1
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Gurbatri CR, Radford GA, Vrbanac L, Im J, Thomas EM, Coker C, Taylor SR, Jang Y, Sivan A, Rhee K, Saleh AA, Chien T, Zandkarimi F, Lia I, Lannagan TRM, Wang T, Wright JA, Kobayashi H, Ng JQ, Lawrence M, Sammour T, Thomas M, Lewis M, Papanicolas L, Perry J, Fitzsimmons T, Kaazan P, Lim A, Stavropoulos AM, Gouskos DA, Marker J, Ostroff C, Rogers G, Arpaia N, Worthley DL, Woods SL, Danino T. Engineering tumor-colonizing E. coli Nissle 1917 for detection and treatment of colorectal neoplasia. Nat Commun 2024; 15:646. [PMID: 38245513 PMCID: PMC10799955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44776-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioengineered probiotics enable new opportunities to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, prevention and treatment. Here, first, we demonstrate selective colonization of colorectal adenomas after oral delivery of probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) to a genetically-engineered murine model of CRC predisposition and orthotopic models of CRC. We next undertake an interventional, double-blind, dual-centre, prospective clinical trial, in which CRC patients take either placebo or EcN for two weeks prior to resection of neoplastic and adjacent normal colorectal tissue (ACTRN12619000210178). We detect enrichment of EcN in tumor samples over normal tissue from probiotic-treated patients (primary outcome of the trial). Next, we develop early CRC intervention strategies. To detect lesions, we engineer EcN to produce a small molecule, salicylate. Oral delivery of this strain results in increased levels of salicylate in the urine of adenoma-bearing mice, in comparison to healthy controls. To assess therapeutic potential, we engineer EcN to locally release a cytokine, GM-CSF, and blocking nanobodies against PD-L1 and CTLA-4 at the neoplastic site, and demonstrate that oral delivery of this strain reduces adenoma burden by ~50%. Together, these results support the use of EcN as an orally-deliverable platform to detect disease and treat CRC through the production of screening and therapeutic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice R Gurbatri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Georgette A Radford
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jongwon Im
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Elaine M Thomas
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Courtney Coker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Samuel R Taylor
- Weill Cornell-Rockefeller-Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD program, New York, NY, USA
| | - YoungUk Jang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Ayelet Sivan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Kyu Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anas A Saleh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tiffany Chien
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | | | - Ioana Lia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jia Q Ng
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Matt Lawrence
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Tarik Sammour
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Michelle Thomas
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Mark Lewis
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Lito Papanicolas
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Joanne Perry
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Tracy Fitzsimmons
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Patricia Kaazan
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Amanda Lim
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | | | - Dion A Gouskos
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Julie Marker
- Cancer Voices SA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Cheri Ostroff
- University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia
| | - Geraint Rogers
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, 5042, Australia
| | - Nicholas Arpaia
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Colonoscopy Clinic, Spring Hill, 4000, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Tal Danino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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2
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Li CMY, Tomita Y, Dhakal B, Tin T, Li R, Wright JA, Vrbanac L, Woods SL, Drew P, Price T, Smith E, Maddern GJ, Fenix K. Generation and assessment of cytokine-induced killer cells for the treatment of colorectal cancer liver metastases. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2024; 73:6. [PMID: 38231291 PMCID: PMC10794456 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-023-03591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are an adoptive immunotherapy reported to have strong anti-tumour activity across a range of cancers. They are a heterogeneous mix of lymphoid cells generated by culturing human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with cytokines and monoclonal antibodies in vitro. In this study, we investigated the yield and function of CIK cells generated from patients with CRC liver metastases. We first showed that CIK cells generated in serum free medium X-VIVO 15 were comparable to those from RPMI medium with 10% FBS in terms of the number and percentages of the main subsets of cells in the CIK culture, and the intracellular levels of granzyme B and perforin, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IFN-γ and TNF-α. The CIK cells were cytotoxic to CRC cell lines grown in 2D cultures or as spheroids, and against autologous patient-derived tumour organoids. Donor attributes such as age, sex, or prior chemotherapy exposure had no significant impact on CIK cell numbers or function. These results suggest that functional CIK cells can be generated from patients with CRC liver metastatic disease, and support further investigations into the therapeutic application of autologous CIK cells in the management of patients with CRC liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Man Ying Li
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Yoko Tomita
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Bimala Dhakal
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Teresa Tin
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Runhao Li
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- Department of Medical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- Department of Medical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Drew
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Timothy Price
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Guy J Maddern
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia
| | - Kevin Fenix
- Discipline of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, 5005, Australia.
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Adelaide, 5011, Australia.
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Thomas EM, Wright JA, Blake SJ, Page AJ, Worthley DL, Woods SL. Advancing translational research for colorectal immuno-oncology. Br J Cancer 2023; 129:1442-1450. [PMID: 37563222 PMCID: PMC10628092 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-023-02392-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and deadly disease. Unfortunately, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) fail to elicit effective anti-tumour responses in the vast majority of CRC patients. Patients that are most likely to respond are those with DNA mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI) disease. However, reliable predictors of ICI response are lacking, even within the dMMR/MSI subtype. This, together with identification of novel mechanisms to increase response rates and prevent resistance, are ongoing and vitally important unmet needs. To address the current challenges with translation of early research findings into effective therapeutic strategies, this review summarises the present state of preclinical testing used to inform the development of immuno-regulatory treatment strategies for CRC. The shortfalls and advantages of commonly utilised mouse models of CRC, including chemically induced, transplant and transgenic approaches are highlighted. Appropriate use of existing models, incorporation of patient-derived data and development of cutting-edge models that recapitulate important features of human disease will be key to accelerating clinically relevant research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine M Thomas
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Stephen J Blake
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Amanda J Page
- School of Biomedicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
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4
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Cooper RM, Wright JA, Ng JQ, Goyne JM, Suzuki N, Lee YK, Ichinose M, Radford G, Ryan FJ, Kumar S, Thomas EM, Vrbanac L, Knight R, Woods SL, Worthley DL, Hasty J. Engineered bacteria detect tumor DNA. Science 2023; 381:682-686. [PMID: 37561843 PMCID: PMC10852993 DOI: 10.1126/science.adf3974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic biology has developed sophisticated cellular biosensors to detect and respond to human disease. However, biosensors have not yet been engineered to detect specific extracellular DNA sequences and mutations. Here, we engineered naturally competent Acinetobacter baylyi to detect donor DNA from the genomes of colorectal cancer (CRC) cells, organoids, and tumors. We characterized the functionality of the biosensors in vitro with coculture assays and then validated them in vivo with sensor bacteria delivered to mice harboring colorectal tumors. We observed horizontal gene transfer from the tumor to the sensor bacteria in our mouse model of CRC. This cellular assay for targeted, CRISPR-discriminated horizontal gene transfer (CATCH) enables the biodetection of specific cell-free DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M. Cooper
- Synthetic Biology Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92093
| | - Josephine A. Wright
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
| | - Jia Q. Ng
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
| | - Jarrad M. Goyne
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
| | - Young K. Lee
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
| | - Mari Ichinose
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
| | - Georgette Radford
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
| | - Feargal J. Ryan
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia, 5042
| | - Shalni Kumar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Elaine M. Thomas
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
| | - Rob Knight
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92093
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - Susan L. Woods
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
| | - Daniel L. Worthley
- Precision Cancer Medicine Theme, South Australia Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia, 5000
- Colonoscopy Clinic, Brisbane, QLD, Australia, 4000
| | - Jeff Hasty
- Synthetic Biology Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92093
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA, 92093
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
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5
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Gurbatri CR, Radford G, Vrbanac L, Coker C, Im JW, Taylor SR, Jang Y, Sivan A, Rhee K, Saleh AA, Chien T, Zandkarimi F, Lia I, Lannagan TR, Wang T, Wright JA, Thomas E, Kobayashi H, Ng JQ, Lawrence M, Sammour T, Thomas M, Lewis M, Papanicolas L, Perry J, Fitzsimmons T, Kaazan P, Lim A, Marker J, Ostroff C, Rogers G, Arpaia N, Worthley DL, Woods SL, Danino T. Colorectal cancer detection and treatment with engineered probiotics. bioRxiv 2023:2023.04.03.535370. [PMID: 37066243 PMCID: PMC10104002 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.03.535370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Bioengineered probiotics enable new opportunities to improve colorectal cancer (CRC) screening, prevention and treatment strategies. Here, we demonstrate the phenomenon of selective, long-term colonization of colorectal adenomas after oral delivery of probiotic E. coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) to a genetically-engineered murine model of CRC predisposition. We show that, after oral administration, adenomas can be monitored over time by recovering EcN from stool. We also demonstrate specific colonization of EcN to solitary neoplastic lesions in an orthotopic murine model of CRC. We then exploit this neoplasia-homing property of EcN to develop early CRC intervention strategies. To detect lesions, we engineer EcN to produce a small molecule, salicylate, and demonstrate that oral delivery of this strain results in significantly increased levels of salicylate in the urine of adenoma-bearing mice, in comparison to healthy controls. We also assess EcN engineered to locally release immunotherapeutics at the neoplastic site. Oral delivery to mice bearing adenomas, reduced adenoma burden by ∼50%, with notable differences in the spatial distribution of T cell populations within diseased and healthy intestinal tissue, suggesting local induction of robust anti-tumor immunity. Together, these results support the use of EcN as an orally-delivered platform to detect disease and treat CRC through its production of screening and therapeutic molecules.
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6
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Kobayashi H, Gieniec KA, Lannagan TRM, Wang T, Asai N, Mizutani Y, Iida T, Ando R, Thomas EM, Sakai A, Suzuki N, Ichinose M, Wright JA, Vrbanac L, Ng JQ, Goyne J, Radford G, Lawrence MJ, Sammour T, Hayakawa Y, Klebe S, Shin AE, Asfaha S, Bettington ML, Rieder F, Arpaia N, Danino T, Butler LM, Burt AD, Leedham SJ, Rustgi AK, Mukherjee S, Takahashi M, Wang TC, Enomoto A, Woods SL, Worthley DL. The Origin and Contribution of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts in Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2022; 162:890-906. [PMID: 34883119 PMCID: PMC8881386 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression and predict poor prognosis in CRC patients. However, the cellular origins of CAFs remain unknown, making it challenging to therapeutically target these cells. Here, we aimed to identify the origins and contribution of colorectal CAFs associated with poor prognosis. METHODS To elucidate CAF origins, we used a colitis-associated CRC mouse model in 5 different fate-mapping mouse lines with 5-bromodeoxyuridine dosing. RNA sequencing of fluorescence-activated cell sorting-purified CRC CAFs was performed to identify a potential therapeutic target in CAFs. To examine the prognostic significance of the stromal target, CRC patient RNA sequencing data and tissue microarray were used. CRC organoids were injected into the colons of knockout mice to assess the mechanism by which the stromal gene contributes to colorectal tumorigenesis. RESULTS Our lineage-tracing studies revealed that in CRC, many ACTA2+ CAFs emerge through proliferation from intestinal pericryptal leptin receptor (Lepr)+ cells. These Lepr-lineage CAFs, in turn, express melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM), a CRC stroma-specific marker that we identified with the use of RNA sequencing. High MCAM expression induced by transforming growth factor β was inversely associated with patient survival in human CRC. In mice, stromal Mcam knockout attenuated orthotopically injected colorectal tumoroid growth and improved survival through decreased tumor-associated macrophage recruitment. Mechanistically, fibroblast MCAM interacted with interleukin-1 receptor 1 to augment nuclear factor κB-IL34/CCL8 signaling that promotes macrophage chemotaxis. CONCLUSIONS In colorectal carcinogenesis, pericryptal Lepr-lineage cells proliferate to generate MCAM+ CAFs that shape the tumor-promoting immune microenvironment. Preventing the expansion/differentiation of Lepr-lineage CAFs or inhibiting MCAM activity could be effective therapeutic approaches for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kobayashi
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Krystyna A Gieniec
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Mizutani
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tadashi Iida
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryota Ando
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Elaine M Thomas
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Akihiro Sakai
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mari Ichinose
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jia Q Ng
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jarrad Goyne
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Georgette Radford
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Matthew J Lawrence
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tarik Sammour
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sonja Klebe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alice E Shin
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel Asfaha
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark L Bettington
- Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia; QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Digestive Diseases and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA; Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas Arpaia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tal Danino
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alastair D Burt
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Leedham
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Trust Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Siddhartha Mukherjee
- Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan; International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.
| | - Susan L Woods
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia; GastroIntestinal Endoscopy, Lutwyche, Queensland, Australia.
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7
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Dhakal B, Li CMY, Li R, Yeo K, Wright JA, Gieniec KA, Vrbanac L, Sammour T, Lawrence M, Thomas M, Lewis M, Perry J, Worthley DL, Woods SL, Drew P, Sallustio BC, Smith E, Horowitz JD, Maddern GJ, Licari G, Fenix K. The Antianginal Drug Perhexiline Displays Cytotoxicity against Colorectal Cancer Cells In Vitro: A Potential for Drug Repurposing. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14041043. [PMID: 35205791 PMCID: PMC8869789 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14041043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Perhexiline, a prophylactic anti-anginal drug, has been reported to have anti-tumour effects both in vitro and in vivo. Perhexiline as used clinically is a 50:50 racemic mixture ((R)-P) of (-) and (+) enantiomers. It is not known if the enantiomers differ in terms of their effects on cancer. In this study, we examined the cytotoxic capacity of perhexiline and its enantiomers ((-)-P and (+)-P) on CRC cell lines, grown as monolayers or spheroids, and patient-derived organoids. Treatment of CRC cell lines with (R)-P, (-)-P or (+)-P reduced cell viability, with IC50 values of ~4 µM. Treatment was associated with an increase in annexin V staining and caspase 3/7 activation, indicating apoptosis induction. Caspase 3/7 activation and loss of structural integrity were also observed in CRC cell lines grown as spheroids. Drug treatment at clinically relevant concentrations significantly reduced the viability of patient-derived CRC organoids. Given these in vitro findings, perhexiline, as a racemic mixture or its enantiomers, warrants further investigation as a repurposed drug for use in the management of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bimala Dhakal
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (B.D.); (C.M.Y.L.); (R.L.); (K.Y.); (P.D.); (E.S.); (G.J.M.)
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Celine Man Ying Li
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (B.D.); (C.M.Y.L.); (R.L.); (K.Y.); (P.D.); (E.S.); (G.J.M.)
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Runhao Li
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (B.D.); (C.M.Y.L.); (R.L.); (K.Y.); (P.D.); (E.S.); (G.J.M.)
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - Kenny Yeo
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (B.D.); (C.M.Y.L.); (R.L.); (K.Y.); (P.D.); (E.S.); (G.J.M.)
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Josephine A. Wright
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.A.W.); (K.A.G.); (L.V.); (T.S.); (D.L.W.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Krystyna A. Gieniec
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.A.W.); (K.A.G.); (L.V.); (T.S.); (D.L.W.); (S.L.W.)
- Department of Medical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.A.W.); (K.A.G.); (L.V.); (T.S.); (D.L.W.); (S.L.W.)
- Department of Medical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tarik Sammour
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.A.W.); (K.A.G.); (L.V.); (T.S.); (D.L.W.); (S.L.W.)
- Department of Medical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (M.L.); (M.T.); (M.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Matthew Lawrence
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (M.L.); (M.T.); (M.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Michelle Thomas
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (M.L.); (M.T.); (M.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Mark Lewis
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (M.L.); (M.T.); (M.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Joanne Perry
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (M.L.); (M.T.); (M.L.); (J.P.)
| | - Daniel L. Worthley
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.A.W.); (K.A.G.); (L.V.); (T.S.); (D.L.W.); (S.L.W.)
| | - Susan L. Woods
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (J.A.W.); (K.A.G.); (L.V.); (T.S.); (D.L.W.); (S.L.W.)
- Department of Medical Specialties, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Paul Drew
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (B.D.); (C.M.Y.L.); (R.L.); (K.Y.); (P.D.); (E.S.); (G.J.M.)
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Benedetta C. Sallustio
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Eric Smith
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (B.D.); (C.M.Y.L.); (R.L.); (K.Y.); (P.D.); (E.S.); (G.J.M.)
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
- Medical Oncology, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia
| | - John D. Horowitz
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Guy J. Maddern
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (B.D.); (C.M.Y.L.); (R.L.); (K.Y.); (P.D.); (E.S.); (G.J.M.)
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
| | - Giovanni Licari
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (K.F.)
| | - Kevin Fenix
- Department of Surgery, Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia; (B.D.); (C.M.Y.L.); (R.L.); (K.Y.); (P.D.); (E.S.); (G.J.M.)
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, The University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA 5011, Australia; (B.C.S.); (J.D.H.)
- Correspondence: (G.L.); (K.F.)
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8
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Kobayashi H, Gieniec KA, Ng JQ, Goyne J, Lannagan TRM, Thomas EM, Radford G, Wang T, Suzuki N, Ichinose M, Wright JA, Vrbanac L, Burt AD, Takahashi M, Enomoto A, Worthley DL, Woods SL. Portal Vein Injection of Colorectal Cancer Organoids to Study the Liver Metastasis Stroma. J Vis Exp 2021. [PMID: 34542536 DOI: 10.3791/62630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic metastasis of colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer-related death. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a major component of the tumor microenvironment, play a crucial role in metastatic CRC progression and predict poor patient prognosis. However, there is a lack of satisfactory mouse models to study the crosstalk between metastatic cancer cells and CAFs. Here, we present a method to investigate how liver metastasis progression is regulated by the metastatic niche and possibly could be restrained by stroma-directed therapy. Portal vein injection of CRC organoids generated a desmoplastic reaction, which faithfully recapitulated the fibroblast-rich histology of human CRC liver metastases. This model was tissue-specific with a higher tumor burden in the liver when compared to an intra-splenic injection model, simplifying mouse survival analyses. By injecting luciferase-expressing tumor organoids, tumor growth kinetics could be monitored by in vivo imaging. Moreover, this preclinical model provides a useful platform to assess the efficacy of therapeutics targeting the tumor mesenchyme. We describe methods to examine whether adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of a tumor-inhibiting stromal gene to hepatocytes could remodel the tumor microenvironment and improve mouse survival. This approach enables the development and assessment of novel therapeutic strategies to inhibit hepatic metastasis of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kobayashi
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI); Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Krystyna A Gieniec
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Jia Q Ng
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Jarrad Goyne
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Elaine M Thomas
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Georgette Radford
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI); Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo
| | - Mari Ichinose
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | | | - Laura Vrbanac
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI)
| | - Alastair D Burt
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | | | - Susan L Woods
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI);
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9
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Ichinose M, Suzuki N, Wang T, Kobayashi H, Vrbanac L, Ng JQ, Wright JA, Lannagan TRM, Gieniec KA, Lewis M, Ando R, Enomoto A, Koblar S, Thomas P, Worthley DL, Woods SL. The BMP antagonist gremlin 1 contributes to the development of cortical excitatory neurons, motor balance and fear responses. Development 2021; 148:269258. [PMID: 34184027 PMCID: PMC8313862 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling is required for early forebrain development and cortical formation. How the endogenous modulators of BMP signaling regulate the structural and functional maturation of the developing brain remains unclear. Here, we show that expression of the BMP antagonist Grem1 marks committed layer V and VI glutamatergic neurons in the embryonic mouse brain. Lineage tracing of Grem1-expressing cells in the embryonic brain was examined by administration of tamoxifen to pregnant Grem1creERT; Rosa26LSLTdtomato mice at 13.5 days post coitum (dpc), followed by collection of embryos later in gestation. In addition, at 14.5 dpc, bulk mRNA-seq analysis of differentially expressed transcripts between FACS-sorted Grem1-positive and -negative cells was performed. We also generated Emx1-cre-mediated Grem1 conditional knockout mice (Emx1-Cre;Grem1flox/flox) in which the Grem1 gene was deleted specifically in the dorsal telencephalon. Grem1Emx1cKO animals had reduced cortical thickness, especially layers V and VI, and impaired motor balance and fear sensitivity compared with littermate controls. This study has revealed new roles for Grem1 in the structural and functional maturation of the developing cortex. Summary: The BMP antagonist Grem1 is expressed by committed deep-layer glutamatergic neurons in the embryonic mouse cortex. Grem1 conditional knockout mice display cortical and behavioral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ichinose
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tongtong Wang
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Jia Q Ng
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Krystyna A Gieniec
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Martin Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA 5001, Australia.,Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Ryota Ando
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Simon Koblar
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Paul Thomas
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.,Precision Medicine, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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10
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Ichinose M, Suzuki N, Wang T, Wright JA, Lannagan TRM, Vrbanac L, Kobayashi H, Gieniec KA, Ng JQ, Hayakawa Y, García-Gallastegui P, Monsalve EM, Bauer SR, Laborda J, García-Ramírez JJ, Ibarretxe G, Worthley DL, Woods SL. Stromal DLK1 promotes proliferation and inhibits differentiation of the intestinal epithelium during development. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G506-G520. [PMID: 33470182 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00445.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The stem/progenitor cells of the developing intestine are biologically distinct from their adult counterparts. Here, we examine the microenvironmental cues that regulate the embryonic stem/progenitor population, focusing on the role of Notch pathway factor delta-like protein-1 (DLK1). mRNA-seq analyses of intestinal mesenchymal cells (IMCs) collected from embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) or adult IMCs and a novel coculture system with E14.5 intestinal epithelial organoids were used. Following addition of recombinant DLK1 (rDLK) or Dlk1 siRNA (siDlk1), epithelial characteristics were compared using imaging, replating efficiency assays, qPCR, and immunocytochemistry. The intestinal phenotypes of littermate Dlk1+/+ and Dlk1-/- mice were compared using immunohistochemistry. Using transcriptomic analyses, we identified morphogens derived from the embryonic mesenchyme that potentially regulate the developing epithelial cells, to focus on Notch family candidate DLK1. Immunohistochemistry indicated that DLK1 was expressed exclusively in the intestinal stroma at E14.5 at the top of emerging villi, decreased after birth, and shifted to the intestinal epithelium in adulthood. In coculture experiments, addition of rDLK1 to adult IMCs inhibited organoid differentiation, whereas Dlk1 knockdown in embryonic IMCs increased epithelial differentiation to secretory lineage cells. Dlk1-/- mice had restricted Ki67+ cells in the villi base and increased secretory lineage cells compared with Dlk1+/+ embryos. Mesenchyme-derived DLK1 plays an important role in the promotion of epithelial stem/precursor expansion and prevention of differentiation to secretory lineages in the developing intestine.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a novel coculture system, transcriptomics, and transgenic mice, we investigated differential molecular signaling between the intestinal epithelium and mesenchyme during development and in the adult. We show that the Notch pathway factor delta-like protein-1 (DLK1) is stromally produced during development and uncover a new role for DLK1 in the regulation of intestinal epithelial stem/precursor expansion and differentiation to secretory lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ichinose
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tongtong Wang
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Krystyna A Gieniec
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jia Q Ng
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patricia García-Gallastegui
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Eva M Monsalve
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical School, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Steven R Bauer
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Jorge Laborda
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical School, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - J J García-Ramírez
- Department of Inorganic and Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical School, Regional Center for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Gaskon Ibarretxe
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of the Basque Country, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, School of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Ichinose M, Suzuki N, Wang T, Wright JA, Lannagan TRM, Vrbanac L, Kobayashi H, Gieniec K, Ng JQ, Ihara S, Mavrangelos C, Hayakawa Y, Hughes P, Worthley DL, Woods SL. Delineating proinflammatory microenvironmental signals by ex vivo modeling of the immature intestinal stroma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7200. [PMID: 33785826 PMCID: PMC8010037 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal stroma provides an important microenvironment for immune cell activation. The perturbation of this tightly regulated process can lead to excessive inflammation. We know that upregulated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the intestinal epithelium plays a key role in the inflammatory condition of preterm infants, such as necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, the surrounding stromal contribution to excessive inflammation in the pre-term setting awaits careful dissection. Ex vivo co-culture of embryonic day 14.5 (E14.5) or adult murine intestinal stromal cells with exogenous monocytes was undertaken. We also performed mRNAseq analysis of embryonic and adult stromal cells treated with vehicle control or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by pathway and network analyses of differentially regulated transcripts. Cell characteristics were compared using flow cytometry and pHrodo red phagocytic stain, candidate gene analysis was performed via siRNA knockdown and gene expression measured by qPCR and ELISA. Embryonic stromal cells promote the differentiation of co-cultured monocytes to CD11bhighCD11chigh mononuclear phagocytes, that in turn express decreased levels of CD103. Global mRNAseq analysis of stromal cells following LPS stimulation identified TLR signaling components as the most differentially expressed transcripts in the immature compared to adult setting. We show that CD14 expressed by CD11b+CD45+ embryonic stromal cells is a key inducer of TLR mediated inflammatory cytokine production and phagocytic activity of monocyte derived cells. We utilise transcriptomic analyses and functional ex vivo modelling to improve our understanding of unique molecular cues provided by the immature intestinal stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Ichinose
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tongtong Wang
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Krystyna Gieniec
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Jia Q Ng
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Souzaburo Ihara
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chris Mavrangelos
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patrick Hughes
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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12
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Kobayashi H, Gieniec KA, Wright JA, Wang T, Asai N, Mizutani Y, Lida T, Ando R, Suzuki N, Lannagan TRM, Ng JQ, Hara A, Shiraki Y, Mii S, Ichinose M, Vrbanac L, Lawrence MJ, Sammour T, Uehara K, Davies G, Lisowski L, Alexander IE, Hayakawa Y, Butler LM, Zannettino ACW, Din MO, Hasty J, Burt AD, Leedham SJ, Rustgi AK, Mukherjee S, Wang TC, Enomoto A, Takahashi M, Worthley DL, Woods SL. The Balance of Stromal BMP Signaling Mediated by GREM1 and ISLR Drives Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2021; 160:1224-1239.e30. [PMID: 33197448 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), key constituents of the tumor microenvironment, either promote or restrain tumor growth. Attempts to therapeutically target CAFs have been hampered by our incomplete understanding of these functionally heterogeneous cells. Key growth factors in the intestinal epithelial niche, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), also play a critical role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. However, the crucial proteins regulating stromal BMP balance and the potential application of BMP signaling to manage CRC remain largely unexplored. METHODS Using human CRC RNA expression data, we identified CAF-specific factors involved in BMP signaling, then verified and characterized their expression in the CRC stroma by in situ hybridization. CRC tumoroids and a mouse model of CRC hepatic metastasis were used to test approaches to modify BMP signaling and treat CRC. RESULTS We identified Grem1 and Islr as CAF-specific genes involved in BMP signaling. Functionally, GREM1 and ISLR acted to inhibit and promote BMP signaling, respectively. Grem1 and Islr marked distinct fibroblast subpopulations and were differentially regulated by transforming growth factor β and FOXL1, providing an underlying mechanism to explain fibroblast biological dichotomy. In patients with CRC, high GREM1 and ISLR expression levels were associated with poor and favorable survival, respectively. A GREM1-neutralizing antibody or fibroblast Islr overexpression reduced CRC tumoroid growth and promoted Lgr5+ intestinal stem cell differentiation. Finally, adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8)-mediated delivery of Islr to hepatocytes increased BMP signaling and improved survival in our mouse model of hepatic metastasis. CONCLUSIONS Stromal BMP signaling predicts and modifies CRC progression and survival, and it can be therapeutically targeted by novel AAV-directed gene delivery to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kobayashi
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Krystyna A Gieniec
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tongtong Wang
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Naoya Asai
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Mizutani
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tadashi Lida
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryota Ando
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jia Q Ng
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Akitoshi Hara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiraki
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Mii
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mari Ichinose
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Matthew J Lawrence
- Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Tarik Sammour
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia; Colorectal Unit, Department of Surgery, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Kay Uehara
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Leszek Lisowski
- Translational Vectorology Research Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, Australia; Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Puławy, Poland
| | - Ian E Alexander
- Gene Therapy Research Unit, Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and Children's Medical Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Lisa M Butler
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Andrew C W Zannettino
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Jeff Hasty
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Alastair D Burt
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Precision and Molecular Pathology, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Leedham
- Intestinal Stem Cell Biology Lab, Wellcome Trust Centre Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anil K Rustgi
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Siddhartha Mukherjee
- Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Timothy C Wang
- Department of Medicine and Irving Cancer Research Center, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Atsushi Enomoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Masahide Takahashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Molecular Pathology, Center for Neurological Disease and Cancer, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; International Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan.
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Susan L Woods
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, Australia.
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Kobayashi H, Gieniec KA, Wang T, Wright JA, Suzuki N, Lannagan TRM, Hayakawa Y, Leedham SJ, Arpaia N, Mukherjee S, Wang TC, Enomoto A, Takahashi M, Worthley DL, Woods SL. Abstract 3977: Stromal BMP signaling imbalance mediated by GREM1 and ISLR regulates colorectal cancer progression. Cancer Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2020-3977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), a heterogeneous component of the tumor microenvironment, substantially influence tumor progression. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) play a critical part in defining the intestinal epithelial niche and either promote or retard cancer progression in a context-dependent manner. However, the role of BMP signaling in the colorectal cancer (CRC) stroma remains to be fully elucidated. This study investigated the significance of mesenchymal BMP signaling as a potential therapeutic target in CRC progression.
Design
Using CRC expression array data, we identified two CAF-specific factors involved in BMP signaling, then verified their upregulation in the human CRC stroma by in-situ hybridization (ISH). We took advantage of a preclinical mouse model of CRC hepatic metastasis to test approaches targeting the BMP signaling pathway.
Results
CRC microarray data identified GREM1 and ISLR as CAF-specific genes involved in BMP signaling. In colonic myofibroblasts, Grem1-overexpression inhibited BMP signaling whereas BMP7 signaling was augmented by Islr overexpression, suggesting opposing roles for GREM1 and ISLR in the regulation of BMP signaling. ISH using human rectal cancer samples revealed that GREM1 and ISLR were expressed in distinct CAF subpopulations and that GREM1 and ISLR expression predicted poor and favorable survival, respectively. Notably, Grem1 and Islr expression was differentially regulated by Foxl1, an intestinal mesenchyme-lineage transcription factor, and TGF-b, indicating a mechanism for generating fibroblast heterogeneity. Finally, adeno-associated virus 8-mediated in-vivo overexpression of Islr in hepatocytes retarded growth and generated more differentiated histology in CRC hepatic metastases.
Conclusion
These data suggest that increased stromal BMP signaling may ameliorate CRC progression and provide a rationale for targeting stromal BMP signaling to inhibit CRC progression and metastasis.
Citation Format: Hiroki Kobayashi, Krystyna A. Gieniec, Tongtong Wang, Josephine A. Wright, Nobumi Suzuki, Tamsin RM Lannagan, Yoku Hayakawa, Simon J. Leedham, Nicholas Arpaia, Siddhartha Mukherjee, Timothy C. Wang, Atsushi Enomoto, Masahide Takahashi, Daniel L. Worthley, Susan L. Woods. Stromal BMP signaling imbalance mediated by GREM1 and ISLR regulates colorectal cancer progression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research 2020; 2020 Apr 27-28 and Jun 22-24. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(16 Suppl):Abstract nr 3977.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tongtong Wang
- 1SAHMRI, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Nobumi Suzuki
- 1SAHMRI, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan L. Woods
- 1SAHMRI, the University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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Narasimhan V, Wright JA, Churchill M, Wang T, Rosati R, Lannagan TRM, Vrbanac L, Richardson AB, Kobayashi H, Price T, Tye GXY, Marker J, Hewett PJ, Flood MP, Pereira S, Whitney GA, Michael M, Tie J, Mukherjee S, Grandori C, Heriot AG, Worthley DL, Ramsay RG, Woods SL. Medium-throughput Drug Screening of Patient-derived Organoids from Colorectal Peritoneal Metastases to Direct Personalized Therapy. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:3662-3670. [PMID: 32376656 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Patients with colorectal cancer with peritoneal metastases (CRPMs) have limited treatment options and the lowest colorectal cancer survival rates. We aimed to determine whether organoid testing could help guide precision treatment for patients with CRPMs, as the clinical utility of prospective, functional drug screening including nonstandard agents is unknown. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN CRPM organoids (peritonoids) isolated from patients underwent parallel next-generation sequencing and medium-throughput drug panel testing ex vivo to identify specific drug sensitivities for each patient. We measured the utility of such a service including: success of peritonoid generation, time to cultivate peritonoids, reproducibility of the medium-throughput drug testing, and documented changes to clinical therapy as a result of the testing. RESULTS Peritonoids were successfully generated and validated from 68% (19/28) of patients undergoing standard care. Genomic and drug profiling was completed within 8 weeks and a formal report ranking drug sensitivities was provided to the medical oncology team upon failure of standard care treatment. This resulted in a treatment change for two patients, one of whom had a partial response despite previously progressing on multiple rounds of standard care chemotherapy. The barrier to implementing this technology in Australia is the need for drug access and funding for off-label indications. CONCLUSIONS Our approach is feasible, reproducible, and can guide novel therapeutic choices in this poor prognosis cohort, where new treatment options are urgently needed. This platform is relevant to many solid organ malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Narasimhan
- Peter Mac Callum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Sir Peter Mac Callum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Tongtong Wang
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Tamsin R M Lannagan
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Timothy Price
- Haematology and Medical Oncology Service at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, South Australia, Australia
| | - Gayle X Y Tye
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Julie Marker
- Cancer Voices SA, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J Hewett
- Colorectal Surgical Unit at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael P Flood
- Peter Mac Callum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Sir Peter Mac Callum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Michael Michael
- Peter Mac Callum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Sir Peter Mac Callum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeanne Tie
- Peter Mac Callum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Sir Peter Mac Callum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | - Alexander G Heriot
- Peter Mac Callum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Sir Peter Mac Callum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert G Ramsay
- Peter Mac Callum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia and Sir Peter Mac Callum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. .,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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15
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Lannagan TRM, Lee YK, Wang T, Roper J, Bettington ML, Fennell L, Vrbanac L, Jonavicius L, Somashekar R, Gieniec K, Yang M, Ng JQ, Suzuki N, Ichinose M, Wright JA, Kobayashi H, Putoczki TL, Hayakawa Y, Leedham S, Abud HE, Yilmaz ÖH, Marker J, Klebe S, Wirapati P, Mukherjee S, Tejpar S, Leggett BA, Whitehall VLJ, Worthley DL, Woods SL. Genetic editing of colonic organoids provides a molecularly distinct and orthotopic preclinical model of serrated carcinogenesis. Gut 2019; 68:684-692. [PMID: 29666172 PMCID: PMC6192855 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-315920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serrated colorectal cancer (CRC) accounts for approximately 25% of cases and includes tumours that are among the most treatment resistant and with worst outcomes. This CRC subtype is associated with activating mutations in the mitogen-activated kinase pathway gene, BRAF, and epigenetic modifications termed the CpG Island Methylator Phenotype, leading to epigenetic silencing of key tumour suppressor genes. It is still not clear which (epi-)genetic changes are most important in neoplastic progression and we begin to address this knowledge gap herein. DESIGN We use organoid culture combined with CRISPR/Cas9 genome engineering to sequentially introduce genetic alterations associated with serrated CRC and which regulate the stem cell niche, senescence and DNA mismatch repair. RESULTS Targeted biallelic gene alterations were verified by DNA sequencing. Organoid growth in the absence of niche factors was assessed, as well as analysis of downstream molecular pathway activity. Orthotopic engraftment of complex organoid lines, but not BrafV600E alone, quickly generated adenocarcinoma in vivo with serrated features consistent with human disease. Loss of the essential DNA mismatch repair enzyme, Mlh1, led to microsatellite instability. Sphingolipid metabolism genes are differentially regulated in both our mouse models of serrated CRC and human CRC, with key members of this pathway having prognostic significance in the human setting. CONCLUSION We generate rapid, complex models of serrated CRC to determine the contribution of specific genetic alterations to carcinogenesis. Analysis of our models alongside patient data has led to the identification of a potential susceptibility for this tumour type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamsin RM Lannagan
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Young K Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Tongtong Wang
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Jatin Roper
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mark L Bettington
- Envoi Specialist Pathologists, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Lochlan Fennell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Laura Vrbanac
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Lisa Jonavicius
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA Australia
| | - Roshini Somashekar
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Krystyna Gieniec
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Miao Yang
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Jia Q Ng
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Nobumi Suzuki
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Mari Ichinose
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Hiroki Kobayashi
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Tracy L Putoczki
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne and the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Yoku Hayakawa
- Dept of Gastroenterology, University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Simon Leedham
- Gastrointestinal Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics University of Oxford, Oxford, & Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Experimental Medicine Division, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, Headington, UK
| | - Helen E Abud
- Cancer Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Ömer H. Yilmaz
- The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA United States
| | | | - Sonja Klebe
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, SA Australia
| | - Pratyaksha Wirapati
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sabine Tejpar
- Digestive Oncology Unit, Department of Oncology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara A Leggett
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD Australia
- Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Vicki LJ Whitehall
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, QLD Australia
- Pathology Queensland, Brisbane, QLD
| | - Daniel L Worthley
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
| | - Susan L Woods
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide and South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA Australia
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION McKittrick-Wheelock syndrome describes the condition of extreme electrolyte and fluid depletion caused by large distal colorectal tumours, usually the benign villous adenoma. Patients generally present critically unwell with severe hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia and/or acute kidney injury. METHODS A structured literature review was undertaken to discover what is known about this condition, which is almost universally described as rare. Important features of the syndrome were identified, including common presenting symptoms, blood results, tumour location and size. FINDINGS Our literature search identified 257 cases reported across all languages. The most remarkable features were the long duration of symptoms (median 24 months) and the significant electrolyte derangements (median sodium of 122mmol/l and median potassium of 2.7mmol/l at initial presentation). Five key recommendations are made to improve diagnosis, including aggressive fluid resuscitation to match rectal losses and surgical intervention on the index admission. The advantages and disadvantages of different treatment options are discussed, including minimally invasive alternatives to traditional resectional surgery. CONCLUSIONS McKittrick-Wheelock syndrome describes a normally benign condition that can cause patients to become critically unwell and so it behoves all clinicians to be aware of it. By publishing recommendations based on a comprehensive literature review, we aim to improve diagnosis and management of this life threatening condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- MR Orchard
- Gloucestershire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - J Hooper
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - JA Wright
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
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Bartuccelli M, Gentile G, Wright JA. Stable dynamics in forced systems with sufficiently high/low forcing frequency. Chaos 2016; 26:083108. [PMID: 27586604 DOI: 10.1063/1.4960614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We consider parametrically forced Hamiltonian systems with one-and-a-half degrees of freedom and study the stability of the dynamics when the frequency of the forcing is relatively high or low. We show that, provided the frequency is sufficiently high, Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser (KAM) theorem may be applied even when the forcing amplitude is far away from the perturbation regime. A similar result is obtained for sufficiently low frequency, but in that case we need the amplitude of the forcing to be not too large; however, we are still able to consider amplitudes which are outside of the perturbation regime. In addition, we find numerically that the dynamics may be stable even when the forcing amplitude is very large, well beyond the range of validity of the analytical results, provided the frequency of the forcing is taken correspondingly low.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bartuccelli
- Department of Mathematics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - G Gentile
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica, Università Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy
| | - J A Wright
- Department of Mathematics, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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Reed MD, Maune BM, Andrews RW, Borselli MG, Eng K, Jura MP, Kiselev AA, Ladd TD, Merkel ST, Milosavljevic I, Pritchett EJ, Rakher MT, Ross RS, Schmitz AE, Smith A, Wright JA, Gyure MF, Hunter AT. Reduced Sensitivity to Charge Noise in Semiconductor Spin Qubits via Symmetric Operation. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:110402. [PMID: 27035289 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.110402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate improved operation of exchange-coupled semiconductor quantum dots by substantially reducing the sensitivity of exchange operations to charge noise. The method involves biasing a double dot symmetrically between the charge-state anticrossings, where the derivative of the exchange energy with respect to gate voltages is minimized. Exchange remains highly tunable by adjusting the tunnel coupling. We find that this method reduces the dephasing effect of charge noise by more than a factor of 5 in comparison to operation near a charge-state anticrossing, increasing the number of observable exchange oscillations in our qubit by a similar factor. Performance also improves with exchange rate, favoring fast quantum operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Reed
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - B M Maune
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - R W Andrews
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - M G Borselli
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - K Eng
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - M P Jura
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - A A Kiselev
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - T D Ladd
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - S T Merkel
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - I Milosavljevic
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - E J Pritchett
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - M T Rakher
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - R S Ross
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - A E Schmitz
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - A Smith
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - J A Wright
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - M F Gyure
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
| | - A T Hunter
- HRL Laboratories, LLC, 3011 Malibu Canyon Road, Malibu, California 90265, USA
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Chamanza R, Wright JA. A Review of the Comparative Anatomy, Histology, Physiology and Pathology of the Nasal Cavity of Rats, Mice, Dogs and Non-human Primates. Relevance to Inhalation Toxicology and Human Health Risk Assessment. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:287-314. [PMID: 26460093 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
There are many significant differences in the structural and functional anatomy of the nasal cavity of man and laboratory animals. Some of the differences may be responsible for the species-specific nasal lesions that are often observed in response to inhaled toxicants. This paper reviews the comparative anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nasal cavity of the rat, mouse, dog, monkey and man, highlighting factors that may influence the distribution of nasal lesions. Gross anatomical variations such as turbinate structure, folds or grooves on nasal walls, or presence or absence of accessory structures, may influence nasal airflow and species-specific uptake and deposition of inhaled material. In addition, interspecies variations in the morphological and biochemical composition and distribution of the nasal epithelium may affect the local tissue susceptibility and play a role in the development of species-specific nasal lesions. It is concluded that, while the nasal cavity of the monkey might be more similar to that of man, each laboratory animal species provides a model that responds in a characteristic and species-specific manner. Therefore for human risk assessment, careful consideration must be given to the anatomical differences between a given animal model and man.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Chamanza
- Syngenta Limited, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK.
| | - J A Wright
- Syngenta Limited, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
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Bain RES, Wright JA, Christenson E, Bartram JK. Rural:urban inequalities in post 2015 targets and indicators for drinking-water. Sci Total Environ 2014; 490:509-13. [PMID: 24875263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Disparities in access to drinking water between rural and urban areas are pronounced. Although use of improved sources has increased more rapidly in rural areas, rising from 62% in 1990 to 81% in 2011, the proportion of the rural population using an improved water source remains substantially lower than in urban areas. Inequalities in coverage are compounded by disparities in other aspects of water service. Not all improved sources are safe and evidence from a systematic review demonstrates that water is more likely to contain detectable fecal indicator bacteria in rural areas. Piped water on premises is a service enjoyed primarily by those living in urban areas so differentiating amongst improved sources would exacerbate rural:urban disparities yet further. We argue that an urban bias may have resulted due to apparent stagnation in urban coverage and the inequity observed between urban and peri-urban areas. The apparent stagnation at around 95% coverage in urban areas stems in part from relative population growth - over the last two decades more people gained access to improved water in urban areas. There are calls for setting higher standards in urban areas which would exacerbate the already extreme rural disadvantage. Instead of setting different targets, health, economic, and human rights perspectives, We suggest that the focus should be kept on achieving universal access to safe water (primarily in rural areas) while monitoring progress towards higher service levels, including greater water safety (both in rural and urban areas and among different economic strata).
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Affiliation(s)
- R E S Bain
- The Water Institute at UNC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J A Wright
- Geography and Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - E Christenson
- The Water Institute at UNC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J K Bartram
- The Water Institute at UNC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Bracken CP, Li X, Wright JA, Lawrence DM, Pillman KA, Salmanidis M, Anderson MA, Dredge BK, Gregory PA, Tsykin A, Neilsen C, Thomson DW, Bert AG, Leerberg JM, Yap AS, Jensen KB, Khew-Goodall Y, Goodall GJ. Genome-wide identification of miR-200 targets reveals a regulatory network controlling cell invasion. EMBO J 2014; 33:2040-56. [PMID: 25069772 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201488641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The microRNAs of the miR-200 family maintain the central characteristics of epithelia and inhibit tumor cell motility and invasiveness. Using the Ago-HITS-CLIP technology for transcriptome-wide identification of direct microRNA targets in living cells, along with extensive validation to verify the reliability of the approach, we have identified hundreds of miR-200a and miR-200b targets, providing insights into general features of miRNA target site selection. Gene ontology analysis revealed a predominant effect of miR-200 targets in widespread coordinate control of actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Functional characterization of the miR-200 targets indicates that they constitute subnetworks that underlie the ability of cancer cells to migrate and invade, including coordinate effects on Rho-ROCK signaling, invadopodia formation, MMP activity, and focal adhesions. Thus, the miR-200 family maintains the central characteristics of the epithelial phenotype by acting on numerous targets at multiple levels, encompassing both cytoskeletal effectors that control actin filament organization and dynamics, and upstream signals that locally regulate the cytoskeleton to maintain cell morphology and prevent cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron P Bracken
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Xiaochun Li
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Josephine A Wright
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David M Lawrence
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Katherine A Pillman
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Marika Salmanidis
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Matthew A Anderson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - B Kate Dredge
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Philip A Gregory
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Anna Tsykin
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Corine Neilsen
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Daniel W Thomson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Andrew G Bert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Joanne M Leerberg
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Alpha S Yap
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Kirk B Jensen
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Yeesim Khew-Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Gregory J Goodall
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Abstract
In this review article we discuss current knowledge about iron in the skin and the cutaneous wound healing process. Iron plays a key role in both oxidative stress and photo-induced skin damage. The main causes of oxidative stress in the skin include reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the skin by ultraviolet (UVA) 320-400 nm portion of the UVA spectrum and biologically available iron. We also discuss the relationships between iron deficiency, anemia and cutaneous wound healing. Studies looking at this fall into two distinct groups. Early studies investigated the effect of anemia on wound healing using a variety of experimental methodology to establish anemia or iron deficiency and focused on wound-strength rather than effect on macroscopic healing or re-epithelialization. More recent animal studies have investigated novel treatments aimed at correcting the effects of systemic iron deficiency and localized iron overload. Iron overload is associated with local cutaneous iron deposition, which has numerous deleterious effects in chronic venous disease and hereditary hemochromatosis. Iron plays a key role in chronic ulceration and conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Lupus Erythematosus are associated with both anemia of chronic disease and dysregulation of local cutaneous iron hemostasis. Iron is a potential therapeutic target in the skin by application of topical iron chelators and novel pharmacological agents, and in delayed cutaneous wound healing by treatment of iron deficiency or underlying systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Wright
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, University College & Royal Free Hospitals London, UK
| | - Toby Richards
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, University College & Royal Free Hospitals London, UK
| | - Surjit K S Srai
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, Division of Biosciences, University College London London, UK
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Martin NT, Nakamura K, Paila U, Woo J, Brown C, Wright JA, Teraoka SN, Haghayegh S, McCurdy D, Schneider M, Hu H, Quinlan AR, Gatti RA, Concannon P. Homozygous mutation of MTPAP causes cellular radiosensitivity and persistent DNA double-strand breaks. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1130. [PMID: 24651433 PMCID: PMC3973239 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The study of rare human syndromes characterized by radiosensitivity has been instrumental in identifying novel proteins and pathways involved in DNA damage responses to ionizing radiation. In the present study, a mutation in mitochondrial poly-A-polymerase (MTPAP), not previously recognized for its role in the DNA damage response, was identified by exome sequencing and subsequently associated with cellular radiosensitivity. Cell lines derived from two patients with the homozygous MTPAP missense mutation were radiosensitive, and this radiosensitivity could be abrogated by transfection of wild-type mtPAP cDNA into mtPAP-deficient cell lines. Further analysis of the cellular phenotype revealed delayed DNA repair, increased levels of DNA double-strand breaks, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased cell death after irradiation (IR). Pre-IR treatment of cells with the potent anti-oxidants, α-lipoic acid and n-acetylcysteine, was sufficient to abrogate the DNA repair and clonogenic survival defects. Our results firmly establish that mutation of the MTPAP gene results in a cellular phenotype of increased DNA damage, reduced repair kinetics, increased cell death by apoptosis, and reduced clonogenic survival after exposure to ionizing radiation, suggesting a pathogenesis that involves the disruption of ROS homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Martin
- 1] UCLA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MacDonald Research Laboratories, Los Angeles, CA, USA [2] UCLA Biomedical Physics Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - K Nakamura
- UCLA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MacDonald Research Laboratories, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - U Paila
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - J Woo
- UCLA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MacDonald Research Laboratories, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - C Brown
- UCLA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MacDonald Research Laboratories, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - J A Wright
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S N Teraoka
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S Haghayegh
- UCLA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MacDonald Research Laboratories, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - D McCurdy
- UCLA Department of Pediatrics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - H Hu
- UCLA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MacDonald Research Laboratories, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A R Quinlan
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R A Gatti
- 1] UCLA Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, MacDonald Research Laboratories, Los Angeles, CA, USA [2] UCLA Biomedical Physics Interdepartmental Graduate Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA [3] UCLA Department of Human Genetics, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - P Concannon
- 1] Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA [2] Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Bersten DC, Wright JA, McCarthy PJ, Whitelaw ML. Regulation of the neuronal transcription factor NPAS4 by REST and microRNAs. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1839:13-24. [PMID: 24291638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
NPAS4 is a brain restricted, activity-induced transcription factor which regulates the expression of inhibitory synapse genes to control homeostatic excitatory/inhibitory balance in neurons. NPAS4 is required for normal social interaction and contextual memory formation in mice. Protein and mRNA expression of NPAS4 is tightly coupled to neuronal depolarization and most prevalent in the cortical and hippocampal regions in the brain, however the precise mechanisms by which the NPAS4 gene is controlled remain unexplored. Here we show that expression of NPAS4 mRNA is actively repressed by RE-1 silencing transcription factor/neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF) in embryonic stem cells and non-neuronal cells by binding multiple sites within the promoter and Intron I of NPAS4. Repression by REST also appears to correlate with the binding of the zinc finger DNA binding protein CTCF within Intron I of NPAS4. In addition, we show that the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) of NPAS4 can be targeted by two microRNAs, miR-203 and miR-224 to further regulate its expression. miR-224 is a midbrain/hypothalamus enriched microRNA which is expressed from an intron within the GABAA receptor epsilon (GABRE) gene and may further regionalize NPAS4 expression. Our results reveal REST and microRNA dependent mechanisms that restrict NPAS4 expression to the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Bersten
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science (Biochemistry) and Australian Research, Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Josephine A Wright
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science (Biochemistry) and Australian Research, Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter J McCarthy
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science (Biochemistry) and Australian Research, Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Murray L Whitelaw
- School of Molecular and Biomedical Science (Biochemistry) and Australian Research, Council Special Research Centre for the Molecular Genetics of Development, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Wright JA, McHugh PC, Pan S, Cunningham A, Brown DR. Counter-regulation of alpha- and beta-synuclein expression at the transcriptional level. Mol Cell Neurosci 2013; 57:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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26
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Wright JA, Hurel S, Brown M, Morris-Jones S, Patel DC, Brookes JA, Oddy MJ, Richards T. Multidisciplinary management of the high-risk diabetic foot: A two-year study of the outpatient workload required in achieving positive outcomes. Int J Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2013.06.830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lim YY, Wright JA, Attema JL, Gregory PA, Bert AG, Smith E, Thomas D, Lopez AF, Drew PA, Khew-Goodall Y, Goodall GJ. Epigenetic modulation of the miR-200 family is associated with transition to a breast cancer stem-cell-like state. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:2256-66. [PMID: 23525011 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.122275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The miR-200 family is a key regulator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, however, its role in controlling the transition between cancer stem-cell-like and non-stem-cell-like phenotypes is not well understood. We utilized immortalized human mammary epithelial (HMLE) cells to investigate the regulation of the miR-200 family during their conversion to a stem-like phenotype. HMLE cells were found to be capable of spontaneous conversion from a non-stem to a stem-like phenotype and this conversion was accompanied by the loss of miR-200 expression. Stem-like cell fractions isolated from metastatic breast cancers also displayed loss of miR-200 indicating similar molecular changes may occur during breast cancer progression. The phenotypic change observed in HMLE cells was directly controlled by miR-200 because restoration of its expression decreased stem-like properties while promoting a transition to an epithelial phenotype. Investigation of the mechanisms controlling miR-200 expression revealed both DNA methylation and histone modifications were significantly altered in the stem-like and non-stem phenotypes. In particular, in the stem-like phenotype, the miR-200b-200a-429 cluster was silenced primarily through polycomb group-mediated histone modifications whereas the miR-200c-141 cluster was repressed by DNA methylation. These results indicate that the miR-200 family plays a crucial role in the transition between stem-like and non-stem phenotypes and that distinct epigenetic-based mechanisms regulate each miR-200 gene in this process. Therapy targeted against miR-200 family members and epigenetic modifications might therefore be applicable to breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yat-Yuen Lim
- Division of Human Immunology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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Wright JA. Experiences in Ethiopia: a report of a visit supported by the Journal of Comparative Pathology Educational Trust. J Comp Pathol 2012; 148:3-5. [PMID: 23123130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ahn YH, Gibbons DL, Chakravarti D, Creighton CJ, Rizvi ZH, Adams HP, Pertsemlidis A, Gregory PA, Wright JA, Goodall GJ, Flores ER, Kurie JM. ZEB1 drives prometastatic actin cytoskeletal remodeling by downregulating miR-34a expression. J Clin Invest 2012. [PMID: 22850877 DOI: 10.1172/jci63608ds1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is extremely difficult to treat, and the presence of metastases greatly reduces a cancer patient's likelihood of long-term survival. The ZEB1 transcriptional repressor promotes metastasis through downregulation of microRNAs (miRs) that are strong inducers of epithelial differentiation and inhibitors of stem cell factors. Given that each miR can target multiple genes with diverse functions, we posited that the prometastatic network controlled by ZEB1 extends beyond these processes. We tested this hypothesis using a mouse model of human lung adenocarcinoma metastasis driven by ZEB1, human lung carcinoma cells, and human breast carcinoma cells. Transcriptional profiling studies revealed that ZEB1 controls the expression of numerous oncogenic and tumor-suppressive miRs, including miR-34a. Ectopic expression of miR-34a decreased tumor cell invasion and metastasis, inhibited the formation of promigratory cytoskeletal structures, suppressed activation of the RHO GTPase family, and regulated a gene expression signature enriched in cytoskeletal functions and predictive of outcome in human lung adenocarcinomas. We identified several miR-34a target genes, including Arhgap1, which encodes a RHO GTPase activating protein that was required for tumor cell invasion. These findings demonstrate that ZEB1 drives prometastatic actin cytoskeletal remodeling by downregulating miR-34a expression and provide a compelling rationale to develop miR-34a as a therapeutic agent in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Ahn
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Ahn YH, Gibbons DL, Chakravarti D, Creighton CJ, Rizvi ZH, Adams HP, Pertsemlidis A, Gregory PA, Wright JA, Goodall GJ, Flores ER, Kurie JM. ZEB1 drives prometastatic actin cytoskeletal remodeling by downregulating miR-34a expression. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3170-83. [PMID: 22850877 DOI: 10.1172/jci63608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic cancer is extremely difficult to treat, and the presence of metastases greatly reduces a cancer patient's likelihood of long-term survival. The ZEB1 transcriptional repressor promotes metastasis through downregulation of microRNAs (miRs) that are strong inducers of epithelial differentiation and inhibitors of stem cell factors. Given that each miR can target multiple genes with diverse functions, we posited that the prometastatic network controlled by ZEB1 extends beyond these processes. We tested this hypothesis using a mouse model of human lung adenocarcinoma metastasis driven by ZEB1, human lung carcinoma cells, and human breast carcinoma cells. Transcriptional profiling studies revealed that ZEB1 controls the expression of numerous oncogenic and tumor-suppressive miRs, including miR-34a. Ectopic expression of miR-34a decreased tumor cell invasion and metastasis, inhibited the formation of promigratory cytoskeletal structures, suppressed activation of the RHO GTPase family, and regulated a gene expression signature enriched in cytoskeletal functions and predictive of outcome in human lung adenocarcinomas. We identified several miR-34a target genes, including Arhgap1, which encodes a RHO GTPase activating protein that was required for tumor cell invasion. These findings demonstrate that ZEB1 drives prometastatic actin cytoskeletal remodeling by downregulating miR-34a expression and provide a compelling rationale to develop miR-34a as a therapeutic agent in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ho Ahn
- Department of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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McHugh PC, Wright JA, Williams RJ, Brown DR. Prion protein expression alters APP cleavage without interaction with BACE-1. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:672-80. [PMID: 22796214 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The prion protein (PrP) and the beta-site amyloid precursor protein (APP) cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE-1) are both copper binding proteins, but are associated with two separate neurodegenerative diseases. The role of BACE-1 in the formation of beta-amyloid has made it a major target in attempts to reduce the formation of beta-amyloid in Alzheimer's diseases. However, the suggestion that PrP, normally associated with prion diseases, binds to BACE-1 and reduces its activity has led to the suggestion that the study of this interaction could be of considerable importance to Alzheimer's disease. We therefore undertook to investigate the possible interaction of these two proteins physically and at the level of transcription, translation and APP cleavage. Our findings suggest that mature PrP and BACE-1 do not physically interact, but that altered PrP expression results in altered BACE-1 protein expression and promoter activity. Additionally, overexpression of PrP results in increased cleavage of APP in contrast to previous datas suggesting a reduction. Our findings suggest that any relation between PrP and BACE-1 is indirect. Altered expression of PrP causes changes in the expression of many other proteins which may be as a result of altered copper metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C McHugh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Haslam IS, Wright JA, O'Reilly DA, Sherlock DJ, Coleman T, Simmons NL. Intestinal ciprofloxacin efflux: the role of breast cancer resistance protein (ABCG2). Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2321-8. [PMID: 21930826 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.038323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal secretory movement of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, may limit its oral bioavailability. Active ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) have been implicated in ciprofloxacin transport. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that BCRP alone mediates intestinal ciprofloxacin secretion. The involvement of ABC transport proteins in ciprofloxacin secretory flux was investigated with the combined use of transfected cell lines [bcrp1/BCRP-Madin-Darby canine kidney II (MDCKII) and multidrug resistance-related protein 4 (MRP4)-human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293] and human intestinal Caco-2 cells, combined with pharmacological inhibition using 3-(6-isobutyl-9-methoxy-1,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4,6, 7,12,12a-octahydropyrazino[1',2':1,6]pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-yl)-propionic acid tert-butyl ester (Ko143), cyclosporine, 3-[[3-[2-(7-chloroquinolin-2-yl)vinyl]phenyl]-(2-dimethylcarbamoylethylsulfanyl)methylsulfanyl] propionic acid (MK571), and verapamil as ABC-selective inhibitors. In addition, the regional variation in secretory capacity was investigated using male Han Wistar rat intestine mounted in Ussing chambers, and the first indicative measurements of ciprofloxacin transport by ex vivo human jejunum were made. Active, Ko143-sensitive ciprofloxacin secretion was observed in bcrp1-MDCKII cell layers, but in low-passage (BCRP-expressing) Caco-2 cell layers only a 54% fraction was Ko143-sensitive. Ciprofloxacin accumulation was lower in MRP4-HEK293 cells than in the parent line, indicating that ciprofloxacin is also a substrate for this transporter. Ciprofloxacin secretion by Caco-2 cell layers was not inhibited by MK571. Secretory flux showed marked regional variability in the rat intestine, increasing from the duodenum to peak in the ileum. Ciprofloxacin secretion was present in human jejunum and was reduced by Ko143 but showed marked interindividual variability. Ciprofloxacin is a substrate for human and rodent BCRP. An additional pathway for ciprofloxacin secretion exists in Caco-2 cells, which is unlikely to be MRP(4)-mediated. BCRP is likely to be the dominant transport mechanism for ciprofloxacin efflux in both rat and human jejunum.
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Haslam
- AstraZeneca, Discovery DMPK, Macclesfield, Cheshire, United Kingdom.
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Wright JA, Green E, Kuhns P, Reyes A, Brooks J, Schlueter J, Kato R, Yamamoto H, Kobayashi M, Brown SE. Zeeman-driven phase transition within the superconducting state of κ-(BEDT-TTF)2Cu(NCS)2. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 107:087002. [PMID: 21929196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.107.087002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
(13)C nuclear magnetic resonance measurements were performed on κ-(BEDT-TTF)(2)Cu(NCS)(2), with the external field placed parallel to the quasi-2D conducting layers. The absorption spectrum is used to determine the electronic spin polarization M(s) as a function of external field H at a temperature T=0.35 K. A discontinuity in the derivative dM(s)/dH at an applied field of H(s)=213±3 kOe is taken as evidence for a Zeeman-driven transition within the superconducting state and stabilization of inhomogeneous superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Wright
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1547, USA
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Gregory PA, Bracken CP, Smith E, Bert AG, Wright JA, Roslan S, Morris M, Wyatt L, Farshid G, Lim YY, Lindeman GJ, Shannon MF, Drew PA, Khew-Goodall Y, Goodall GJ. An autocrine TGF-beta/ZEB/miR-200 signaling network regulates establishment and maintenance of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1686-98. [PMID: 21411626 PMCID: PMC3093321 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-02-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a form of cellular plasticity that is critical for embryonic development and tumor metastasis. A double-negative feedback loop involving the miR-200 family and ZEB (zinc finger E-box-binding homeobox) transcription factors has been postulated to control the balance between epithelial and mesenchymal states. Here we demonstrate using the epithelial Madin Darby canine kidney cell line model that, although manipulation of the ZEB/miR-200 balance is able to repeatedly switch cells between epithelial and mesenchymal states, the induction and maintenance of a stable mesenchymal phenotype requires the establishment of autocrine transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling to drive sustained ZEB expression. Furthermore, we show that prolonged autocrine TGF-β signaling induced reversible DNA methylation of the miR-200 loci with corresponding changes in miR-200 levels. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the existence of an autocrine TGF-β/ZEB/miR-200 signaling network that regulates plasticity between epithelial and mesenchymal states. We find a strong correlation between ZEBs and TGF-β and negative correlations between miR-200 and TGF-β and between miR-200 and ZEBs, in invasive ductal carcinomas, consistent with an autocrine TGF-β/ZEB/miR-200 signaling network being active in breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip A Gregory
- Division of Human Immunology, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
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McHugh PC, Wright JA, Brown DR. Transcriptional regulation of the beta-synuclein 5'-promoter metal response element by metal transcription factor-1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17354. [PMID: 21386983 PMCID: PMC3046239 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Accepted: 01/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The progression of many human neurodegenerative disorders is associated with an accumulation of alpha-synuclein. Alpha-synuclein belongs to the homologous synuclein family, which includes beta-synuclein. It has been proposed that beta-synuclein may be a natural regulator of alpha-synuclein. Therefore controlling beta-synuclein expression may control the accumulation of alpha-synuclein and ultimately prevent disease progression. The regulation of synucleins is poorly understood. We investigated the transcriptional regulation of beta-synuclein, with the aim of identifying molecules that differentially control beta-synuclein expression levels. To investigate transcriptional regulation of beta-synuclein, we used reporter gene assays and bioinformatics. We identified a region -1.1/-0.6 kb upstream of the beta-synuclein translational start site to be a key regulatory region of beta-synuclein 5'-promoter activity in human dopaminergic cells (SH-SY5Y). Within this key promoter region we identified a metal response element pertaining to a putative Metal Transcription Factor-1 (MTF-1) binding site. We demonstrated that MTF-1 binds to this 5'-promoter region using EMSA analysis. Moreover, we showed that MTF-1 differentially regulates beta-synuclein promoter binding site, as well as beta-synuclein mRNA and protein expression. This effect of MTF-1 on expression was found to be specific to beta-synuclein when compared to alpha-synuclein. Understanding the regulation of synucleins and how they interact may point to molecular targets that could be manipulated for therapeutic benefit. In this study we showed that MTF-1 differentially controls the expression of beta-synuclein when compared to its homolog alpha-synuclein. This could potentially provide a novel targets or pathways for therapeutic intervention and/or treatment of synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C. McHugh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Josephine A. Wright
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, United Kingdom
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Abstract
MicroRNAs are master regulators of gene expression in many biological and pathological processes, including mammary gland development and breast cancer. The differentiation program termed the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) involves changes in a number of microRNAs. Some of these microRNAs have been shown to control cellular plasticity through the suppression of EMT-inducers or to influence cellular phenotype through the suppression of genes involved in defining the epithelial and mesenchymal cell states. This has led to the suggestion that microRNAs maybe a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of breast cancer. In this review, we will discuss microRNAs that are involved in EMT in mammary cells and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Wright
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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Abstract
Alpha-synuclein is a natively unfolded protein that aggregates and forms inclusions that are associated with a range of diseases that include Parkinson's Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies. The mechanism behind the formation of these inclusions and their possible role in disease remains unclear. Alpha-synuclein has also been shown to bind metals including copper and iron. We used a cell culture model of alpha-synuclein aggregation to examine the relationship between metals and formation of aggregates of the protein. While the levels of iron appear to have no role in aggregate formation or localisation of the protein in cells, copper appears to be important for both aggregation and cellular localisation of alpha-synuclein. Reduction in cellular copper resulted in a great decrease in aggregate formation both in terms of large aggregates visible in cells and oligomers observed in western blot analysis of cell extracts. Reduction in copper also resulted in a change in localisation of the protein which became more intensely localised to the plasma membrane in medium with low copper. These changes were reversed when copper was restored to the cells. Mutants of the copper binding domains altered the response to copper. Deletion of either the N- or C-termini resulted in a loss of aggregation while deletion of the C-termini also resulted in a loss of membrane association. Increased expression of alpha-synuclein also increased cell sensitivity to the toxicity of copper. These results suggest that the potential pathological role of alpha-synuclein aggregates is dependent upon the copper binding capacity of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Nazaretski E, Graham KS, Thompson JD, Wright JA, Pelekhov DV, Hammel PC, Movshovich R. Design of a variable temperature scanning force microscope. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:083704. [PMID: 19725659 DOI: 10.1063/1.3212561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have developed the variable temperature scanning force microscope capable of performing both magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM) measurements in the temperature range between 5 and 300 K. Modular design, large scanning area, and interferometric detection of the cantilever deflection make it a sensitive, easy to operate, and reliable instrument suitable for studies of the dynamic and static magnetization in various systems. We have verified the performance of the microscope by imaging vortices in a Nb thin film in the MFM mode of operation. MRFM spectra in a diphenyl-picryl-hydrazyl film were recorded to evaluate the MRFM mode of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nazaretski
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
| | - David R. Brown
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of BathBathUK
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Abstract
Parkinson's disease and some other neurodegenerative disorders are associated with a protein that can aggregate and form fibrils called alpha-synuclein. Like many other proteins associated with neurodegenerative disorders, this protein has no known function, and the mechanism by which it could cause diseases is poorly defined. It was recently suggested that it binds copper. This review assesses what is known about alpha-synuclein and its interaction with metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine A Wright
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
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Haigh CL, Wright JA, Brown DR. Regulation of prion protein expression by noncoding regions of the Prnp gene. J Mol Biol 2007; 368:915-27. [PMID: 17376480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.02.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the cellular prion protein is necessary for the transmission and propagation of prion diseases. Increasing the level of prion protein expression decreases the incubation period for these diseases. Therefore, understanding the regulation of prion protein expression could be critical for treating or preventing these diseases. We investigated the regulation of prion protein expression by the promoter and noncoding regions of the bovine and murine Prnp genes. We determined that expression is modulated by intron 1 and exon 1. In the absence of intron1, exon 1 inhibited activity of the promoter. However, intron 1 demonstrated promoter-like activity and possessed a TATA box. In addition, we identified an alternative transcript present in the brains of cattle and mice that lacks exon 1. Taken together, these results show that intron 1 and exon 1 play a critical role in the regulation of prion protein expression. Because switching off prion protein expression has been shown to arrest prion disease, these regions present novel targets for intervention in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathryn L Haigh
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Camidge DR, Randall KR, Foster JR, Sadler CJ, Wright JA, Soames AR, Laud PJ, Smith PD, Hughes AM. Plucked human hair as a tissue in which to assess pharmacodynamic end points during drug development studies. Br J Cancer 2005; 92:1837-41. [PMID: 15886708 PMCID: PMC2361775 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjc.6602558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated the feasibility of detecting and quantifying six cell-cycle-related nuclear markers (Ki67, pRb, p27, phospho-p27 (phosphorylated p27), phospho-pRb (phosphorylated pRb), phospho-HH3 (phosphorylated histone H3)) in plucked human scalp and eyebrow hair. Estimates of the proportion of plucked hairs that are lost or damaged during processing plus the intra- and intersubject variability of each nuclear marker with these techniques are provided to inform sizing decisions for intervention studies with drugs potentially impacting on these markers in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Camidge
- Edinburgh Cancer Centre, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - K R Randall
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - J R Foster
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - C J Sadler
- Syngenta, CTL, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - J A Wright
- Syngenta, CTL, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - A R Soames
- Syngenta, CTL, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK
| | - P J Laud
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - P D Smith
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK. E-mail:
| | - A M Hughes
- AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
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Desai AA, Schilsky RL, Young A, Janisch L, Stadler WM, Vogelzang NJ, Cadden S, Wright JA, Ratain MJ. A phase I study of antisense oligonucleotide GTI-2040 given by continuous intravenous infusion in patients with advanced solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2005; 16:958-65. [PMID: 15824081 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study of GTI-2040, a 20-mer phosphorothioate oligonucleotide complementary to the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) of the R2 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR), was conducted to determine the dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) and maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) of the agent in patients with advanced solid tumors or lymphoma. Plasma pharmacokinetics of GTI-2040 and suppression of RNR expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were also studied. PATIENTS AND METHODS GTI-2040 was administered as a continuous intravenous infusion for 21 days every 4 weeks. Dose escalation was performed using an accelerated, dose-doubling schedule until any drug related toxicity > or = grade 2 was observed; subsequent dose escalation followed a more conservative dose escalation scheme with three patients/cohort. RESULTS A total of 49 cycles of therapy were administered to 36 patients at GTI-2040 doses ranging from 18.5 mg/m(2)/day to 222 mg/m(2)/day. GTI-2040 was generally well tolerated. At the highest dose level examined, two patients experienced dose limiting reversible hepatic toxicity. Constitutional toxicities consisting of fatigue and anorexia were the most common toxicities. CONCLUSIONS The recommended dose of GTI-2040 given on this infusion schedule is 185 mg/m(2)/day. GTI-2040 appears to have a manageable toxicity profile and is generally well tolerated as a single agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Desai
- Section of Hematology and Oncology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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El Sahly HM, Wright JA, Soini H, Bui TT, Williams-Bouyer N, Escalante P, Musser JM, Graviss EA. Recurrent tuberculosis in Houston, Texas: a population-based study. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8:333-40. [PMID: 15139472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the predictors of recurrence of tuberculosis (TB), the drug resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains recovered from recurrent TB patients, and the frequency of re-infection with a new M. tuberculosis strain among patients with recurrent disease. DESIGN A population-based, retrospective case-control study using the Houston Tuberculosis Initiative database. RESULTS We found that, among 100 patients with recurrent TB who completed adequate therapy for a first episode of TB, not receiving directly observed therapy, pulmonary disease, HIV/AIDS diagnosis, not having a family physician, being unemployed and using public transportation were predictors of recurrent disease. There was a significant increase in drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains in the second episode of disease compared to the first episode (21.3% vs. 8.2%, P = 0.04). Exogenous re-infection with a new strain of M. tuberculosis was found to cause 24-31% of recurrent TB. CONCLUSION Recurrent TB in Houston is associated with a significant increase in drug-resistant M. tuberculosis strains. Re-infection with a new M. tuberculosis strain causes a significant proportion of recurrent TB in an area of low TB incidence. Patients with HIV/AIDS constitute a population at increased risk of disease recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M El Sahly
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Ma X, Dou S, Wright JA, Reich RA, Teeter LD, El Sahly HM, Awe RJ, Musser JM, Graviss EA. 5' dinucleotide repeat polymorphism of NRAMP1 and susceptibility to tuberculosis among Caucasian patients in Houston, Texas. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2002; 6:818-23. [PMID: 12234138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Houston Tuberculosis Initiative (HTI) and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas. OBJECTIVE To further explore the association between the polymorphisms of NRAMP1 and human susceptibility/resistance to tuberculosis (TB), specifically to determine whether the reported association shown for blacks and Asians holds true for Caucasian populations. DESIGN In a case-control study, 135 adult Caucasian TB patients and 108 adult Caucasian HIV-seronegative non-TB controls were analyzed for the association between the polymorphisms in NRAMP1 gene and clinical TB. RESULTS Heterozygote at 5'(GT)n, a dinucleotide repeat polymorphism in the promoter of NRAMP1, was observed at significantly higher frequencies among HIV-negative patients with pulmonary TB (41.6%; OR 2.02; 95%CI 1.11-3.64), extra-pulmonary TB (66.7%; OR 4.80; 95%CI 1.34-17.15), and HIV-seropositive TB patients (50%; OR 3.77; 95%CI 1.33-10.66) in comparison with the controls (27.8%). Homozygotes (GT)(10,10) were over-represented among HIV-positive TB patients (18.2%; OR 6.86; 95%CI 1.55-30.21) compared to the controls (5.5%). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that the 5'(GT)n polymorphism of NRAMP1 modifies TB susceptibility in this Caucasian population, and could possibly be related to the site of infection among HIV-negative individuals and HIV-coinfected TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Ma
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Kuschak TI, Kuschak BC, Taylor CL, Wright JA, Wiener F, Mai S. c-Myc initiates illegitimate replication of the ribonucleotide reductase R2 gene. Oncogene 2002; 21:909-20. [PMID: 11840336 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2001] [Revised: 10/19/2001] [Accepted: 10/31/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms through which the oncoprotein c-Myc initiates locus-specific gene amplification are not understood. When analysing the initiation mechanism of c-Myc-dependent amplification of the mouse ribonucleotide reductase R2 (R2) gene, we observe c-Myc-dependent initiation of illegitimate DNA replication of the R2 gene. We demonstrate multiple simultaneous c-Myc-induced R2 replication forks, whereas R2 normally replicates with a single fork. In contrast, cyclin C replicates with only a single replication fork irrespective of c-Myc deregulation. In addition to de novo replication forks, c-Myc also initiates bi-allelic replication of R2, abrogating its normal mono-allelic replication pattern. Moreover, several chromosomal regions also display c-Myc-induced illegitimate replication profiles. Thus, c-Myc can act as an illegitimate replication-licensing factor that promotes de novo replication initiation and illegitimate replication timing that adversely impacts upon genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Kuschak
- Department of Microbiology, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, The University of Manitoba, 675 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, R3E 0V9, Canada
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Chappell CL, Wright JA, Coletta M, Newsome AL. Standardized method of measuring acanthamoeba antibodies in sera from healthy human subjects. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001; 8:724-30. [PMID: 11427418 PMCID: PMC96134 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.4.724-730.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Acanthamoeba species can cause serious, debilitating, and sometimes life-threatening infections. Three groups have been identified using morphological and immunological comparisons. Previous serological studies have utilized a variety of antigen preparations and assay methods and reported disparate (3 to 100%) results. This study was designed to (i) optimize an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting serum antibodies to each of the Acanthamoeba serogroups and (ii) test 55 healthy individuals for specific immunoglobulin G reactivity. The highest signal-to-background ratio was found when 3,000 fixed, intact trophozoites per well were used with a 1:10 serum dilution. Sera yielding optical densities of <0.25 against all three Acanthamoeba serogroups were used to define the cutoff for positive results. The highest background reactivity with these sera was seen with Acanthamoeba polyphaga (serogroup 2), followed by Acanthamoeba culbertsoni (serogroup 3) and Acanthamoeba astronyxis (serogroup 1). Of 55 subjects tested, the highest number of positive results was seen with A. polyphaga (81.8%), followed by A. astronyxis (52.8%) and A. culbertsoni (40%). Seven serum samples (12.7%) were negative for all three Acanthamoeba serogroups, 16 (29.1%) were positive for one serogroup only, 16 were positive for two serogroups, and 16 reacted to all three serogroups. Further analysis showed no significant associations between serogroup reactivity and age or gender. However, some ethnic differences were noted, especially with A. polyphaga antigens. In that case, serum samples from Hispanic subjects were 14.5 times less likely to be positive (P = 0.0025) and had lower mean absorbance values (P = 0.047) than those from Caucasian subjects. Overall, these data suggest that Acanthamoeba colonization or infection is more common than previously thought. Mild or asymptomatic infections may contribute to the observed serum reactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chappell
- Center for Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Anand KJ, Hopkins SE, Wright JA, Ricketts RR, Flanders WD. Statistical models to predict the need for postoperative intensive care and hospitalization in pediatric surgical patients. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27:873-83. [PMID: 11430544 DOI: 10.1007/s001340100929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop statistical models for predicting postoperative hospital and ICU stay in pediatric surgical patients based on preoperative clinical characteristics and operative factors related to the degree of surgical stress. We hypothesized that preoperative and operative factors will predict the need for ICU admission and may be used to forecast the length of ICU stay or postoperative hospital stay. DESIGN Prospective data collection from 1,763 patients. SETTING Tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS All pediatric surgical patients, including those undergoing day surgery. Patients undergoing dental or ophthalmologic surgical procedures were excluded. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS A logistic regression model predicting ICU admission was developed from all patients. Poissonregression models were developed from 1,161 randomly selected patients and validated from the remaining 602 patients. The logistic regression model for ICU admission was highlypredictive (area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve = 0.981). In the data set used for development of Poisson regression models, significant correlations occurred between the observed and predicted ICU stay (Pearson r = 0.468, p < 0.0001, n = 131) and between the observed and predicted hospital stay for patients undergoing general (r = 0.695, p < 0.0001), orthopedic (r = 0.717, p < 0.0001), cardiothoracic (r = 0.746, p < 0.0001), urologic (r = 0.458, p < 0.0001), otorhinolaryngologic (r = 0.962, p < 0.0001), neurosurgical (r = 0.7084, p < 0.0001) and plastic surgical (r = 0.854, p < 0.0001) procedures. In the validation data set, correlations between predicted and observed hospital stay were significant for general (p < 0.0001), orthopedic (p < 0.0001), cardiothoracic (p = 0.0321) and urologic surgery (p = 0.0383). The Poisson models for length of ICU stay, otorhinolaryngology, neurosurgery or plastic surgery could not be validated because of small numbers of patients. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative and operative factors may be used to develop statistical models predicting the need for ICU admission in pediatric surgical patients, and hospital stay following general surgical, orthopedic, cardiothoracic and urologic procedures. These statistical models need to be refined and validatedfurther, perhaps using data collection from multiple institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Anand
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences & Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock 72202-3591, USA.
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Abstract
Here, we describe a gentle and effective method for the rapid and reproducible isolation of histone-bound extrachromosomal DNA molecules called extrachromosomal elements (EEs). This method facilitates the harvest of a specific population of EEs following their isolation from cultured cells, primary tissues, and tumor cells. Active EEs are bound to histone proteins, and these histone-bound EEs carry actively transcribing genes such as c-myc. Our method exploits the presence of histones on EEs and serves as a first-step purification procedure, allowing for the cloning or multivariant analysis of an immunopurified sample of EEs. We isolated EEs from 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT)-activated Myc-ER™-regulatable Pre-B ABM cells. Following one round of immunoprecipitation, we demonstrate the purification of histone-bound EEs. We confirmed that our purification enriched for EEs that carry genes by fluorescent in situ hybridization of EEs (FISH-EEs), and we probed non-enriched and immunopurified EEs with a dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) cDNA probe that is known to detect extrachromosomal amplification in Myc-activated cells. We demonstrate the enrichment of immunoprecipitated DHFR-containing extrachromosomal DNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- T I Kuschak
- Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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Christakis DA, Zimmerman FJ, Wright JA, Garrison MM, Rivara FP, Davis RL. A randomized controlled trial of point-of-care evidence to improve the antibiotic prescribing practices for otitis media in children. Pediatrics 2001; 107:E15. [PMID: 11158489 DOI: 10.1542/peds.107.2.e15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Prescribing practices for otitis media are not consistent with current evidence-based recommendations. OBJECTIVE To determine whether point-of-care evidence delivery regarding the use and duration of antibiotics for otitis media decreases the duration of therapy from 10 days and decreases the frequency of prescriptions written. DESIGN Randomized, controlled trial. SETTING Primary care pediatric clinic affiliated with university training program. Intervention. A point-of-care evidence-based message system presenting real time evidence to providers based on their prescribing practice for otitis media. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Proportion of prescriptions for otitis media that were for <10 days and frequency with which antibiotics were prescribed. RESULTS Intervention providers had a 34% greater reduction in the proportion of time they prescribed antibiotics for <10 days. Intervention providers were less likely to prescribe antibiotics than were control providers. CONCLUSIONS A point-of-care information system integrated into outpatient pediatric care can significantly influence provider behavior for a common condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Christakis
- Child Health Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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