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Effects of empagliflozin on progression of chronic kidney disease: a prespecified secondary analysis from the empa-kidney trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:39-50. [PMID: 38061371 PMCID: PMC7615591 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00321-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors reduce progression of chronic kidney disease and the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in a wide range of patients. However, their effects on kidney disease progression in some patients with chronic kidney disease are unclear because few clinical kidney outcomes occurred among such patients in the completed trials. In particular, some guidelines stratify their level of recommendation about who should be treated with SGLT2 inhibitors based on diabetes status and albuminuria. We aimed to assess the effects of empagliflozin on progression of chronic kidney disease both overall and among specific types of participants in the EMPA-KIDNEY trial. METHODS EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA), and included individuals aged 18 years or older with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or with an eGFR of 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher. We explored the effects of 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily versus placebo on the annualised rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR slope), a tertiary outcome. We studied the acute slope (from randomisation to 2 months) and chronic slope (from 2 months onwards) separately, using shared parameter models to estimate the latter. Analyses were done in all randomly assigned participants by intention to treat. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. FINDINGS Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and then followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5-2·4). Prespecified subgroups of eGFR included 2282 (34·5%) participants with an eGFR of less than 30 mL/min per 1·73 m2, 2928 (44·3%) with an eGFR of 30 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, and 1399 (21·2%) with an eGFR 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2 or higher. Prespecified subgroups of uACR included 1328 (20·1%) with a uACR of less than 30 mg/g, 1864 (28·2%) with a uACR of 30 to 300 mg/g, and 3417 (51·7%) with a uACR of more than 300 mg/g. Overall, allocation to empagliflozin caused an acute 2·12 mL/min per 1·73 m2 (95% CI 1·83-2·41) reduction in eGFR, equivalent to a 6% (5-6) dip in the first 2 months. After this, it halved the chronic slope from -2·75 to -1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (relative difference 50%, 95% CI 42-58). The absolute and relative benefits of empagliflozin on the magnitude of the chronic slope varied significantly depending on diabetes status and baseline levels of eGFR and uACR. In particular, the absolute difference in chronic slopes was lower in patients with lower baseline uACR, but because this group progressed more slowly than those with higher uACR, this translated to a larger relative difference in chronic slopes in this group (86% [36-136] reduction in the chronic slope among those with baseline uACR <30 mg/g compared with a 29% [19-38] reduction for those with baseline uACR ≥2000 mg/g; ptrend<0·0001). INTERPRETATION Empagliflozin slowed the rate of progression of chronic kidney disease among all types of participant in the EMPA-KIDNEY trial, including those with little albuminuria. Albuminuria alone should not be used to determine whether to treat with an SGLT2 inhibitor. FUNDING Boehringer Ingelheim and Eli Lilly.
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T, Tamori Y, Tamura R, Tamura Y, Tan CHH, Tan EZZ, Tanabe A, Tanabe K, Tanaka A, Tanaka A, Tanaka N, Tang S, Tang Z, Tanigaki K, Tarlac M, Tatsuzawa A, Tay JF, Tay LL, Taylor J, Taylor K, Taylor K, Te A, Tenbusch L, Teng KS, Terakawa A, Terry J, Tham ZD, Tholl S, Thomas G, Thong KM, Tietjen D, Timadjer A, Tindall H, Tipper S, Tobin K, Toda N, Tokuyama A, Tolibas M, Tomita A, Tomita T, Tomlinson J, Tonks L, Topf J, Topping S, Torp A, Torres A, Totaro F, Toth P, Toyonaga Y, Tripodi F, Trivedi K, Tropman E, Tschope D, Tse J, Tsuji K, Tsunekawa S, Tsunoda R, Tucky B, Tufail S, Tuffaha A, Turan E, Turner H, Turner J, Turner M, Tuttle KR, Tye YL, Tyler A, Tyler J, Uchi H, Uchida H, Uchida T, Uchida T, Udagawa T, Ueda S, Ueda Y, Ueki K, Ugni S, Ugwu E, Umeno R, Unekawa C, Uozumi K, Urquia K, Valleteau A, Valletta C, van Erp R, Vanhoy C, Varad V, Varma R, Varughese A, Vasquez P, Vasseur A, Veelken R, Velagapudi C, Verdel K, Vettoretti S, Vezzoli G, Vielhauer V, Viera R, Vilar E, Villaruel S, Vinall L, Vinathan J, Visnjic M, Voigt E, von-Eynatten M, Vourvou M, Wada J, Wada J, Wada T, Wada Y, Wakayama K, Wakita Y, Wallendszus K, Walters T, Wan Mohamad WH, Wang L, Wang W, Wang X, Wang X, Wang Y, Wanner C, Wanninayake S, Watada H, Watanabe K, Watanabe K, Watanabe M, Waterfall H, Watkins D, Watson S, Weaving L, Weber B, Webley Y, Webster A, Webster M, Weetman M, Wei W, Weihprecht H, Weiland L, Weinmann-Menke J, Weinreich T, Wendt R, Weng Y, Whalen M, Whalley G, Wheatley R, Wheeler A, Wheeler J, Whelton P, White K, Whitmore B, Whittaker S, Wiebel J, Wiley J, Wilkinson L, Willett M, Williams A, Williams E, Williams K, Williams T, Wilson A, Wilson P, Wincott L, Wines E, Winkelmann B, Winkler M, Winter-Goodwin B, Witczak J, Wittes J, Wittmann M, Wolf G, Wolf L, Wolfling R, Wong C, Wong E, Wong HS, Wong LW, Wong YH, Wonnacott A, Wood A, Wood L, Woodhouse H, Wooding N, Woodman A, Wren K, Wu J, Wu P, Xia S, Xiao H, Xiao X, Xie Y, Xu C, Xu Y, Xue H, Yahaya H, Yalamanchili H, Yamada A, Yamada N, Yamagata K, Yamaguchi M, Yamaji Y, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto T, Yamanaka A, Yamano T, Yamanouchi Y, Yamasaki N, Yamasaki Y, Yamasaki Y, Yamashita C, Yamauchi T, Yan Q, Yanagisawa E, Yang F, Yang L, Yano S, Yao S, Yao Y, Yarlagadda S, Yasuda Y, Yiu V, Yokoyama T, Yoshida S, Yoshidome E, Yoshikawa H, Young A, Young T, Yousif V, Yu H, Yu Y, Yuasa K, Yusof N, Zalunardo N, Zander B, Zani R, Zappulo F, Zayed M, Zemann B, Zettergren P, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhang L, Zhang N, Zhang X, Zhao J, Zhao L, Zhao S, Zhao Z, Zhong H, Zhou N, Zhou S, Zhu D, Zhu L, Zhu S, Zietz M, Zippo M, Zirino F, Zulkipli FH. Impact of primary kidney disease on the effects of empagliflozin in patients with chronic kidney disease: secondary analyses of the EMPA-KIDNEY trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024; 12:51-60. [PMID: 38061372 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00322-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The EMPA-KIDNEY trial showed that empagliflozin reduced the risk of the primary composite outcome of kidney disease progression or cardiovascular death in patients with chronic kidney disease mainly through slowing progression. We aimed to assess how effects of empagliflozin might differ by primary kidney disease across its broad population. METHODS EMPA-KIDNEY, a randomised, controlled, phase 3 trial, was conducted at 241 centres in eight countries (Canada, China, Germany, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, the UK, and the USA). Patients were eligible if their estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was 20 to less than 45 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or 45 to less than 90 mL/min per 1·73 m2 with a urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (uACR) of 200 mg/g or higher at screening. They were randomly assigned (1:1) to 10 mg oral empagliflozin once daily or matching placebo. Effects on kidney disease progression (defined as a sustained ≥40% eGFR decline from randomisation, end-stage kidney disease, a sustained eGFR below 10 mL/min per 1·73 m2, or death from kidney failure) were assessed using prespecified Cox models, and eGFR slope analyses used shared parameter models. Subgroup comparisons were performed by including relevant interaction terms in models. EMPA-KIDNEY is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03594110. FINDINGS Between May 15, 2019, and April 16, 2021, 6609 participants were randomly assigned and followed up for a median of 2·0 years (IQR 1·5-2·4). Prespecified subgroupings by primary kidney disease included 2057 (31·1%) participants with diabetic kidney disease, 1669 (25·3%) with glomerular disease, 1445 (21·9%) with hypertensive or renovascular disease, and 1438 (21·8%) with other or unknown causes. Kidney disease progression occurred in 384 (11·6%) of 3304 patients in the empagliflozin group and 504 (15·2%) of 3305 patients in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0·71 [95% CI 0·62-0·81]), with no evidence that the relative effect size varied significantly by primary kidney disease (pheterogeneity=0·62). The between-group difference in chronic eGFR slopes (ie, from 2 months to final follow-up) was 1·37 mL/min per 1·73 m2 per year (95% CI 1·16-1·59), representing a 50% (42-58) reduction in the rate of chronic eGFR decline. This relative effect of empagliflozin on chronic eGFR slope was similar in analyses by different primary kidney diseases, including in explorations by type of glomerular disease and diabetes (p values for heterogeneity all >0·1). INTERPRETATION In a broad range of patients with chronic kidney disease at risk of progression, including a wide range of non-diabetic causes of chronic kidney disease, empagliflozin reduced risk of kidney disease progression. Relative effect sizes were broadly similar irrespective of the cause of primary kidney disease, suggesting that SGLT2 inhibitors should be part of a standard of care to minimise risk of kidney failure in chronic kidney disease. FUNDING Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, and UK Medical Research Council.
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Alregib AH, Tan HY, Wong YH, Kasbollah A, Wong EH, Abdullah BJJ, Perkins AC, Yeong CH. Development and physicochemical characterization of a biodegradable microspheres formulation loaded with samarium-153 and doxorubicin for chemo-radioembolization of liver tumours. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2023; 66:308-320. [PMID: 37287213 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.4046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) and transarterial radioembolization (TARE) are promising treatments for unresectable liver tumours. Some recent studies suggested that combining TACE and TARE in one treatment course might improve treatment efficacy through synergistic cytotoxicity effects. Nonetheless, current formulations do not facilitate a combination of chemo- and radio-embolic agents in one delivery system. Therefore, this study aimed to synthesise a hybrid biodegradable microsphere loaded with both radioactive agent, samarium-153 (153 Sm) and chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (Dox) for potential radio-chemoembolization of advanced liver tumours. 152 Sm and Dox-loaded polyhydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) microspheres were prepared using water-in-oil-in-water solvent evaporation method. The microspheres were then sent for neutron activation in a neutron flux of 2 × 1012 n/cm2 /s. The physicochemical properties, radioactivity, radionuclide purity, 153 Sm retention efficiency, and Dox release profile of the Dox-153 Sm-PHBV microspheres were analysed. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity of the formulation was tested using MTT assay on HepG2 cell line at 24 and 72 h. The mean diameter of the Dox-153 Sm-PHBV microspheres was 30.08 ± 2.79 μm. The specific radioactivity was 8.68 ± 0.17 GBq/g, or 177.69 Bq per microsphere. The 153 Sm retention efficiency was more than 99%, tested in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and human blood plasma over 26 days. The cumulative release of Dox from the microspheres after 41 days was 65.21 ± 1.96% and 29.96 ± 0.03% in PBS solution of pH 7.4 and pH 5.5, respectively. The Dox-153 Sm-PHBV microspheres achieved a greater in vitro cytotoxicity effect on HepG2 cells (85.73 ± 3.63%) than 153 Sm-PHBV (70.03 ± 5.61%) and Dox-PHBV (74.06 ± 0.78%) microspheres at 300 μg/mL at 72 h. In conclusion, a novel biodegradable microspheres formulation loaded with chemotherapeutic drug (Dox) and radioactive agent (153 Sm) was successfully developed in this study. The formulation fulfilled all the desired physicochemical properties of a chemo-radioembolic agent and achieved better in vitro cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells. Further investigations are needed to evaluate the biosafety, radiation dosimetry, and synergetic anticancer properties of the formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asseel Hisham Alregib
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Hun Yee Tan
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Azahari Kasbollah
- Medical Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Wong YH, Li SM, Pak WWL, Chan KL, Chan Z, Law WP, Lam CK, Wong SSH. Sevelamer crystal-associated peritonitis in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: a case report. Hong Kong Med J 2023; 29:349-350. [PMID: 37537719 DOI: 10.12809/hkmj2210076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Y H Wong
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - S M Li
- Pharmacy Department, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W W L Pak
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K L Chan
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Z Chan
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W P Law
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C K Lam
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - S S H Wong
- Department of Medicine and Geriatrics, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Wee LH, Galvan JAA, Patil SS, Madhavan P, Mahalingam D, Yeong CH, Wong YH, Poh HQ, Suthahar S, David SD, Tan XJ, Rosli IA, Chan CMH, Baharom N, Muhamad NA, Siau CS. Understanding Factors Associated with Motivation to Quit Vaping among Vapers in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1980. [PMID: 37510421 PMCID: PMC10379365 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11141980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of vaping worldwide is showing an upward trend. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with motivation to quit vaping among vapers in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, through a cross-sectional, purposive sampling study. Respondents were required to complete a questionnaire consisting of vapers' sociodemographic questions, habitual behavioral pattern questions, the e-Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence, the Glover-Nilsson Smoking Behavioral Dependence Questionnaire, perception questions, motivation to quit questions, and withdrawal symptom questions. A total of 311 vapers participated in this study. The majority of the vapers were male (84.6%), younger (18-25 years) (55.3%), and with monthly income less than RM 4000 (USD 868; 83.9%). The level of motivation to quit vaping was found to have a significant association with the perception of vaping being as satisfying as cigarette smoking (p = 0.006) and mild to very strong nicotine dependence (p = 0.001). Participants who recorded moderate and strong habitual vaping behaviors had lower odds of having high motivation to quit vaping compared to those recording slight habitual behaviors (OR = 0.279, 95%CI(0.110-0.708), p = 0.007 and OR = 0.185, 95%CI(0.052-0.654), p = 0.009, respectively). Factors associated with higher motivation to quit vaping could be explored to gain better understanding of how to increase their motivation level for future quit attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Hum Wee
- Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Non-communicable Diseases and Public Health Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Jo Ann Andoy Galvan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Non-communicable Diseases and Public Health Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sapna Shridhar Patil
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Non-communicable Diseases and Public Health Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Non-communicable Diseases and Public Health Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Dinesh Mahalingam
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- SP Care Group, Level 3, Menara SP Care, Rawang Sentral, Rawang 48000, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Non-communicable Diseases and Public Health Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Non-communicable Diseases and Public Health Research Group, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Hui Qi Poh
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sanjay Suthahar
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Shamella Diya David
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Xiao Jing Tan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1 Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Izzah Athirah Rosli
- Sector for Evidence-Based Healthcare, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Caryn Mei Hsien Chan
- Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
| | - Nizam Baharom
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai 71800, Malaysia
| | - Nor Asiah Muhamad
- Sector for Evidence-Based Healthcare, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam 40170, Malaysia
| | - Ching Sin Siau
- Centre for Community Health Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia
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Sun Z, Wong YH, Yeong CH. Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Low-Cost Models in Medical Education and Clinical Practice. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:464. [PMID: 36838164 PMCID: PMC9959835 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
3D printing has been increasingly used for medical applications with studies reporting its value, ranging from medical education to pre-surgical planning and simulation, assisting doctor-patient communication or communication with clinicians, and the development of optimal computed tomography (CT) imaging protocols. This article presents our experience of utilising a 3D-printing facility to print a range of patient-specific low-cost models for medical applications. These models include personalized models in cardiovascular disease (from congenital heart disease to aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection and coronary artery disease) and tumours (lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and biliary disease) based on CT data. Furthermore, we designed and developed novel 3D-printed models, including a 3D-printed breast model for the simulation of breast cancer magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and calcified coronary plaques for the simulation of extensive calcifications in the coronary arteries. Most of these 3D-printed models were scanned with CT (except for the breast model which was scanned using MRI) for investigation of their educational and clinical value, with promising results achieved. The models were confirmed to be highly accurate in replicating both anatomy and pathology in different body regions with affordable costs. Our experience of producing low-cost and affordable 3D-printed models highlights the feasibility of utilizing 3D-printing technology in medical education and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Sun
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Science, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth 6845, Australia
- School of Medicine and Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine and Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine and Medical Advancement for Better Quality of Life Impact Lab, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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Mohd Noor MNZ, Alauddin AS, Wong YH, Looi CY, Wong EH, Madhavan P, Yeong CH. A Systematic Review of Molecular Hydrogen Therapy in Cancer Management. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:37-47. [PMID: 36708550 PMCID: PMC10152878 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.1.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer remains a challenging target to cure, with present therapeutic methods unable to exhibit restorative outcomes without causing severe negative effects. Molecular hydrogen (H2) has been reported to be a promising adjunctive therapy for cancer treatment, having the capability to induce anti-proliferative, anti-oxidative, pro-apoptotic and anti-tumoural effects. This review summarises the findings from various articles on the mechanism, treatment outcomes, and overall effectiveness of H2 therapy on cancer management. METHODS Using Cochrane, PubMed, and Google Scholar as the search engines, full-text articles in the scope of the study, written in English and within 10 years of publication were selected. RESULTS Out of the 677 articles, 27 articles fulfilled the eligibility criteria, where data was compiled into a table, outlining the general characteristics and findings. Throughout the different forms of H2 administration, study design and types of cancers reported, outcomes were found to be consistent. CONCLUSION From our analysis, H2 plays a promising therapeutic role as an independent therapy as well as an adjuvant in combination therapy, resulting in an overall improvement in survivability, quality of life, blood parameters, and tumour reduction. Although more comprehensive research is needed, given the promising outcomes, H2 is worth considering for use as a complement to current cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adlin Sofea Alauddin
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, International Medical University, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Eng Hwa Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Priya Madhavan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Lugova H, Andoy-Galvan JA, Patil SS, Wong YH, Baloch GM, Suleiman A, Nordin R, Chinna K. Prevalence and Associated Factors of the Severity of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among Low-Income Community-Dwelling Adults in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Community Ment Health J 2021; 57:1489-1498. [PMID: 33417170 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-020-00765-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Growing prevalence of mental illnesses and the role they play in the global disease burden is an emerging public health issue. The prevalence of depression and anxiety is on the rise in Malaysia. Low-income urban communities are among the key affected populations with regards to mental health problems. This cross-sectional study was aimed to determine the prevalence and severity of depression, anxiety and stress, and their associated factors among adults in the low-income community of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A total of 248 participants aged 18-60 years old were recruited. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items (DASS-21). Chi-squared test was used to examine the association between the variables. Multiple ordinal regression model was introduced to identify the predictors of depression, anxiety and stress. The proportions of participants with depression, anxiety and stress were 24.2% (95% CI: 19.6-30.4), 36.3% (95% CI: 29.9-43.0), and 20.6% (95% CI: 15.4-26.5), respectively. There was a statistically significant association of ethnicity (p = 0.002) and age (p = 0.014) with the severity of depression, ethnicity (p = 0.001) and age (p = 0.024) with the severity of anxiety, and ethnicity (p < 0.001) and marital status (p = 0.006) with the severity of stress. In a multivariable analysis, only non-Malay ethnicity was an independent predictor of the severity of depression [OR = 2.43, 95% CI (1.25, 4.72), p = 0.009], anxiety [OR = 2.55, 95% CI (1.41, 4.62), p = 0.002] and stress [OR = 4.28, 95% CI (2.06, 8.89), p = <0.001]. Mental health interventions should target low-income communities to address social inequalities of mental health within economically disadvantaged populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Lugova
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Jo Ann Andoy-Galvan
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University Malaysia, No. 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Sapna S Patil
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University Malaysia, No. 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University Malaysia, No. 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Gul M Baloch
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University Malaysia, No. 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Adlina Suleiman
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi Prime Camp, 57000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rusli Nordin
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University Malaysia, No. 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Karuthan Chinna
- School of Medicine, Taylor's University Malaysia, No. 1 Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Sun Z, Ng CKC, Wong YH, Yeong CH. 3D-Printed Coronary Plaques to Simulate High Calcification in the Coronary Arteries for Investigation of Blooming Artifacts. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091307. [PMID: 34572520 PMCID: PMC8468360 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic value of coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) is significantly affected by high calcification in the coronary arteries owing to blooming artifacts limiting its accuracy in assessing the calcified plaques. This study aimed to simulate highly calcified plaques in 3D-printed coronary models. A combination of silicone + 32.8% calcium carbonate was found to produce 800 HU, representing extensive calcification. Six patient-specific coronary artery models were printed using the photosensitive polyurethane resin and a total of 22 calcified plaques with diameters ranging from 1 to 4 mm were inserted into different segments of these 3D-printed coronary models. The coronary models were scanned on a 192-slice CT scanner with 70 kV, pitch of 1.4, and slice thickness of 1 mm. Plaque attenuation was measured between 1100 and 1400 HU. Both maximum-intensity projection (MIP) and volume rendering (VR) images (wide and narrow window widths) were generated for measuring the diameters of these calcified plaques. An overestimation of plaque diameters was noticed on both MIP and VR images, with measurements on the MIP images close to those of the actual plaque sizes (<10% deviation), and a large measurement discrepancy observed on the VR images (up to 50% overestimation). This study proves the feasibility of simulating extensive calcification in coronary arteries using a 3D printing technique to develop calcified plaques and generate 3D-printed coronary models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Sun
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Science, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-9266-7509; Fax: +61-8-9266-2377
| | - Curtise Kin Cheung Ng
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Science, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia;
- Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute (CHIRI), Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | - Yin How Wong
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, No. 1, Jalan Taylor’s, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (Y.H.W.); (C.H.Y.)
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Taylor’s University, No. 1, Jalan Taylor’s, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (Y.H.W.); (C.H.Y.)
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10
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Raziff HHA, Tan D, Tan SH, Wong YH, Lim KS, Yeong CH, Sulaiman N, Abdullah BJJ, Wali HAM, Zailan NAM, Ahmad H. Laser-heated needle for biopsy tract ablation: In vivo study of rabbit liver biopsy. Phys Med 2021; 82:40-45. [PMID: 33581616 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2021.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the efficacy of a newly-developed laser-heated core biopsy needle in the thermal ablation of biopsy tract to reduce hemorrhage after biopsy using in vivo rabbit's liver model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five male New Zealand White rabbits weighed between 1.5 and 4.0 kg were anesthetized and their livers were exposed. 18 liver biopsies were performed under control group (without tract ablation, n = 9) and study group (with tract ablation, n = 9) settings. The needle insertion depth (~3 cm) and rate of retraction (~3 mm/s) were fixed in all the experiments. For tract ablation, three different needle temperatures (100, 120 and 150 °C) were compared. The blood loss at each biopsy site was measured by weighing the gauze pads before and after blood absorption. The rabbits were euthanized immediately and the liver specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) for further histopathological examination (HPE). RESULTS The average blood loss in the study group was reduced significantly (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. The highest percentage of bleeding reduction was observed at the needle temperature of 150 °C (93.8%), followed by 120 °C (85.8%) and 100 °C (84.2%). The HPE results show that the laser-heated core biopsy needle was able to cause lateral coagulative necrosis up to 14 mm diameter along the ablation tract. CONCLUSION The laser-heated core biopsy needle reduced hemorrhage up to 93.8% and induced homogenous coagulative necrosis along the ablation tract in the rabbits' livers. This could potentially reduce the risk of tumor seeding in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Hareiza Abd Raziff
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Daryl Tan
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Soon Hao Tan
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Sing Lim
- Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Norshazriman Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia; Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Nur Azmina Mohd Zailan
- Animal Experimental Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Harith Ahmad
- Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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11
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Chan AML, Baum L, Chang RCC, Esteban JA, Lin ZX, Wong YH, Yung WH. Targeted drug discovery for Alzheimer disease: abridged secondary publication. Hong Kong Med J 2020; 26 Suppl 7:20-22. [PMID: 33229613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A M L Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - L Baum
- School of Pharmacy, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - R C C Chang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - J A Esteban
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Spain
| | - Z X Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Y H Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
| | - W H Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong
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12
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Tan HY, Yeong CH, Wong YH, McKenzie M, Kasbollah A, Md Shah MN, Perkins AC. Neutron-activated theranostic radionuclides for nuclear medicine. Nucl Med Biol 2020; 90-91:55-68. [PMID: 33039974 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Theranostics in nuclear medicine refers to personalized patient management that involves targeted therapy and diagnostic imaging using a single or combination of radionuclide (s). The radionuclides emit both alpha (α) or beta (β-) particles and gamma (γ) rays which possess therapeutic and diagnostic capabilities, respectively. However, the production of these radionuclides often faces difficulties due to high cost, complexity of preparation methods and that the products are often sourced far from the healthcare facilities, hence losing activity due to radioactive decay during transportation. Subject to the availability of a nuclear reactor within an accessible distance from healthcare facilities, neutron activation is the most practical and cost-effective route to produce radionuclides suitable for theranostic purposes. Holmium-166 (166Ho), Lutetium-177 (177Lu), Rhenium-186 (186Re), Rhenium-188 (188Re) and Samarium-153 (153Sm) are some of the most promising neutron-activated radionuclides that are currently in clinical practice and undergoing clinical research for theranostic applications. The aim of this paper is to review the physical characteristics, current clinical applications and future prospects of these neutron activated radionuclides in theranostics. The production, physical properties, validated clinical applications and clinical studies for each neutron-activated radionuclide suitable for theranostic use in nuclear medicine are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun Yee Tan
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Molly McKenzie
- School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, DD1 4HN, United Kingdom
| | - Azahari Kasbollah
- Medical Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Nazri Md Shah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya Medical Centre, 59100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Alan Christopher Perkins
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom.
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13
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Sindi R, Wong YH, Yeong CH, Sun Z. Development of patient-specific 3D-printed breast phantom using silicone and peanut oils for magnetic resonance imaging. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2020; 10:1237-1248. [PMID: 32550133 DOI: 10.21037/qims-20-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite increasing reports of 3D printing in medical applications, the use of 3D printing in breast imaging is limited, thus, personalized 3D-printed breast model could be a novel approach to overcome current limitations in utilizing breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for quantitative assessment of breast density. The aim of this study is to develop a patient-specific 3D-printed breast phantom and to identify the most appropriate materials for simulating the MR imaging characteristics of fibroglandular and adipose tissues. Methods A patient-specific 3D-printed breast model was generated using 3D-printing techniques for the construction of the hollow skin and fibroglandular region shells. Then, the T1 relaxation times of the five selected materials (agarose gel, silicone rubber with/without fish oil, silicone oil, and peanut oil) were measured on a 3T MRI system to determine the appropriate ones to represent the MR imaging characteristics of fibroglandular and adipose tissues. Results were then compared to the reference values of T1 relaxation times of the corresponding tissues: 1,324.42±167.63 and 449.27±26.09 ms, respectively. Finally, the materials that matched the T1 relaxation times of the respective tissues were used to fill the 3D-printed hollow breast shells. Results The silicone and peanut oils were found to closely resemble the T1 relaxation times and imaging characteristics of these two tissues, which are 1,515.8±105.5 and 405.4±15.1 ms, respectively. The agarose gel with different concentrations, ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 wt%, was found to have the longest T1 relaxation times. Conclusions A patient-specific 3D-printed breast phantom was successfully designed and constructed using silicone and peanut oils to simulate the MR imaging characteristics of fibroglandular and adipose tissues. The phantom can be used to investigate different MR breast imaging protocols for the quantitative assessment of breast density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rooa Sindi
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia.,Radio-diagnostic and Medical Imaging Department, Medical Physics Section, King Fahd Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zhonghua Sun
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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14
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Liu DCY, Koo TH, Wong JKK, Wong YH, Fung KSC, Chan Y, Lim HS. Adapting re-usable elastomeric respirators to utilise anaesthesia circuit filters using a 3D-printed adaptor - a potential alternative to address N95 shortages during the COVID-19 pandemic. Anaesthesia 2020; 75:1022-1027. [PMID: 32348561 PMCID: PMC7267584 DOI: 10.1111/anae.15108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has increased the demand for disposable N95 respirators. Re‐usable elastomeric respirators may provide a suitable alternative. Proprietary elastomeric respirator filters may become depleted as demand increases. An alternative may be the virus/bacterial filters used in anaesthesia circuits, if they can be adequately fitted onto the elastomeric respirators. In addition, many re‐usable elastomeric respirators do not filter exhaled breaths. If used for sterile procedures, this would also require modification. We designed a 3D‐printed adaptor that permits elastomeric respirators to interface with anaesthesia circuit filters and created a simple modification to divert exhaled breaths through the filter. We conducted a feasibility study evaluating the performance of our modified elastomeric respirators. A convenience sample of eight volunteers was recruited. Quantitative fit testing, respiratory rate and end‐tidal carbon dioxide were recorded during fit testing exercises and after 1 h of wear. All eight volunteers obtained excellent quantitative fit testing throughout the trial. The mean (SD) end‐tidal carbon dioxide was 4.5 (0.5) kPa and 4.6 (0.4) kPa at baseline and after 1 h of wear (p = 0.148). The mean (SD) respiratory rate was 17 (4) breaths.min−1 and 17 (3) breaths.min−1 at baseline and after 1 h of wear (p = 0.435). Four out of eight subjects self‐reported discomfort; two reported facial pressure, one reported exhalation resistance and one reported transient dizziness on exertion. Re‐usable elastomeric respirators to utilise anaesthesia circuit filters through a 3D‐printed adaptor may be a potential alternative to disposable N95 respirators during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Y Liu
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - T H Koo
- Department of Occupational Therapy, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - J K K Wong
- Department of Occupational Therapy, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Y H Wong
- Operating Room, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - K S C Fung
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Y Chan
- Occupational Safety and Health Team, Hospital Authority Kowloon East Cluster, Hong Kong
| | - H S Lim
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Pain Medicine, United Christian Hospital, Hong Kong
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15
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Abstract
Background: Recent studies have shown that higher income is associated with a higher risk for subsequent obesity in low- and middle-income countries, while in high-income countries there is a reversal of the association - higher-income individuals have a lower risk of obesity. The concept of being able to afford to overeat is no longer a predictor of obesity in developed countries. In Malaysia, a trend has been observed that the prevalence of obesity increases with an increase in income among the low-income (B40) group. This trend, however, was not further investigated. Therefore, this study was performed to investigate the association of income and other sociodemographic factors with obesity among residents within the B40 income group in an urban community. Methods: This cross-sectional study used a systematic sampling technique to recruit participants residing in a Program Perumahan Rakyat (PPR), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The sociodemographic characteristics were investigated through face-to-face interviews. Weight and height were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated and coded as underweight, normal, overweight and obese according to the cut-off points for the Asian population. A chi-squared test was used to compare the prevalence of obesity in this study with the national prevalence. A generalized linear model was introduced to identify BMI predictors. Results: Among the 341 participants, 25 (7.3%) were underweight, 94 (27.6%) had normal weight, 87 (25.5%) were overweight, and 135 (39.6%) were obese. The proportion of obese adults (45.8%) was significantly higher than the national prevalence of 30.6% (p<0.001). Among all the tested variables, only income was significantly associated with BMI (p=0.046). Conclusion: The proportion of obesity in this urban poor community was higher compared with the national average. BMI increased as the average monthly household income decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo Ann Andoy-Galvan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Halyna Lugova
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Sapna S. Patil
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Gul M. Baloch
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Adlina Suleiman
- Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health, National Defence University of Malaysia, Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Rusli Nordin
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Karuthan Chinna
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
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16
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Wong YH, Tan HY, Kasbollah A, Abdullah BJJ, Yeong CH. Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of Neutron-Activated, Theranostic Samarium-153-Labeled Microspheres for Transarterial Radioembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Metastasis. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11110596. [PMID: 31718079 PMCID: PMC6920762 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11110596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Transarterial radioembolization (TARE) has been proven as an effective treatment for unresectable liver tumor. In this study, neutron activated, 153Sm-labeled microspheres were developed as an alternative to 90Y-labeled microspheres for hepatic radioembolization. 153Sm has a theranostic advantage as it emits both therapeutic beta and diagnostic gamma radiations simultaneously, in comparison to the pure beta emitter, 90Y. Methods: Negatively charged acrylic microspheres were labeled with 152Sm ions through electrostatic interactions. In another formulation, the Sm-labeled microsphere was treated with sodium carbonate solution to form the insoluble 152Sm carbonate (152SmC) salt within the porous structures of the microspheres. Both formulations were neutron-activated in a research reactor. Physicochemical characterization, gamma spectrometry, and radiolabel stability tests were carried out to study the performance and stability of the microspheres. Results: The Sm- and SmC-labeled microspheres remained spherical and smooth, with a mean size of 35 µm before and after neutron activation. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicated that the functional groups of the microspheres remained unaffected after neutron activation. The 153Sm- and 153SmC-labeled microspheres achieved activity of 2.53 ± 0.08 and 2.40 ± 0.13 GBq·g−1, respectively, immediate after 6 h neutron activation in the neutron flux of 2.0 × 1012 n·cm−2·s−1. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) and gamma spectrometry showed that no elemental and radioactive impurities were present in the microspheres after neutron activation. The retention efficiency of 153Sm in the 153SmC-labeled microspheres was excellent (~99% in distilled water and saline; ~97% in human blood plasma), which was higher than the 153Sm-labeled microspheres (~95% and ~85%, respectively). Conclusion: 153SmC-labeled microspheres have demonstrated excellent properties for potential application as theranostic agents for hepatic radioembolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.H.W.); (H.Y.T.); (B.J.J.A.)
| | - Hun Yee Tan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.H.W.); (H.Y.T.); (B.J.J.A.)
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Azahari Kasbollah
- Medical Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency, Bangi 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.H.W.); (H.Y.T.); (B.J.J.A.)
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Selangor, Malaysia; (Y.H.W.); (H.Y.T.); (B.J.J.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-5629-5495
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17
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How Wong Y, Yee Tan H, Kasbollah A, Johan Jeet Abdullah B, Nazri Md Shah M, Hong Yeong C. Biodegradable Samarium-153–labelled microspheres for hepatic radioembolization: preparation, characterization and radiolabelling evaluation after neutron activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1248/1/012066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Tan D, Mohamad NA, Wong YH, Yeong CH, Cheah PL, Sulaiman N, Abdullah BJJ, Fabell MK, Lim KS. Experimental assessment on feasibility of computed tomography-based thermometry for radiofrequency ablation on tissue equivalent polyacrylamide phantom. Int J Hyperthermia 2019; 36:554-561. [DOI: 10.1080/02656736.2019.1610800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Tan
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nurul Ashikin Mohamad
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Peng Loon Cheah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Norshazriman Sulaiman
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Kamil Fabell
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kok Sing Lim
- Photonics Research Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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19
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Lau I, Wong YH, Yeong CH, Abdul Aziz YF, Md Sari NA, Hashim SA, Sun Z. Quantitative and qualitative comparison of low- and high-cost 3D-printed heart models. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:107-114. [PMID: 30788252 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2019.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Current visualization techniques of complex congenital heart disease (CHD) are unable to provide comprehensive visualization of the anomalous cardiac anatomy as the medical datasets can essentially only be viewed from a flat, two-dimensional (2D) screen. Three-dimensional (3D) printing has therefore been used to replicate patient-specific hearts in 3D views based on medical imaging datasets. This technique has been shown to have a positive impact on the preoperative planning of corrective surgery, patient-doctor communication, and the learning experience of medical students. However, 3D printing is often costly, and this impedes the routine application of this technology in clinical practice. This technical note aims to investigate whether reducing 3D printing costs can have any impact on the clinical value of the 3D-printed heart models. Low-cost and a high-cost 3D-printed models based on a selected case of CHD were generated with materials of differing cost. Quantitative assessment of dimensional accuracy of the cardiac anatomy and pathology was compared between the 3D-printed models and the original cardiac computed tomography (CT) images with excellent correlation (r=0.99). Qualitative evaluation of model usefulness showed no difference between the two models in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Lau
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Yang Faridah Abdul Aziz
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre (UMRIC) University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Ashikin Md Sari
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre (UMRIC) University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shahrul Amry Hashim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zhonghua Sun
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Allan A, Kealley C, Squelch A, Wong YH, Yeong CH, Sun Z. Patient-specific 3D printed model of biliary ducts with congenital cyst. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2019; 9:86-93. [PMID: 30788249 PMCID: PMC6351815 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.12.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3D printing has shown great promise in medical applications, with increasing reports in liver diseases. However, research on 3D printing in biliary disease is limited with lack of studies on validation of model accuracy. In this study, we presented our experience of creating a realistic 3D printed model of biliary ducts with congenital cyst. Measurements of anatomical landmarks were compared at different stages of model generation to determine dimensional accuracy. METHODS Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) images of a patient diagnosed with congenital cyst in the common bile duct with dilated hepatic ducts were used to create the 3D printed model. The 3D printed model was scanned on a 64-slice CT scanner using the similar abdominal CT protocol. Measurements of anatomical structures including common hepatic duct (CHD), right hepatic duct (RHD), left hepatic duct (LHD) and the cyst at left to right and anterior to posterior dimensions were performed and compared between original CT images, the standard tessellation language (STL) image and CT images of the 3D model. RESULTS The 3D printing model was successfully generated with replication of biliary ducts and cyst. Significant differences in measurements of these landmarks were found between the STL and the original CT images, and the CT images of the 3D printed model and the original CT images (P<0.05). Measurements of the RHD and LHD diameters from the original CT images were significantly larger than those from the CT images of 3D model or STL file (P<0.05), while measurements of the CHD diameters were significantly smaller than those of the other two datasets (P<0.05). No significant differences were reached in measurements of the CHD, RHD, LHD and the biliary cyst between CT images of the 3D printed model and STL file (P=0.08-0.98). CONCLUSIONS This study shows our experience in producing a realistic 3D printed model of biliary ducts and biliary cyst. The model was found to replicate anatomical structures and cyst with high accuracy between the STL file and the CT images of the 3D model. Large discrepancy in dimensional measurements was noted between the original CT and STL file images, and the original CT and CT images of the 3D model, highlighting the necessity of further research with inclusion of more cases of biliary disease to validate accuracy of 3D printed biliary models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amee Allan
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Catherine Kealley
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Squelch
- Discipline of Exploration Geophysics, Western Australian School of Mines, Minerals, Energy and Chemical Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Computational Image Analysis Group, Curtin Institute for Computation, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Yin How Wong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Zhonghua Sun
- Discipline of Medical Radiation Sciences, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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21
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Kam CW, Cheng KL, Wong YH, Lee MM, Cheung RKH. Simulation-Based Education: A New Educational Modality for the Emergency Medicine Specialty in Hong Kong? HONG KONG J EMERG ME 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/102490791201900314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- CW Kam
- Clinical Skills Training Centre, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - KL Cheng
- Clinical Skills Training Centre, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - YH Wong
- Clinical Skills Training Centre, Tuen Mun Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - MM Lee
- Accident and Emergency Department, Pok Oi Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - RKH Cheung
- Accident and Emergency Department, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong
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22
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Choong KL, Wong YH, Yeong CH, Gnanasuntharam GK, Goh KL, Yoong BK, Pongnapang N, Abdullah BJJ. Elasticity Characterization of Liver Cancers Using Shear Wave Ultrasound Elastography: Comparison Between Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Liver Metastasis. Journal of Diagnostic Medical Sonography 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/8756479317733713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:This was a feasibility study of shear wave ultrasound elastography for characterization of liver tumors and to compare the tissue elasticity values of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), liver metastases, and normal liver tissues.Methods:Forty-one patients and 30 healthy volunteers were recruited and categorized into HCC, liver metastasis, and control groups based on their computed tomography and sonographic examinations. Elasticity values of different groups were compared statistically.Results:Mean (standard deviation) elasticity values for HCC, liver metastasis, and normal liver tissue were 51.45 (14.96), 49.89 (13.82), and 6.63 (1.65) kilopascal, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between the elasticity values of HCC and liver metastasis with normal liver tissue. Based on the receiver operating characteristics analysis, 18.25 kilopascal may differentiate the malignant focal liver lesions from the normal liver tissue with both sensitivity and specificity of 100%.Conclusion:Shear wave ultrasound elastography may be able to differentiate HCC and liver metastasis from normal liver tissue based on the tissue elasticity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Lai Choong
- University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre and Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre and Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre and Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Gnana Kumar Gnanasuntharam
- University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre and Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khean Lee Goh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Boon Kong Yoong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Napapong Pongnapang
- Department of Radiological Technology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- University of Malaya Research Imaging Centre and Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Givehchi S, Wong YH, Yeong CH, Abdullah BJJ. Optimal approach for complete liver tumor ablation using radiofrequency ablation: a simulation study. MINIM INVASIV THER 2017; 27:81-89. [DOI: 10.1080/13645706.2017.1330757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sogol Givehchi
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yin How Wong
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chai Hong Yeong
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Research Imaging Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumour, Malaysia
| | - Basri Johan Jeet Abdullah
- Department of Biomedical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Research Imaging Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumour, Malaysia
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Wong YH, Kadir HA, Tayyab S. A Comparative Analysis of Protein Stabilizing Potential of Honey and Simulated Honey Sugar Cocktail. Protein Pept Lett 2017; 23:898-904. [PMID: 27586182 DOI: 10.2174/0929866523666160901153553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urea and thermal denaturations of bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied in the absence and the presence of honey or simulated honey sugar cocktail (SHSC) using far-UV CD and ANS fluorescence spectroscopy. Presence of 20% (w/v) honey or SHSC in the incubation mixture shifted the urea transition curve towards higher urea concentrations, being higher in the presence of honey and transformed the two-step, three-state transition into a single-step, two-state transition. A comparison of the far-UV CD and the ANS fluorescence spectra of 4.6 M urea-denatured BSA (U-BSA) in the absence and the presence of 20% (w/v) honey or SHSC suggested greater stabilizing potential of honey than SHSC, as U-BSA maintained native like conformation in the presence of 20% (w/v) honey. Furthermore, thermal transition curves of BSA were also shifted towards higher temperature range in the presence of 20% (w/v) SHSC and honey, showing greater shift in the presence of honey. The far-UV CD spectra of the heat-denatured BSA also showed greater stabilization in the presence of honey. Taken together all these results suggested greater protein stabilizing potential of honey than SHSC against chemical and thermal denaturations of BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin How Wong
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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25
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Zhou L, Ma SL, Yeung PKK, Wong YH, Tsim KWK, So KF, Lam LCW, Chung SK. Anxiety and depression with neurogenesis defects in exchange protein directly activated by cAMP 2-deficient mice are ameliorated by a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, Prozac. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e881. [PMID: 27598965 PMCID: PMC5048194 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cAMP and serotonin are important modulators of anxiety and depression. Fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) also known as Prozac, is widely used against depression, potentially by activating cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through protein kinase A (PKA). However, the role of Epac1 and Epac2 (Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factors, RAPGEF3 and RAPGEF4, respectively) as potential downstream targets of SSRI/cAMP in mood regulations is not yet clear. Here, we investigated the phenotypes of Epac1 (Epac1(-/-)) or Epac2 (Epac2(-/-)) knockout mice by comparing them with their wild-type counterparts. Surprisingly, Epac2(-/-) mice exhibited a wide range of mood disorders, including anxiety and depression with learning and memory deficits in contextual and cued fear-conditioning tests without affecting Epac1 expression or PKA activity. Interestingly, rs17746510, one of the three single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in RAPGEF4 associated with cognitive decline in Chinese Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, was significantly correlated with apathy and mood disturbance, whereas no significant association was observed between RAPGEF3 SNPs and the risk of AD or neuropsychiatric inventory scores. To further determine the detailed role of Epac2 in SSRI/serotonin/cAMP-involved mood disorders, we treated Epac2(-/-) mice with a SSRI, Prozac. The alteration in open field behavior and impaired hippocampal cell proliferation in Epac2(-/-) mice were alleviated by Prozac. Taken together, Epac2 gene polymorphism is a putative risk factor for mood disorders in AD patients in part by affecting the hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - S L Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - P K K Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Y H Wong
- Division of Life Science and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K W K Tsim
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China,Division of Life Science and Center for Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K F So
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China,Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - L C W Lam
- Department of Psychiatry, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - S K Chung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China,Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, 1/F, Laboratory Block, Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China. E-mail:
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26
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Kameel NIA, Wong YH, Shuib AS, Tayyab S. Conformational analysis of champedak galactose-binding lectin under different urea concentrations. Plant Physiol Biochem 2016; 98:57-63. [PMID: 26642433 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Conformational analysis of champedak galactose-binding (CGB) lectin under different urea concentrations was studied in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) using far-ultraviolet circular dichroism (far-UV CD), tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence and ANS fluorescence. In all cases, CGB lectin displayed a two-step, three-state transition. The first transition (from the native state to the intermediate state) started at ∼2.0 M urea and ended at ∼4.5 M urea, while the second transition (from the intermediate state to the completely denatured state) was characterized by the start- and end-points at ∼5.75 M and ∼7.5 M urea, respectively, when analyzed by the emission maximum of Trp fluorescence. A marked increase in the Trp fluorescence, ANS fluorescence and -CD values at 218 nm (-CD218 nm) represented the first transition, whereas a decrease in these parameters defined the second transition. On the other hand, emission maximum of the Trp fluorescence showed a continuous increase throughout the urea concentration range. Transformation of tetramer into monomer represented the first transition, whereas the second transition reflected the unfolding of monomer. Far-UV CD, Trp fluorescence and ANS fluorescence spectra were used to characterize the native, the intermediate and the completely denatured states of CGB lectin, obtained at 0.0 M, 5.0 M and 9.0 M urea, respectively. The intermediate state was characterized by the presence of higher secondary structures, increased ANS binding as well as increased Trp fluorescence intensity. A gradual decrease in the hemagglutination activity of CGB lectin was observed with increasing urea concentrations, showing complete loss at 4.0 M urea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul Iman Ahamed Kameel
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Yin How Wong
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Adawiyah Suriza Shuib
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Saad Tayyab
- Biomolecular Research Group, Biochemistry Programme, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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27
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Bortolotti A, Wong YH, Korsholm SS, Bahring NHB, Bobone S, Tayyab S, van de Weert M, Stella L. On the purported “backbone fluorescence” in protein three-dimensional fluorescence spectra. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra23426g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A peak in 3D-fluorescence spectra of proteins, often assigned to backbone emission, is shown to be due to aromatic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Bortolotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - Yin How Wong
- Biomolecular Research Group
- Biochemistry Program
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
| | - Stine S. Korsholm
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Noor Hafizan B. Bahring
- Biomolecular Research Group
- Biochemistry Program
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
| | - Sara Bobone
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
| | - Saad Tayyab
- Biomolecular Research Group
- Biochemistry Program
- Institute of Biological Sciences
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
| | - Marco van de Weert
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences
- University of Copenhagen
- 2100 Copenhagen
- Denmark
| | - Lorenzo Stella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche
- Università di Roma Tor Vergata
- 00133 Rome
- Italy
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28
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Wong YH, Lim CH, Kadir HA, Tayyab S. Towards increasing chemical and thermal stability of lysozyme with a simulated honey sugar cocktail. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09606a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Tse KH, Chow KBS, Leung WK, Wong YH, Wise H. Primary sensory neurons regulate Toll-like receptor-4-dependent activity of glial cells in dorsal root ganglia. Neuroscience 2014; 279:10-22. [PMID: 25171787 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) has been identified in primary sensory neurons, both in vivo and in vitro, but is reportedly absent from satellite glial cells (SGCs). Herein we reveal that, in rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG), SGCs do express TLR4 but this expression is inhibited by direct contact with neurons. Thus, TLR4 mRNA and protein is strongly up-regulated in isolated DRG glial cells in the absence of neurons. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) mRNA expression with greater efficacy in DRG glial cell cultures than in mixed DRG cell cultures containing TLR4-positive neurons. Using an insert co-culture system, we have shown that neuronal inhibition of glial cell TLR4 is likely to be dependent on cell-cell contact rather than diffusible factors from neurons. LPS stimulated prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production from DRG glial cells in a TLR4- and COX-2-dependent manner. In addition, exogenous PGE2 potentiated LPS-stimulated COX-2 mRNA while inhibiting TNFα mRNA expression by DRG cells, suggestive of a complex regulatory system to control inflammation within the DRG. In addition to LPS, conditioned medium from heat-shocked DRG neurons also increased COX-2 mRNA expression in DRG glial cells in a partially TLR4-dependent manner. We therefore hypothesize that neuronal suppression of glial TLR4 activity is a protective mechanism to prevent uncontrolled inflammation within the DRG. Under conditions where DRG neuronal viability is compromised, DRG glial cells become responsive to PAMPs (pathogen-associated molecular patterns) and DAMPs (danger-associated molecular patterns) and generate a range of classical inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-H Tse
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - K B S Chow
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - W K Leung
- Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Y H Wong
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - H Wise
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Ng KY, Yeung BHS, Wong YH, Wise H. Isolated dorsal root ganglion neurones inhibit receptor-dependent adenylyl cyclase activity in associated glial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:746-60. [PMID: 22924655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hyper-nociceptive PGE(2) EP(4) receptors and prostacyclin (IP) receptors are present in adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurones and glial cells in culture. The present study has investigated the cell-specific expression of two other G(s) -protein coupled hyper-nociceptive receptor systems: β-adrenoceptors and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptors in isolated DRG cells and has examined the influence of neurone-glial cell interactions in regulating adenylyl cyclase (AC) activity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Agonist-stimulated AC activity was determined in mixed DRG cell cultures from adult rats and compared with activity in DRG neurone-enriched cell cultures and pure DRG glial cell cultures. KEY RESULTS Pharmacological analysis showed the presence of G(s) -coupled β(2) -adrenoceptors and CGRP receptors, but not β(1) -adrenoceptors, in all three DRG cell preparations. Agonist-stimulated AC activity was weakest in DRG neurone-enriched cell cultures. DRG neurones inhibited IP receptor-stimulated glial cell AC activity by a process dependent on both cell-cell contact and neurone-derived soluble factors, but this is unlikely to involve purine or glutamine receptor activation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS G(s) -coupled hyper-nociceptive receptors are readily expressed on DRG glial cells in isolated cell cultures and the activity of CGRP, EP(4) and IP receptors, but not β(2) -adrenoceptors, in glial cells is inhibited by DRG neurones. Studies using isolated DRG cells should be aware that hyper-nociceptive ligands may stimulate receptors on glial cells in addition to neurones, and that variable numbers of neurones and glial cells will influence absolute measures of AC activity and affect downstream functional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Y Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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Yung HS, Lai KH, Chow KBS, Ip NY, Tsim KWK, Wong YH, Wu Z, Wise H. Nerve growth factor-induced differentiation of PC12 cells is accompanied by elevated adenylyl cyclase activity. Neurosignals 2010; 18:32-42. [PMID: 20389133 DOI: 10.1159/000310977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells characteristically undergo differentiation when cultured with nerve growth factor (NGF). Here we show that NGF dramatically increased the adenylyl cyclase-activating property of forskolin in PC12 cells. This effect of NGF was well maintained even when NGF was removed after 4 days, even though the morphological features of neuronal differentiation were rapidly lost on removal of NGF. The enhanced cAMP production in response to forskolin could be due to a synergistic interaction between forskolin and endogenously released agonists acting on G(s)-coupled receptors. However, responses to forskolin were not attenuated by antagonists of adenosine A2 receptors or pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) receptors, suggesting that adenosine and PACAP were not involved. Adenylyl cyclases 3, 6 and 9 were the predominant isoforms expressed in PC12 cells, but we found no evidence for NGF-induced changes in expression levels of any of the 9 adenylyl cyclase isoforms, nor in the expression of Gα(s). These findings highlight that NGF has a subtle influence on adenylyl cyclase activity in PC12 cells which may influence more than the neurite extension process classically associated with neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H S Yung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Cheah PY, Wong YH, Loi C, Koh PK, Eu KW. Novel human pathological mutations. Gene symbol: APC. Disease: adenomatous polyposis coli. Hum Genet 2009; 125:352. [PMID: 19320041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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Lok KC, Fu AKY, Ip FCF, Wong YH, Ip NY. Expression of G protein β subunits in rat skeletal muscle after nerve injury: Implication in the regulation of neuregulin signaling. Neuroscience 2007; 146:594-603. [PMID: 17368953 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2006] [Revised: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Tight regulation of gene transcription is critical in muscle development as well as during the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). We previously demonstrated that the transcription of G protein beta1 (Gbeta1) is enhanced by treatment of cultured myotubes with neuregulin (NRG), a trophic factor that plays an important role in neural development. In the current study, we report that the transcript levels of Gbeta1 and Gbeta2 subunits in skeletal muscle are up-regulated following sciatic nerve injury or blockade of nerve activity. These observations prompted us to explore the possibility that G protein subunits regulate NRG-mediated signaling and gene transcription. We showed that overexpression of Gbeta1 or Gbeta2 in COS7 cells attenuates NRG-induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation, whereas suppression of Gbeta2 expression in C2C12 myotubes enhances NRG-mediated ERK1/2 activation and c-fos transcription. These results suggest that expression of Gbeta protein negatively regulates NRG-stimulated gene transcription in cultured myotubes. Taken together, our observations provide evidence that specific heterotrimeric G proteins regulate NRG-mediated signaling and gene transcription during rat muscle development.
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Affiliation(s)
- K-C Lok
- Department of Biochemistry, Biotechnology Research Institute and Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
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Hu WHC, Lam SK, Lam CLK, Wong WM, Lam KF, Lai KC, Wong YH, Wong BCY, Chan AOO, Chan CK, Leung GM, Hui WM. Comparison between empirical prokinetics, Helicobacter test-and-treat and empirical endoscopy in primary-care patients presenting with dyspepsia: A one-year study. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:5010-6. [PMID: 16937497 PMCID: PMC4087404 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i31.5010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the optimal strategy to treat dyspeptic patients in primary care.
METHODS: Dyspeptic patients presenting to primary care outpatient clinics were randomly assigned to: (1) empirical endoscopy, (2) H pylori test-and-treat, and (3) empirical prokinetic treatment with cisapride. Early endoscopy was arranged if patients remained symptomatic after 2 wk. Symptom severity, quality-of-life (SF-36) as well as patient preference and satisfaction were assessed. All patients underwent endoscopy by wk 6. Patients were followed up for one year.
RESULTS: Two hundred and thirty four patients were recruited (163 female, mean age 49). 46% were H pylori positive. 26% of H pylori tested and 25% of empirical prokinetic patients showed no improvement at wk 2 follow-up and needed early endoscopy. 15% of patients receiving empirical cisapride responded well to treatment but peptic ulcer was the final diagnosis. Symptom resolution and quality-of-life were similar among the groups. Costs for the three strategies were HK$4343, $1771 and $1750 per patient. 66% of the patients preferred to have early endoscopy.
CONCLUSION: The three strategies are equally effective. Empirical prokinetic treatment was the least expensive but peptic ulcers may be missed with this treatment. The H pylori test-and-treat was the most cost-effective option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne H C Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, China.
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35
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Yip ECH, Chan ASL, Pang H, Tam YK, Wong YH. Protocatechuic acid induces cell death in HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells through a c-Jun N-terminal kinase-dependent mechanism. Cell Biol Toxicol 2006; 22:293-302. [PMID: 16835731 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-006-0082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2006] [Accepted: 05/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (PCA), chlorogenic acid (CA) and luteolin (LT) are plant phenols found in Chinese medicinal herbs such as Lonicera japonica. Cytotoxicity assays showed that PCA, CA and LT (at 100 micromol/L) effectively killed the HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Among these three naturally occurring compounds, only PCA was capable of stimulating the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 subgroups of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Coincidently, PCA-induced cell death was rescued by specific inhibitors for JNK and p38, while the cytotoxicities of CA and LT were partially eliminated by the antioxidant effect of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). Further investigation demonstrated that the aqueous extract of Lonicera japonica also triggered HepG2 cell death in a JNK-dependent manner, but the amount of PCA alone in this herbal extract was insufficient to contribute the subsequent cytotoxic effect. Collectively, our results suggest that PCA is a naturally occurring compound capable of inducing JNK-dependent hepatocellular carcinoma cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C H Yip
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Neuroscience Center, Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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New DC, An H, Ip NY, Wong YH. GABAB heterodimeric receptors promote Ca2+ influx via store-operated channels in rat cortical neurons and transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Neuroscience 2005; 137:1347-58. [PMID: 16343781 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 10/18/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The GABAB receptors are generally considered to be classical Gi-coupled receptors that lack the ability to mobilize intracellular Ca2+ without the aid of promiscuous G proteins. Here, we report the ability of GABAB receptors to promote calcium influx into primary cultures of rat cortical neurons and transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. Chinese hamster ovary cells were transfected with GABAB1(a) or GABAB1(b) subunits along with GABAB2 subunits. In experiments using the fluorometric imaging plate reader platform, GABA and selective agonists promoted increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells and cortical neurons with the expected order of potency. These effects were fully antagonized by selective GABAB receptor antagonists. To investigate the intracellular pathways responsible for mediating these effects we employed several pharmacological inhibitors. Pertussis toxin abolished GABAB mediated Ca2+ increases, as did the phospholipase Cbeta inhibitor U73122. Inhibitor 2-aminethoxydiphenyl borane acts as an antagonist at inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors and at store-operated channels. In all cell types, 2-aminethoxydiphenyl borane prevented Ca2+ mobilization. The selective store-operated channel inhibitor 1-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-[3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy]ethyl-1H-imidazole hydrochloride prevented increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels as did performing the assays in Ca2+ free buffers. In conclusion, GABAB receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and endogenously expressed in rat cortical neurons promote Ca2+ entry into the cell via the activation of store-operated channels, using a mechanism that is dependent on Gi/o heterotrimeric proteins and phospholipase Cbeta. These findings suggest that the neuronal effects mediated by GABAB receptors may, in part, rely on the receptor's ability to promote Ca2+ influx.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C New
- Department of Biochemistry, the Molecular Neuroscience Center, and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clearwater Bay, Hong Kong, China
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37
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Yip ECH, Liu AMF, Wong JTY, Wong YH. An aqueous extract of the popular Chinese nutraceutical Kwei Ling Ko (Tortoise shell-Rhizome jelly) activates the PPARgamma pathway and down-regulates the NFkappaB activity. Phytomedicine 2005; 12:748-59. [PMID: 16323294 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It is generally believed that the popular nutraceutical 'Kwei Ling Ko' (KLK; Tortoise shell-Rhizome jelly) has antiinflammatory effects, but the mechanism by which its effects are manifested remains unknown. Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of the nuclear hormone receptor/transcription factor superfamily with multiple roles in adipocyte differentiation, glucose homeostasis, immunomodulation and antiinflammatory regulation. As PPAR is required for adipocyte induction, we used adipogenesis as a possible screen for the activation of the PPAR pathway. Interestingly, an aqueous extract of KLK (sKLK) was able to induce the adipocyte differentiation of fibroblast cell lines. Adipogenesis was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis using a fluorescent lipid stain. Up-regulation of PPARgamma transcripts during adipogenesis was also demonstrated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The sKLK-induced adipogenesis was similar to that elicited by insulin. The activity of nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB), a transcription factor responsible for the regulation of proinflammatory genes, was also down-regulated in response to sKLK. Luciferase reporter gene assays further demonstrated that sKLK inhibited both basal and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-stimulated NFkappaB activation. The activities reported in this study support an immunomodulatory effect for sKLK. As activation of PPAR pathway has a dual role in adipogenesis and anti-inflammation, our observations are consistent with the notion that KLK possesses antiinflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C H Yip
- Department of Biochemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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38
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Abstract
Medicinal plants represent precious resources from which bioactive compounds can be isolated and developed into invaluable therapeutic agents. With the advent of modern drug discovery technologies such as combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput drug screening platforms, there is an increasing interest in utilizing medicinal plants as a source of drug leads. A wide spectrum of bioassays can be employed for the detection of bioactivity in extracts, fractions, as well as purified compounds of herbal origin. Amongst the different types of bioassays, reporter gene assays are highly versatile and reliable. The present review provides an overview of the most popular reporter genes in terms of their basic methodology, capacities and limitations. The different types of intracellular and extracellular reporter gene products and their potential applications in bioassays of natural products are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C New
- Department of Biochemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, China
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39
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Wong MTP, Ho TP, Ho MY, Yu CS, Wong YH, Lee SY. Development and inter-rater reliability of a standardized verbal instruction manual for the Chinese Geriatric Depression Scale-short form. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2002; 17:459-63. [PMID: 11994935 DOI: 10.1002/gps.633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) is a common screening tool for elderly depression in Hong Kong. This study aimed at (1) developing a standardized manual for the verbal administration and scoring of the GDS-SF, and (2) comparing the inter-rater reliability between the standardized and non-standardized verbal administration of GDS-SF. Two studies were reported. In Study 1, the process of developing the manual was described. In Study 2, we compared the inter-rater reliabilities of GDS-SF scores using the standardized verbal instructions and the traditional non-standardized administration. Results of Study 2 indicated that the standardized procedure in verbal administration and scoring improved the inter-rater reliabilities of GDS-SF.
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40
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Wong WM, Lai KC, Lau CP, Hu WHC, Chen WH, Wong BCY, Hui WM, Wong YH, Xia HHX, Lam SK. Upper gastrointestinal evaluation of Chinese patients with non-cardiac chest pain. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2002; 16:465-71. [PMID: 11876699 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2036.2002.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To test the usefulness of upper gastrointestinal investigations and quality of life assessment in Chinese patients with non-cardiac chest pain. METHODS Seventy-eight consecutive patients with non-cardiac chest pain underwent upper endoscopy. Eight patients had upper gastrointestinal pathology (10%). The remaining 70 patients received acid perfusion test, oesophageal manometry and 24-h ambulatory oesophageal pH (n=65)/manometry (n=61), and the results were compared with those of healthy controls (n=20). Symptoms and quality of life (SF-36) were assessed by standard validated questionnaire. RESULTS Significant acid reflux symptoms were present in five (5/70, 7%) patients. Abnormal 24-h oesophageal pH, indicating gastro-oesophageal reflux, was found in 19 (19/65, 29%) patients. The percentage of simultaneous contractions was higher and the percentage peristalsis was lower in patients with non-cardiac chest pain when compared with normal subjects by 24-h ambulatory manometry. Patients with non-cardiac chest pain had a lower SF-36 score when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Typical acid reflux symptoms are uncommon in Chinese patients with non-cardiac chest pain, but abnormal 24-h pH results, indicating gastro-oesophageal reflux, were found in 29% of patients. Ineffective contractions were more frequently found in patients with non-cardiac chest pain by 24-h ambulatory manometry, which may have a bearing on the impaired quality of life in such patients. Upper gastrointestinal investigations are useful for the evaluation of Chinese patients with non-cardiac chest pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- W-M Wong
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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41
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Abstract
The enzymatic machinery for the production of prostanoids and the receptors responsible for detecting their presence are widely distributed in the body. One pair of prostanoids, prostacyclin and thromboxane A(2), are particularly important in the control of haemodynamics and haemostasis. Prostacyclin achieves its antiplatelet effect by acting as a physiological antagonist, but displays some selectivity towards thromboxane A(2)-mediated platelet activation, possibly by virtue of the inability of thromboxane A(2) receptors to couple directly to G(i) proteins, and because platelet-derived endoperoxides can act as substrates for prostacyclin synthesis in endothelial cells. At low concentrations, prostaglandin E(2) can synergize with thromboxane A(2) by acting on the EP(3) subtype of prostaglandin E(2) receptor, resulting in opposition to the protective function of prostacyclin. In contrast, high concentrations of prostaglandin E(2) act on the prostacyclin receptor, and possibly the prostaglandin D(2) receptor, to turn off platelet activation. Integration of prostanoid signalling in the vascular system is similarly complex, and interpretation of data is further complicated by the regional distribution of prostanoid receptors in different vascular beds, and the poor selectivity of agonists and antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Wise
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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42
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Abstract
The mu-opioid receptor stimulates the activity of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in recombinant human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells but this stimulatory response is abolished by prolonged opioid treatment. Chronic opioid treatment of the same cells has also been shown to induce adenylyl cyclase (AC) superactivation. This study examined the role of ERK1/2 activity in opioid-induced AC superactivation. Acute opioid treatment of HEK 293 cells expressing mu-opioid receptors resulted in the activation of ERK1/2, and this response was abolished in the presence of U0126, a MEK1/2 inhibitor. Despite a complete blockade of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, U0126 did not affect opioid-induced AC superactivation, indicating that ERK1/2 activity was not required for opioid-induced AC superactivation in HEK 293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Tso
- Department of Biochemistry, the Molecular Neuroscience Center and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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43
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Abstract
1. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were transiently transfected with the mouse prostacyclin (mIP) receptor to examine IP agonist-mediated stimulation of [(3)H]-cyclic AMP and [(3)H]-inositol phosphate production. 2. The prostacyclin analogues, cicaprost, iloprost, carbacyclin and prostaglandin E(1), stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity with EC(50) values of 5, 6, 25 and 95 nM, respectively. These IP agonists also stimulated the phospholipase C pathway with 10 - 40 fold lower potency than stimulation of adenylyl cyclase. 3. The non-prostanoid prostacyclin mimetics, octimibate, BMY 42393 and BMY 45778, also stimulated adenylyl cyclase activity, with EC(50) values of 219, 166 and 398 nM, respectively, but failed to stimulate [(3)H]-inositol phosphate production. 4. Octimibate, BMY 42393 and BMY 45778 inhibited iloprost-stimulated [(3)H]-inositol phosphate production in a non-competitive manner. 5. Activation of the endogenously-expressed P(2) purinergic receptor by ATP led to an increase in [(3)H]-inositol phosphate production which was inhibited by the non-prostanoid prostacyclin mimetics in non-transfected CHO cells. Prostacyclin analogues and other prostanoid receptor ligands failed to inhibit ATP-stimulated [(3)H]-inositol phosphate production. 6. A comparison between the IP receptor-specific non-prostanoid ONO-1310 and the structurally-related EP(3) receptor-specific agonist ONO-AP-324, indicated that the inhibitory effect of non-prostanoids was specific for those compounds known to activate IP receptors. 7. The non-prostanoid prostacyclin mimetics also inhibited phospholipase C activity when stimulated by constitutively-active mutant Galpha(q)RC, Galpha(14)RC and Galpha(16)QL transiently expressed in CHO cells. These drugs did not inhibit adenylyl cyclase activity when stimulated by the constitutively-active mutant Galpha(s)QL. 8. These results suggest that non-prostanoid prostacyclin mimetics can specifically inhibit [(3)H]-inositol phosphate production by targeting G(q/11) and/or phospholipase C in CHO cells, and that this effect is independent of IP receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B Chow
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
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44
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Miller-Martini DM, Chan RY, Ip NY, Sheu SJ, Wong YH. A reporter gene assay for the detection of phytoestrogens in traditional Chinese medicine. Phytother Res 2001; 15:487-92. [PMID: 11536376 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bupleurum & Peony Formula (Jia Wei Xiao Yao San) is a herbal formula which possesses a clinical history for the treatment of menopausal syndrome and menstrual irregularity. The present investigation reports the ability to monitor the formula's phytoestrogen content that will allow for the implementation of a standardization protocol that is based on a quantifiable biological response. Utilizing an oestrogen-sensitive chimeric receptor/reporter gene element which has been stably transfected into HeLa cells, the botanical formula was shown to induce the expression of the reporter gene, luciferase, in a dose dependent manner. Pretreatment of the HeLa cells with the botanical formula produced a 5-fold increase in bioluminescence compared with the control. Additionally, our studies showed that the response of the cells, when challenged by the botanical formula, was oestrogen specific. Pretreatment of the cells with tamoxifen effectively blocked the activation of the chimeric oestrogen receptor by the botanical formula. The cell line provides a sensitive assay that can easily detect the presence of phytoestrogens in complex botanical formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Miller-Martini
- The Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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45
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Abstract
The bacterial formyl peptide N-formylmethionine-leucine-phenylalanine (fMLP) is a potent chemoattractant for mammalian neutrophils. In this study, we demonstrated the binding of fluorescent dye-conjugated-fMLP to haemocytes of the penaeid shrimp Penaeus penicillatus (Alcock), through the use of flow cytometry. Fluorescence microscopy with rhodamine-fMLP suggested that fMLP receptors are present only in sub-populations of the haemocytes: granulocytes and the semi-granular cells. In addition, fMLP dose-dependently mediated chemotaxis in sub-populations of haemocytes. Microphysiometry experiments demonstrated rapid extracellular acidification upon addition of fMLP, which is in agreement with the observation in neutrophils. t-BOC, the specific fMLP receptor antagonist, was able to block the binding, chemotaxis and extracellular acidification induced by the peptide. The ability of shrimp haemocytes to migrate toward fMLP in vitro suggests that this mechanism may be important for the accumulation of these cells in infected tissues of the shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Yip
- Biology Department, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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46
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Choi RC, Siow NL, Zhu SQ, Wan DC, Wong YH, Tsim KW. The cyclic AMP-mediated expression of acetylcholinesterase in myotubes shows contrasting activation and repression between avian and mammalian enzymes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2001; 17:732-45. [PMID: 11312608 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.2001.0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signalling pathway has been proposed to regulate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) expression in chick muscle; however, its role in mammalian enzyme is not known. We provide several lines of evidence to suggest that the cAMP-mediated AChE expression in myotube is oppositely regulated between avian and mammalian enzymes. Human AChE promoter was tagged with luciferase, namely Hp-Luc, which was transfected into cultured chick myotubes. Application of cAMP and forskolin induced the expression of chick AChE but reduced human AChE promoter-driven luciferase activity. Transfection of cDNAs encoding active mutants of G proteins altered the intracellular cAMP level in myotubes as well as the expression of chick and human AChE. When the constitutively active forms of Activating Transcription Factor-1 (EWS/ATF-1 oncogene) were over expressed in Hp-Luc transfected myotubes, the expression of chick AChE transcript and protein increased from approximately 1.8- to approximately 2.5-fold, but the luciferase activity was decreased by over 60%. Overexpression of cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) in Hp-Luc transfected myotubes markedly enhanced the cAMP-mediated AChE expression in up- and downregulated chick and human enzymes, respectively. In addition, CREB bound the CRE sequence of human AChE promoter. Mutation on the CRE site markedly enhanced the expression of the promoter-driven luciferase; however, its response to cAMP inhibition in cultured myotubes was still retained. These findings suggest that a cAMP-dependent pathway is contrasting activation and repression of AChE expression in chick and human muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Choi
- Department of Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay Road, Hong Kong, China
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47
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Lai FP, Mody SM, Yung LY, Pang CS, Pang SF, Wong YH. Chimeric Galphaq subunits can distinguish the long form of the Xenopus Mel1c melatonin receptor from the mammalian mt1 and MT2 melatonin receptors. J Pineal Res 2001; 30:171-9. [PMID: 11316328 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-079x.2001.300306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The family of melatonin receptors is composed of the mt1, MT2, and Mel1c subtypes. The Mel1c is further divided into one long and two short isoforms. A recent study has shown that, unlike mt1 and MT2, the long form of Mel1c is incapable of activating the pertussis toxin-insensitive G16. Here we used three well-characterized Galphaq chimeras to explore the coupling specificity of the melatonin receptors. The qi5, qo5, and qz5 chimeras can link numerous Gi-coupled receptors to the stimulation of phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C. Both mt1 and MT2 receptors interacted productively with the Galphaq chimeras, while the long form of Mel1c was totally ineffective. Among the Galphaq chimeras, qo5 was less efficiently coupled to the melatonin receptors. Such differential coupling is best explained by structural differences between the melatonin receptors as well as among the Galphaq chimeras. Since the long form of Mel1c receptor possesses an exceptionally large C-terminal tail, we tested the ability of four melatonin receptor C-terminal tail chimeras (Chi 1-4) to interact with the Galphaq chimeras. The presence of the large C-terminal tail of Mel1c in Chi 1 and Chi 3 markedly hindered their coupling to the Galphaq chimeras. On the other hand, the attachment of either the mtl or MT2 C-terminal tail to a Mel1c backbone produced chimeras (Chi 2 and Chi 4) that were capable of activating the Galphaq chimeras. These findings suggest the involvement of C-terminal regions of melatonin receptors in the recognition of G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Lai
- Department of Biology and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, China
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48
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Abstract
A large variety of neurotransmitters, hormones, and chemokines regulate cellular functions via cell surface receptors that are coupled to guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) belonging to the G(i) subfamily. All members of the G(i) subfamily, with the sole exception of G(z), are substrates for the pertussis toxin ADP-ribosyl transferase. G(z) also exhibits unique biochemical and regulatory properties. Initial portrayals of the cellular functions of G(z) bear high resemblance to those of other G(i) proteins both in terms of the receptors and effectors linked to G(z). However, recent discoveries have begun to insinuate a distinct role for G(z) in cellular communication. Functional interactions of the alpha subunit of G(z) (Galpha(z)) with the NKR-P1 receptor, Galpha(z)-specific regulator of G protein signaling, p21-activated kinase, G protein-regulated inducers of neurite outgrowth, and the Eya2 transcription cofactor have been demonstrated. These findings provide possible links for G(z) to participate in cellular development, survival, proliferation, differentiation and even apoptosis. In this review, we have drawn a sketch of a signaling network with G(z) as the centerpiece. The emerging picture is one that distinguishes G(z) from other members of the G(i) subfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Ho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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49
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Tso PH, Wong YH. Opioid-induced adenylyl cyclase supersensitization in human embryonic kidney 293 cells requires pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins other than G(i1) and G(i3). Neurosci Lett 2001; 299:25-8. [PMID: 11166929 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(00)01772-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Chronic activation of opioid receptors in cultured mammalian cells is known to induce adenylyl cyclase (AC) supersensitization via the pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i/o) proteins. To examine the role of G(i1) and G(i3) in opioid-induced AC supersensitization, pertussis toxin-resistant mutants of Galpha(i1) and Galpha(i3) (Galpha(i1)CG and Galpha(i3)CG) were stably co-expressed with different opioid receptors (mu, delta or kappa) in human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells. Although the opioid receptors were capable of inhibiting AC via Galpha(i1)CG and Galpha(i3)CG in pertussis toxin-treated cells, AC supersensitization induced by chronic opioid treatment remained sensitive to pertussis toxin. Our results demonstrated that despite their ability to interact with opioid receptors, the pertussis toxin-sensitive G(i1) and G(i3) proteins on their own are incapable of supporting opioid-induced AC supersensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- P H Tso
- Department of Biochemistry, the Molecular Neuroscience Center, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, PR, Hong Kong, China
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50
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Chan AS, Wong YH. Regulation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase by the ORL(1) receptor through multiple G proteins. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 295:1094-100. [PMID: 11082445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Nociceptin is an endogenous peptide that produces its biological effects by binding to the opioid receptor-like (ORL(1)) receptor. It has been shown that activation of ORL(1) receptor leads to inhibition of the adenylyl cyclase activity, but stimulation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 subgroups of mitogen-activated protein kinases. In this report, we demonstrate that activation of the G protein-coupled ORL(1) receptor in transfected COS-7 cells leads to stimulation of the JNK subgroup of mitogen-activated protein kinases in a Ras/Rac-dependent manner, and it was insensitive to wortmannin. This increased JNK activity was mainly mediated by PTX-sensitive G(i) proteins, and partially contributed by a PTX-insensitive component. Among all known PTX-insensitive G proteins, G(z), G(12), G(14), and G(16) seemed to have functional coupling with the ORL(1) receptor in terms of JNK activation. Stimulation of the endogenous ORL(1) receptor in NG108-15 cells also led to activation of a PTX-sensitive JNK activity in a wortmannin-insensitive manner. The induced JNK activation is accompanied by the active phosphorylation of c-Jun and activating transcription factor-2. This is the first report that demonstrates the stimulatory effect of ORL(1) receptor on JNK, and the subsequent activation of c-Jun and activating transcription factor-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Chan
- Department of Biochemistry and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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