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Behari J, Bradley A, Townsend K, Becich MJ, Cappella N, Chuang CH, Fernandez SA, Ford DE, Kirchner HL, Morgan R, Paranjape A, Silverstein JC, Williams DA, Donahoo WT, Asrani SK, Ntanios F, Ateya M, Hegeman-Dingle R, McLeod E, McTigue K. Limitations of Noninvasive Tests-Based Population-Level Risk Stratification Strategy for Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:370-383. [PMID: 38060170 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-023-08186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are highly prevalent but underdiagnosed. AIMS We used an electronic health record data network to test a population-level risk stratification strategy using noninvasive tests (NITs) of liver fibrosis. METHODS Data were obtained from PCORnet® sites in the East, Midwest, Southwest, and Southeast United States from patients aged [Formula: see text] 18 with or without ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes for NAFLD, NASH, and NASH-cirrhosis between 9/1/2017 and 8/31/2020. Average and standard deviations (SD) for Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4), NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS), and Hepatic Steatosis Index (HSI) were estimated by site for each patient cohort. Sample-wide estimates were calculated as weighted averages across study sites. RESULTS Of 11,875,959 patients, 0.8% and 0.1% were coded with NAFLD and NASH, respectively. NAFLD diagnosis rates in White, Black, and Hispanic patients were 0.93%, 0.50%, and 1.25%, respectively, and for NASH 0.19%, 0.04%, and 0.16%, respectively. Among undiagnosed patients, insufficient EHR data for estimating NITs ranged from 68% (FIB-4) to 76% (NFS). Predicted prevalence of NAFLD by HSI was 60%, with estimated prevalence of advanced fibrosis of 13% by NFS and 7% by FIB-4. Approximately, 15% and 23% of patients were classified in the intermediate range by FIB-4 and NFS, respectively. Among NAFLD-cirrhosis patients, a third had FIB-4 scores in the low or intermediate range. CONCLUSIONS We identified several potential barriers to a population-level NIT-based screening strategy. HSI-based NAFLD screening appears unrealistic. Further research is needed to define merits of NFS- versus FIB-4-based strategies, which may identify different high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaideep Behari
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Suite 201, Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| | - Allison Bradley
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15206, USA
| | - Kevin Townsend
- US Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Michael J Becich
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15206, USA
| | - Nickie Cappella
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15206, USA
| | - Cynthia H Chuang
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | - Soledad A Fernandez
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43201, USA
| | - Daniel E Ford
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - H Lester Kirchner
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Geisinger Health System, Danville, PA, 17822, USA
| | - Richard Morgan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15206, USA
| | - Anuradha Paranjape
- Department of Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jonathan C Silverstein
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15206, USA
| | - David A Williams
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - W Troy Donahoo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32608, USA
| | | | - Fady Ntanios
- US Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Mohammad Ateya
- US Medical Affairs, Pfizer Inc, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | | | - Euan McLeod
- Pfizer Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Tadworth, UK
| | - Kathleen McTigue
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
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Colavecchia C, Boyd L, Townsend K, Kmitch L, Broder L, Hegeman-Dingle R, Ateya M, Alvir J. MEDICATION ADHERENCE ASSOCIATED WITH AREA-LEVEL SOCIAL RISK EXPOSURE AMONG PATIENTS WITH VENOUS THROMBOEMBOLISM: A NATIONAL RETROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(22)02772-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Means K, Townsend K, Johnson P. Multicavitary septic effusions associated with actinobacillosis in an adult Tennessee Walking Horse with weight loss. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Means
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - K. Townsend
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
| | - P. Johnson
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine University of Missouri Columbia Missouri USA
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Trindade A, Townsend K, Rose J, Kanach K, Thaniyavarn T, Goldberg H, El-Chemaly S. Malignancy Risk in Lung Transplant Recipients with Short Telomere Length. J Heart Lung Transplant 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2021.01.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Greenfield D, Lawrence SA, Kellner A, Townsend K, Wilkinson A. Health service accreditation stimulating change in clinical care and human resource management processes: A study of 311 Australian hospitals. Health Policy 2019; 123:661-665. [PMID: 31076201 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to establish whether longitudinal participation in an accreditation program is translated into improvement in continuity of quality patient care and human resource management (HRM) processes outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a secondary data analysis of accreditation panel data from acute hospitals participating in the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards' Evaluation and Quality Improvement Program (EQuIP). EQuIP criteria data from 311 hospitals were collected by external surveyors across 2003-2006 (Time 1) and 2007-2010 (Time 2). Mandatory accreditation criteria ratings at Time 1 were used to determine hospital performance group membership (1 = below moderate, 2 = moderate, 3 = above moderate). Analysis was undertaken of ratings across continuity of quality patient care and HRM process criteria, at Time 1 and 2. RESULTS Continuity of quality patient care and HRM processes improved across time in the three performance groups. Lower performing hospitals improved at a greater rate than moderate and higher performing hospitals. The groupings and performance order did not change over time. CONCLUSIONS An accreditation program is an external driver that facilitates continual and systemic quality improvement changes to sub-systems with an organisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Greenfield
- Australian Institute of Health Service Management, University of Tasmania, NSW, Australia.
| | - S A Lawrence
- Centre for Work, Organisation and Wellbeing, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - A Kellner
- Centre for Work, Organisation and Wellbeing, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - K Townsend
- Centre for Work, Organisation and Wellbeing, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
| | - A Wilkinson
- Centre for Work, Organisation and Wellbeing, Griffith University, QLD, Australia
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Green SM, Townsend K, Jarrett N, Fader M. The experiences and support needs of people living at home with an enteral tube: a qualitative interview study. J Hum Nutr Diet 2019; 32:646-658. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Green
- School of Health Sciences University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton UK
- Solent NHS Trust Hampshire UK
| | - K. Townsend
- School of Health Sciences University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton UK
| | - N. Jarrett
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work University of Portsmouth Portsmouth UK
| | - M. Fader
- School of Health Sciences University of Southampton Highfield, Southampton UK
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Mody G, Townsend K, Kerwin C, Chavez DL, Boukedes S, Coppolino A, Singh S, Jin G, Wolfe D, Mallidi H, Goldberg H. Steroid Dosing and Delirium after Lung Transplant Surgery. J Heart Lung Transplant 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2019.01.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Barnes GD, Acosta J, Graves C, Puroll E, Kline‐Rogers E, Gu X, Townsend K, McMahon E, Craig T, Froehlich JB. Barriers to integrating direct oral anticoagulants into anticoagulation clinic care: A mixed-methods study. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2019; 3:79-84. [PMID: 30656279 PMCID: PMC6332808 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outpatient anticoagulation clinics were initially developed to care for patients taking vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin. There has not been a systematic evaluation of the barriers and facilitators to integrating direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) care into outpatient anticoagulation clinics. METHODS We performed a mixed methods study consisting of an online survey of anticoagulation clinic providers and semi-structured interviews with anticoagulation clinic leaders and managers between March and May of 2017. Interviews were transcribed and coded, exploring for themes around barriers and facilitators to DOAC care within anticoagulation clinics. Survey questions pertaining to the specific themes identified in the interviews were analyzed using summary statistics. RESULTS Survey responses were collected from 159 unique anticoagulation clinics and 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted. Three primary barriers to DOAC care in the anticoagulation clinic were described by the interviewees: (a) a lack of provider awareness for ongoing monitoring and services provided by the anticoagulation clinic; (b) financial challenges to providing care to DOAC patients in an anticoagulation clinic model; and (c) clinical knowledge versus scope of care by the anticoagulation staff. These themes linked to three key areas of variation, including: (a) the size and hospital affiliation of the anticoagulation clinic; (b) the use of face-to-face versus telephone-based care; and (c) the use of nurses or pharmacists in the anticoagulation clinic. CONCLUSIONS Anticoagulation clinics in the United States experience important barriers to integrating DOAC care. These barriers vary based on the clinic size, model for warfarin care, and staff credentials (nursing or pharmacy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D. Barnes
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
- Center for Bioethics and Social Science in MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Jennifer Acosta
- Center for Bioethics and Social Science in MedicineUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Christopher Graves
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Eric Puroll
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Eva Kline‐Rogers
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | - Xiaokui Gu
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
| | | | | | | | - James B. Froehlich
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichigan
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Barnes GD, Kline-Rogers E, Graves C, Puroll E, Gu X, Townsend K, McMahon E, Craig T, Froehlich JB. Structure and function of anticoagulation clinics in the United States: an AC forum membership survey. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2018; 46:7-11. [PMID: 29605836 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-018-1652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Many anticoagulation clinics have adapted their services to provide care for patients taking direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) in addition to traditional warfarin management. Anticoagulation clinic scope of service and operations in this transitional environment have not been well described in the literature. A survey was conducted of United States-based Anticoagulation Forum members to inquire about anticoagulation clinic structure, function, and services provided. Survey responses are reported using summary or non-parametric statistics, when appropriate. Unique clinic survey responses were received from 159 anticoagulation clinics. Clinic structure and staffing are highly variable, with approximately half of clinics (52%) providing DOAC-focused care in addition to traditional warfarin-focused care. Of those clinics managing DOAC patients, this accounts for only 10% of their clinic volume. These clinics commonly have a DOAC follow up protocol (75%). Clinics assign a median of 190.5 (interquartile range 50-300) patients per staff full-time-equivalent, with more patients assigned in phone-based care clinics than in face-to-face based care clinics. Most clinics (68.5%) report receiving reimbursement, which occur either through a combination of patient and insurance provider billing (78.2%), insurance reimbursement only (19.5%) or patient reimbursement only (2.3%). There is wide heterogeneity in anticoagulation clinic structure, function, and services provided. Half of all survey-responding anticoagulation clinics provide care for DOAC-treated patients. Understanding how changes in healthcare policy and reimbursement have impacted these clinics remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Barnes
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting Program, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Eva Kline-Rogers
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting Program, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher Graves
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting Program, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Eric Puroll
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting Program, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokui Gu
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting Program, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Terri Craig
- Pfizer, US Medical Affairs, New York, NY, USA
| | - James B Froehlich
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting Program, University of Michigan, Arbor, MI, USA
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Townsend K, Pietila T. 3D printing and modeling of congenital heart defects: A technical review. Birth Defects Res 2018; 110:1091-1097. [PMID: 30063112 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Use of 3D printing technology is expanding in healthcare. One of the common applications is the creation of anatomical models of congenital heart defects (CHD) from medical image data. These patient-specific models are being used for multiple purposes including visualization of anatomy, simulation of surgical procedures, patient education, and facilitating communication between clinical staff. The process for creating CHD models begins with acquiring volumetric image data that is segmented using medical image processing software. A virtual 3D model is calculated based on the segmented data which can be further refined using computer-aided design software. Last, the virtual model is transferred to a 3D printer for production. By obtaining detailed knowledge on the process for creating patient-specific CHD anatomical models, institutions can implement the technology in an efficient and cost-effective manner.
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11
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Barnes GD, Gu X, Kline‐Rogers E, Graves C, Puroll E, Townsend K, McMahon E, Craig T, Froehlich JB. Out-of-range INR results lead to increased health-care utilization in four large anticoagulation clinics. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018; 2:490-496. [PMID: 30046753 PMCID: PMC6046592 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact on health-care costs and utilization of a single out-of-range (OOR) INR value not associated with bleeding or thromboembolic complication among chronic warfarin-treated patients is not well described. METHODS At four large phone-based anticoagulation clinics (total 14 948 patients), warfarin-treated patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or venous thromboembolism were retrospectively propensity matched into an OOR INR group (n = 116) and a control group (n = 58). Types and frequency of contacts (eg, phone, voicemail, facsimile) and personnel involved were identified. A prospective time study analysis of 59 OOR and 92 control patients was performed over 8.5 days to record the time required to care for these patients. 2016 USD cost estimates were generated from average salaries. RESULTS OOR and in-range INR patients experienced an average of 4.2 and 3.2 (P < .001) INR lab draws until two sequential tests were in range. OOR INR patients required an average of 5.3 interactions with the anticoagulation clinic vs 3.7 for in-range INR patients (P < .001). OOR INR patients more often required phone calls, fewer mailed letters, and more often required multiple types of contact than in-range INR patients. In the prospective analysis, total median time involved for each OOR INR value was 5.1 minutes (IQR 3.7-9.5) vs 2.9 minutes (IQR 1.8-5.8) for control INR values (P < .001). At the clinic level, OOR INR values were associated with a yearly staff cost of $17 938 (IQR $8969-$31 391). CONCLUSIONS We quantified the amount of extra anticoagulation staff effort required to manage warfarin-treated patients who experience a single OOR INR value without bleeding or thromboembolic complications, which leads to higher healthcare utilization costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey D Barnes
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Xiaokui Gu
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Eva Kline‐Rogers
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Christopher Graves
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | - Eric Puroll
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
| | | | | | | | - James B Froehlich
- Michigan Clinical Outcomes Research and Reporting ProgramUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMichiganUSA
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Barnes GD, Gu X, Kline-Rogers E, Graves C, Puroll E, Townsend K, McMahon E, Craig T, Froehlich JB. Abstract 253: Out of Range INR Results Lead to Increased Health Care Utilization in Four Large Anticoagulation Clinics. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 2017. [DOI: 10.1161/circoutcomes.10.suppl_3.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background:
The impact on healthcare utilization of a single out of range (OOR) INR value not associated with any bleeding or thromboembolic complication among chronic warfarin-treated patients is not well described.
Methods:
At four large phone-based anticoagulation clinics in Michigan, warfarin-treated patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) or venous thromboembolism (VTE) were identified and data collected via medical chart abstraction. Propensity score matching was used to identify two groups closely matched on patient characteristics: the OOR INR group (INR value < 1.8 or > 3.2 if target range was 2-3) and the control group (INR value between 1.8 and 3.2). Data for each anticoagulation clinic interaction and INR lab test were abstracted until the patient had 2 subsequent and sequential in-range INR values. Methods and frequency of interactions between the anticoagulation clinic and patient were recorded, described as median and interquartile ranges (IQR) and compared using Poisson regression with adjusted means.
Results:
Demographics were similar for the 116 OOR INR patients and the 58 control patients studied (mean±SD age 72.1±13.0 and 74.3±11.3 years, respectively). Indications for warfarin were more commonly venous thromboembolism in the OOR versus in-range patients (42.2% vs. 27.6%, p=0.06). OOR and in-range INR patients experienced a median of 3 (IQR 3-5) and 3 (IQR 3-3) with adjusted means of 4.2 and 3.2 (p<0.001) INR lab draws until two sequential tests were in-range. OOR INR patients required a median 5 (IQR 3-6) with adjusted means of 5.3 and 3.7 interactions with the anticoagulation clinic versus 3 (IQR 3-4) for in-range INR patients (p<0.001). OOR INR patients more often required phone calls (adjusted means 2.9 versus 0.9, p<0.001) but fewer mailed letters (adjusted means 1.3 versus 2.3, p<0.001) than in-range INR patients. OOR INR patients more often required multiple types of contact than in-range INR patients (83.6% versus 55.2%, p<0.001). Contact was most frequently performed by registered nurses (adjusted means 3.4 versus 2.9, p=0.059) and administrative assistants (adjusted means 1.3 versus 0.5, p<0.001) for both OOR and in-range INR patients. Blood count and renal function lab test were similarly rare for both groups (mean 0.4, median 0, p=0.74 for each).
Conclusions:
Warfarin-treated patients who experience OOR INR values without any bleeding or thromboembolic complication require more frequent interactions with the anticoagulation clinic, including more telephone calls and multiple types of contact.
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Cockcroft PD, Mackie I, Perry J, Caraguel C, Townsend K, Reichel MP. Cross-sectional observational survey of serum biochemistry values in a population of 69 adult female alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in South Australia. Aust Vet J 2016; 94:125-6. [PMID: 27021895 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Blood samples were collected from 69 'healthy' female alpacas aged ≥12 months from 11 properties in South Australia. The 10-90 percentile ranges of the 16/19 analytes measured in this sample population were within the published ranges of four healthy alpaca populations from other geographic locations. Marginal exceptions were glutamate dehydrogenase and bicarbonate. Potassium was notably elevated, probably because of haemolysis of some samples. The sample size was insufficient to provide the appropriate statistical power to define diagnostic references ranges according to international standards. The health status of the sample population of alpacas was presumptive based on a physical examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Cockcroft
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - I Mackie
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - J Perry
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - C Caraguel
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - K Townsend
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M P Reichel
- University of Adelaide, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Adelaide, Australia
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Moniodis A, Townsend K, Rabin A, Aloum O, Stempel J, Burkett P, Camp P, Divo M, El-Chemaly S, Mallidi H, Rosas I, Anne F, Koo S, Goldberg H. Natural History of Chronic Lung Allograft Dysfunction (CLAD) and Impact of Azithromycin (AZ) in Lung Transplant (LT) Recipients. J Heart Lung Transplant 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2016.01.632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Greenfield D, Kellner A, Townsend K, Wilkinson A, Lawrence SA. Health service accreditation reinforces a mindset of high-performance human resource management: lessons from an Australian study. Int J Qual Health Care 2014; 26:372-7. [PMID: 24737831 DOI: 10.1093/intqhc/mzu039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether an accreditation program facilitates healthcare organizations (HCOs) to evolve and maintain high-performance human resource management (HRM) systems. DESIGN Cross-sectional multimethod study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Healthcare organizations participating in the Australian Council on Healthcare Standards Evaluation and Quality Improvement Program (EQuIP 4) between 2007 and 2011. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ratings across the EQuIP 4 HRM criteria, a clinical performance measure, surveyor reports (HRM information) and interview data (opinions and experiences regarding HRM and accreditation). RESULTS Healthcare organizations identified as high performing on accreditation HRM criteria seek excellence primarily because of internal motivations linked to best practice. Participation in an accreditation program is a secondary and less significant influence. Notwithstanding, the accreditation program provides the HCO opportunity for internal and external review and assessment of their performance; the accreditation activities are reflective learning and feedback events. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that HCOs that pursue highly performing HRM systems use participation in an accreditation program as an opportunity. Their organizational mindset is to use the program as a tool by which to reflect and obtain feedback on their performance so to maintain or improve their management of staff and delivery of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Greenfield
- Faculty of Medicine, Centre for Clinical Governance Research, Australian Institute of Health Innovation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - A Kellner
- Centre for Work, Organisation and Wellbeing, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K Townsend
- Centre for Work, Organisation and Wellbeing, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - A Wilkinson
- Centre for Work, Organisation and Wellbeing, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - S A Lawrence
- Centre for Work, Organisation and Wellbeing, Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia
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Osinusi A, Townsend K, Nelson A, Kohli A, Gross C, Polis M, Pang P, Symonds W, Talwani R, Sajadi M, Hogan J, Benator D, Subramanian M, Mchutchison J, Masur H, Kottilil S. O14 USE OF SOFOSBUVIR/LEDIPASVIR FIXED DOSE COMBINATION FOR TREATMENT OF HCV GENOTYPE-1 IN PATIENTS COINFECTED WITH HIV. J Hepatol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8278(14)60016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023]
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Filges I, Nosova E, Bruder E, Tercanli S, Townsend K, Gibson WT, Röthlisberger B, Heinimann K, Hall JG, Gregory-Evans CY, Wasserman WW, Miny P, Friedman JM. Exome sequencing identifies mutations in KIF14 as a novel cause of an autosomal recessive lethal fetal ciliopathy phenotype. Clin Genet 2013; 86:220-8. [PMID: 24128419 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene discovery using massively parallel sequencing has focused on phenotypes diagnosed postnatally such as well-characterized syndromes or intellectual disability, but is rarely reported for fetal disorders. We used family-based whole-exome sequencing in order to identify causal variants for a recurrent pattern of an undescribed lethal fetal congenital anomaly syndrome. The clinical signs included intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), severe microcephaly, renal cystic dysplasia/agenesis and complex brain and genitourinary malformations. The phenotype was compatible with a ciliopathy, but not diagnostic of any known condition. We hypothesized biallelic disruption of a gene leading to a defect related to the primary cilium. We identified novel autosomal recessive truncating mutations in KIF14 that segregated with the phenotype. Mice with autosomal recessive mutations in the same gene have recently been shown to have a strikingly similar phenotype. Genotype-phenotype correlations indicate that the function of KIF14 in cell division and cytokinesis can be linked to a role in primary cilia, supported by previous cellular and model organism studies of proteins that interact with KIF14. We describe the first human phenotype, a novel lethal ciliary disorder, associated with biallelic inactivating mutations in KIF14. KIF14 may also be considered a candidate gene for allelic viable ciliary and/or microcephaly phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Filges
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, and Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada; Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Flynn R, Li X, Kim Y, Wu X, Townsend K, Zhang W, Woodin B, Rockey W, Enger S, Breitbach E, Adams Q. WE-A-108-09: Interstitial Rotating Shield Brachytherapy for Prostate Cancer. Med Phys 2013. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4815502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Gabardi S, Townsend K, Martin ST, Chandraker A. Evaluating the impact of pre-transplant desensitization utilizing a plasmapheresis and low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin protocol on BK viremia in renal transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 2013; 15:361-8. [PMID: 23647907 DOI: 10.1111/tid.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A correlation exists between polyomavirus BK (BKV) viremia in renal transplant recipients (RTR) and the degree of immunosuppression. However, the impact of pre-transplant desensitization on the incidence of BKV viremia is unknown. METHODS This retrospective study evaluated living-donor RTR between January 2004 and December 2008 receiving routine BKV viral load monitoring. Patients were divided into those who underwent pre-transplant desensitization (n = 20) and those who did not (n = 71). The primary endpoint was the incidence of BKV viremia at 1 year post transplant. RESULTS All demographic data were similar, except for more female patients (65% vs. 36.6%; P = 0.0392) in the desensitized group. More desensitized patients had a previous transplant (75% vs. 12.7%; P < 0.0001) and were more likely to be induced with basiliximab (75% vs. 35.2%; P = 0.0021). Following transplantation, antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) rates were highest in the desensitized group (55% vs. 1.4%; P < 0.0001). The incidence of BKV viremia at 1 year post transplant was significantly higher in desensitized patients (45% vs. 19.7%; P = 0.0385). Desensitization was also associated with a higher prevalence of BKV viremia at any time post transplant (50% vs. 22.5%; P = 0.0245), polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (20% vs. 2.8%; P = 0.0198) and BKV-related allograft loss (10% vs. 0%; P = 0.0464). Also of note, in a subgroup analysis of only our desensitized patients, it did not appear that development of AMR significantly impacted the incidence of BKV viremia in these individuals. CONCLUSIONS This analysis reveals that pre-transplant desensitization significantly increases the risk for BKV viremia and nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gabardi
- Department of Transplant Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Millar LM, Sheikh N, Townsend K, Vlahos J, Bunce N. 111 INTERGRATION OF CT CALCIUM SCORING AND CT CORONARY ANGIOGRAMS INTO A TERTIARY HOSPITAL RAPID ACCESS CHEST PAIN CLINIC. Heart 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304019.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Choe HM, Farris KB, Stevenson JG, Townsend K, Diez HL, Remington TL, Rockafellow S, Shimp LA, Sy A, Wells T, Standiford CJ. Patient-centered medical home: Developing, expanding, and sustaining a role for pharmacists. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2012; 69:1063-71. [DOI: 10.2146/ajhp110470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hae Mi Choe
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan (UM), Ann Arbor, and Director of Innovative Ambulatory Pharmacy Practices, University of Michigan Health System (UMHS), Ann Arbor
| | | | | | - Kevin Townsend
- Medical Outcomes Specialist, Pfizer, Chelsea, MI, and Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor, College of Pharmacy, UM
| | - Heidi L. Diez
- College of Pharmacy, UM, and Clinical Pharmacist, Kroger Patient Care Center, Ann Arbor
| | - Tami L. Remington
- College of Pharmacy, UM, and Clinical Pharmacist, West Ann Arbor Health Center and Turner Geriatric Clinic, UMHS
| | - Stuart Rockafellow
- College of Pharmacy, UM, and Clinical Pharmacist, Canton Health Center, UMHS
| | - Leslie A. Shimp
- College of Pharmacy, UM, and Clinical Pharmacist, Briarwood Medical Group and Saline Health Center, UMHS
| | - Annie Sy
- Quality Improvement and Decision Support Team, Faculty Group Practice Quality Management Program, UMHS
| | - Trisha Wells
- College of Pharmacy, UM, and Clinical Pharmacist, UMHS
| | - Connie J. Standiford
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, UM, and Associate Medical Director, Ambulatory Care Services, Faculty Group Practice, UMHS
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Do T, Stephens C, Townsend K, Wu X, Chapman T, Chin J, McCormick B, Bara M, Trott DJ. Rapid identification of virulence genes in enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolates associated with diarrhoea in Queensland piggeries. Aust Vet J 2005; 83:293-9. [PMID: 15957392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb12745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify virulence genes in enterotoxigenic E coli (ETEC) isolates associated with diarrhoea in neonatal, 1 to 3 week-old and weaned pigs in southeast Queensland. DESIGN Multiplex PCR and serotyping were applied to E coli isolates obtained over a 5-year period (1998-2002) from cases diagnosed at Toowoomba Veterinary Laboratory. PROCEDURE A total of 126 isolates from 25 different Queensland piggeries were tested for haemolytic activity on 5% sheep blood agar and by multiplex PCR for the presence of five commonly recognised fimbrial (F4, F5, F6, F41 and F18) and three enterotoxin genes (STa, STb, LT). A subset of 62 representative isolates were serotyped by slide agglutination. For comparative purposes, multiplex PCR was also performed on the DNA of 31 ETEC isolates from 9 serotypes originating from piggeries in southern New South Wales. RESULTS A total of 113 (89.7%) of the isolates from Queensland possessed ETEC virulence genes, including 14 of 15 isolates from neonatal pigs (93.3%), 18 of 23 isolates from 1 to 3 week old pigs (78.3%) and 81 of 88 isolates from weaned pigs (92.1%). F4:STa:STb:LT (serotype O149) was the most prevalent pathotype in neonatal and 1-3 week old pigs and F4:STa:STb:LT (serotype O149) and F18:STa:STb:LT (serotype O141) were most prevalent in weaned pigs. In comparison, isolates obtained from neonatal pigs from New South Wales belonged to a more diverse range of pathotypes and serotypes. CONCLUSION Multiplex PCR was a rapid and specific method for detecting the presence of ETEC virulence genes in porcine E coli isolates. For isolates obtained from cases of suspected colibacillosis in Queensland, growth of a heavy pure culture of haemolytic E coli was a sensitive prognostic indicator of the presence of ETEC virulence genes in the isolate. ETEC pathotypes and serotypes remained stable in Queensland piggeries over the five-year study period and appear to have changed little over the last three decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Do
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072
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Choe HM, Cornish L, Townsend K, Jobe J, Mitrovich S. Monitoring safety and effectiveness in patients receiving metformin. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2004; 61:1550-1. [PMID: 15372824 DOI: 10.1093/ajhp/61.15.1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Giunta B, Ehrhart J, Townsend K, Sun N, Vendrame M, Shytle D, Tan J, Fernandez F. Galantamine and nicotine have a synergistic effect on inhibition of microglial activation induced by HIV-1 gp120. Brain Res Bull 2004; 64:165-70. [PMID: 15342104 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2004.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Revised: 06/03/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chronic brain inflammation is the common final pathway in the majority of neurodegenerative diseases and central to this phenomenon is the immunological activation of brain mononuclear phagocyte cells, called microglia. This inflammatory mechanism is a central component of HIV-associated dementia (HAD). In the healthy state, there are endogenous signals from neurons and astrocytes, which limit excessive central nervous system (CNS) inflammation. However, the signals controlling this process have not been fully elucidated. Studies on the peripheral nervous system suggest that a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway regulates systemic inflammatory response by way of acetylcholine acting at the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (alpha7nAChR) found on blood-borne macrophages. Recent data from our laboratory indicates that cultured microglial cells also express this same receptor and that microglial anti-inflammatory properties are mediated through it and the p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) system. Here we report for the first time the creation of an in vitro model of HAD composed of cultured microglial cells synergistically activated by the addition of IFN-gamma and the HIV-1 coat glycoprotein, gp120. Furthermore, this activation, as measured by TNF-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) release, is synergistically attenuated through the alpha7 nAChR and p44/42 MAPK system by pretreatment with nicotine, and the cholinesterase inhibitor, galantamine. Our findings suggest a novel therapeutic combination to treat or prevent the onset of HAD through this modulation of the microglia inflammatory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Giunta
- Neuroimmunology Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, 3515 E. Fletcher Avenue, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
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Hanrahan J, McKinnell J, Storrs B, Jones JE, Schwartz M, Townsend K, Halona M, Mathew P. Successful use of B-domain deleted factor VIII for resection of pituitary adenoma in a paediatric patient with severe haemophilia A. Haemophilia 2003; 9:650-3. [PMID: 14511310 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2516.2003.00785.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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28
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Warren A, Townsend K, King T, Moss S, O'Boyle D, Yates R, Trott DJ. Multi-drug resistant escherichia coli with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase activity and fluoroquinolone resistance isolated from clinical infections in dogs. Aust Vet J 2001; 79:621-3. [PMID: 11702934 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2001.tb10783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Stein CS, Kang Y, Sauter SL, Townsend K, Staber P, Derksen TA, Martins I, Qian J, Davidson BL, McCray PB. In vivo treatment of hemophilia A and mucopolysaccharidosis type VII using nonprimate lentiviral vectors. Mol Ther 2001; 3:850-6. [PMID: 11407898 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2001.0325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy holds great promise for the treatment of a variety of inherited diseases, including hemophilia A and mucopolysaccharidosis type VII (MPS VII). In both these disorders, subnormal levels of replacement protein have therapeutic effects. Thus we hypothesized that transduction of a small proportion of cells by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-based lentiviral vectors might provide sufficient levels of transgene expression for phenotypic correction. We intravenously injected replication-deficient FIV-based vectors encoding either human factor VIII or human beta-glucuronidase into factor VIII-deficient or beta-glucuronidase-deficient mice, respectively. This route of delivery targeted multiple organs, with the liver as the primary transduction site. In the hemophilia A mice, factor VIII expression persisted for the duration of the experiments (approximately 5 months), and recipient mice survived an otherwise lethal bleeding episode (tail-clipping). In mucopolysaccharidosis type VII mice, substantial beta-glucuronidase activity was detected in several tissues and corresponded with marked reduction of lysosomal storage in liver and spleen. These findings indicate that gene transfer with FIV-based lentiviral vectors can permanently introduce transgenes into a sufficient number of hepatocytes for long-term therapeutic effect and suggest potential clinical value of FIV-based lentiviral vectors for treatment of hemophilia A and MPS VII.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Stein
- Program in Gene Therapy, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
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30
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Sheridan PL, Bodner M, Lynn A, Phuong TK, DePolo NJ, de la Vega DJ, O'Dea J, Nguyen K, McCormack JE, Driver DA, Townsend K, Ibañez CE, Sajjadi NC, Greengard JS, Moore MD, Respess J, Chang SM, Dubensky TW, Jolly DJ, Sauter SL. Generation of retroviral packaging and producer cell lines for large-scale vector production and clinical application: improved safety and high titer. Mol Ther 2000; 2:262-75. [PMID: 10985957 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For many applications, human clinical therapies using retroviral vectors still require many technological improvements in key areas of vector design and production. These improvements include higher unprocessed manufacturing titers, complement-resistant vectors, and minimized potential to generate replication-competent retrovirus (RCR). To address these issues, we have developed a panel of human packaging cell lines (PCLs) with reduced homology between retroviral vector and packaging components. These reduced-homology PCLs allowed for the use of a novel high multiplicity of transduction ("high m.o. t.") method to introduce multiple copies of provector within vector-producing cell lines (VPCLs), resulting in high-titer vector without the generation of RCR. In a distinct approach to increase vector yields, we integrated manufacturing parameters into screening strategies and clone selection for large-scale vector production. Collectively, these improvements have resulted in the development of diverse VPCLs with unprocessed titers exceeding 2 x 10(7) CFU/ml. Using this technology, human Factor VIII VPCLs yielding titers as high as 2 x 10(8) CFU/ml unprocessed supernatant were generated. These cell lines produce complement-resistant vector particles (N. J. DePolo et al., J. Virol. 73: 6708-6714, 1999) and provide the basis for an ongoing Factor VIII gene therapy clinical trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Sheridan
- Chiron Corporation, Center for Gene Therapy, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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DePolo NJ, Reed JD, Sheridan PL, Townsend K, Sauter SL, Jolly DJ, Dubensky TW. VSV-G pseudotyped lentiviral vector particles produced in human cells are inactivated by human serum. Mol Ther 2000; 2:218-22. [PMID: 10985952 DOI: 10.1006/mthe.2000.0116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors transduce dividing and postmitotic cells and thus are being developed toward therapies for many diseases affecting diverse tissues. One essential requirement for efficacy will be that vector particles are resistant to inactivation by human serum complement. Most animal studies with lentiviral vectors have utilized VSV-G pseudotyped envelopes. Here we demonstrate that VSV-G pseudotyped HIV and FIV vectors produced in human cells are inactivated by human serum complement, suggesting that alternative envelopes may be required for therapeutic efficacy for many clinical applications of lentiviral vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J DePolo
- Chiron Corporation, Emeryville, California, 94608, USA
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Amsterdam A, Burgess S, Golling G, Chen W, Sun Z, Townsend K, Farrington S, Haldi M, Hopkins N. A large-scale insertional mutagenesis screen in zebrafish. Genes Dev 1999; 13:2713-24. [PMID: 10541557 PMCID: PMC317115 DOI: 10.1101/gad.13.20.2713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 364] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/1999] [Accepted: 08/30/1999] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated that approximately 2500 genes are essential for the normal development of a zebrafish embryo. A mutation in any one of these genes can result in a visible developmental defect, usually followed by the death of the embryo or larva by days 5-7 of age. We are performing a large-scale insertional mutagenesis screen in the zebrafish with the goal of isolating approximately 1000 embryonic mutations. We plan to clone a significant fraction of the mutated genes, as these are the genes important for normal embryogenesis of a vertebrate. To achieve this goal, we prepared approximately 36, 000 founder fish by injecting blastula-stage embryos with one of two pseudotyped retroviruses. We estimate that together these fish harbor between 500,000-1,000,000 proviral insertions in their germ lines. The protocol we have devised and the size of our facility allow us to breed approximately 80,000-150,000 of these insertions to homozygosity within 2 years. Because a pilot screen conducted earlier in our laboratory revealed that the frequency of mutations obtained with this type of insertional mutagen is 1 embryonic lethal mutation per 70-100 proviral insertions, screening 100,000 insertions should yield at least 1000 mutants. Here we describe the protocol for the screen and initial results with the first of the two retroviral vectors used, a virus designated F(5). We screened an estimated 760 insertions among F(3) progeny from 92 F(2) families and obtained 9 recessive embryonic lethal mutations. Thus, the efficiency of mutagenesis with this viral vector is approximately one-ninth that observed with the chemical mutagen ENU in zebrafish. We have also obtained two dominant mutations, one of which is described here. As expected, mutated genes can be readily identified. So far, genes mutated in four of the nine recessive mutants and one of the two dominant mutants have been cloned. Further improvements to this technology could make large-scale insertional mutagenesis screening and rapid gene cloning accessible to relatively small zebrafish laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Amsterdam
- Biology Department and Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Polo JM, Belli BA, Driver DA, Frolov I, Sherrill S, Hariharan MJ, Townsend K, Perri S, Mento SJ, Jolly DJ, Chang SM, Schlesinger S, Dubensky TW. Stable alphavirus packaging cell lines for Sindbis virus and Semliki Forest virus-derived vectors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:4598-603. [PMID: 10200308 PMCID: PMC16378 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.8.4598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphavirus vectors are being developed for possible human vaccine and gene therapy applications. We have sought to advance this field by devising DNA-based vectors and approaches for the production of recombinant vector particles. In this work, we generated a panel of alphavirus vector packaging cell lines (PCLs). These cell lines were stably transformed with expression cassettes that constitutively produced RNA transcripts encoding the Sindbis virus structural proteins under the regulation of their native subgenomic RNA promoter. As such, translation of the structural proteins was highly inducible and was detected only after synthesis of an authentic subgenomic mRNA by the vector-encoded replicase proteins. Efficient production of biologically active vector particles occurred after introduction of Sindbis virus vectors into the PCLs. In one configuration, the capsid and envelope glycoproteins were separated into distinct cassettes, resulting in vector packaging levels of 10(7) infectious units/ml, but reducing the generation of contaminating replication-competent virus below the limit of detection. Vector particle seed stocks could be amplified after low multiplicity of infection of PCLs, again without generating replication-competent virus, suggesting utility for production of large-scale vector preparations. Furthermore, both Sindbis virus-based and Semliki Forest virus-based vectors could be packaged with similar efficiency, indicating the possibility of developing a single PCL for use with multiple alphavirus-derived vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Polo
- Gene Therapy and Vaccines, Chiron Technologies, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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Sällberg M, Hughes J, Javadian A, Ronlov G, Hultgren C, Townsend K, Anderson CG, O'Dea J, Alfonso J, Eason R, Murthy KK, Jolly DJ, Chang SM, Mento SJ, Milich D, Lee WT. Genetic immunization of chimpanzees chronically infected with the hepatitis B virus, using a recombinant retroviral vector encoding the hepatitis B virus core antigen. Hum Gene Ther 1998; 9:1719-29. [PMID: 9721082 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1998.9.12-1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activity and CD4+ helper T cell responses to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) core antigen (HBcAg) have been implicated in clearance of acute and chronic HBV infections. We showed that intramuscular injections of a novel recombinant retroviral vector expressing an HBcAg-neomycin phosphotransferase II (HBc-NEO) fusion protein induces HBc/eAg-specific antibodies and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses in mice and rhesus monkeys. We have now immunized three chronically infected chimpanzees, each with 10(10) CFU of nonreplicating retroviral vector particles expressing the HBc-NEO fusion protein. Of two immunized chimpanzees examined for CTL responses, one developed HBcAg-specific CTLs and showed marginal, transient elevations of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels following injection. However, both chimpanzees remained positive for serum HBeAg, negative for anti-HBe antibody by conventional assays, and displayed no change in HBV viral load throughout the study. In contrast, the third chimpanzee exhibited a traditional seroconversion evidenced by a loss of serum HBeAg and the subsequent emergence of anti-HBe antibodies within 24 weeks after the first injection. Simultaneously, two transient ALT flares and a significant decrease in the serum HBV DNA levels were noted. Despite its limitations, the present study demonstrates (1) the safety of treatment with high titers of retroviral vector in chimpanzees, (2) the capability of a retroviral vector expressing HBcAg to stimulate immune responses in HBV chronic carrier chimpanzees, and (3) that retroviral vector immunization may be therapeutically beneficial in the treatment of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sällberg
- Chiron Technologies Center for Gene Therapy, San Diego, CA 92121-1204, USA
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von Schwedler U, Townsend K, Chada S, Jolly DJ, Elder J, Chang SM, Lee WT. Retroviral-mediated expression of FIV envelope/Rev induces CD8+ CTL responses in mice. Intervirology 1998; 40:271-6. [PMID: 9612729 DOI: 10.1159/000150557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant retroviral vectors that express the Env and Rev proteins of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) were prepared and analyzed in a mouse model system for their ability to induce antigen-specific CD8+ CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) responses. The ultimate goal of these studies is to develop effective immunogens for CTL induction in the cat. Recombinant Env/Rev retroviral vectors were used to transduce mouse fibroblasts and these cells were then inoculated intraperitoneally into syngeneic BALB/c mice. FIV Env-specific CTL responses were obtained. The potent ability of recombinant retroviral vector-transduced cells to elicit cell-mediated immunity in the mouse model offers the possibility that such delivery systems may serve as therapeutic and/or prophylactic treatments against FIV infection in the cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- U von Schwedler
- Chiron Technologies Center for Gene Therapy, San Diego, Calif. 92121, USA
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Hariharan MJ, Driver DA, Townsend K, Brumm D, Polo JM, Belli BA, Catton DJ, Hsu D, Mittelstaedt D, McCormack JE, Karavodin L, Dubensky TW, Chang SM, Banks TA. DNA immunization against herpes simplex virus: enhanced efficacy using a Sindbis virus-based vector. J Virol 1998; 72:950-8. [PMID: 9444987 PMCID: PMC124565 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.72.2.950-958.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we reported the development of a plasmid DNA expression vector system derived from Sindbis virus (T. W. Dubensky, Jr., et al., J. Virol. 70:508-519, 1996). In vitro, such vectors exhibit high-level heterologous gene expression via self-amplifying cytoplasmic RNA replication. In the present study, we demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of the Sindbis virus-based pSIN vectors as DNA vaccines. A single intramuscular immunization of BALB/c mice with pSIN vectors expressing the glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus type 1 induced a broad spectrum of immune responses, including virus-specific antibodies, cytotoxic T cells, and protection from lethal virus challenge in two different murine models. In addition, dosing studies demonstrated that the pSIN vectors were superior to a conventional plasmid DNA vector in the induction of all immune parameters tested. In general, 100- to 1,000-fold-lower doses of pSIN were needed to induce the same level of responsiveness as that achieved with the conventional plasmid DNA vector. In some instances, significant immune responses were induced with a single dose of pSIN as low as 10 ng/mouse. These results indicate the potential usefulness of alphavirus-based vectors for DNA immunization in general and more specifically as a herpes simplex virus vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hariharan
- Department of Viral Therapeutics, Center for Gene Therapy, Chiron Technologies, San Diego, California 92121-1204, USA
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37
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Sällberg M, Townsend K, Chen M, O'Dea J, Banks T, Jolly DJ, Chang SM, Lee WT, Milich DR. Characterization of humoral and CD4+ cellular responses after genetic immunization with retroviral vectors expressing different forms of the hepatitis B virus core and e antigens. J Virol 1997; 71:5295-303. [PMID: 9188598 PMCID: PMC191766 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.7.5295-5303.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The humoral and CD4+ cellular immune responses in mice following genetic immunization with three retroviral vectors encoding different forms of hepatitis B virus core antigen (HBcAg) and e antigen (HBeAg) were analyzed. The retroviral vectors induced expression of intracellular HBcAg (HBc[3A4]), secreted HBeAg (HBe[5A2]), or an intracellular HBcAg-neomycin phosphoryltransferase fusion protein (HBc-NEO[6A3]). Specific antibody levels and immunoglobulin G isotype restriction were highly dependent on both the host major histocompatibility complex and the transferred gene. Humoral and CD4+ cellular HBcAg and/or HBeAg (HBc/eAg)-specific immune responses following retroviral vector immunization were of a lower magnitude but followed the same characteristics compared with those after immunization with HBc/eAg in adjuvant. Two factors influenced the humoral responses. First, in vivo depletion of CD8+ cells in HBc-NEO[6A3]-immunized H-2k mice abrogated both HBcAg-specific antibodies and in vitro-detectable cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Second, priming of H-2b mice with an HBc/eAg-derived T-helper (Th) peptide in adjuvant prior to retroviral vector immunization greatly enhanced the HBc/eAg-specific humoral responses to all three vectors, suggesting that insufficient HBc/eAg-specific CD4+ Th-cell priming limits the humoral responses. In conclusion, direct injection of retroviral vectors seems to be effective in priming HBc/eAg-specific CD8+ but comparatively inefficient in priming CD4+ Th cells and subsequently specific antibodies. However, the limited HBc/eAg-specific CD4+ cell priming can effectively be circumvented by prior administration of a recombinant or synthetic form of HBc/eAg in adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sällberg
- Department of Molecular Biology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
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38
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McCormack JE, Martineau D, DePolo N, Maifert S, Akbarian L, Townsend K, Lee W, Irwin M, Sajjadi N, Jolly DJ, Warner J. Anti-vector immunoglobulin induced by retroviral vectors. Hum Gene Ther 1997; 8:1263-73. [PMID: 9215743 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1997.8.10-1263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Replication-incompetent retroviruses have been employed as gene therapy vectors in experimental settings for more than a decade. More recently, these vectors have been tested in the clinic as immunotherapeutic agents and anticancer agents. One potential problem with the use of such vectors is the possible development of immune responses directed against the vector particles themselves. Here, we examine immunoglobulin (Ig) responses specific for retroviral vectors derived from murine leukemia virus (MLV). Anti-MLV Ig is seen following intramuscular (i.m.) administration of retroviral vectors in mice, and in nonhuman primates; as expected, these responses are dependent upon the vector dose delivered. Furthermore, serum from vector-treated animals is capable of partially neutralizing vector-mediated transduction of target cells in an in vitro assay. Nevertheless, even in the presence of significant levels of anti-vector Ig in vivo, i.m. administration of retroviral vector is still capable of driving both Ig and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses specific for vector-encoded gene products. This work suggests that although retroviral vectors may readily induce immune responses directed against the vector particles themselves, such responses will not significantly affect the efficiency of these vectors in an immunotherapeutic protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E McCormack
- Chiron Technologies, Center for Gene Therapy, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
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39
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Townsend K, Sällberg M, O'Dea J, Banks T, Driver D, Sauter S, Chang SM, Jolly DJ, Mento SJ, Milich DR, Lee WT. Characterization of CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses after genetic immunization with retrovirus vectors expressing different forms of the hepatitis B virus core and e antigens. J Virol 1997; 71:3365-74. [PMID: 9094605 PMCID: PMC191480 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.5.3365-3374.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) activity appears to play an important role in resolving hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, and the ability to induce such responses remains an important goal for developing effective immunotherapeutics. A panel of recombinant retrovirus vectors expressing different forms of the HBV core antigen (HBcAg) or e antigen (eAg) were found to induce antigen-specific major histocompatibility complex-restricted CTL responses in both mice and macaques. In addition, a novel retrovirus vector expressing an HBcAg-neomycin phosphotransferase II (HBc-Neo) fusion protein [LHBc-NEO(6A3)], which allows the measurement of the anti-Neo antibody response as a means of directly tracking biological activity of the vector, was generated. Doses greater than 10(7) CFU were necessary to induce CTL responses in H-2(k) mice. Intramuscular injections with 10(8) CFU of the LHBc-NEO(6A3) retrovirus vector into rhesus monkeys induced HBc/eAg-specific antibody production and CD8+ CTLs. The CTL response from one of the two responder rhesus monkeys was directed against a 9-residue peptide, GELMTLATW, at positions 63 to 71 of the HBc/eAg sequence. The CTL response is long lived, being detectable as late as 16 weeks after immunization, and can be boosted upon reimmunization. The potent ability of recombinant retrovirus vectors to induce HBcAg- and eAg-specific CTL responses may prove beneficial as a therapeutic treatment for chronic hepatitis B infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Townsend
- Chiron Technologies Center for Gene Therapy, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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40
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Irwin MJ, Laube LS, Lee V, Austin M, Chada S, Anderson CG, Townsend K, Jolly DJ, Warner JF. Direct injection of a recombinant retroviral vector induces human immunodeficiency virus-specific immune responses in mice and nonhuman primates. J Virol 1994; 68:5036-44. [PMID: 8035504 PMCID: PMC236446 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.8.5036-5044.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response plays an important role in controlling the severity and duration of viral infections. Immunization by direct in vivo administration of retroviral vector particles represents an efficient means of introducing and expressing genes and, subsequently, the proteins they encode in vivo in mammalian cells. In this manner foreign proteins can be provided to the endogenous, class I major histocompatibility complex antigen presentation pathway leading to CTL activation. A nonreplicating recombinant retroviral vector, encoding the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) IIIB envelope and rev proteins, has been developed and examined for stimulation of immune responses in mouse, rhesus macaque, and baboon models. Animals were immunized by direct intramuscular injection of the retroviral vector particles. Vector-immunized mice, macaques, and baboons generated long-lived CD8+, major histocompatibility complex-restricted CTL responses that were HIV-1 protein specific. The CTL responses were found to be dependent on the ability of the retroviral vector to transduce cells. The vector also elicited HIV-1 envelope-specific antibody responses in mice and baboons. These studies demonstrate the ability of a retroviral vector encoding HIV-1 proteins to stimulate cellular and humoral immune responses and suggest that retrovector immunization may provide an effective means of inducing or augmenting CTL responses in HIV-1-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Irwin
- Department of Immunobiology, Viagene, Inc., San Diego, California 92121
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41
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Chada S, DeJesus CE, Townsend K, Lee WT, Laube L, Jolly DJ, Chang SM, Warner JF. Cross-reactive lysis of human targets infected with prototypic and clinical human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains by murine anti-HIV-1 IIIB env-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Virol 1993; 67:3409-17. [PMID: 8497058 PMCID: PMC237685 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.6.3409-3417.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the ability of murine anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) IIIB env cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) to recognize and lyse HIV-1-infected cells, we have constructed a human cell line (Hu/Dd) expressing both the CD4 receptor and the murine H-2Dd major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I protein. This cell line can be productively infected with HIV-1 and can also function as a target for murine CD8+, class I MHC-restricted CTL directed against the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 IIIB. The ability of BALB/c anti-HIV-1 IIIB env CTL to specifically recognize and lyse Hu/Dd target cells infected with divergent HIV-1 strains was tested by using both prototypic and clinical HIV-1 strains. CTL generated by immunization of mice with syngeneic cells expressing either the native or V3 loop-deleted (delta V3) envelope glycoprotein from HIV-1 IIIB were able to recognize and specifically lyse Hu/Dd target cells infected with the HIV-1 prototypic isolates IIIB, MN, WMJ II, SF2, and CC as well as several HIV-1 clinical isolates. These results demonstrate that CTL determinants for HIV-1 env exist outside the hypervariable V3 region, anti-HIV-1 IIIB env CTL appear to recognize common determinants on diverse HIV-1 strains, and classification of HIV-1 strains based on neutralizing antibody reactivities does not appear to correspond to CTL recognition and lysis. The results suggest that the cell-mediated components of the immune system may have a broader recognition of divergent HIV-1 strains than do the humoral components.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chada
- Department of Molecular Virology, Viagene Inc., San Diego, California 92121
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42
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Jolly D, Chada S, Townsend K, DeJesus C, Chang S, Weinhold K, Anderson CG, Lynn A, Bodner M, Barber J. CTL cross reactivity between HIV strains. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:1369-71. [PMID: 1466957 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D Jolly
- Department of Molecular Virology, Viagene, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
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43
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Warner JF, Anderson CG, Laube L, Jolly DJ, Townsend K, Chada S, St Louis D. Induction of HIV-specific CTL and antibody responses in mice using retroviral vector-transduced cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991; 7:645-55. [PMID: 1931234 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1991.7.645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant retroviral vectors can efficiently transduce and express foreign genes in mammalian cells. We have examined the utility of retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer to deliver genes which encode human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV) antigens capable of stimulating specific immune responses. Murine fibroblast cell lines were transduced with a nonreplicating murine retroviral vector carrying the gene encoding the HIV-IIIB envelope protein and were shown to express the gp160/120 protein. Mice immunized with syngeneic vector-transduced cells developed CD8+, class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) specific for targets expressing the HIV envelope protein. The CTL also exhibited lytic activity on target cells coated with synthetic peptides derived from the gp120 V3 hypervariable region of both the HIV-IIIB and HIV(MN) isolates. Following adoptive transfer in a murine tumor model, these CTL were shown to be effective in vivo by their ability to eliminate established tumor cells expressing the HIV protein. Vector-transduced syngeneic cells were also capable of eliciting HIV envelope-specific antibody responses in immunized mice. Sera obtained from these mice were found to bind to the HIV-IIIB gp160 protein as well as a peptide-defined neutralizing antibody epitope contained within the V3 domain of gp120. These sera exhibited virus-neutralizing activity in that they markedly reduced the ability of HIV to infect and form syncytia of a human T-cell line. This is the first demonstration that cells transduced with a retroviral vector encoding the HIV-IIIB envelope protein are capable of inducing effective HIV-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Warner
- Immunobiology Group, Viagene, Inc., San Diego, CA 92121
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44
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Morel PA, Schreurs J, Townsend K, Gross M, Chiller JM, Tweardy DJ. Identification of a novel protein capable of interacting with the IL-3 receptor. The Journal of Immunology 1991. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.146.7.2295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
IL-3 has numerous functions in hematopoiesis yet its receptor has not been fully characterized. We have developed two mAb, 4G8 and 2F2, that markedly inhibited IL-3-dependent proliferation whereas only marginally affecting IL-2 or IL-4-induced proliferation. On Western blots, both antibodies identified the same protein, which varied in size from 115 to 145 kDa in six cell lines tested. The 4G8/2F2 Ag was detected at moderate density, on a wide variety of cells including IL-3-dependent cell lines and T lymphocytes. Radioligand binding studies revealed that 4G8, but not 2F2, could inhibit the binding of 125I-IL-3 to the high affinity IL-3R. These data suggest that the mAb 4G8 and 2F2 recognize different epitopes on the same Ag, and suggest furthermore that the inhibition of IL-3-dependent proliferation mediated by 2F2, in particular, does not occur via inhibition of ligand binding. Neither antibody showed an enhanced level of fluorescent staining of Cos 7 cells transfected with the low affinity IL-3R cDNA. In addition, 4G8 did not inhibit IL-3 binding to L cells transfected with the cloned IL-3R or IL-4R despite the fact that 4G8 was expressed on these cells. These data suggest that the 4G8/2F2 Ag is a unique cell surface protein that can interact with the endogenous functional IL-3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Morel
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - J Schreurs
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - K Townsend
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - M Gross
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - J M Chiller
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
| | - D J Tweardy
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
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45
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Morel PA, Schreurs J, Townsend K, Gross M, Chiller JM, Tweardy DJ. Identification of a novel protein capable of interacting with the IL-3 receptor. J Immunol 1991; 146:2295-304. [PMID: 2005398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IL-3 has numerous functions in hematopoiesis yet its receptor has not been fully characterized. We have developed two mAb, 4G8 and 2F2, that markedly inhibited IL-3-dependent proliferation whereas only marginally affecting IL-2 or IL-4-induced proliferation. On Western blots, both antibodies identified the same protein, which varied in size from 115 to 145 kDa in six cell lines tested. The 4G8/2F2 Ag was detected at moderate density, on a wide variety of cells including IL-3-dependent cell lines and T lymphocytes. Radioligand binding studies revealed that 4G8, but not 2F2, could inhibit the binding of 125I-IL-3 to the high affinity IL-3R. These data suggest that the mAb 4G8 and 2F2 recognize different epitopes on the same Ag, and suggest furthermore that the inhibition of IL-3-dependent proliferation mediated by 2F2, in particular, does not occur via inhibition of ligand binding. Neither antibody showed an enhanced level of fluorescent staining of Cos 7 cells transfected with the low affinity IL-3R cDNA. In addition, 4G8 did not inhibit IL-3 binding to L cells transfected with the cloned IL-3R or IL-4R despite the fact that 4G8 was expressed on these cells. These data suggest that the 4G8/2F2 Ag is a unique cell surface protein that can interact with the endogenous functional IL-3R.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Morel
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, PA
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46
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Skidmore BJ, Stamnes SA, Townsend K, Glasebrook AL, Sheehan KC, Schreiber RD, Chiller JM. Enumeration of cytokine-secreting cells at the single-cell level. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19:1591-7. [PMID: 2507324 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830190911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive assay utilizing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay methodology has been developed for the quantitation of single cells secreting interferon (IFN)-gamma or tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Cloned T cells or cells from lymphoid organs were stimulated with antigen, concanavalin A, or phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin in microwells coated with antibodies specific for IFN-gamma. Discrete "spots" overlying areas where cells secrete IFN-gamma were then developed by incubation with a second antibody to IFN-gamma, followed by an enzyme-labeled antibody conjugate and substrate. Similarly, using TNF-specific antibody reagents, TNF-secreting cells were detected and quantitated in cell populations obtained from normal lymphoid tissues, bone marrow and peripheral blood, following activation with phorbol myristate acetate and ionomycin. Provided specific antibodies are available, this method has the potential to measure the frequency of cells secreting any cytokine.
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47
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Kerrigan DP, Castillo A, Foucar K, Townsend K, Neidhart J. Peripheral blood morphologic changes after high-dose antineoplastic chemotherapy and recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration. Am J Clin Pathol 1989; 92:280-5. [PMID: 2476027 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/92.3.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The peripheral blood morphologic findings in 17 patients with cancer who had received high-dose cytotoxic chemotherapy followed by recombinant human-granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rh-GCSF) were reviewed and compared with a control group of patients who received only high-dose chemotherapy. Both groups showed dysmyelopoiesis (abnormal granulation and nuclear lobulation) in the granulocytic series during the period of bone marrow recovery that followed the cytotoxic chemotherapy. Most of these morphologic abnormalities were more prominent in the rh-GCSF-treated group. Monocytic cells in both groups showed prominent vacuolation and immature nuclei. The percentages and absolute numbers of large granular lymphocytes were increased in the rh-GCSF group compared with the control group. No quantitative or qualitative abnormalities of eosinophilic or basophilic granulocytes were detected in either group. Both groups showed nonspecific red blood cell abnormalities, and large platelets were present in half of the control group smears. This report provides the first detailed peripheral blood morphologic description in patients treated with rh-GCSF and high-dose chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Kerrigan
- Department of Pathology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque 87131
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48
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Firestein GS, Xu WD, Townsend K, Broide D, Alvaro-Gracia J, Glasebrook A, Zvaifler NJ. Cytokines in chronic inflammatory arthritis. I. Failure to detect T cell lymphokines (interleukin 2 and interleukin 3) and presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) and a novel mast cell growth factor in rheumatoid synovitis. J Exp Med 1988; 168:1573-86. [PMID: 3263464 PMCID: PMC2189111 DOI: 10.1084/jem.168.5.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because previous studies showed low levels of IFN-gamma in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial fluid (SF) and synovial tissue (ST) explant supernatants, we assayed RA SF and ST for IL-2 and IL-3-like activity. Using an IL-2 dependent murine CTLL line, 6 of 14 RA SF caused increased thymidine uptake (greater than three times control). The activity was distinct from IL-2 because it was not blocked by antibody to IL-2-R. In addition, IL-2 was not detected (less than 50 pg/ml) in 16 joint samples using an ELISA. Multi-colony-stimulating factor (CSF) activity was measured using two assays that can detect murine IL-3 (mast cell proliferation, and bone marrow CSF). In the mast cell assay, [3H]TdR uptake was 493 +/- 67 cpm for medium, 2,910 +/- 329 cpm in the presence of RA SF (p less than 0.001), 1,246 +/- 156 cpm in the presence of SF from patients with seronegative spondyloarthropathies (p less than 0.001), and 736 +/- 100 cpm in the presence of osteoarthritis SF (p greater than 0.1). In the CSF assay, four of five RA SF and five of five RA ST induced colony formation from bone marrow nonadherent cells. Macrophage colonies were most common, although mixed colonies and granulocytes were occasionally observed. The multi-CSF activity in RA is not due to IL-3 since human rIL-3 was not active in either murine assay, and IL-3 mRNA was not detected in RA synovium. Sephadex column chromatography of RA SF revealed that the mast cell growth factor (approximately 6 x 10(3) mol wt) and the CSF (approximately 40 and 100 x 10(3) mol wt) are distinct. The colony-stimulating aspect of the "IL-3-like" activity in RA SF is likely due to CSF-1 because it is the appropriate mol wt and because the activity was neutralized by specific anti-CSF-1 antibody. Finally, an RIA detected 1.6-25 ng/ml of CSF-1 in RA SF and ST and CSF-1 mRNA was detected in four of five RA synovial tissue samples tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Firestein
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego 92103
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49
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Müller-Sieburg CE, Townsend K, Weissman IL, Rennick D. Proliferation and differentiation of highly enriched mouse hematopoietic stem cells and progenitor cells in response to defined growth factors. J Exp Med 1988; 167:1825-40. [PMID: 3260264 PMCID: PMC2189696 DOI: 10.1084/jem.167.6.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Three distinct hematopoietic populations derived from normal bone marrow were analyzed for their response to defined growth factors. The Thy-1loT- B- G- M-population, composing 0.2% of bone marrow, is 370-fold enriched for pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells. The two other populations, the Thy-1- T- B- G- M- and the predominantly mature Thy-1+ T+ B+ G+ M+ cells, lack stem cells. Thy-1loT- B- G- M- cells respond with a frequency of one in seven cells to IL-3 in an in vitro CFU-C assay, and give rise to many mixed colonies as expected from an early multipotent or pluripotent progenitor. The Thy-1- T- B- G- M- population also contains progenitor cells which responded to IL-3. However, colonies derived from Thy-1- T- B- G- M- cells are almost exclusively restricted to the macrophage/granulocyte lineages. This indicates that IL-3 can stimulate at least two distinct clonogenic early progenitor cells in normal bone marrow: multipotent Thy-1loT- B- G- M- cells and restricted Thy-1- T- B- G- M- cells. Thy-1loT- B- G- M-cells could not be stimulated by macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte CSF (G-CSF) or IL-5 (Eosinophil-CSF). The hematopoietic precursors that react to these factors are enriched in the Thy-1- T- G- B- M- population. Thus, multipotent and restricted progenitors can be separated on the basis of the expression of the cell surface antigen Thy-1.
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50
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Noga EJ, Levine JF, Townsend K, Bullis RA, Carlson CP, Corbett WT. Kidney biopsy: a nonlethal method for diagnosing Yersinia ruckeri infection (enteric redmouth disease) in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Am J Vet Res 1988; 49:363-5. [PMID: 3358548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity and specificity of kidney biopsy were 93 and 88%, respectively, for detecting Yersinia ruckeri infection in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). There was no statistically significant difference between results obtained by kidney biopsy and those obtained by necropsy, the standard method for isolation of this agent from the kidney. One hundred percent of conscious fish that were tested survived the procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Noga
- Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh 27606
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