have used a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay to establish that such alternative splicing does indeed occur. Our results show that the A. suum alpha 2(IV) collagen gene produces at least two similar, but not identical, transcripts via the selection of two alternative exons. Furthermore, this alternative splicing appears to be developmentally regulated, suggesting that alternative splicing may be used in order to modify the properties of type IV collagen during nematode development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pettitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
A 190 bp insertion is associated with the white-eosin mutation in Drosophila melanogaster. This insertion is a member of a family of transposable elements, pogo elements, which is of the same class as the P and hobo elements of D. melanogaster. Strains typically have many copies of a 190 bp element, 10-15 elements 1.1-1.5 kb in size and several copies of a 2.1 kb element. The smaller elements all appear to be derived from the largest by single internal deletions so that all elements share terminal sequences. They either always insert at the dinucleotide TA and have perfect 21 bp terminal inverse repeats, or have 22 bp inverse repeats and produce no duplication upon insertion. Analysis by DNA blotting of their distribution and occupancy of insertion sites in different strains suggests that they may be less mobile than P or hobo. The DNA sequence of the largest element has two long open reading frames on one strand which are joined by splicing as indicated by cDNA analysis. RNAs of this strand are made, whose sizes are similar to the major size classes of elements. A protein predicted by the DNA sequence has significant homology with a human centrosomal-associated protein, CENP-B. Homologous sequences were not detected in other Drosophila species, suggesting that this transposable element family may be restricted to D. melanogaster.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tudor
- Department of Biochemistry, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pettitt J, Kingston IB. The complete primary structure of a nematode alpha 2(IV) collagen and the partial structural organization of its gene. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:16149-56. [PMID: 1714907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We have isolated and characterized cDNA and genomic DNA clones which encode an alpha 2(IV) collagen chain from the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. In addition we have determined, by nucleic acid sequence analysis, the structural organization of approximately two-thirds of the gene. This analysis has shown that the gene contains at least 15 introns, and those that have been characterized range in size from 141 to 854 base pairs. The derived protein sequence contains 1763 amino acids and includes a putative 26-amino acid signal sequence. The collagenous triple-helical region contains 17 interruptions, many of which occur in the same positions as those in the human alpha 1(IV) and alpha 2(IV) chains. Comparison of the genomic DNA sequence with the cDNA sequence has revealed the presence of a sequence within the gene which appears to be an intact and normal exon that is not represented in our cDNA sequence. The presence of this putative exon raises the possibility that the A. suum alpha 2(IV) collagen gene may undergo alternative splicing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Pettitt
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Pettitt J, Kingston I. The complete primary structure of a nematode alpha 2(IV) collagen and the partial structural organization of its gene. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)98528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|
28
|
Abstract
We are interested in the structure and organization of collagen and collagen genes in the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum and in the control of collagen gene expression in Ascaris. In this nematode, as in all others studied, collagens constitute the major component of the extracellular cuticle and ultimately we would like to correlate the expression pattern of Ascaris cuticular collagen genes with the structure of the nematode cuticle. We would also like to see if there is any correlation between differential collagen gene expression and the biology and life-cycle of the parasite. In addition, we are also interested in comparing our data with the more extensive data available on collagen genes in the free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I B Kingston
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|