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Isoda K, Takagi Y, Endo K, Miyaki M, Matsuo K, Umeda K, Umeda-Togami K, Mizutani H. Effects of washing of the face with a mild facial cleanser formulated with sodium laureth carboxylate and alkyl carboxylates on acne in Japanese adult males. Skin Res Technol 2014; 21:247-53. [PMID: 25115352 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Washing the face with a mild cleanser is generally recommended for acne care. Occasionally, the general public has the misconception that acne is exacerbated by cleansers and furthermore it has concerns about inducing skin irritation and xerosis by intensive washing. Recently, we developed a new cleanser based on sodium laureth carboxylate and alkyl carboxylates (AEC/soap) that cleans sebum well without penetrating the stratum corneum. METHODS We designed a controlled clinical trial conducted on adult Japanese males with moderate or less acne. Twenty subjects washed their faces with AEC/soap base cleanser twice a day for 4 weeks. Assessment of the efficacy was conducted prior to the start of the study, and at the end of weeks 2 and 4. RESULTS Significant improvement of the acne was observed within 2 weeks, and acne lesions were not detectable in 25% of the subjects at week 4. Sebum secretion levels on the skin significantly increased on the forehead, but significantly decreased on the cheek which correlated with the improvement. No complaints of dryness or irritation occurred during the study. CONCLUSION Washing the face twice a day with facial cleanser based on AEC/soap is an effective care for moderate or less grade facial acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Isoda
- Department of Dermatology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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Takagi Y, Kaneda K, Miyaki M, Matsuo K, Kawada H, Hosokawa H. The long-term use of soap does not affect the pH-maintenance mechanism of human skin. Skin Res Technol 2014; 21:144-8. [DOI: 10.1111/srt.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Takagi Y, Shimizu M, Morokuma Y, Miyaki M, Kiba A, Matsuo K, Isoda K, Mizutani H. A new formula for a mild body cleanser: sodium laureth sulphate supplemented with sodium laureth carboxylate and lauryl glucoside. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:305-11. [PMID: 24617572 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sodium laureth sulphate (SLES) is an anionic detergent, which has been used globally for personal care products because of its mildness and good foaming ability. However, SLES is somewhat invasive and stimulatory to the skin, and many consumers with sensitive skin desire milder detergents for daily use skin cleansers. We enhanced the mildness of SLES by formulating it with sodium laureth carboxylate (AEC) and lauryl glucoside (LG). METHODS In skin soak tests, 5% detergent solutions were applied to the forearms of 10 Japanese healthy volunteers for 30 min followed by washing with tap water once a day for 4 days. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, cutaneous capacitance measurements and visual analyses were performed. In a controlled usage study, 16 Japanese healthy volunteers used the test body cleanser for 4 weeks. Assessment of efficacy and mildness was conducted prior to the start of the study and at the end of week 4 by cutaneous conductance, dermoscopic evaluation of the stratum corneum and visual assessment by a dermatologist. RESULTS In soak tests, cutaneous capacitance was significantly decreased on the soap-treated region and on the SLES-treated region. No significant decrease was identified on the SLES/AEC/LG-treated region with less induction of erythema or dryness. In the controlled usage study, no significant changes in cutaneous conductance or texture or damage of corneocytes on the forearm and lower thigh were found. However, visual assessment revealed a significant decrease in scaling and erythema on the lower thigh after 4 weeks of usage with an improvement of the discomfort of the consumer. The favourability rating of this formulated detergent in several questionnaire items was very good. CONCLUSION The newly formulated skin cleanser with the combination of anionic surfactants SLES and AEC and the non-ionic surfactant LG provides a mild surfactant with a satisfactory cleansing activity for body washing.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Germline mutations in the LKB1 gene are known to cause Peutz-Jeghers syndrome, which is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by hamartomatous polyposis and mucocutaneous pigmentation. This syndrome is associated with an increased risk of malignancies in different organs but there is a lack of data on cancer range and risk in LKB1 germline mutation carriers. PATIENTS AND METHODS The cumulative incidence of cancer in 149 Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients with germline mutation(s) in LKB1 was estimated using Kaplan-Meier time to cancer onset analyses and compared between relevant subgroups with log rank tests. RESULTS Thirty two cancers were found in LKB1 mutation carriers. Overall cancer risks at ages 30, 40, 50, 60, and 70 years were 6%, 18%, 31%, 41%, and 67%, respectively. There were similar overall cancer risks between male and female carriers. However, there were overall cancer risk differences for exon 6 mutation carriers versus non-exon 6 mutation carriers (log rank p=0.022 overall, 0.56 in males, 0.0000084 in females). Most (22/32) of the cancers occurred in the gastrointestinal tract, and the overall gastrointestinal cancer risks at ages 40, 50, 60, and 70 years were 12%, 24%, 34%, and 63%, respectively. In females, the risks for developing gynaecologic cancer at ages 40 and 50 years were 13% and 18%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in exon 6 of LKB1 are associated with a higher cancer risk than mutations within other regions of the gene. Moreover, this study provides age related cumulative risks of developing cancer in LKB1 mutation carriers that should be useful for developing a tailor made cancer surveillance protocol for Peutz-Jeghers syndrome patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mehenni
- Unité de Gastroentérologie et Hépatologie, Centre Médico-chirurgical de Plainpalais et Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Switzerland.
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Iacopetta B, Russo A, Bazan V, Dardanoni G, Gebbia N, Soussi T, Kerr D, Elsaleh H, Soong R, Kandioler D, Janschek E, Kappel S, Lung M, Leung CSS, Ko JM, Yuen S, Ho J, Leung SY, Crapez E, Duffour J, Ychou M, Leahy DT, O'Donoghue DP, Agnese V, Cascio S, Di Fede G, Chieco-Bianchi L, Bertorelle R, Belluco C, Giaretti W, Castagnola P, Ricevuto E, Ficorella C, Bosari S, Arizzi CD, Miyaki M, Onda M, Kampman E, Diergaarde B, Royds J, Lothe RA, Diep CB, Meling GI, Ostrowski J, Trzeciak L, Guzinska-Ustymowicz K, Zalewski B, Capellá GM, Moreno V, Peinado MA, Lönnroth C, Lundholm K, Sun XF, Jansson A, Bouzourene H, Hsieh LL, Tang R, Smith DR, Allen-Mersh TG, Khan ZAJ, Shorthouse AJ, Silverman ML, Kato S, Ishioka C. Functional categories of TP53 mutation in colorectal cancer: results of an International Collaborative Study. Ann Oncol 2006; 17:842-7. [PMID: 16524972 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdl035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss of TP53 function through gene mutation is a critical event in the development and progression of many tumour types including colorectal cancer (CRC). In vitro studies have found considerable heterogeneity amongst different TP53 mutants in terms of their transactivating abilities. The aim of this work was to evaluate whether TP53 mutations classified as functionally inactive (< or=20% of wildtype transactivation ability) had different prognostic and predictive values in CRC compared with mutations that retained significant activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS TP53 mutations within a large, international database of CRC (n = 3583) were classified according to functional status for transactivation. RESULTS Inactive TP53 mutations were found in 29% of all CRCs and were more frequent in rectal (32%) than proximal colon (22%) tumours (P < 0.001). Higher frequencies of inactive TP53 mutations were also seen in advanced stage tumours (P = 0.0003) and in tumours with the poor prognostic features of vascular (P = 0.006) and lymphatic invasion (P = 0.002). Inactive TP53 mutations were associated with significantly worse outcome only in patients with Dukes' stage D tumours (RR = 1.71, 95%CI 1.25-2.33, P < 0.001). Patients with Dukes' C stage tumours appeared to gain a survival benefit from 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy regardless of TP53 functional status for transactivation ability. CONCLUSIONS Mutations that inactivate the transactivational ability of TP53 are more frequent in advanced CRC and are associated with worse prognosis in this stage of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Iacopetta
- Università di Palermo, Department of Oncology, Palermo, Italy.
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Abstract
During a search for causative genes in patients with concurrent multiple primary colon tumours, we found a novel case with a germline mutation of the p53 gene, from GCC (Ala) to GTC (Val) at codon 189. Of the six primary colon tumours that this patient had, one large advanced carcinoma exhibited a somatic p53 mutation and a somatic APC mutation, in addition to the germline p53 mutation. Two early carcinomas and three adenomas had somatic APC mutations but no somatic p53 mutation or loss of the p53 allele. K-ras-2 mutations were detected in an advanced carcinoma and an early carcinoma. The present results suggest that a patient with a certain type of germline p53 mutation is predisposed to concurrent multiple colon tumours. It is also suggested that in such a patient, a somatic APC mutation is involved in tumour formation and that an additional somatic p53 mutation contributes to tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Hereditary Tumor Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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Miyaki M, Iijima T, Shiba K, Aki T, Kita Y, Yasuno M, Mori T, Kuroki T, Iwama T. Alterations of repeated sequences in 5' upstream and coding regions in colorectal tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer and Turcot syndrome. Oncogene 2001; 20:5215-8. [PMID: 11526511 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2001] [Revised: 04/12/2001] [Accepted: 04/30/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
One of the characteristics of tumors from patients with germline mutations of DNA mismatch repair genes is instability at microsatellite regions (MSI). We analysed alterations at repeated sequences of coding regions, as well as those of 5' upstream regions, in 29 MSI-High colorectal tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and Turcot syndrome. We found that repeated sequences in 5' upstream regions were altered in these tumors, at considerable frequencies. The (A)10 repeat in the promoter region (position -178 to approximately -169) of the GAPDH gene was altered in 17% of the tumors. The (A)10(TA)9 in the 5' upstream region (position -318 to approximately -291) of the mitochondrial isoleucyl tRNA synthetase gene (IleRS-A), coded in nuclear DNA, was altered in 59% of the tumors, whereas (A)9 in the 5' upstream region (position -859 to approximately -851) of cytoplasmic isoleucyl tRNA synthetase gene (IleRS-B) was not altered. Alteration at repeated sequences in the coding regions were 72% at TGFbetaRII(A)10, 24% at IGFIIR(G)8, 45% at BAX(G)8, 55% at E2F4(CAG)13, 66% at caspase-5 (A)10, 31% at MBD4(A)10, 55% at hMSH3(A)8 and 34% at hMSH6(C)8. The number of altered genes increased with the advancement of carcinoma according to Dukes categories: mean numbers of altered genes within these 10 genes were 2.6 for Dukes A, 4.7 for Dukes B and 7.8 for Dukes C. The mean number for adenomas was 2.0. These results suggest that the MSI phenotype also causes alteration of 5' upstream regions which may affect apoptosis and some mitochondrial functions in HNPCC and Turcot tumors, and that accumulation of altered genes with repeated sequences is associated with the progression of HNPCC and Turcot colorectal tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Hereditary Tumor Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan.
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Yamaguchi M, Miyaki M, Iijima T, Matsumoto T, Kuzume M, Matsumiya A, Endo Y, Sanada Y, Kumada K. Specific mutation in exon 11 of c-kit proto-oncogene in a malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumor of the rectum. J Gastroenterol 2001; 35:779-83. [PMID: 11063223 DOI: 10.1007/s005350070038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in the distal third of the rectum was detected in a 57-year-old man who underwent an abdominoperineal resection of the rectum. Because the tumor expressed CD34 and c-kit gene product, but did not express smooth muscle actin or S-100 protein, it was diagnosed as an uncommitted type of GIST. Moreover, a specific mutation in the sequence coding the juxtamembrane domain in exon 11 of the c-kit proto-oncogene was revealed by a polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism method. One year after resection, the patient developed multiple liver metastases. It is suggested that a specific mutation in exon 11 of the c-kit proto-oncogene may have played an essential role in the development of the liver metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamaguchi
- Department of Surgery, Showa University Fujigaoka Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
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Shitoh K, Furukawa T, Kojima M, Konishi F, Miyaki M, Tsukamoto T, Nagai H. Frequent activation of the beta-catenin-Tcf signaling pathway in nonfamilial colorectal carcinomas with microsatellite instability. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2001; 30:32-7. [PMID: 11107173 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2264(2000)9999:9999<::aid-gcc1065>3.0.co;2-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that wild-type APC protein forms a complex with beta-Catenin and GSK3beta, inducing degradation of beta-Catenin in normal cells. Both beta-Catenin and APC gene mutations have recently been shown to activate the same signaling pathway. Frequent mutations of beta-Catenin in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinomas have also been reported. It was, however, controversial whether the mutation of the beta-Catenin gene was frequent in nonfamilial colorectal carcinomas with high-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-H). We analyzed the mutations of the APC and beta-Catenin genes in 56 nonfamilial colorectal carcinomas stratified according to the presence or absence of microsatellite instability (MSI). APC mutations were identified in 11 of 22 (50%) cases of MSI-H and 14 of 34 (41%) cases of microsatellite-stable (MSS)/low-frequency microsatellite instability (MSI-L). In contrast, the frequency of beta-Catenin mutations was significantly higher in MSI-H (6/22; 27%) than in MSS/MSI-L (1/34; 3%) (P = 0.01). beta-Catenin mutations were not detected in carcinomas with APC mutation. APC mutation occurred irrespective of MSI status. beta-Catenin mutation, however, occurred frequently in MSI-H carcinomas. Our data suggest that activation of the beta-Catenin-Tcf signaling pathway, through either beta-Catenin or APC mutation, frequently contributes to MSI-H nonfamilial colorectal carcinomas (17/22; 77%).
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shitoh
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan.
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Miyaki M, Iijima T, Ishii R, Hishima T, Mori T, Yoshinaga K, Takami H, Kuroki T, Iwama T. Molecular evidence for multicentric development of thyroid carcinomas in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Am J Pathol 2000; 157:1825-7. [PMID: 11106555 PMCID: PMC1885783 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64821-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Familial adenomatous polyposis is characterized by multiple colorectal adenomas and an increased incidence of colorectal carcinomas. Patients also develop various extracolonic tumors, of which, thyroid carcinoma is common in young females. The occurrence of multiple carcinomas in one thyroid is frequently observed, although some carcinomas are solitary. To clarify whether each carcinoma develops independently or metastatically spreads from the first one formed, we analyzed the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutation in each carcinoma. We found that each carcinoma had a different somatic mutation of the APC gene. This is molecular confirmation for the multicentric development of thyroid carcinomas in familial adenomatous polyposis through biallelic inactivation of the APC gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Hereditary Tumor Research Project, Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital. Institute of Molecular Oncology. Showa University. Sasaki Institute, Tokyo, Japan.
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Miyaki M, Iijima T, Hosono K, Ishii R, Yasuno M, Mori T, Toi M, Hishima T, Shitara N, Tamura K, Utsunomiya J, Kobayashi N, Kuroki T, Iwama T. Somatic mutations of LKB1 and beta-catenin genes in gastrointestinal polyps from patients with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. Cancer Res 2000; 60:6311-3. [PMID: 11103790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is characterized by multiple gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps, mucocutaneous melanin deposition, and increased risk of cancer, mainly in the gastrointestinal tract. We examined mutations of the LKB1, beta-catenin, APC, K-ras, and p53 genes in 27 gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps from 10 patients in nine PJS families. Of these hamartomatous polyps, one intestinal polyp had an adenomatous lesion, and one gastric polyp contained adenomatous and carcinomatous lesions. Germ-line mutations of the LKB1 gene were detected in six PJS families. Somatic mutations of the LKB1 gene were found in 5 polyps, whereas loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the LKB1 locus at 19p was seen in 14 other polyps. In adenomatous lesions microdissected from hamartomatous polyps, both beta-catenin mutation and 19p LOH were detected. Furthermore, a carcinomatous lesion in a gastric hamartomatous polyp was found to contain a mutation of the p53 gene and LOH at the p53 locus in addition to LOH at the LKB1 locus and a beta-catenin mutation. K-ras mutations were detected in a few polyps, whereas no APC mutation or 5q LOH was detected in hamartomatous polyps. These results suggest that gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps in PJS patients develop through inactivation of the LKB1 gene by germ-line mutation plus somatic mutation or LOH of the unaffected LKB1 allele, and that additional mutations of the beta-catenin gene and p53 gene convert hamartomatous polyps into adenomatous and carcinomatous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Hereditary Tumor Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Japan.
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Shitoh K, Konishi F, Miyaki M, Iijima T, Furukawa T, Tsukamoto T, Nagai H. Pathogenesis of non-familial colorectal carcinomas with high microsatellite instability. J Clin Pathol 2000; 53:841-5. [PMID: 11127266 PMCID: PMC1731121 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.53.11.841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Microsatellite instability (MSI) was first observed in hereditary non-polyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) and was subsequently seen in non-familial colorectal carcinoma. The relation between MSI and cancer associated genes in non-familial colorectal carcinomas has yet to be evaluated. To clarify this matter, changes in cancer associated genes were examined in non-familial colorectal carcinomas. METHODS Alterations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), p53, and Ki-ras genes were analysed in 24 MSI high (alterations in four to seven of seven loci), nine MSI low (alterations in one to three of seven loci), and 31 MSI negative non-familial carcinomas. The hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes were also analysed in 24 MSI high carcinomas. RESULTS Both the frequencies and types of alterations in the APC and p53 genes in MSI high carcinomas were the same as those in MSI low and MSI negative carcinomas; however, they were different from those seen in HNPCC. The frequency of Ki-ras mutation was significantly lower in the MSI high cases (two of 24; 8%) than in the others (15 of 38; 39%). Somatic mutation of hMSH2 or hMLH1 was detected in six of 24 (25%) of the MSI high cases. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that APC and p53 alterations occur irrespective of microsatellite instability status in non-familial colorectal carcinomas, and that Ki-ras mutation is not involved in MSI high non-familial colorectal carcinoma. The pathogenesis of these carcinomas may differ from both the usual adenoma-carcinoma sequence and HNPCC carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shitoh
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical School, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Minamikawachimachi, Tochigi 324-0498, Japan.
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Kurihara K, Shimizu S, Chong J, Hishima T, Funata N, Kashiwagi H, Nagai H, Miyaki M, Fukayama M. Nuclear localization of immunoreactive beta-catenin is specific to familial adenomatous polyposis in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Jpn J Cancer Res 2000; 91:1100-2. [PMID: 11092973 PMCID: PMC5926294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2000.tb00891.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid carcinoma is the first symptom in some patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). We evaluated the cellular localization of beta-catenin in thyroid carcinomas associated (n = 4) or not associated (n = 173) with FAP, since loss of functional protein of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene leads to nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin in adenomas and carcinomas of the FAP colon. Immunoreactive beta-catenin was demonstrated at the cell membrane of glandular cells of the non-neoplastic thyroid and non-FAP carcinomas. On the other hand, cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin is specific to FAP-associated papillary carcinomas. The abnormality in the APC / beta-catenin pathway is thus also important in FAP-associated thyroid carcinoma, and beta-catenin immunohistochemistry is a feasible screening method to identify occult FAP in young patients with thyroid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kurihara
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical School, Kawachi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Desai DC, Lockman JC, Chadwick RB, Gao X, Percesepe A, Evans DG, Miyaki M, Yuen ST, Radice P, Maher ER, Wright FA, de La Chapelle A. Recurrent germline mutation in MSH2 arises frequently de novo. J Med Genet 2000; 37:646-52. [PMID: 10978353 PMCID: PMC1734701 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.37.9.646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An intronic germline mutation in the MSH2 gene, A-->T at nt942+3, interferes with the exon 5 donor splicing mechanism leading to a mRNA lacking exon 5. This mutation causes typical hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and has been observed in numerous probands and families world wide. Recurrent mutations either arise repeatedly de novo or emanate from ancestral founding mutational events. The A-->T mutation had previously been shown to be enriched in the population of Newfoundland where most families shared a founder mutation. In contrast, in England, haplotypes failed to suggest a founder effect. If the absence of a founder effect could be proven world wide, the frequent de novo occurrence of the mutation would constitute an unexplored predisposition. METHODS We studied 10 families from England, Italy, Hong Kong, and Japan with a battery of intragenic and flanking polymorphic single nucleotide and microsatellite markers. RESULTS Haplotype sharing was not apparent, even within the European and Asian kindreds. Our marker panel was sufficient to detect a major mutation arising within the past several thousand generations. DISCUSSION As a more ancient founder is implausible, we conclude that the A-->T mutation at nt942+3 of MSH2 occurs de novo with a relatively high frequency. We hypothesise that it arises as a consequence of misalignment at replication or recombination caused by a repeat of 26 adenines, of which the mutated A is the first. It is by far the most common recurrent de novo germline mutation yet to be detected in a human mismatch repair gene, accounting for 11% of all known pathogenic MSH2 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Desai
- Division of Surgical Oncology, The Ohio State University, 410 W 10th Avenue, N-924 Doan Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Miyaki M. [Peutz-Jeghers syndrome]. Nihon Rinsho 2000; 58:1400-4. [PMID: 10921312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome(PJS) is an autosomal dominant disease which is characterized by melanin spots on lips and buccal mucosa, and multiple gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps. Patients are at risk of forming carcinomas in the gastrointestinal tract, uterus, ovary, breast and other organs. The LKB1(STK11) gene at chromosome 19p13.3 has been identified in 1998 as the causative gene for PJS, and germline mutations of this gene have been detected in about 50 PJS families. These mutations include nonsense mutations, frameshift mutations and missense mutations, all of which are assumed to inactivate the LKB1 gene. LKB1 gene appears to be a tumor suppressor gene, and inactivation of this gene through germline mutation and loss of normal allele may develop hamartomatous polyps. However, the function of LKB1 and mechanism of carcinoma formation are still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Hereditary Tumor Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital
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Miyaki M. [Mechanism of carcinogenesis by germline mutation of protooncogene in hereditary tumors]. Nihon Rinsho 2000; 58:1225-30. [PMID: 10879045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Germline mutations in one of two alleles of c-ret, c-met and c-kit protooncogenes have been revealed to be the causes of three autosomal dominant hereditary tumors; multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2(MEN2), hereditary papillary renal cell carcinoma (HPRCC), and familial gastrointestinal stromal tumor(FGIST), respectively. Patients with MEN2A have missense mutations at extracellular cysteine rich domain of c-ret, those with MEN2B have missense mutations at tyrosine kinase domain of c-ret, those with HPRCC have missense mutations at tyrosine kinase domain of c-met, and those with FGIST have in-frame deletion mutations at juxtamembrane domain of c-kit. All of these mutations are assumed to cause constitutive activation of protooncogenes without binding to ligands, resulting in tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital
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Miyaki M, Sato C, Sakai K, Konishi M, Tanaka K, Muraoka M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Nadaoka Y, Kanda H, Kitagawa T. Malignant transformation and EGFR activation of immortalized mouse liver epithelial cells caused by HBV enhancer-X from a human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2000. [PMID: 10699924 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000215)85:4<518::aid-ijc12>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have previously observed that all human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) from HBV carriers examined had the integrated X region. In this study, HBV DNA was isolated from an integration site in one HCC that had a single, very small integrated viral DNA including the X region, but it had no expression of X gene as poly(A)RNA. It was found that HBV DNA was present between alphoid repetitive sequences, and it included Enhancer and X regions, encompassing the adr sequence from 910 to 1811. Nucleotides for 8 amino acids at the 3' end, a stop codon of X gene and a poly(A) signal downstream of X gene were lost by integration, and nucleotides for 7 amino acids and a stop codon were substituted by a connected alphoid sequence. When this cloned HBV DNA was transfected with an expression vector to an immortalized mouse liver epithelial cell line, MLE-10, malignant transformation occurred. Transformants having expressed poly(A)RNA of the X gene showed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and tumor formation in the subcutis of nude mice. The mRNA level of EGFR was found to be remarkably enhanced in X-transformed cells, in contrast with the absence of this mRNA in parental and ras-transformed MLE-10. Our data provide evidence that the Enhancer-X region alone is the key contributor to the malignant change of pre-malignant liver cells in HBV carriers through activation of some specific genes, such as EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Hereditary Tumor Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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18
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Miyaki M, Sato C, Sakai K, Konishi M, Tanaka K, Muraoka M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Nadaoka Y, Kanda H, Kitagawa T. Malignant transformation and EGFR activation of immortalized mouse liver epithelial cells caused by HBV enhancer-X from a human hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2000; 85:518-22. [PMID: 10699924 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(20000215)85:4<518::aid-ijc12>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously observed that all human hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) from HBV carriers examined had the integrated X region. In this study, HBV DNA was isolated from an integration site in one HCC that had a single, very small integrated viral DNA including the X region, but it had no expression of X gene as poly(A)RNA. It was found that HBV DNA was present between alphoid repetitive sequences, and it included Enhancer and X regions, encompassing the adr sequence from 910 to 1811. Nucleotides for 8 amino acids at the 3' end, a stop codon of X gene and a poly(A) signal downstream of X gene were lost by integration, and nucleotides for 7 amino acids and a stop codon were substituted by a connected alphoid sequence. When this cloned HBV DNA was transfected with an expression vector to an immortalized mouse liver epithelial cell line, MLE-10, malignant transformation occurred. Transformants having expressed poly(A)RNA of the X gene showed anchorage-independent growth in soft agar and tumor formation in the subcutis of nude mice. The mRNA level of EGFR was found to be remarkably enhanced in X-transformed cells, in contrast with the absence of this mRNA in parental and ras-transformed MLE-10. Our data provide evidence that the Enhancer-X region alone is the key contributor to the malignant change of pre-malignant liver cells in HBV carriers through activation of some specific genes, such as EGFR.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Carrier State
- Cell Line
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic
- ErbB Receptors/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Hepatitis B/genetics
- Hepatitis B virus/genetics
- Humans
- Liver
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Restriction Mapping
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Hereditary Tumor Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
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19
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Tsunematsu Y, Yoshizawa Y, Miyauchi J, Iijima T, Konishi M, Miyaki M. A novel case of Wilms' tumor followed by colon cancer, both showing microsatellite instability. Oncology 2000; 58:159-60. [PMID: 10705243 DOI: 10.1159/000012093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Tsunematsu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, National Children's Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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20
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Enomoto M, Konishi M, Iwama T, Utsunomiya J, Sugihara KI, Miyaki M. The relationship between frequencies of extracolonic manifestations and the position of APC germline mutation in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2000; 30:82-8. [PMID: 10768871 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyd017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients develop various extracolonic lesions; however, the relationship between germline mutation of the APC gene and extracolonic manifestations is mostly unknown. To examine the genotype-phenotype relationship, we compared the APC mutation and clinical data. METHODS Germline mutations from codon 157 to 1465 of the APC gene were identified in 39 families of FAP and clinical data were collected from 80 patients of these families. Germline mutations were classified into two groups: mutations from exon 4 to 9 (codon 157 to 416, Group 1) and those from exon 10 to 15H (codon 564 to 1465, Group 2). The complication rates of extracolonic manifestations were compared between these two groups. RESULTS Frequencies of duodenal polyps and gastric adenomas in Group 2 were higher than those in Group 1 (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0004, respectively) and development of osteoma was more frequent in Group 2 (p = 0.01). The number of colorectal polyps and retinal pigments also correlated with the germline mutation, which was consistent with previous reports. However, such correlations were less obvious with regard to gastric fundic polyps, desmoid tumors, soft tissue tumors and colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION There are two types with regard to extracolonic manifestations of FAP: one is more severely affected according to the position of germline mutation of the APC gene and the other is not affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Enomoto
- Second Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Japan
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21
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Miyaki M, Iijima T, Kimura J, Yasuno M, Mori T, Hayashi Y, Koike M, Shitara N, Iwama T, Kuroki T. Frequent mutation of beta-catenin and APC genes in primary colorectal tumors from patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 1999; 59:4506-9. [PMID: 10493496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is characterized by defective DNA mismatch repair, which results in genetic instability of tumors; however, only a few target genes have been recognized. Our previous study detected a low frequency of APC gene mutation (21%) in colorectal tumors from HNPCC patients, in contrast to a high frequency of APC gene alteration (>70%) in non-HNPCC tumors. Because both beta-catenin and ACP gene mutations have recently been shown to activate the same signaling pathway, we analyzed beta-catenin mutation in HNPCC tumors. A notable frequency of beta-catenin gene mutation (43%, 12 of 28) was found to occur in HNPCC colorectal tumors. Beta-catenin mutations were not detected in tumors with APC mutations. All beta-catenin mutations detected in HNPCC tumors existed within the regulatory domain of beta-catenin. Immunohistochemical staining of tumors with this mutation showed accumulation of beta-catenin protein in nuclei. These and previous data from our laboratory suggest that activation of the beta-catenin-Tcf signaling pathway, through either beta-catenin or APC mutation, contributes to HNPCC colorectal carcinogenesis in approximately 65% of cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Hereditary Tumor Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Japan.
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Shitoh K, Konishi F, Iijima T, Ohdaira T, Sakai K, Kanazawa K, Miyaki M. A novel case of a sporadic desmoid tumour with mutation of the beta catenin gene. J Clin Pathol 1999; 52:695-6. [PMID: 10655994 PMCID: PMC501548 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.52.9.695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A 42 year old man without familial adenomatous polyposis had recurrent desmoid tumours in the left subclavicular site. Histological examination showed a typical desmoid tumour. Molecular analysis was performed in genomic DNA from this tumour, using polymerase chain reaction-single strand conformation polymorphism (PCR-SSCP) and direct sequencing methods. No mutation could be detected in the entire coding sequence of the APC gene, nor in H-ras, K-ras, N-ras, or p53 genes. On seeking a mutation of the beta catenin gene (CTNNB1), an activating mutation from ACC (Thr) to GCC (Ala) at codon 41 was found. Immunohistochemical staining showed that accumulated beta catenin protein was predominantly localised in the nuclei of desmoid cells. This is the first example of a sporadic desmoid tumour in which a mutation of the beta catenin gene was revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Shitoh
- Hereditary Tumour Research Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Japan
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23
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Miyaki M, Fujimoto K, Kawaguchi H. Cell response to micropatterned surfaces produced with polymeric microspheres. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7757(98)00623-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Park JG, Vasen HF, Park KJ, Peltomaki P, Ponz de Leon M, Rodriguez-Bigas MA, Lubinski J, Beck NE, Bisgaard ML, Miyaki M, Wijnen JT, Baba S, Lynch HT. Suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer: International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer (ICG-HNPCC) criteria and results of genetic diagnosis. Dis Colon Rectum 1999; 42:710-5; discussion 715-6. [PMID: 10378593 DOI: 10.1007/bf02236922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of mutations in the mismatch repair genes in families suspected of having hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. METHODS We devised two criteria for families suspected of having hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Criteria I and II). Criteria I consist of at least two first-degree relatives affected with colorectal cancer with at least one of the following: development of multiple colorectal tumors including adenomatous polyp, at least one colorectal cancer case diagnosed before the age of 50, and occurrence of a hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer extracolonic cancer (endometrium, urinary tract, small intestine, stomach, hepatobiliary system, or ovary) in family members. Criteria II consist of one colorectal cancer patient with at least one of the following: early age of onset (<40 years); endometrial, urinary tract, or small intestine cancer in the index patient or a sibling (one aged <50 years); and two siblings with other integral hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer extracolonic cancers (one aged <50 years). A questionnaire was mailed to members of the International Collaborative Group on Hereditary Non-Polyposis Colorectal Cancer to determine the mutation detection rate in mismatch repair genes from the families fulfilling these criteria. For comparison the mutation detection rate for families fulfilling the Amsterdam hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer criteria in each institution was also obtained. RESULTS Data were obtained from eight different institutions (in 7 different countries). In a total of 123 patients from 123 families (67 families fulfilling Criteria I and 56 families fulfilling Criteria II), genetic testing for germline mismatch repair gene variants was performed. Germline mutations of the hMLH1 or hMSH2 genes were identified in 24 families (20 percent). Of these, the mutation detection rate for families fulfilling Criteria I was 28 percent (19/67). The mutation detection rate for families fulfilling Criteria II was 9 percent (5/56). In these eight institutions, the overall mutation detection rate for families fulfilling the Amsterdam hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer criteria was 50 percent (77/154). CONCLUSION The Criteria I for suspected hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer have the advantages that they can be applied to nuclear families and they can include extracolonic cancers. The results of this study suggest that families fulfilling Criteria I should be offered genetic testing. The relatively low mutation detection rate in those families fulfilling Criteria II suggests that, using current techniques, genetic testing in these families is not practical.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Park
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Korea
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Kashiwagi H, Senba S, Konishi F, Konishi M, Miyaki M, Shoji M, Kanazawa K. Rectal cancer in a 13-year-old boy without a detectable germline mutation in FAP and HNPCC genes. J Gastroenterol 1999; 34:341-4. [PMID: 10433009 DOI: 10.1007/s005350050271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) is characterized by familial clustering and early onset. It is unclear, however, whether the early onset of colorectal cancer necessarily represents HNPCC. A 13-year-old patient had rectal cancer and underwent curative surgery. DNA from this patient was examined for replication errors (RER) and genes related to familial colorectal cancer (APC, hMSH2, and hMLH1). The patient had a negative family history of colorectal cancer, did not show the RER phenotype, and had no germline mutation of the APC, hMSH2, and hMLH1 genes. The present case suggests that an unusually young patient with colorectal cancer is not always an HNPCC proband. Observation over time, however, will be needed, as a first mutator of familial colorectal cancer could be missed.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kashiwagi
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical School, Kawachi, Tochigi, Japan
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26
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Miyaki M, Iijima T, Konishi M, Sakai K, Ishii A, Yasuno M, Hishima T, Koike M, Shitara N, Iwama T, Utsunomiya J, Kuroki T, Mori T. Higher frequency of Smad4 gene mutation in human colorectal cancer with distant metastasis. Oncogene 1999; 18:3098-103. [PMID: 10340381 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1202642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 291] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
We have previously detected an increased frequency of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) on chromosome 18q during progression of colorectal carcinomas. To clarify the target of 18qLOH, mutation of Smad4 and Smad2 genes was analysed in 176 colorectal tumors with different stages, including liver metastasis, from 111 sporadic, 52 familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and nine hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) patients. Mutation of other Smad gene families in the TGF-beta signaling pathway was also examined. Twenty-one Smad4 mutations and one Smad2 mutation were detected, whereas mutation of Smad3, 6 and 7 genes was not detected. Smad4 mutations included seven frameshift, one inframe deletion, four nonsense and nine missense mutations, 95% of which resulted in alteration of Smad4 protein regions included in homo-oligomer and hetero-oligomer formation. Frequencies of tumors with Smad4 mutation were 0/40 (0%) in adenoma, 4/39 (10%) in intramucosal carcinoma, 3/44 (7%) in primary invasive carcinoma without distant metastasis, 6/17 (35%) in primary invasive carcinoma with distant metastasis, and 11/36 (31%) in distant metastasis (metastatic/non-metastatic: P=0.006 approximately 0.01). Loss of the other allele was observed in 19 of 20 (95%) invasive and metastasized carcinomas with Smad4 mutations. In four cases both primary and metastasized carcinomas in the same patients showed the same mutations. The present results suggest that Smad4 gene is one of true targets of 18qLOH, and that its inactivation is involved in advanced stages, such as distant metastasis, in human colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Hereditary Tumor Research Project, The Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Japan
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Iwama T, Konishi M, Iijima T, Yoshinaga K, Tominaga T, Koike M, Miyaki M. Somatic mutation of the APC gene in thyroid carcinoma associated with familial adenomatous polyposis. Jpn J Cancer Res 1999; 90:372-6. [PMID: 10363573 PMCID: PMC5926080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1999.tb00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the existence of both germline and somatic mutations of the APC gene in thyroid carcinomas from familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients. One papillary thyroid carcinoma from a 210-year-old woman, with germline mutation of the APC gene (TCA to TGA at codon 1110), showed a somatic mutation of AAAAC deletion between codons 1060 and 1063. Another somatic mutation of CAG to TAG at codon 886 was also found in one of multiple thyroid carcinomas from a 26-year-old woman with attenuated FAP and germline mutation at codon 175 (C deletion). This is the first evidence that total absence of the normal function of the APC gene is involved in development of thyroid carcinomas in FAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iwama
- Department of Surgery, Kyoundo Hospital, Sasaki Institute, Tokyo
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Otori K, Konishi M, Sugiyama K, Hasebe T, Shimoda T, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Mukai K, Fukushima S, Miyaki M, Esumi H. Infrequent somatic mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in aberrant crypt foci of human colon tissue. Cancer 1998. [PMID: 9731892 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<896::aid-cncr14>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors examined somatic mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene in 84 human aberrant crypt foci (ACF) to determine whether APC gene mutations were involved in the histologic progression of ACF. METHODS Mutation cluster regions of the APC gene were subjected to polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. RESULTS Four kinds of deletion were detected in the mutation cluster regions of APC gene in five ACF. APC mutation was detected in 1 of 18 ACF with Stage I abnormalities (6%). Four of 10 adenomatous ACF (40%) harbored the mutation. There were no mutations in 56 hyperplastic ACF. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that APC mutations may be involved initially in only a limited number of adenomas in ACF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Otori
- Investigative Treatment Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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30
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Otori K, Konishi M, Sugiyama K, Hasebe T, Shimoda T, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Mukai K, Fukushima S, Miyaki M, Esumi H. Infrequent somatic mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in aberrant crypt foci of human colon tissue. Cancer 1998; 83:896-900. [PMID: 9731892 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980901)83:5<896::aid-cncr14>3.0.co;2-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors examined somatic mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene in 84 human aberrant crypt foci (ACF) to determine whether APC gene mutations were involved in the histologic progression of ACF. METHODS Mutation cluster regions of the APC gene were subjected to polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing. RESULTS Four kinds of deletion were detected in the mutation cluster regions of APC gene in five ACF. APC mutation was detected in 1 of 18 ACF with Stage I abnormalities (6%). Four of 10 adenomatous ACF (40%) harbored the mutation. There were no mutations in 56 hyperplastic ACF. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that APC mutations may be involved initially in only a limited number of adenomas in ACF.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Otori
- Investigative Treatment Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute East, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
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Senba S, Konishi F, Okamoto T, Kashiwagi H, Kanazawa K, Miyaki M, Konishi M, Tsukamoto T. Clinicopathologic and genetic features of nonfamilial colorectal carcinomas with DNA replication errors. Cancer 1998. [PMID: 9445183 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19980115)82:2<279::aid-cncr6>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA replication errors (RERs) are closely associated with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC). Recently, alterations in DNA mismatch repair genes, including hMSH2, hMLH1, and hPMS2, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of HNPCC: Several studies have demonstrated RER in 13-17% of nonfamilial colorectal carcinomas. It is unclear, however, as to whether or not these RER positive nonfamilial colorectal carcinomas are incomplete forms of HNPCC or are caused by incidental alterations of DNA mismatch repair genes. Consequently, the authors studied the characteristics of RER positive nonfamilial colorectal carcinomas, placing particular emphasis on hMSH2 and hMLH1 gene mutations. METHODS Fresh or frozen samples of 103 nonfamilial colorectal carcinomas were examined for RERs using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and specific microsatellite primers. The authors also identified mutations of the hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes in RER positive samples by a PCR single strand conformational polymorphism analysis followed by direct nucleotide sequencing. RESULTS The incidence of RER was 15.7% (17/103) in nonfamilial colorectal carcinomas, and only 1 case, which was found in the ascending colon, showed a somatic mutation at exon 12 in the hMSH2 gene. Neither germline nor somatic mutations of the hMSH2 or hMLH1 genes could be found in any of the remaining RER positive tumors. RER positive nonfamilial carcinomas tended to be located more frequently in the right colon. There was no increased prevalence in young patients, and the clinicopathologic characteristics of HNPCC were absent in the patients with RER positive nonfamilial colorectal carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Based on these findings, the carcinogenesis of RER positive nonfamilial colorectal carcinoma is considered different from that of HNPCC:
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Affiliation(s)
- S Senba
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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Miyaki M, Nishio J, Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Tanaka K, Muraoka M, Nagato M, Chong JM, Koike M, Terada T, Kawahara Y, Fukutome A, Tomiyama J, Chuganji Y, Momoi M, Utsunomiya J. Drastic genetic instability of tumors and normal tissues in Turcot syndrome. Oncogene 1997; 15:2877-81. [PMID: 9419979 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1201668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Turcot syndrome is characterized by an association of malignant brain tumors and colon cancer developing in the patient's teens. Since the mechanism of carcinogenesis in Turcot syndrome is still unclear, we analysed genetic changes in tumors from a Turcot patient with no family history of the condition. All tumors, including one astrocytoma, three colon carcinomas, and two colon adenomas, exhibited severe replication error (RER), and all colon tumors showed somatic mutations at repeated regions of TGFbetaRII, E2F-4, hMSH3, and/or hMSH6 genes. Somatic APC mutations were detected in three of three colon carcinomas, and somatic p53 mutations were detected in the astrocytoma and two of three colon carcinomas, both of which showed two mutations without allele loss. We also found that normal colon mucosa, normal skin fibroblasts and normal brain tissue from this patient showed respective high frequencies of RER, in contrast to usual HNPCC patients in which RER was very rare in normal tissues. These results suggest that extreme DNA instability in normal tissues causes the early development of multiple cancer in Turcot syndrome. A missense mutation (GAG to AAG) at codon 705 of hPMS2 gene was detected in one allele of this patient, which was inherited from his mother without tumors. Additional unknown germline mutation may contribute to the genetic instability in normal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Department of Biochemistry, The Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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Chong JM, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Hishima T, Funata N, Koike M, Matsuya S, Konishi M, Miyaki M. Microsatellite instability and loss of heterozygosity in gastric lymphoma. J Transl Med 1997; 77:639-45. [PMID: 9426402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the significance of microsatellite instability (MI) and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in the development of gastric lymphoma, we examined 33 tissue-samples of 20 primary gastric B-cell lymphomas (6 low-grade lymphomas of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue [MALT; 10 samples] and 14 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas [23 samples]). MI and LOH were evaluated at 13 microsatellite loci. In MALT lymphoma, four of six cases showed MI at one to two microsatellite loci (average 1.0 per case, 0.8 per sample), whereas in diffuse B-cell lymphoma, all samples showed MI at one to five microsatellite loci (average 2.4 per case, 2.7 per sample) (p < 0.05 and p = 0.0001). MI at the c-myc gene locus was most frequent in both types of gastric lymphomas (3 of 6 and 11 of 14 cases, respectively). Regional heterogeneity of the MI pattern was observed in two of four cases of MALT lymphoma and in four of five cases of diffuse B-cell lymphoma. On the other hand, LOH was observed only in one MALT lymphoma and in three diffuse B-cell lymphomas. Genetic instability may be an important mechanism for the development and progression of gastric lymphoma. Frequent MI at the c-myc locus might reflect an activated state and the importance of this gene in mucosal lymphocytes of chronic gastritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Chong
- Department of Pathology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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34
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Miyaki M, Konishi M, Tanaka K, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Muraoka M, Yasuno M, Igari T, Koike M, Chiba M, Mori T. Germline mutation of MSH6 as the cause of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 1997; 17:271-2. [PMID: 9354786 DOI: 10.1038/ng1197-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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35
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Abstract
Surface topography plays an important role in cell orientation and morphogenesis. In this study, we prepared a micropatterned surface with settling particles to obtain more detailed information about the cell recognition against the microstructured surface. Core-shell type particles having a poly-(N-isopropylacrylamide) (polyNIPAM) shell were prepared by seeded polymerization. Particles were settled on a polystyrene (PSt) flat dish by the spinner to prepare a micropatterned surface with settling particles. It could be seen that the polyNIPAM shell shrunk above and swelled below the LCST. For comparison, a thermosensitive flat surface was prepared by the graft polymerization of NIPAM. No morphologic change of cells contacting the both surfaces was observed with either an optical or a scanning electron microscope. Moreover, particles could move or roll on these surfaces when shaking the dishes. The weak interaction between neutrophil-like cells and the micropatterned surface with settling particles or the polyNIPAM-grafted surface was estimated by measurement of active oxygen released by cells. A little release could be observed at both 25 and 35 degrees C. The amount of released active oxygen at 35 degrees C was slightly larger than at 25 degrees C. When the temperature was suddenly changed, the dynamic changes of particle shape and size resulted in the excess release of active oxygen from cells contacting the micropatterned surface with settling particles. Meanwhile no stimulation could be observed in the polyNIPAM-grafted surface even if the temperature is suddenly changed. These results indicate that the micropatterned surface with settling particles can induce the dynamic stimulus at a patterned input mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Fujimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science & Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
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36
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Chong JM, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Funata N, Takizawa T, Koike M, Muraoka M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Miyaki M, Mizuno S. Expression of CD44 variants in gastric carcinoma with or without Epstein-Barr virus. Int J Cancer 1997; 74:450-4. [PMID: 9291438 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970822)74:4<450::aid-ijc16>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The significance of CD44 variants in gastric carcinoma has not been fully investigated in terms of the pathological features of the carcinoma, including its association with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). In this study, a total of 104 primary gastric carcinoma tissues (EBV-associated gastric carcinomas, EBVaGC, and EBV-negative carcinomas) were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. When the immunoreactivity of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections was graded on a scale of 0-3, the frequencies of grades 0-1, 2 and 3 were, respectively, 77%, 16% and 7% using monoclonal antibody (MAb) 3G5, which recognizes V3-5, and 70%, 14% and 15% with MAb 2F10, which recognizes V6. The expression of CD44 variants is independently correlated with lymph node metastasis and EBV-association in gastric carcinoma. Significant correlations were observed between V3-5 expression and lymph vessel invasion or lymph node metastasis, and between V6 expression and lymph node metastasis. The expression of both variants was significantly correlated with EBV-association. EBV-association and lymph node metastasis contributed independently to CD44 variant expression by multivariate analysis. Thus, the mechanism and significance of CD44 variant-expression are different in gastric carcinomas with or without EBV. EBVaGC is a distinct type of gastric carcinoma which should be considered separately from EBV-negative carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Chong
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Japan.
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37
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Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Tanaka K, Muraoka M, Onda A, Okumura Y, Kishi N, Iwama T, Mori T, Koike M, Ushio K, Chiba M, Nomizu S, Konishi F, Utsunomiya J, Miyaki M. Molecular nature of colon tumors in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, familial polyposis, and sporadic colon cancer. Gastroenterology 1996; 111:307-17. [PMID: 8690195 DOI: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8690195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Microsatellite instability (replication error [RER]) is a characteristic of tumors in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (HNPCC), but the mechanism of HNPCC carcinogenesis is not yet understood. To clarify the nature of HNPCC tumors, RER and genetic changes were compared between HNPCC and non-HNPCC tumors. METHODS RER and genetic changes were analyzed in 21 HNPCC, 389 familial adenomatous polyposis, and 206 sporadic tumors using polymerase chain reaction, single-strand conformation polymorphism, sequencing, and Southern hybridization. RESULTS. in HNPCC, 95% tumors at all stages showed RER positivity (altered loci, 4.3 of 5). In familial adenomatous polyposis and sporadic tumors, RER positivity (1.7 of 5) was 3% in adenoma and intramucosal carcinoma, 13%-24% in invasive carcinoma, and 35% in carcinoma metastasized to liver. Fifty percent of RER-positive HNPCC tumors had both germline and somatic mutations of hMSH2 or hMLH1 gene, whereas 6% of RER-positive non-HNPCC had somatic mutation. APC, p53, and K-ras-2 mutations and loss of heterozygosity of tumor-suppressor genes were significantly less frequent (P = 0.03 to 0.0006) but transforming growth factor beta type II receptor mutation was significantly more frequent (P = 0.000001) in HNPCC than in non-HNPCC. CONCLUSIONS RER positivity occurs from an early stage of carcinogenesis in HNPCC but in later stages in non-HNPCC. Most HNPCC tumors may develop through different genetic changes from those in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, although a certain percentage develops through APC mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Konishi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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38
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Watanabe T, Muto T, Sawada T, Miyaki M. Flat adenoma as a precursor of colorectal carcinoma in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 1996. [PMID: 8616753 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0142(19960215)77:4<627::aid-cncr7>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because flat adenoma shows a higher malignancy rate compared with other types of polyps, it is considered to play an important role in the carcinogenesis of colorectal carcinoma. In the present study, we examined flat adenomas in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) patients. METHODS Nine HNPCC patients who presented with flat adenomas were examined. All patients underwent either surgery or endoscopic polypectomy for colorectal carcinoma and/or adenoma. In all patients, annual colonoscopy had been performed once a year throughout the follow-up period after the initial treatment. When colorectal polyps were detected during follow-up colonoscopy, all lesions were endoscopically excised. Clinicopathologic features and microsatellite instability of both malignant lesions and adenomas were examined. RESULTS Thirteen malignant lesions were detected: seven advanced carcinomas and six early carcinomas. Among 4 early carcinomas with submucosal invasion, 3 lesions (75%) were categorized as superficial type, with a configuration similar to flat adenoma. The frequency of flat adenoma was strikingly high in HNPCC patients in the present study. Among 73 polyps detected, 37 (50.7%) were flat adenomas. Both malignant lesions and flat adenomas had proximal predominance, 61.5% and 59.5%, respectively. Eleven of 15 lesions (73.3%) showed replication error. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the importance of flat adenoma as a precursor of colorectal carcinoma in some groups of HNPCC patients. Further study is essential to elucidate the natural history of flat adenomas in HNPCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- First Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Muraoka M, Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Tanaka K, Shitara N, Chong JM, Iwama T, Miyaki M. p300 gene alterations in colorectal and gastric carcinomas. Oncogene 1996; 12:1565-9. [PMID: 8622873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal tumors frequently have loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 22q, suggesting that inactivation of tumor suppressor gene(s) on 22q participates in the tumor development. Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) gene and E1A binding protein p300 gene, recently identified on 22q, are thought to be candidates for tumor suppressor genes. In this study, mutation of the NF2 gene in 59 colorectal carcinomas, and mutation of the p300 gene in 27 colorectal and two gastric carcinomas, were analysed using PCR-SSCP, RT-PCR-SSCP and direct sequencing methods. Missense mutations of p300 gene were detected in a colorectal carcinoma, and in a gastric carcinoma, though no mutation of NF2 gene was detected. Both p300 mutations were somatic and coupled to deletion of the second allele of the gene, which suggests inactivation of the p300 gene, in these carcinomas. The mutations are located within the Cys/His-rich regions, which are assumed to play important roles in the function of p300. These are the first cases in which p300 gene has been found to be altered in both alleles, suggesting that inactivation of the p300 gene may be involved in the development of carcinomas, and that this gene may be the target of loss of 22q in carcinomas of the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muraoka
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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40
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Because flat adenoma shows a higher malignancy rate compared with other types of polyps, it is considered to play an important role in the carcinogenesis of colorectal carcinoma. In the present study, we examined flat adenomas in hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal carcinoma (HNPCC) patients. METHODS Nine HNPCC patients who presented with flat adenomas were examined. All patients underwent either surgery or endoscopic polypectomy for colorectal carcinoma and/or adenoma. In all patients, annual colonoscopy had been performed once a year throughout the follow-up period after the initial treatment. When colorectal polyps were detected during follow-up colonoscopy, all lesions were endoscopically excised. Clinicopathologic features and microsatellite instability of both malignant lesions and adenomas were examined. RESULTS Thirteen malignant lesions were detected: seven advanced carcinomas and six early carcinomas. Among 4 early carcinomas with submucosal invasion, 3 lesions (75%) were categorized as superficial type, with a configuration similar to flat adenoma. The frequency of flat adenoma was strikingly high in HNPCC patients in the present study. Among 73 polyps detected, 37 (50.7%) were flat adenomas. Both malignant lesions and flat adenomas had proximal predominance, 61.5% and 59.5%, respectively. Eleven of 15 lesions (73.3%) showed replication error. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest the importance of flat adenoma as a precursor of colorectal carcinoma in some groups of HNPCC patients. Further study is essential to elucidate the natural history of flat adenomas in HNPCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Watanabe
- First Department of Surgery, University of Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Kashiwagi H, Konishi F, Kanazawa K, Miyaki M. Sisters with familial adenomatous polyposis affected with thyroid carcinoma, desmoid tumour and duodenal polyposis. Br J Surg 1996; 83:228. [PMID: 8689172 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.1800830224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
After prophylactic surgery for colonic polyposis, upper gastrointestinal cancer and desmoid tumour are the main causes of death in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP). Two sisters with FAP who developed multicentric carcinoma of the thyroid, desmoid tumour and duodenal polyposis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kashiwagi
- Department of Surgery, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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42
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Tanaka K, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Muraoka M, Konishi M, Oshimura M, Miyaki M. Suppression of tumorigenicity and invasiveness of colon carcinoma cells by introduction of normal chromosome 8p12-pter. Oncogene 1996; 12:405-10. [PMID: 8570218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of human colon carcinomas is associated with a number of genetic alterations. A high frequency of deletion of the short arm of chromosome 8 at a late stage of colon carcinogenesis was detected by DNA analysis of colon carcinomas, which suggests the presence of a tumor suppressor gene. We therefore, introduced normal human chromosome 8 into colon carcinoma cells that showed allele loss on 8p21, through microcell hybridization. Five clones of hybrid cells were obtained from independent experiments. Three hybrids exhibited morphological alteration and suppressed tumorigenicity in the subcutis of nude mice, but the other two did not. The difference between the two types of hybrids was the region of the introduced normal chromosome 8: Three hybrids exhibiting morphological alteration and suppressed tumorigenicity had the entire region of the introduced chromosome 8, whereas the other two, exhibiting no change, lacked 8p12-pter from the introduced chromosome. Furthermore, the invasiveness of the hybrids with suppressed tumorigenicity was reduced to one-fifth of that of the parental cells. These results indicate that 8p12-pter carries a gene that contributes to suppression of both tumorigenicity and invasiveness of colon carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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43
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Miyaki M, Tanaka K, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Muraoka M, Konishi M, Takeichi M. Increased cell-substratum adhesion, and decreased gelatinase secretion and cell growth, induced by E-cadherin transfection of human colon carcinoma cells. Oncogene 1995; 11:2547-52. [PMID: 8545111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis of colon carcinomas is assumed to be caused by multiple steps, which include a loss of cell adhesion that results in the release of carcinoma cells from the original tumor tissue. A human colon carcinoma cell line COKFu was established from a poorly differentiated metastatic adenocarcinoma without cell-cell adhesion and without expression of E-cadherin mRNA and protein. This cell line was co-transfected with mouse E-cadherin cDNA in an expression vector and a neomycin-resistant gene. The parental carcinoma cells had a spindle shape and were scattered, whereas the transfected cells, which expressed exogenous E-cadherin gene, showed a more compact shape with strong cell-cell adhesion and with increased adhesiveness to collagen gel. These cells showed a significantly low anchorage independency (2-7%) and decreased invasiveness (30%) compared to the parental cells. Growth rate of transfectants was decreased both in vitro and in the subcutis of nude mice, with decreased lymphnode metastasis in the case of intravenous injection. It was additionally found that activity of 62 kd gelatinase, secreted from parental cells, was lost or decreased in E-cadherin-transfected cells. These results suggest that E-cadherin is not only involved in the cell-cell adhesion of colon carcinomas, it also has a wider effect, including cell-substratum adhesion and the regulation of proteinase secretion from the cells, resulting in partial suppression of invasiveness and tumorigenic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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44
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Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Tanaka K, Muraoka M, Konishi M, Kawashima I, Takamoto S, Hirai H, Miyaki M. Malignant transformation of rat embryo fibroblasts by cotransfection with eleven human mutant p53 cDNAs and activated H-ras gene. Oncogene 1995; 11:1339-45. [PMID: 7478555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Eleven different missense and one nonsense mutant-type p53 cDNAs, which have been frequently detected in human colorectal carcinomas, were constructed and examined for their ability to cooperate with activated human H-ras genes, pSK2 and pHs49, in transfection of rat embryo fibroblasts (REF). Each missense mutant-type p53 cDNA with either of the two activated H-ras genes transformed REF with a different frequency of transformation depending on the different kind of mutation, whereas wild-type p53 (with ras), nonsense mutant-type p53 (with ras), as well as mutant-type p53 (alone) and ras (alone), did not transform REF. Six transformed REF cell lines were established from cotransfection with missense mutant-type p53 cDNA and ras gene; all of them exhibiting exogenous human p53 DNA, RNA, protein, and H-ras DNA and RNA. All six transformed cell lines showed both tumorigenicity and lung metastatic potential in nude mice. They also exhibited 92 kilodalton gelatinase activity, which was not detected in parental REF. These results suggest that missense mutations in p53 gene have a role in malignant transformation as well as metastatic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kikuchi-Yanoshita
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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45
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Miyaki M, Konishi M, Muraoka M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Tanaka K, Iwama T, Mori T, Koike M, Ushio K, Chiba M. Germ line mutations of hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes in Japanese families with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC): usefulness of DNA analysis for screening and diagnosis of HNPCC patients. J Mol Med (Berl) 1995; 73:515-20. [PMID: 8581513 DOI: 10.1007/bf00198903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in hMSH2 and hMLH1 genes were analyzed in patients from 11 Japanese families that had been diagnosed as carrying hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) by clinical examination. Germ line mutations of hMSH2 gene were identified in 5 independent families in which colorectal (87% of patients), endometrial (30%), ovarian (17%), gastric (14%), and other cancers existed. Five mutations detected between codons 136 and 811 included single-base substitutions (C-->T and T-->G), a T deletion, and an A insertion, all of which produced stop codons resulting in truncated proteins, and an A-->T substitution at splice donor site of exon 5 which resulted in deletion of this exon. Moreover, one HNPCC family was presumed to have germ line mutation of hMSH2 gene because a somatic mutation of hMSH2 gene was detected in a cancer from a patient in this family. In addition to these 11 families already diagnosed with HNPCC, 3 new families with germ line mutations of hMSH2 gene and hMLH1 gene were found through analysis of DNA from patients who had multiple cancers with alteration in microsatellite DNA. These mutations included an AG deletion at codons 877-878 of hMSH2 gene, an AAG deletion at codons 616-618 of hMLH1 gene, and a C-->T single-base substitution at codon 217 of hMLH1 gene. Seven of eight germ line mutations found in this study are new mutations that have not been reported previously. In families in which germ line mutations were identified presymptomatic examination was then carried out using polymerase chain reaction single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of DNA from peripheral blood, and the result was the detection of family members predisposed to HNPCC who did not yet show signs of cancer. These results indicate the value of DNA analysis in the screening and diagnosis of HNPCC patients and families.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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46
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Toyooka M, Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Iwama T, Miyaki M. Somatic mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli gene in gastroduodenal tumors from patients with familial adenomatous polyposis. Cancer Res 1995; 55:3165-70. [PMID: 7606737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed somatic mutations of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), p53, and K-ras genes in gastroduodenal polyps and normal gastroduodenal mucosa from 21 familial adenomatous polyposis patients, using PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism and direct sequencing methods. Seventy-five polyps were obtained from these patients endoscopically or surgically, and they were histopathologically diagnosed as mild adenoma, moderate adenoma, severe adenoma, adenocarcinoma, and fundic gland polyp. Examining the APC-coding region where somatic mutations in colorectal tumors are known to be clustered, we detected 47 somatic mutations. The frequency of mutation detected was 6 of 9 (67%) in ampullary adenomas, 1 of 2 (50%) in ampullary adenocarcinoma, 11 of 24 (46%) in non-ampullary adenomas, 26 of 29 (90%) in gastric adenomas, and 3 of 11 (27%) in gastric fundic gland polyps. These mutations frequently occurred at codons 1450, 1462-1465, and 1554-1556, the third being a newly found hot spot. All mutations formed stop codons that resulted in truncated APC proteins. K-ras mutation was detected only in an ampullary adenocarcinoma, and p53 mutation was not detected in any of the tumors analyzed. There was no somatic mutation detected in samples of flat mucosa that were diagnosed as normal mucosa both endoscopically and histopathologically. Frequent APC mutations in mild and small adenomas, similar to the findings in severe and large adenomas, suggested that the genetic change in the APC gene occurs in an early stage of forming gastroduodenal adenomas. Moreover, the presence of somatic APC mutations in fundic gland polyps suggests that inactivation of the APC gene plays a role not only in forming adenomas but also in forming hyperplastic polyps in fundic gland mucosa, and there may be some additional steps to the adenoma-carcinoma sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Toyooka
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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47
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Miyaki M. [Increased cell adhesiveness and decreased tumorigenicity induced in human colon carcinoma cells by transfection with E-cadherin cDNA]. Nihon Rinsho 1995; 53:1585-1589. [PMID: 7629992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis of colon carcinomas is assumed to be caused by multiple steps, which include a loss of cell adhesion that results in the release of carcinoma cells from the original tumor tissue. A human colon carcinoma cell line was established from a poorly differentiated metastatic adenocarcinoma without cell-cell adhesion and without expression of E-cadherin mRNA. To this cell line, mouse E-cadherin cDNA in a expression vector was co-transfected with a neomycin-resistant gene. The transfected cells, which expressed exogenous E-cadherin gene, showed a compact shape with strong cell-cell adhesion and with increased cell-substratum adhesion. These cells showed a significantly low anchorage independency and decreased invasiveness compared to the parental carcinoma cells. Their growth rate was decreased both in vitro and in the subcutis of nude mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
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48
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan
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49
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Chong JM, Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Takizawa T, Koike M, Konishi M, Kikuchi-Yanoshita R, Miyaki M. Microsatellite instability in the progression of gastric carcinoma. Cancer Res 1994; 54:4595-7. [PMID: 8062248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-six gastric carcinomas were analyzed with regard to whether or how microsatellite instability was associated with the development of the carcinoma. Microsatellite instability occurred as a late genetic alteration, with an incidence significantly higher in the advanced stage (17 of 51) than in the early stage (3 of 25; P < 0.05). Chromosomal losses on 5q and 17p, detected by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism, more frequently accompanied microsatellite instability (9 of 15 and 8 of 11, respectively), compared with carcinomas which lacked instability (5 of 28 and 9 of 30, respectively; P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Epstein-Barr virus was observed in only 8 of 76 carcinomas, none of which was associated with microsatellite instability. No significant correlation was found between instability and the familial tendency to develop gastric carcinomas. Our results suggest that microsatellite instability might play a role in the progression of gastric carcinomas but not in Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Chong
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Honkomagome, Japan
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50
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Fukayama M, Hayashi Y, Iwasaki Y, Chong J, Ooba T, Takizawa T, Koike M, Mizutani S, Miyaki M, Hirai K. Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma and Epstein-Barr virus infection of the stomach. J Transl Med 1994; 71:73-81. [PMID: 8041121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been found to be associated with a type of gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). However, many questions remain unanswered, such as epidemiology, and pathologic features of EBVaGC and the significance of EBV in the genesis of EBVaGC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Gastric carcinoma and non-neoplastic mucosa were evaluated to reveal the following issues: the incidence of EBVaGC in Japanese population, pathologic features and EBV genotype, clonality, and gene-expression in EBVaGC, localization of EBV in non-neoplastic stomach, and serum titer of anti-EBV antibodies in EBVaGC-carrying patients. RESULTS Using PCR and EBER1 in situ hybridization, EBVaGC (definitely amplifiable EBV-DNA and positive EBER1-signal in the nuclei of carcinoma cells) was found in 8 of 72 gastric carcinomas (11%). The dominant genotype of EBV was type A (7/8), with type C (6/8), and F (8/8) restriction enzyme polymorphism, which are the predominant type of EBV found in throat washing of the general population in Japan. EBVaGC was found in the cardia (4/8) or body (4/8) of the stomach, and consisted of 7 advanced and 1 intramucosal carcinoma. By Southern blot analysis of EBVaGC hybridized with right- and left-side probe adjacent to the terminal repeats, EBV was present in a monoclonal episomal form in all of the EBVaGC. EBVaGC lacked expression of EBNA2 (0/8) and LMP1 (0/8) by immunocytochemistry. In non-neoplastic mucosa, EBER1 signal was identified in the infiltrating lymphocytes and shedding epithelial cells predominantly in fundic gland mucosa of patients with EBVaGC (8/8). Patients with EBVaGC showed high titers of anti-VCA IgG (8/8), anti-VCA IgA (2/8) and anti-EA IgG (7/8) antibodies just before surgery. CONCLUSIONS EBV may infect the surface epithelium of the stomach through the reactivated EBV-carrying lymphocytes. EBV may be a factor initiating EBVaGC. Anti-EBV antibodies or EBER1 in situ hybridization may help to identify patients at high risk for EBVaGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fukayama
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Japan
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