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Salazar JG, Marsillach J, Reverte I, Mackness B, Mackness M, Joven J, Camps J, Colomina MT. Paraoxonase-1 and -3 Protein Expression in the Brain of the Tg2576 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030339. [PMID: 33668379 PMCID: PMC7996151 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Brain oxidative lipid damage and inflammation are common in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Paraoxonase-1 and -3 (PON1 and PON3) protein expression was demonstrated in tissue with no PON1 or PON3 gene expression. In the present study, we examine differences in PON1 and PON3 protein expression in the brain of a mouse model of AD. Methods: we used peroxidase- and fluorescence-based immunohistochemistry in five brain regions (olfactory bulb, forebrain, posterior midbrain, hindbrain and cerebellum) of transgenic (Tg2576) mice with the Swedish mutation (KM670/671NL) responsible for a familial form of AD and corresponding wild-type mice. Results: We found intense PON1 and PON3-positive staining in star-shaped cells surrounding Aβ plaques in all the studied Tg2576 mouse-brain regions. Although we could not colocalize PON1 and PON3 with astrocytes (star-shaped cells in the brain), we found some PON3 colocalization with microglia. Conclusions: These results suggest that (1) PON1 and PON3 cross the blood–brain barrier in discoidal high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) and are transferred to specific brain-cell types; and (2) PON1 and PON3 play an important role in preventing oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in particular brain-cell types (likely to be glial cells) in AD pathology and potentially in other neurodegenerative diseases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Gregorio Salazar
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (J.G.S.); (I.R.)
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Departamento de Toxicología y Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioanálisis, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida 5101, Venezuela
| | - Judit Marsillach
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain; (J.M.); (J.J.)
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Ingrid Reverte
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (J.G.S.); (I.R.)
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain; (J.M.); (J.J.)
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain; (J.M.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (M.T.C.); Tel.: +34-977-558153 (M.T.C.)
| | - Maria Teresa Colomina
- Department of Psychology and Research Center for Behavioral Assessment (CRAMC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (J.G.S.); (I.R.)
- Research in Neurobehavior and Health (NEUROLAB), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201 Reus, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (M.T.C.); Tel.: +34-977-558153 (M.T.C.)
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Ferré N, Feliu A, García-Heredia A, Marsillach J, París N, Zaragoza-Jordana M, Mackness B, Mackness M, Escribano J, Closa-Monasterolo R, Joven J, Camps J. Impaired paraoxonase-1 status in obese children. Relationships with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Clin Biochem 2013; 46:1830-6. [PMID: 24028901 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationships between serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1), insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in childhood obesity. DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 110 obese children and 36 non-obese children with a similar gender and age distribution. We measured serum PON1 activity against 5-thiobutyl butyrolactone (TBBLase) and against paraoxon (paraoxonase). PON1 concentration was measured separately as were the levels of several standard metabolic variables. The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) index was calculated as an estimate of insulin resistance. RESULTS TBBLase was significantly decreased in obese children (P=0.008), while paraoxonase activity and PON1 concentrations showed non-significant trends towards decrease and increase, respectively (P=0.054 and P=0.060). TBBLase and paraoxonase specific activities were significantly decreased (P=0.004 and P=0.018, respectively). TBBLase specific activity was inversely associated with BMI, percentage body fat, insulin, HOMA, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein, and directly associated with HDL-cholesterol. Paraoxonase specific activity showed similar associations with BMI, percentage fat, HDL-cholesterol, and C-reactive protein. Obese children with MetS had lower TBBLase activities than obese children without MetS (P=0.018). Linear regression analyses showed that TBBLase was independently associated with HDL-cholesterol, BMI, percentage body fat and PON155 polymorphism, but paraoxonase activity was associated only with PON1192 polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that PON1 may play a role in the onset and development of metabolic alterations in childhood obesity leading to diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. However, being derived from statistical association study, this finding cannot be seen as showing cause-effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Ferré
- Unitat de Pediatria, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Soler N, García-Heredia A, Marsillach J, Mackness B, Mackness M, Joven J, Romero P, Camps J. Paraoxonase-1 is associated with corneal endothelial cell alterations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2013; 54:5852-8. [PMID: 23900603 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.13-11951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the relationships between the levels of the antioxidant enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1) and corneal endothelial alterations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) undergoing cataract surgery. METHODS We studied 172 patients with cataract attending our ophthalmology clinic. Based on spirometric analysis, they were segregated into two groups, 110 (64%) with COPD and 62 (36%) without COPD. Corneal endothelial cell morphology was examined by widefield noncontact specular microscopy, which allows measurements of endothelial cell density (ECD), hexagonality, and endothelial cell size coefficient of variation (ECCV). Corneal thickness was measured by noncontact pachimetry. PON1 and plasma TNFα concentrations were analyzed by ELISA. Serum PON1 activity was analyzed by spectrophotometry. RESULTS Patients with COPD had significant decreases in ECD, hexagonality, and corneal thickness, and a significant increase in ECCV. They also had significant decreases in serum PON1 activity but not in PON1 concentration. Serum PON1 activity showed a significant direct association with ECD, and an inverse association with corneal thickness. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study suggest that PON1 may be involved in the pathophysiology of corneal endothelial alterations in patients with COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Soler
- Ophthalmology Service, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan de Reus, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
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García-Heredia A, Kensicki E, Mohney RP, Rull A, Triguero I, Marsillach J, Tormos C, Mackness B, Mackness M, Shih DM, Pedro-Botet J, Joven J, Sáez G, Camps J. Paraoxonase-1 deficiency is associated with severe liver steatosis in mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet: a metabolomic approach. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1946-55. [PMID: 23448543 DOI: 10.1021/pr400050u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a determinant of liver steatosis and the progression to more severe forms of disease. The present study investigated the effect of paraoxonase-1 (PON1) deficiency on histological alterations and hepatic metabolism in mice fed a high-fat high-cholesterol diet. We performed nontargeted metabolomics on liver tissues from 8 male PON1-deficient mice and 8 wild-type animals fed a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet for 22 weeks. We also measured 8-oxo-20-deoxyguanosine, reduced and oxidized glutathione, malondialdehyde, 8-isoprostanes and protein carbonyl concentrations. Results indicated lipid droplets in 14.5% of the hepatocytes of wild-type mice and in 83.3% of the PON1-deficient animals (P < 0.001). The metabolomic assay included 322 biochemical compounds, 169 of which were significantly decreased and 16 increased in PON1-deficient mice. There were significant increases in lipid peroxide concentrations and oxidative stress markers. We also found decreased glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. The urea cycle was decreased, and the pyrimidine cycle had a significant increase in orotate. The pathways of triglyceride and phospholipid synthesis were significantly increased. We conclude that PON1 deficiency is associated with oxidative stress and metabolic alterations leading to steatosis in the livers of mice receiving a high-fat high-cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel García-Heredia
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , Reus, Spain
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Martinelli N, García-Heredia A, Roca H, Aranda N, Arija V, Mackness B, Mackness M, Busti F, Aragonès G, Pedro-Botet J, Pedica F, Cataldo I, Marsillach J, Joven J, Girelli D, Camps J. Paraoxonase-1 status in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1484-92. [PMID: 23471031 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p028977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is characterized by accumulation of iron, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrogenesis in liver tissue. In this setting, research on the protection afforded by intracellular antioxidants is of clinical relevance. Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an enzyme that degrades lipid peroxides. This study investigates the alterations in serum PON1 status, PON1 gene polymorphisms, and PON1 hepatic expression in patients with HH. We performed a case-control study in 77 patients with HH (80.5% men, 22-70 years of age) and 408 healthy individuals (43.1% men, 26-74 years of age). Serum PON1 activities against different substrates and PON1192 and PON155 polymorphisms were analyzed. PON1 protein expression was investigated in 20 liver biopsies. HH patients had significantly lower serum PON1 activity, which was inversely correlated with ferritin (marker of iron stores) and serum 8-isoprostane concentrations (index of oxidative stress). PON1 protein expression in liver tissue was higher in patients and showed stronger staining in hepatocytes surrounding the areas of inflammation. Our study provides preliminary evidence that PON1 may play a role in protecting against iron-induced oxidative stress in hereditary hemochromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Martinelli
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of Verona, Policlinico G.B. Rossi, Verona, Italy
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Mackness B, Mackness M. The antioxidant properties of high-density lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Panminerva Med 2012; 54:83-90. [PMID: 22525563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is protective against atherosclerosis development. Other than its central role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL exhibits several other mechanisms by which it is protective. These include antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptopic activities and the normalisation of vascular function. In light of the current view that oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is essential for the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis, the antioxidative properties of HDL may be an important protective mechanism. HDL can retard the oxidation of LDL and limit its atherogenicity. Several proteins are present on HDL and the evidence that some of them metabolise lipid peroxidation products of phospholipids, cholesteryl esters and triglycerides associated with LDL and vascular cell membranes are discussed in this review.
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Sans T, Rull A, Luna J, Mackness B, Mackness M, Joven J, Ibañez M, Pariente R, Rodriguez M, Ortin X, Masdeu G, Camps J. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and paraoxonase-1 and 3 levels in patients with sepsis treated in an intensive care unit: a preliminary report. Clin Chem Lab Med 2012; 50:1409-15. [PMID: 22868806 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2011-0896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is considerable interest in the research of molecules modulating the acute inflammatory response in patients with sepsis. Paraoxonases (PON) are antioxidant and anti-inflammatory enzymes that inhibit the production of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). This preliminary study investigated changes in PON status and MCP-1 concentrations in critically ill patients with severe sepsis treated in an ICU and their relationship with the evolution of disease. METHODS This was a longitudinal, prospective and observational study on 15 patients with sepsis, studied at baseline and on days 1, 2, 5, 7 and 10 of their stay in the ICU. In all the patients we measured serum PON1 and PON3 concentrations, PON1 paraoxonase and lactonase activities, serum MCP-1 concentrations, and several standard biochemical and haematological parameters. RESULTS MCP-1 concentration significantly decreased with the resolution of sepsis, and this decrease was especially important during the first 5 days of hospitalisation. PON1 and PON3 tended to decrease during the first 5 days in ICU and significantly increased in days 7 and 10. Linear regression analysis showed significant and direct correlations among serum MCP-1 concentration and lactate levels at baseline. At the end of stay, PON1 paraoxonase and lactonase activities were significantly correlated with organ system function measurements. CONCLUSIONS We observed an inverse pattern between changes in MCP-1, and PON1 and PON3 levels in patients with sepsis, this was related to the resolution of their infection after receiving treatment in an ICU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Sans
- Laboratori d'Anàlisis Clíniques, Hospital Verge de la Cinta, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tortosa, Spain
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García-Heredia A, Marsillach J, Aragonès G, Guardiola M, Rull A, Beltrán-Debón R, Folch A, Mackness B, Mackness M, Pedro-Botet J, Joven J, Camps J. Serum paraoxonase-3 concentration is associated with the severity of hepatic impairment in patients with chronic liver disease. Clin Biochem 2011; 44:1320-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 08/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Aragonès G, García-Heredia A, Guardiola M, Rull A, Beltrán-Debón R, Marsillach J, Alonso-Villaverde C, Mackness B, Mackness M, Pedro-Botet J, Pardo-Reche P, Joven J, Camps J. Serum paraoxonase-3 concentration in HIV-infected patients. Evidence for a protective role against oxidation. J Lipid Res 2011; 53:168-74. [PMID: 22003209 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p018457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of the HIV infection on serum paraoxonase-3 (PON3) concentration and assessed the relationships with lipoprotein-associated abnormalities, immunological response, and accelerated atherosclerosis. We studied 207 HIV-infected patients and 385 healthy volunteers. Serum PON3 was determined by in-house ELISA, and PON3 distribution in lipoproteins was investigated by fast-performance liquid chromatography (FPLC). Polymorphisms of the PON3 promoter were analyzed by the Iplex Gold MassArray(TM) method. PON3 concentrations were increased (about three times) in HIV-infected patients with respect to controls (P < 0.001) and were inversely correlated with oxidized LDL levels (P = 0.038). Long-term use of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based antiretroviral therapy was associated with a decrease of PON3 concentrations. In a multivariate linear regression analysis, these relationships were still strong when the main confounding covariates were considered. PON3 was mainly found in HDL in HIV-infected patients, but a substantial amount of the protein was detected in LDL particles. This study reports for the first time an important increase in serum PON3 concentrations in HIV-infected patients that is associated with their oxidative status and their treatment with NNRTI. Long-term, prospective studies are needed to confirm the possible influence of this enzyme on the course of this disease and its possible utility as an analytical biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Aragonès
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Rull A, Garcia R, Fernandez-Sender L, Beltran-Debon R, Aragones G, M. Alegret J, Alonso-Villaverde C, Mackness B, Mackness M, Camps J, Martin-Paredero V, Joven J. The Role of Combined Assessment of Defense Against Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Evaluation of Peripheral Arterial Disease. Curr Mol Med 2011; 11:453-64. [DOI: 10.2174/156652411796268713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Rull A, García R, Fernández-Sender L, Beltrán-Debón R, Aragonès G, Alegret J, Alonso-Villaverde C, Mackness M, Camps J, Martin-Paredero V, Joven J. 415 MONOCYTE CHEMOATTRACTANT PROTEIN-1 AND PARAOXONASE-1 IN PERIPHERAL ARTERIAL DISEASE: A MODEL OF INTERACTION BETWEEN DEFENSE AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(11)70416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Aragonès G, Guardiola M, Barreda M, Marsillach J, Beltrán-Debón R, Rull A, Mackness B, Mackness M, Joven J, Simó JM, Camps J. Measurement of serum PON-3 concentration: method evaluation, reference values, and influence of genotypes in a population-based study. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:1055-61. [PMID: 21335322 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d014134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies showed that paraoxonase-3 (PON3) retards lipoprotein oxidation. Our objective was to describe a new assay to measure serum PON3 concentrations and report their reference values in a population-based study. The influence of PON3 promoter polymorphisms and their relationships with PON1 and lipid profile were also studied. We generated an anti-PON3 antibody by inoculating rabbits with a synthetic peptide specific to mature PON3. This antibody was used to develop an ELISA. The average regression line of standard plots (n = 8) was y = 0.9587 (0.3392) log(10)x + 1.9466 (0.0861) [r(2) = 0.924 (0.0131); P < 0.001]. There was no cross reaction with PON1. Detection limit was 0.24 mg/l. Imprecision was ≤ 13.2%. Reference interval (n = 356) was 1.00-2.47 mg/l. PON3 was observed in HDL particles containing apolipoprotein (apo)A-I and PON1, but not apoA-II or apoE. Serum PON3 concentrations showed a moderate influence (about 10% variation) by PON3 promoter polymorphisms. Our study describes for the first time a method to measure serum PON3 concentrations. This method offers new opportunities in the investigation of the properties and role of PON3 in cardiovascular disease, with possible implications in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Aragonès
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Catalonia, Spain
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Rodríguez-Sanabria F, Rull A, Beltrán-Debón R, Aragonès G, Camps J, Mackness B, Mackness M, Joven J. Tissue distribution and expression of paraoxonases and chemokines in mouse: the ubiquitous and joint localisation suggest a systemic and coordinated role. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:379-86. [PMID: 20931267 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 09/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A vicious cycle between oxidation and inflammation leads to complications in a growing number of disease states. Knowledge on tissue distribution of chemokines, mediators of inflammatory response, and paraoxonases, with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions, may be relevant. Using immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time PCR we have investigated the distribution of PON1, 2 and 3, CCL2, 7, 8 and 12 and the chemokine receptor CCR2 protein and mRNA in 23 tissues from C57BL/6J mice. As expected, PON1, 2 and 3, CCL2, 7, 8 and 12 and CCR2 proteins were present in the vast majority of tissues investigated. Surprisingly, mRNA for these proteins was also expressed in most of these tissues suggesting local production and the ability to respond in situ to inflammatory stimuli. The wide distribution and expression of mRNA for paraoxonases and CC-chemokines suggest a systemic, probably coordinated, role in the overall inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Rodríguez-Sanabria
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan. Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sheep-dippers report an acute flu-like condition (dippers' flu: DF) but the cause and relation to chronic disability are unknown. METHODS In a case-referent study previously reported, 175 sheep dippers with chronic disability and 234 referents, sheep dippers in good health, completed an interview with information on dipping, type of pesticide used and health for each year 1970-2000 and gave blood for typing of PON1 polymorphisms. RESULTS Reports of DF were much higher (66.3% 116/175) in the chronically unwell than in those without chronic ill-health (18.0% 42/234: OR=8.99 95% CI 5.69-14.21). No significant relation was seen between reported exposures and DF in those with chronic illness, but risk was higher with concentrate handling in those without. An R allele at position 192 on PON1 related to reports of DF both in those with chronic illness (OR=2.04 95% CI 1.08-3.87) and in those who started dipping after 1969 and were not chronically unwell (OR=2.52 95%CI 1.00-6.37). Interaction between handling diazinon concentrate and PON1 (192R) increased the risk of DF. No precipitating factor was identified in a case-crossover analysis. In the group without chronic illness those with 192R developed DF earlier (risk ratio 2.49 95%CI 1.03-6.02). CONCLUSION 'Dippers' flu' and chronic ill-health attributed to dipping share a common polymorphism (192R). The interaction between handling diazinon concentrate and PON1 genotype supports the conclusion that organophosphates may cause DF. Sheep dippers who are still healthy but experience 'dippers' flu' may be wise to further limit exposures to organophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cherry
- Community and Occupational Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, 5-30 University Terrace, 8303-112 St, Edmonton, Alberta T6G1K4, Canada.
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Camps J, Mackness M, Mackness B, Marsillach J, Joven J. Serum paraoxonase-1 activity and genetic polymorphisms: common errors in measurement and interpretation of results. Clin Chem Lab Med 2010; 48:893-4. [PMID: 20345229 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2010.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Marsillach J, Aragonès G, Mackness B, Mackness M, Rull A, Beltrán-Debón R, Pedro-Botet J, Alonso-Villaverde C, Joven J, Camps J. Decreased paraoxonase-1 activity is associated with alterations of high-density lipoprotein particles in chronic liver impairment. Lipids Health Dis 2010; 9:46. [PMID: 20470383 PMCID: PMC2877049 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraoxonase-1 (PON1), a lactonase synthesized by the liver, circulates in blood bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDL). This enzyme is thought to degrade oxidized phospholipids and play an important role in the organism's antioxidant and anti-inflammatory system. Chronic liver diseases are characterized by decreased serum PON1 activity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the compositional changes in HDL that could influence PON1 activity in liver impairment. Methods The study was performed in samples from five patients with advanced liver cirrhosis and with preserved renal function, chosen on the basis of having low serum PON1 activity and high serum PON1 concentration. As a control group, we accessed five healthy volunteers from among our hospital staff. Lipid and protein compositional analysis of lipoprotein particles were done by high-performance liquid chromatography, gel electrophoresis, and Western-Blot. Results HDL particles from cirrhotic patients had an increased phospholipid content that was inversely correlated to PON1 activity. The HDL particles contained high levels of PON1 that corresponded, in part, to an immunoreactive protein of high molecular weight (55 kDa) not present in control subjects. This protein was identified as glycosylated PON1 and was also present in biopsies from patients with steatosis and from rats with CCl4-induced hepatic impairment. These changes were associated with an increased plasma concentration of markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrogenesis. Conclusion Abnormalities in the composition of lipids and proteins of HDL particles, including PON1 glycosylation, are associated with the decrease in serum PON1 activity in patients with liver disease. These alterations may adversely affect the protective role of HDL against oxidative stress and inflammation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marsillach
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C, Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Catalunya, Spain
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Parra S, Marsillach J, Aragonés G, Beltrán R, Montero M, Coll B, Mackness B, Mackness M, Alonso‐Villaverde C, Joven J, Camps J. Paraoxonase‐1 Gene Haplotypes Are Associated with Metabolic Disturbances, Atherosclerosis, and Immunologic Outcome in HIV‐Infected Patients. J Infect Dis 2010; 201:627-34. [DOI: 10.1086/650312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Marsillach J, Camps J, Ferré N, Beltran R, Rull A, Mackness B, Mackness M, Joven J. Paraoxonase-1 is related to inflammation, fibrosis and PPAR delta in experimental liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2009; 9:3. [PMID: 19144177 PMCID: PMC2632645 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme synthesized by the liver. It protects against liver impairment and attenuates the production of the pro-inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). We investigated the relationships between hepatic PON1 and MCP-1 expression in rats with liver disease and explored the possible molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS CCl4 was administered for up to 12 weeks to induce liver damage. Serum and hepatic levels of PON1 and MCP-1, their gene and protein expression, nuclear transcription factors, and histological and biochemical markers of liver impairment were measured. RESULTS High levels of PON1 and MCP-1 expression were observed at 12th week in the hepatocytes surrounding the fibrous septa and inflammatory areas. CCl4-administered rats had an increased hepatic PON1 concentration that was related to decreased gene transcription and inhibited protein degradation. Decreased PON1 gene transcription was associated with PPARdelta expression. These changes were accompanied by increased hepatic MCP-1 concentration and gene expression. There were significant direct relationships between hepatic PON1 and MCP-1 concentrations (P = 0.005) and between PON1 and the amount of activated stellate cells (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results from this experimental model suggest a hepato-protective role for PON1 against inflammation, fibrosis and liver disease mediated by MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marsillach
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Natàlia Ferré
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Raul Beltran
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Anna Rull
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Bharti Mackness
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Michael Mackness
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Marsillach J, Camps J, Ferré N, Beltran R, Rull A, Mackness B, Mackness M, Joven J. Paraoxonase-1 is related to inflammation, fibrosis and PPAR delta in experimental liver disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2009. [PMID: 19144177 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-9-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an antioxidant enzyme synthesized by the liver. It protects against liver impairment and attenuates the production of the pro-inflammatory monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). We investigated the relationships between hepatic PON1 and MCP-1 expression in rats with liver disease and explored the possible molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS CCl4 was administered for up to 12 weeks to induce liver damage. Serum and hepatic levels of PON1 and MCP-1, their gene and protein expression, nuclear transcription factors, and histological and biochemical markers of liver impairment were measured. RESULTS High levels of PON1 and MCP-1 expression were observed at 12th week in the hepatocytes surrounding the fibrous septa and inflammatory areas. CCl4-administered rats had an increased hepatic PON1 concentration that was related to decreased gene transcription and inhibited protein degradation. Decreased PON1 gene transcription was associated with PPARdelta expression. These changes were accompanied by increased hepatic MCP-1 concentration and gene expression. There were significant direct relationships between hepatic PON1 and MCP-1 concentrations (P = 0.005) and between PON1 and the amount of activated stellate cells (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION Our results from this experimental model suggest a hepato-protective role for PON1 against inflammation, fibrosis and liver disease mediated by MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marsillach
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C, Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain.
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Mastorikou M, Mackness B, Liu Y, Mackness M. Glycation of paraoxonase-1 inhibits its activity and impairs the ability of high-density lipoprotein to metabolize membrane lipid hydroperoxides. Diabet Med 2008; 25:1049-55. [PMID: 18937674 PMCID: PMC2659363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2008.02546.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS High-density lipoprotein (HDL) protects against atherosclerosis development. Defective functioning of HDL in Type 2 diabetes may be one cause of increased cardiovascular disease associated with Type 2 diabetes. HDL modulates low-density lipoprotein and cell membrane oxidation through the action of paraoxonase-1 (PON1), which is one of the major mechanisms by which HDL is anti-atherogenic. METHODS We have compared the ability of HDL from Type 2 diabetic patients without coronary heart disease (CHD) (n = 36) to metabolize membrane lipid hydroperoxides with HDL from healthy control subjects (n = 19) and people with CHD but no diabetes (n = 37). RESULTS HDL from subjects with Type 2 diabetes and CHD metabolized 20% less membrane hydroperoxides than HDL from control subjects (P < 0.05). The PON1-192RR was least efficient in all the study groups. PON1 was glycated in vivo: (7.5% control, 12% CHD, 17% Type 2 diabetes P < 0.01) with QQ isoforms most glycated. In vitro glycation of PON1 reduced its ability to metabolize membrane hydroperoxides by 50% (P < 0.001); however, glyoxidation reduced it by 80% (P < 0.001). In the control group only there was a significant negative correlation between PON1 activity and the ability of HDL to metabolize membrane hydroperoxides (r = -0.911, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HDL from Type 2 diabetic patients without CHD has decreased ability to metabolize membrane lipid hydroperoxides, which could lead to increased susceptibility to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mastorikou
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK
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Marsillach J, Mackness B, Mackness M, Riu F, Beltrán R, Joven J, Camps J. Immunohistochemical analysis of paraoxonases-1, 2, and 3 expression in normal mouse tissues. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:146-57. [PMID: 18440321 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The paraoxonase (PON) enzyme family, comprising PON1, PON2, and PON3, are antioxidant enzymes that degrade oxidised phospholipids. We describe the immunohistochemical localisation of the PON proteins in the normal mouse. Antibodies were obtained by inoculating rabbits with peptides derived from specific sequences of mature PONs. PON1 and PON3 were detected in the skin external epithelium, acini of the sebaceous glands, tongue epithelium, acini of the submandibular gland, surface epithelia of the stomach and the intestine, hepatocytes, exocrine pancreas acini, fibre tracts of the encephalon and the spinal cord, skeletal and cardiac muscle, eye lens epithelium and retinal layers, adipocytes, chondrocytes, epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchiole, ovary follicular fluid, seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa, and kidney proximal tubules. PON2 expression was weaker than that of PON1 and PON3, and was absent in some of the tissues studied, such as submandibular gland, nerve cells, and adipocytes. In muscle cells, PON2 expression was restricted to the endomysium. Apolipoprotein A-I did not colocalise with PONs, suggesting local synthesis. This study provides an experimental model to investigate the role played by these enzymes as antioxidants and their relationship with the development of a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marsillach
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigacions Sanitàries Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Parra S, Coll B, Nair D, Montero M, Mackness M, Mackness B, Masana L, Joven J, Camps J, Alonso-Villaverde C. Intermediate levels of paraoxonase-1 activity are associated to lower intima-media thickness in HIV-infected patients. Atherosclerosis 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Marsillach J, Mackness B, Mackness M, Riu F, Beltran R, Joven J, Camps J. IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF PARAOXONASES-1, 2, AND 3 IN HUMAN ATHEROMA PLAQUES. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(08)70232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cramb R, French J, Mackness M, G Neely RD, Caslake M, MacKenzie F. Lipid external quality assessment: commutability between external quality assessment and clinical specimens. Ann Clin Biochem 2008; 45:260-5. [PMID: 18482913 DOI: 10.1258/acb.2007.007120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Targets for cholesterol reduction are part of the Quality Outcomes Framework and general practitioners have to meet these targets to fulfil their remuneration package. By contrast, there are no targets for the accuracy of cholesterol or other lipid measurements and no recent surveys on performance of these assays. We have assessed the performance of lipid measurement of the available methods in the UK. Methods Serum samples collected from individual donors attending the national blood service were distributed after values were obtained from a secondary reference laboratory. Samples were sent to participant laboratories to assess different methods' analytical performance on single donation specimens, on routine external quality assessment pooled specimens, on specimens subjected to a range of freeze–thaw cycles and on frozen-stored specimens. Results Differences in measured cholesterol were found that were method-dependent and related to triglyceride content. HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) showed significant positive bias in all assays. Individual donor specimens showed no significant changes with differing numbers of freeze–thaw cycles. Pooled serum was stable for up to six months. Conclusions Most cholesterol measurements are accurate but some methods are affected by triglyceride interference. HDL-C methods show significant positive bias. Although there are potential matrix effects introduced as a result of specimen preparation, additional work is needed to show if these effects are present in fresh patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cramb
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Jane French
- UK NEQAS Wolfson EQA Laboratory, Institute of Research and Development, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2SQ, UK
| | - Michael Mackness
- Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL;UK
| | - R Dermot G Neely
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 4LP, UK
| | - Muriel Caslake
- University Department of Vascular Biochemistry, 4th Floor, Queen Elizabeth Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Alexandra Parade, Glasgow, G31 2ER, UK
| | - Finlay MacKenzie
- UK NEQAS Wolfson EQA Laboratory, Institute of Research and Development, Birmingham Research Park, Birmingham, West Midlands B15 2SQ, UK
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Marsillach J, Martínez-Vea A, Marcas L, Mackness B, Mackness M, Ferré N, Joven J, Camps J. Administration of exogenous erythropoietin beta affects lipid peroxidation and serum paraoxonase-1 activity and concentration in predialysis patients with chronic renal disease and anaemia. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2007; 34:347-9. [PMID: 17324148 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2007.04552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Patients with advanced chronic renal disease and anaemia have decreased serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity and an increased degree of oxidative stress compared with normal subjects. The present study investigated the effects of treatment of anaemia with exogenous recombinant erythropoietin (EPO) beta and iron on levels of antibodies against oxidized low-density lipoproteins (ox-LDL), as well as on serum PON1 activity and concentration, in predialysis patients with chronic renal disease. 2. Forty-nine patients with chronic renal failure and haemoglobin (Hb) < 11 g/dL were treated over a period of 6 months with EPObeta (80-120 U/kg per week, s.c.) and variable doses of iron. Selected biochemical variables were determined before and after treatment. 3. Treatment with EPObeta and iron was associated with a significant increase in mean (+/-SD) blood Hb concentration compared with pretreatment values (12.8 +/- 1.5 vs 9.9 +/- 0.6 g/dL, respectively; P < 0.001). The average dose of EPObeta was 6160 +/- 3000 U/week. After 6 months of treatment, compared with pretreatment values, the median levels (95% confidence intervals) of antibodies against ox-LDL were decreased (17.5 (10.6-24.4) vs 24.8 (11.5-38.1) U/mL, respectively; P < 0.001), serum PON1 activity was slightly but significantly increased (123.6 (76.1-343.6) vs 101.0 (50.0-332.5) U/L, respectively; P = 0.016) and the concentration of PON1 was significantly decreased (37.3 (11.8-76.2) vs 46.7 (24.6-98.0) mg/L, respectively; P < 0.001). There were no significant changes in total cholesterol, triglycerides or cholesterol fraction concentrations before and after treatment. 4. We suggest that EPObeta and iron treatment of anaemia promotes significant changes in serum PON1 activity and concentration and has a beneficial effect on oxidative stress in predialysis patients with chronic renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marsillach
- Centre of Biomedical Research, Saint Joan University Hospital, C Sant Joan s/n, IRCIS, 43201 Reus, Catalunya, Spain
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Povey AC, Jury F, Dippnall WM, Smith AE, Thomson S, Mackness B, Mackness M, Durrington P, Cherry NM. GST CYP and PON1 polymorphisms in farmers attributing ill health to organophosphate-containing sheep dip. Biomarkers 2007; 12:188-202. [PMID: 17536768 DOI: 10.1080/13547500601043500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previously we reported that in sheep dippers exposed to organophosphates the frequency of paraoxonase (PON1) polymorphisms differed between those with or without self-reported ill health. We have now examined whether polymorphisms in other genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism alter disease risk in this population. There were elevated but non-significant risks associated with the CYP2D6 WT genotype (odds ratio (OR) 1.47, 95% CI 0.83-2.60), or a GSTP1*B or *C allele (OR 1.37, 95% CI 0.88-2.01) or being GSTM1*2/GSTT1*2 homozygous (OR 1.61, 95% CI 0.74-3.48). Similar results were generally obtained after the exclusion of subjects to obtain a more homogenous case-referent population: for double null GSTM1 and GSTT1 homozygotes the OR was 2.06 (95% CI 0.85-2.04). In those also likely to have been exposed to diazinon, risks associated with a GSTP1*B or *C allele (OR 1.82, 95% CI 0.92-3.63) or a GSTM1*2/GSTT1*2 homozygous (OR 2.60, 95% CI 0.72-10.42) were elevated but not to a significant extent. Risk associated with PON1 genotype and phenotype varied with CYP2D6 and GSTP1 genotype but not consistently with a priori hypotheses. Further work is necessary to delineate more clearly pathways of organophosphate activation and non-PON1 pathways of detoxification and to confirm whether CYP and GST polymorphisms alter disease risk in populations exposed to organophosphates.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Povey
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Manchester, UK.
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Marsillach J, Ferré N, Vila MC, Lligoña A, Mackness B, Mackness M, Deulofeu R, Solá R, Parés A, Pedro-Botet J, Joven J, Caballeria J, Camps J. Serum paraoxonase-1 in chronic alcoholics: relationship with liver disease. Clin Biochem 2007; 40:645-50. [PMID: 17335791 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2007.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 12/21/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the relationship between serum paraoxonase-1 and liver damage in chronic alcoholic patients. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of paraoxonase-1 plus standard biochemical tests in the assessment of liver damage in alcoholics. DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 328 chronic alcoholics and 368 healthy individuals. RESULTS Paraoxonase-1 activity was decreased and the concentration was increased in alcoholics (P<0.001). The enzyme activity was correlated with albumin (r=0.45; P<0.001) and prothrombin time (r=0.49; P<0.001). Addition of paraoxonase-1 activity measurement to a battery of biochemical tests increased the sensitivity in differentiating between patients and controls up to 96.6% but did not improve the sensitivity in differentiating between subgroups of alcoholics. CONCLUSIONS Paraoxonase-1 was related to the severity of alcoholic liver disease. Its measurement was useful in discriminating between patients and healthy subjects, but did not add any valuable information in subgroups of alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Marsillach
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut, Reus, Spain
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Guns PJ, Van Assche T, Verreth W, Fransen P, Mackness B, Mackness M, Holvoet P, Bult H. Effect of anti-oxidative enzyme gene-transfer on endothelial cell function of apolipoprotein-E deficient mice. Vascul Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2006.08.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Parra S, Alonso-Villaverde C, Coll B, Ferré N, Marsillach J, Aragonès G, Mackness M, Mackness B, Masana L, Joven J, Camps J. Serum paraoxonase-1 activity and concentration are influenced by human immunodeficiency virus infection. Atherosclerosis 2006; 194:175-81. [PMID: 16942773 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/20/2006] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Higher high-density lipoprotein concentrations are associated with a better disease course in HIV-infected patients. Paraoxonase-1, an enzyme contained within high-density lipoproteins, is thought to hydrolyse oxidised lipids. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships between HIV infection and the circulating activity and concentration of paraoxonase-1, and the concentration of high-density lipoproteins, apolipoprotein A-I and oxidised low-density lipoproteins. METHODS We studied patients with HIV infection (n=212) and healthy subjects (n=409). In all the participants we measured the relevant biochemical and genetic variables. The statistical associations between these variables and paraoxonase-1 activity and concentration were assessed using multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS Serum paraoxonase-1 activity was decreased (P<0.001) and its concentration was increased (P=0.017) in HIV-patients compared to the controls. HIV infected patients had lower HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I concentrations. Multivariate regression analysis showed that serum paraoxonase-1 activity was associated with the CD4+ T lymphocyte count (P<0.05), apolipoprotein A-I (P<0.001), and paraoxonase-1 genetic polymorphisms (P<0.001). Paraoxonase-1 concentration was associated with that of serum beta-2-microglobulin (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Both, paraoxonase-1 activity and concentration were influenced by HIV-infection and these were related to alterations in HDL composition and the immunological status of the patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Parra
- Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut de Recerca en Ciències de la Salut, C. Sant Joan s/n, 43201 Reus, Spain
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Ferré N, Marsillach J, Camps J, Mackness B, Mackness M, Riu F, Coll B, Tous M, Joven J. Paraoxonase-1 is associated with oxidative stress, fibrosis and FAS expression in chronic liver diseases. J Hepatol 2006; 45:51-9. [PMID: 16510204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2005.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2005] [Revised: 12/02/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS We previously reported that paraoxonase-1 activity measurement may be useful for the evaluation of liver diseases. Because oxidative stress plays a role in liver apoptosis, and lipid peroxides are hydrolyzed by paraoxonase-1, we have extended our studies to explore the relationships between this enzyme and oxidative stress, fibrosis and apoptosis. METHODS We measured paraoxonase-1 activity and concentration, soluble FAS concentration, serum fibrosis markers, and total peroxides in a group of patients with minimal hepatic changes (n=25), chronic hepatitis (n=51), or liver cirrhosis (n=17). We also measured the Knodell activity index in liver biopsies and performed FAS and PON1 immunostaining. RESULTS Patients with liver diseases showed an increase in soluble FAS, fibrosis markers and paraoxonase-1 concentrations, as well as a decrease in PON1 activity. Paroxonase-1 activity and concentration were correlated with soluble FAS (r=-0.43, P<0.001 and r=0.27, P=0.007, respectively). Paraoxonase-1 concentration showed a significant inverse association with FAS immunostaining (P=0.013) and a direct association with PON1 immunostaining (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest an active role of PON1 in the regulation of oxidative stress, fibrosis and hepatic cell apoptosis in chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natàlia Ferré
- DNA Unit, Centre de Diagnòstic Biomèdic, IDIBAPS, Hospital Clínic Universitari,C. Villarroel 170, 08036-Barcelona, Spain
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31
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Mackness B, Hine D, McElduff P, Mackness M. High C-reactive protein and low paraoxonase1 in diabetes as risk factors for coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2006; 186:396-401. [PMID: 16140307 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2005.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 07/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Paraoxonase1 (PON1) is an anti-inflammatory enzyme located on HDL, which protects against the development of atherosclerosis. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of the inflammatory response in CHD. We hypothesised that low PON1 and high CRP found in CHD may be important markers of CHD and the CRP:PON1 ratio may be an index of the risk of developing atherosclerosis. We have, therefore, compared the levels of PON1 and CRP between control subjects, those with no diabetes and CHD, type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS PON1 activity was different between the populations in the order: controls > type 1 diabetes > type 2 diabetes > CHD with no diabetes (P<0.001). CRP concentration also differed between the populations in the order: controls < type 1 diabetes < type 2 diabetes < CHD with no diabetes (P<0.001). The CRP:PON1 ratio followed the same trend as the CRP concentration (P<0.001). Both CRP and the CRP:PON1 ratio were associated with the presence of CHD. In the control population only, PON1 was a determinant of CRP concentration. Amongst the diabetics, people with CHD had higher levels of CRP (P<0.001) and in comparing the control group with the CHD group, the CHD group had a higher level of CRP (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Higher levels of CRP seem to be generally associated with low levels of PON1 activity, providing a mechanistic link between inflammation and the development of atherosclerosis. However, the relationship between PON1, CRP and atherosclerosis, and the usefulness of the PON1:CRP ratio as a risk factor for CHD requires further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Mackness
- University Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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32
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Murphy MM, Marsillach J, Camps J, Fernández-Ballart J, Mackness B, Mackness M, Ferré N, Joven J. Influence of PON1 Polymorphisms on the Association between Serum Paraoxonase 1 and Homocysteinemia in a General Population. Clin Chem 2006; 52:781-2. [PMID: 16595840 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.064212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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33
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Abstract
Background—
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have a significantly increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) that is not fully explained by classic risk factors. Endothelial dysfunction is an early stage in the process of atherogenesis. Our aim was to determine whether endothelial dysfunction occurs in SLE and whether it is associated with the occurrence of classic Framingham risk factors.
Methods and Results—
We studied 62 women with SLE (1997 revised criteria) and 38 healthy women. Demographic and risk factor data were collected. In patients, disease activity and treatment-related parameters were also assessed. Endothelial function was assessed by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) in the brachial artery in response to reactive hyperemia. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and the presence of carotid plaques were also assessed in SLE patients. FMD was impaired in SLE patients (median, 3.6%; range, −6.3% to 13.7%; versus median, 6.9%; range, −6.6% to 17.8%,
P
<0.01). Using multiple regression analysis that included all subjects in which we retained all the classic CHD risk factors, we found that systolic blood pressure (
P
=0.019) and SLE (
P
=0.017) were significantly associated with impaired FMD. Within SLE patients, IMT showed a negative correlation with percent FMD (
r
=−0.37,
P
<0.01). In stepwise multiple regression of SLE patients only that also included SLE factors and IMT, IMT alone was independently associated with FMD (
P
=0.037).
Conclusions—
Patients with SLE have endothelial dysfunction that remained significant even after adjustment for other classic CHD risk factors. Within SLE patients, endothelial dysfunction correlates negatively with IMT, another marker of early atherosclerosis. Understanding the mechanism(s) of endothelial dysfunction in SLE may suggest novel strategies for CHD prevention in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud El-Magadmi
- University of Manchester arc Epidemiology Unit, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
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34
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Hine D, Mackness M, Durrington P, Mackness B. W06.169 HDL does not inhibit MCP-1 secretion by endothelial cells, in response to incubation with TNFα. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(04)90168-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Patel J, Caslake M, Vyas A, Hughes E, Prabhakaran D, Bhatnagar D, Cruickshank K, Mackness M, Durrington P. W09.199 Small dense LDL is more common amongst rural Indians compared to migrant contemporaries: Populations susceptible to insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(04)90198-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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36
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Caslake MJ, Stewart G, Day SP, Daly E, McTaggart F, Chapman MJ, Durrington P, Laggner P, Mackness M, Pears J, Packard CJ. Phenotype-dependent and -independent actions of rosuvastatin on atherogenic lipoprotein subfractions in hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 2003; 171:245-53. [PMID: 14644393 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2003.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study evaluated the effects of rosuvastatin (40 mg/day for 8 weeks) on atherogenic apolipoprotein B-containing lipoprotein subfractions. Subjects, recruited based on raised plasma triglyceride (TG) or low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), were divided into normotriglyceridaemic (NTG, n = 13; TG < 2.0 mmol/l) and hypertriglyceridaemic (HTG, n = 16; TG > or = 2.0 mmol/l) groups. Similar reductions on rosuvastatin were observed for both groups in LDL-C (NTG -60%; HTG -56%), apoB (both -49%), intermediate-density lipoprotein (NTG -57%; HTG -54%) and LDL circulating mass (NTG -52%, HTG -58%) (all P < 0.001 versus placebo), i.e., these changes were phenotype independent. Phenotype dependency in response was observed in HTG relative to NTG in concentration of small dense LDL (LDL-III) (NTG -44%, P = NS; HTG -69%, P < 0.001), very-low-density lipoprotein1 (NTG -18%, P = NS; HTG 46%, P < 0.01), and remnant-like particle cholesterol (NTG -31%, P = NS; HTG -48%, P < 0.05). Rosuvastatin reduced cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by 33% in NTG and 37% in HTG (both P < 0.001); a reduction in cholesteryl ester transfer activity (-59%, P < 0.001) was observed in HTG only. Rosuvastatin therefore, in addition to lowering LDL and apoB-concentrations, largely corrected the TG and LDL abnormalities in subjects who had the propensity to develop the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel J Caslake
- Department of Pathological Biochemistry, Glasgow Royal Infirmary University NHS Trust, 4th Floor Queen Elizabeth Building, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK.
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37
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The hypothesis that paraoxonase (PON1) has a role in preventing atherosclerosis is based on experimental, transgenic, and case-control studies but has not previously been tested prospectively. METHODS AND RESULTS The Caerphilly Prospective Study is a cohort study of men aged 49 to 65 years observed for coronary heart disease (CHD) events (fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction) over a mean period of 15 years. Serum PON1 activity toward paraoxon was measured in 1353 participants. PON1 activity was 20% lower in the 163 men who had a coronary event (P=0.039). Men in the highest quintile of PON1 activity had a decreased risk compared with those in the lowest quintile (OR 0.57 [95% CI, 0.33 to 0.96]). The inverse relationship between quintiles of serum PON1 activity and CHD risk was graded, the median change in OR across each quintile being 0.87 (0.77 to 0.98). After adjustment for all other CHD risk factors, including HDL cholesterol, this median value became 0.90 (0.78 to 1.02). PON1 was most predictive of a new CHD event in patients at highest risk by virtue of preexisting CHD (adjusted median OR for each quintile, 0.74 [0.59 to 0.93]; n=313) or the presence of other risk factors. For the highest tertile of CHD risk (n=390) calculated by the Framingham equation, adjusted median OR for each quintile was 0.84 (0.66 to 1.05); n=390. CONCLUSIONS Low serum PON1 activity toward paraoxon is an independent risk factor for coronary events in men at high risk because of preexisting disease or other CHD risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Mackness
- University Department of Medicine, Manchester Royal Infirmary, University of Manchester, Oxford Rd, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
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38
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Sangvanich P, Mackness B, Gaskell SJ, Durrington P, Mackness M. The effect of high-density lipoproteins on the formation of lipid/protein conjugates during in vitro oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 300:501-6. [PMID: 12504112 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02849-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein (HDL) incubated with low-density lipoprotein (LDL) under oxidising conditions has previously been reported to decrease the accumulation of lipid peroxides on LDL and to diminish the biological effects of LDL, which would have been present had it been oxidatively modified in the absence of HDL. Thus far direct evidence that oxidative modification of LDL is diminished by HDL has, however, been lacking. We used electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) to detect 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE)-modified histidine residues of tryptic fragments of LDL which had been subject to Cu(2+) induced oxidation both in the presence and absence of human or avian HDL. HNE-modified angiotensin II was introduced into the incubation mixture as an internal standard and to check that HDL did not interfere in the detection of HNE-modified peptides non-specifically. Our results confirmed earlier reports that HNE modification of histidine occurs during the oxidation of LDL and for the first time revealed a marked attenuation of the process in the presence of human HDL with no effect on the detection of HNE-modified angiotensin II by ESI-MS. Avian HDL, which lacks the anti-oxidative enzyme paraoxonase, did not affect the formation of apo B adducts. Our findings therefore suggest that covalent linkage of lipid peroxidation products to LDL protein as well as the accumulation of lipid peroxides on LDL is diminished in the presence of HDL containing paraoxonase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polkit Sangvanich
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, UMIST, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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39
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Mackness M, Durrington P, Mackness B. 3SY05-6 Paraoxonase: Biochemistry and contribution to atherosclerosis. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5688(03)90763-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Recently, interindividual variations in serum paraoxonase (PON1) activity and the differences in its metabolic activity towards different organophosphates (OPs) caused by the coding region polymorphisms L55M and Q192R have been found to be important risk factors in susceptibility to OP poisoning. In this study, we investigated the effect of PON1 on the outcome of acute OP intoxication and the effect of acute OP intoxication on PON1. Twenty-eight OP-poisoned patients and 66 healthy volunteers were studied. Patients were evaluated for the clinical manifestations of OP intoxication as well as PON1 activity, PON1 mass and PON1 polymorphisms. Butyrylcholine-esterase (BChE) activity was 50% lower (2,276 +/- 738 U/L versus 5,037 +/- 1,553 U/L, P<0.01) while PON1 activity was 30% lower [114.2 +/- 67.4 nmol/mL/min versus 152.9 +/- 78.9 nmol/mL/ min, P<0.05) in patients than in controls. We observed that the PON1 and BChE activities of eight of the original subjects returned to normal levels when they were reinvestigated six months after exposure. The frequency of the PON192Q allele was significantly higher in patients than controls (85.7% versus 59.7%, chi2=6.745, P=0.034). QQ/ MM individuals had the lowest activity towards paraoxon, while RR/LL individuals had the highest activity. Our data indicate that interindividual differences in PON1 activity and the PON1-55 and -192 polymorphisms are important risk factors in susceptibility to acute OP poisoning; therefore, identifying an individual's PON1 alloenzymes may play an important role in the treatment of patients suffering from OP intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Y Sözmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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41
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Mackness M, Boullier A, Hennuyer N, Mackness B, Hall M, Tailleux A, Duriez P, Delfly B, Durrington P, Fruchart JC, Duverger N, Caillaud JM, Castro G, Bouiller A. Paraoxonase activity is reduced by a pro-atherosclerotic diet in rabbits. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 269:232-6. [PMID: 10694505 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.2265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Serum paraoxonase (PON1) is believed to protect against the development of atherosclerosis because of its ability to retard the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by hydrolysing LDL-associated phospholipid and cholesteryl-ester hydroperoxides. We have examined the relationship between PON1 and atherosclerosis development in transgenic rabbits overexpressing human apolipoprotein (apo) A-I and nontransgenic littermates fed a pro-atherogenic diet. PON1 activity was higher in transgenic (4006.1 +/- 716.7 nmol/min/ml) compared to control (3078.5 +/- 623.3 nmol/min/ml) rabbits (P < 0.01) while high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was 1.84 +/- 0.54 mmol/L in transgenic rabbits and 0.57 +/- 0.21 mmol/L in control rabbits (P = 0.0001). After feeding rabbits a high-cholesterol diet for 14 weeks HDL-cholesterol fell by 70% in both transgenic and control rabbits (P < 0.001 compared to week 0) PON1 activity fell by 50% in both groups of rabbits (P < 0. 01 compared to week 0). The amount of thoracic aortic surface area covered by lesions was 29 +/- 16% in the control group and 26 +/- 15% in the transgenic group (P = NS). A pro-atherosclerotic diet reduces PON1 which may exaggerate the effects of the diet on the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mackness
- Department of Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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42
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Wieringa G, Toogood AA, Ryder WD, Anderson JM, Mackness M, Shalet SM. Changes in lipoprotein(a) levels measured by six kit methods during growth hormone treatment of growth hormone-deficient adults. Growth Horm IGF Res 2000; 10:14-19. [PMID: 10753588 DOI: 10.1054/ghir.2000.0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, has previously been reported to increase, decrease or show no change in growth hormone (GH)-deficient individuals receiving GH replacement. To assess whether these inconsistencies could be attributed to differences in immunoassay methods, Lp(a) was measured by six commercial kits at 0, 3, 6 and 9 months in nine GH-deficient individuals (median age 68.3 years, six male) during 9 months GH therapy. There was a significant rise in Lp(a) with the INCStar immunoturbidimetric (IT) method and the Mercodia enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (P</=0.05, two-tailed Wilcoxon signed rank test), a non-significant rise with the Pharmacia immuno-radiometric assay and the Biopool ELISA methods (P =0.06), and no change with the Immuno ELISA and WAKO IT kits. There was also considerable variation in the values reported within each individual. These results suggest that the previously reported inconsistencies may in part be due to methodological differences, and that the effect of GH on Lp(a) remains unknown. This study highlights the need for a more common approach to the standardization of Lp(a) methods and the selection of antibodies used in them. Better performing methods may allow a more reliable interpretation of the effects of GH on Lp(a)
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wieringa
- Departments of Biochemistry, Endocrinology, Medical Statistics, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Wilmslow Road, Manchester, M20 4BX, UK
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43
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Kilby M, Durrington P, Mackness M, Neary R. Fetal and maternal lipoproteins in uncomplicated and diabetic third trimester pregnancy. Placenta 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(96)90178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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44
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Patel B, Khaliq A, Jarvis-Evans J, Boulton M, Arrol S, Mackness M, McLeod D. Hypoxia induces HSP 70 gene expression in human hepatoma (HEP G2) cells. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1995; 36:907-912. [PMID: 8528154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Populations of cells within solid tumours are exposed to low oxygen concentrations. The mechanism by which tumour cells tolerate such hypoxia is unknown but it may parallel responses to other types of cellular stress. We investigated the effect of oxygen on steady state levels of inducible heat shock protein 70 mRNA in cultured human hepatoma cells. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that hypoxia increased HSP 70 mRNA levels within 3 hours, with a transient 12-fold increase at 6 hours compared with normoxia. We also showed that heat shock induced a 20-fold increase in HSP 70 mRNA. This data suggests that HSPs may be important in tumour progression by protecting cells from hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Manchester, UK
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45
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Blatter Garin MC, Abbott C, Messmer S, Mackness M, Durrington P, Pometta D, James RW. Quantification of human serum paraoxonase by enzyme-linked immunoassay: population differences in protein concentrations. Biochem J 1994; 304 ( Pt 2):549-54. [PMID: 7998991 PMCID: PMC1137527 DOI: 10.1042/bj3040549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Paraoxonase is a serum protein bound to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). The physiological function of the enzyme is unknown, but a role in lipid metabolism has been postulated. To date, studies of the protein have had to rely on measurements of enzyme activity with various substrates. We have developed a highly specific, competitive e.l.i.s.a. using a previously characterized monoclonal antibody. The assay can detect 20 ng of paraoxonase with a working range of 75-600 ng. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 6.5 and 7.9% respectively. Serum concentrations of paraoxonase in healthy subjects from Geneva and Manchester ranged from 25 to 118 micrograms/ml. There were significant differences in mean concentrations between the two groups (Geneva, 79.3 +/- 18.7 micrograms/ml; Manchester, 59.9 +/- 24.1 micrograms/ml: P < 0.001), differences also apparent when subjects were compared according to paraoxonase phenotype. These appeared to be largely a consequence of differences in apolipoprotein A-I concentrations between the two populations, suggesting that HDL particle number may be important in determining serum levels of paraoxonase. Paraoxonase specific activities were also significantly different between the two groups of subjects (Geneva, 2.08 +/- 0.96 units/mg; Manchester, 3.08 +/- 1.73 units/mg: P < 0.001), which may reflect differences in HDL particle composition. The e.l.i.s.a. should furnish the necessary complement to studies of paraoxonase enzymic activity and has already provided evidence for differences with respect to serum levels of the protein both between populations and between phenotypes within populations.
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46
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Patel B, Khaliq A, Jarvis-Evans J, McLeod D, Mackness M, Boulton M. Oxygen regulation of TGF-beta 1 mRNA in human hepatoma (Hep G2) cells. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1994; 34:639-644. [PMID: 7833842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumours comprise populations of cells whose behaviour is thought to be influenced by growth factors and the local oxygen environment. We investigated the effect of oxygen on steady state levels of transforming growth factor-beta 1 mRNA in cultured human hepatoma cells. Northern blot analysis demonstrated that hypoxia mediated an early and sustained induction of TGF-beta 1 mRNA above that seen at higher oxygen tensions. The data suggests that modulation of TGF-beta 1 expression by the local oxygen environment may be important in tumour development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Patel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Manchester, UK
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47
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Winocour PH, Durrington PN, Bhatnagar D, Mbewu AD, Ishola M, Mackness M, Arrol S. A cross-sectional evaluation of cardiovascular risk factors in coronary heart disease associated with type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1992; 18:173-84. [PMID: 1289018 DOI: 10.1016/0168-8227(92)90143-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The contribution from lipoproteins, blood pressure, albuminuria and demographic variables to coronary heart disease in 90 adult subjects with and 172 without Type 1 diabetes mellitus was examined in order to investigate whether risk factors were of equivalent importance in diabetic and non-diabetic coronary heart disease. Coronary heart disease (CHD) was present in roughly 25% of subjects in each group. In Type 1 diabetes those with CHD had significantly higher levels of systolic blood pressure, albumin excretion, serum creatinine, triglycerides, VLDL cholesterol and C-peptide, and reductions in serum concentrations of HDL and HDL2 cholesterol, in comparison to those without. However, the prevalence of smokers, and concentrations of Lp(a), ApoB and fibrinogen were comparable. Blood pressure and HDL cholesterol were higher in the CHD group with Type 1 diabetes in comparison to the nondiabetic group with CHD, although LDL concentrations and the prevalence of Lp(a) concentrations > 200 mg/l were lower. Logistic regression analysis revealed the strongest independent predictors of CHD in Type 1 diabetes were serum triglycerides, systolic blood pressure, age, serum LDL cholesterol, and the daily insulin dosage, whereas in the non-diabetic control group HDL2 cholesterol, Lp(a), ApoA1 and ApoB, total serum cholesterol and body mass index were additional predictors. CHD in Type 1 diabetes appears to be most closely associated with increasing age and levels of blood pressure and total serum lipids. Apolipoproteins and albuminuria did not seem to be important independent predictors of CHD in Type 1 diabetes, whereas the former were more clearly associated with CHD in non-diabetic controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Winocour
- University of Manchester Department of Medicine, Hope Hospital, Salford, UK
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48
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Winocour PH, Durrington PN, Bhatnagar D, Ishola M, Arrol S, Mackness M. Abnormalities of VLDL, IDL, and LDL characterize insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arterioscler Thromb 1992; 12:920-8. [PMID: 1637789 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.12.8.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
To identify abnormalities of serum lipoprotein composition and concentration that were specific to insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), the procedure of discontinuous gradient ultracentrifugation was employed to isolate lipoprotein fractions in 44 patients with IDDM, 24 nondiabetic subjects with similar lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, and 19 healthy normocholesterolemic (less than 5.2 mmol/l [less than 200 mg/dl]) subjects. The mass concentration of low density lipoprotein (LDL) was greater in IDDM than in both control groups. The free cholesterol to phospholipid ratio in large very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) was greatest in IDDM in comparison with both of the other groups. The contribution of triglyceride to total large VLDL mass was greater, whereas that of phospholipids was lower, in IDDM than in the dyslipidemic nondiabetic group. Protein concentration was reduced and phospholipid increased in small VLDL in IDDM in comparison with both control groups, and the contribution from protein to lipoprotein mass was least in IDDM. Similarly in intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), the protein concentration and its contribution to overall mass was also lower in IDDM than in either control group, but by contrast, the phospholipid content was increased. The cholesteryl ester to protein ratio was highest in both small VLDL and IDL in IDDM in comparison with both control groups, whereas the free cholesterol to phospholipid ratio in IDL was least in IDDM. In LDL, total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were greatest and the contribution from protein to lipoprotein mass was least in IDDM in comparison with both control groups. The LDL free cholesterol to phospholipid ratio was greater in IDDM than in dyslipidemic control subjects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Winocour
- University of Manchester Department of Medicine, Royal Infirmary, UK
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49
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Winocour PH, Durrington PN, Bhatagnar D, Ishola M, Mackness M, Arrol S, Anderson DC. The effect of bezafibrate on very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL), and low density lipoprotein (LDL) composition in type 1 diabetes associated with hypercholesterolaemia or combined hyperlipidaemia. Atherosclerosis 1992; 93:83-94. [PMID: 1596307 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9150(92)90202-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein composition was examined in type 1 diabetic subjects with hypercholesterolaemia +/- hypertriglyceridaemia during a 3-month double-blind placebo controlled assessment of bezafibrate therapy. The predominant effect was on lipoprotein lipid content. In those with hypercholesterolaemia alone, bezafibrate significantly reduced the cholesterol (particularly esterified cholesterol) and triglyceride content of large very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) (Svedberg flotation units (Sf) 60-400) in comparison to the placebo group (P less than 0.05), and a trend towards a reduction in free and esterified cholesterol within the intermediate density lipoprotein fraction (IDL) (Sf 12-20) was noted. Low density lipoprotein (LDL) composition was unaltered and in general phospholipid and protein concentrations and cholesteryl ester/protein ratios within the lipoprotein fractions were unaffected. Large VLDL cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in those with combined hyperlipidaemia were significantly decreased following bezafibrate therapy, both in comparison to placebo-treated subjects and to baseline concentrations (P less than 0.05). An additional significant reduction in small VLDL (Sf 20-60) free cholesterol was recorded (P less than 0.05). Average reductions of large and small VLDL protein of 50-56% were not significant because of wide variation in responses. Bezafibrate had no effect on the abnormal composition of IDL and LDL, characteristic of Type 1 diabetes, regardless of whether or not hypertriglyceridaemia was associated with hypercholesterolaemia. Its major action was to lower VLDL lipid concentrations, but it may also reduce the lipid content of intermediate density lipoprotein in Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Winocour
- University of Manchester Department of Medicine, U.K
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Clerc M, Dumon MF, Sess D, Freneix-Clerc M, Mackness M, Conri C. A 'Fish-eye disease' familial condition with massive corneal opacities and hypoalphalipoproteinaemia: clinical, biochemical and genetic features. Eur J Clin Invest 1991; 21:616-24. [PMID: 1778223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.1991.tb01418.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A Caucasian family of mediterranean origin comprising a patient whose parents were first cousins, his wife and their three children, and his two sisters have been studied. The patient and his two daughters were afflicted with the same corneal opacities and hypoalphalipoproteinaemia. The disease was shown to be transmitted as a non-sex-linked recessive trait. The corneal opacities develop at the end of the second decade of life and consist of numerous minute greyish dots in the entire corneal stroma that give the cornea a misty appearance. Vision slowly deteriorated from 40 years of age. At about 50 years of age, except in one of the two daughters who showed Marfanoid syndrome, the three patients had good general health and no symptoms of atherosclerosis. Biochemical investigations showed hypoalphalipoproteinaemia (with a faint fast-moving HDL band on polyacrylamide gel gradient electrophoresis and small arcs of HDL2 and HDL3 of low mobility determined by agarose gel immunoelectrophoresis), low total cholesterol (3.5-4.9 mmol l-1), slightly decreased cholesteryl ester/total cholesterol ratio (0.52-0.63), extremely low HDL cholesterol (0.20-0.21 mmol l-1), mild hypertriglyceridaemia (1.94-3.80 mmol l-1), and striking deficiency in apo A-I and apo A-II (0.45-0.72, 0.08-0.16 g l-1, respectively). The esterification of HDL cholesterol was low while that of LDL and VLDL was nearly normal. Other laboratory values were normal. The HDL subspecies and major apolipoprotein isoforms have been studied to differentiate FED from Tangier disease, LCAT deficiency, as Apo A-I, A-II, C-II, C-III deficiencies and variants.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- M Clerc
- Medical Biochemistry Laboratory A, University of Bordeaux II, France
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