1
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Abstract
1. Steroid hormones can affect spermatogenesis and thereby fertility directly and/or indirectly. All antigonadotropically active steroids inhibit spermatogenesis via inhibition of gonadotropin secretion, mainly that of H. Androgens and steroids occurring in the biosynthetic chain of testosterone synthesis have a direct promoting effect on spermatogenesis if applied in high doses. It has not been possible as yet to make clinical use of this positive effect since it is obviously not possible to achieve the necessary intratesticular androgen concentrations. 2. As concerns the different androgens and the steroids in the androgen biosynthetic chain, and also all synthetic anabolics, there is no parallelism between the direct spermatogenic activity, the androgenic activity and the antigonadotropic activity. 3. Estrogens and synthetic gestagens do not inhibit spermatogenesis directly at the testicular level. All effects of estrogens can be abolished experimentally by adequate substitution with gonadotropins or androgens, or a combination of androgens and gonadotropins. 4. Only those antiandrogens inhibit spermatogenesis with additional antigonadotropic properties (e.g. cyproterone acetate). Pure antiandrogens, like flutamide or cyproterone, have a slight and transient influence on spermatogenesis at the most. If at all, they merely cause transient subfertility. 5. Beside steroids and several centrally active pharmaceutics (e.g. psychotropic drugs and several antihypertensive compounds), only siloxanes and methallibur seem to affect spermatogenesis via inhibition of gonadotropin secretion. Other antispermatogenic agents act by inhibition of mitosis (Colchicine, alkylating agents) or presumably via damage of the Sertoli cells. 6. Based on present knowledge, contraception in men could be principally managed by administration of a) androgens alone, b) gestagen/androgen combinations, c) estrogen/androgen combinations, d) certain antiandrogens. 7. The difficulties of contraception in men by steroid hormones or steroid hormone combinations have been pointed out. As regards the usefulness of antiandrogens for contraception, no definite conclusions can be drawn at the moment. All non-steroidal inhibitors of spermatogenesis which have been found up to the present are not suitable because of toxic effects.
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2
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Loch EG, Tenhaeff D, Lohmeyer H. [The cytohormonal diagnosis under various oral contraceptives]. Z Geburtshilfe Gynakol 2002; 172:261-6. [PMID: 12156325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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3
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Fekete G. Chemistry, pharmacology and clinical pharmacology of oral contraceptives. Ther Hung (Ger Ed) 2002; 16:1-8. [PMID: 12334483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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4
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Abstract
The aim of this open, noncontrolled phase III study was the assessment of the contraceptive efficacy and the evaluation of the safety of long-term use of Belara (30 micrograms ethinyl estradiol plus 2 mg chlormadinone acetate). Furthermore, cycle stability during administration of Belara and the influence of Belara on acne and seborrhea as clinical signs of androgenization were observed. Belara was taken by 1655 women for a total of 22,337 cycles. For the theoretical Pearl index, a value of 0.269 (95% CI [0.109, 0.600]) was calculated. In 1655 of 22,337 cycles (7.4%), no withdrawal bleeding was documented, whereas in 2565 of 22,308 cycles (11.5%), spottings and, in 786 of 22,308 cycles (3.5%), breakthrough bleeding occurred. After the intake of Belara for 12 cycles, acne on the face/neck improved in 64.1% of the women (209 of 326). In 53.4% of the women (175 of 326), acne disappeared completely. Seborrhea improved after 12 cycles in 89 of 131 women (67.9%), of whom 76 women (58.0%) were completely cured. Sixty-two serious adverse events (SAE) occurred in 59 of 1655 women. Accidents and injuries of the musculoskeletal system were the SAE with the highest incidence (0.66%). Two cases of deep venous thrombosis, one pulmonary embolism, and two cases of visual disturbances were observed. Only for the two cases of deep venous thrombosis could a relation to Belara be assumed. Of the adverse events commonly reported for oral contraceptives, headache was observed for the first time under study medication in 37.4%, nausea in 23.1%, breast tenderness in 21.7%, and vaginal discharge in 19.4% of the women. The frequency of adverse events decreased with longer duration of a drug consisting of intake of Belara. In conclusion, Belara can be described as an effective and safe oral contraceptive with marked antiandrogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Zahradnik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology II, University-Hospital of Freiburg, Germany
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5
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Pelissier C, Blacker C, Feinstein MC, Cournot A, Denis C. [Antiovulatory action of chlormadinone acetate]. Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1994; 22:37-40. [PMID: 12287767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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6
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Jamin C. [High-dose progestational contraception: advantages]. Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1993; 21:123-8. [PMID: 12318010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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7
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Abstract
Oestrogens cure climacteric complaints and prevent the late sequelae of oestrogen deficiency. Prevention of myocardial infarction and of osteoporosis is now the main argument for long-term substitution of oestrogens and progestogens in the post-menopause and leads to a reduction of overall morbidity and mortality in users. Indications, contraindications, some side effects, risk-benefit and cost-benefit considerations are discussed and practical advice for oestrogen medication with regard to doses, preparations and the addition of progestogens is given.
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- M L'Hermite
- Service de Gynécologie-Obstétrique, Hôpital Universitaire Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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9
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Abstract
Combination oral contraceptives have been available since 1960. They contain both an estrogen and a progestogen and have been studied extensively in both lower animals and humans and have been the subject of special regulatory requirements for toxicological and clinical studies. The initial oral contraceptives, by today's standards, contained very high levels of both hormones. There has been a continuous decrease in the dose of both the estrogen and the progestogen during the past quarter century, with continued maintenance of high degree of effectiveness. This decrease of dosage has been stimulated by findings from prospective clinical trials and retrospective case control trials. As additional information has been gained with oral contraceptives, new benefits beyond their effectiveness as contraceptives have been realized. Today's oral contraceptives provide a high degree of effectiveness, low incidence of nuisance side effects, and low incidence of major adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Pasquale
- University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick 08903-0019
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10
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Yu AF, Wu SX, Liu JL, Liu AR, Li JZ, Wu JH, Hu ZZ, Yin BY, Xu GX, Fotherby K. Metabolic changes in women using a long-acting monthly oral contraceptive and return of ovulation on discontinuation. Contraception 1988; 37:517-28. [PMID: 2457468 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(88)90021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic changes were investigated in two groups of women using oral contraceptives for 5 to 16 years. Blood samples were taken during the last cycle of oral contraceptive use and three months post-treatment. One group had used a monthly oral contraceptive (MOC, 3mg quinestrol and 10mg 16-methylene chlormadinone acetate) and the second group a daily oral contraceptive (DOC, 35 micrograms ethynylestradiol and 0.625 mg norethisterone). During treatment there were increases in serum total cholesterol and triglycerides but not HDL-C, in plasma total cortisol but not in renin activity, angiotensin II or urinary free cortisol excretion, in hemoglobin and some coagulation factors but not Factor X or antithrombin III, platelet function or fibrinolysis. The area under the blood glucose concentration-time curve, but not that for serum insulin, was slightly increased and there was no change in fasting blood sugar concentrations. All metabolic parameters, except plasma cortisol, which had shown an increase on treatment, had decreased to control levels within 3 months. Ovulation returned promptly in all women, the mean time being 70 days for Group MOC and 44 days for Group DOC. Thus, in spite of the long duration of use of the oral contraceptives, metabolic changes were minor.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Yu
- First Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin Medical College, People's Republic of China
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11
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Teran AZ, Greenblatt RB, Chaddha JS. Changes in lipoproteins with various sex steroids. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 1987; 14:107-19. [PMID: 3306515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Menopausal symptoms are a consequence of the decline in sex hormone production, and hormone replacement therapy aims not only to relieve these symptoms but also to prevent the development of diseases of old age such as osteoporosis. The general opinion taken from a wide variety of publications is that the serum lipid concentrations change during hormone replacement therapy with estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone, or when oral contraceptives are administered. The intolerance of many women to oral contraceptives and the many side effects developed from the birth control pill lead us to suggest that pure crystalline estrogen pellets for subcutaneous implantation are an excellent method of contraception, adding beneficial influence upon lipid metabolism by increasing HDL concentration. The use of progestogens (nortestosterone or hydroxysteroid derivatives) in order to induce withdrawal periods and to avoid endometrial hyperplasia is recommended. But it is important to note that the nortestosterone derivatives (norgestrel and norethindrone acetate) differ markedly from the nonadrogenic 17-alpha hydroxyprogesterone derivative in that the former lowers HDL levels noticeably more than the latter.
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12
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Pelissier C, Basdevant A, Conard J, Egloff M, Husson T, Guyenne TT. [Progestogen contraception using chlormadinone acetate in women presenting high vascular risk. (A gynecoendocrine, metabolic and vascular study)]. Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1987; 15:45-54. [PMID: 12315161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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Nischan P, Ebeling K. Oral contraceptives containing chlormadinone acetate and cancer incidence at selected sites in the German Democratic Republic--a correlation analysis. Int J Cancer 1984; 34:671-4. [PMID: 6209226 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910340514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of oral contraceptives containing chlormadinone acetate in 1972 by women of 13 districts (out of 15) of the GDR has been related to the incidence of cancer of breast, corpus uteri, and ovary during the period 1961 to 1980. Cancer incidence was represented by cohort parameters showing the risk of the cohorts in relation to each other. No statistically significant association between the two events was noted. Although not significant, our data are consistent with an elevated relative risk for breast cancer of 1.3 and a decreased risk for ovarian cancer of 0.5.
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15
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Pelissier-langbort C. [Contraception using normal dose progestins]. Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1984; 12:1099-109. [PMID: 12266559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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16
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Edgren RA. Progestational potency of oral contraceptives: a polemic. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1983; 23:162-9. [PMID: 40889 PMCID: PMC8333757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dickey and Stone have attempted an evaluation of progestational potencies of oral contraceptives based upon such uterine criteria as subnuclear vacuolization and delay of menses. Their review, unfortunately, is marred by numerous errors which vitiate the potency estimates. The actions of progestagens in target organs depend upon the specific binding of the compounds to a protein receptor that is produced by estrogen treatment. Potency of hormones depends ultimately upon this binding. Since it seems unlikely that specific binding occurs in such nontarget sites as the blood vessels, direct potency relationships are highly improbable between diverse phenomena. Possible relationships between oral contraceptives and specific side effects must be studied in relationship to individual side effects and particular contraceptive products. Possible coincidental activities, no matter how analyzed, are unlikely to contribute meaningfully to our understanding of these drugs.
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17
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Jungers P, Dougados M, Pélissier C, Kuttenn F, Tron F, Lesavre P, Bach JF. Influence of oral contraceptive therapy on the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum 1982; 25:618-23. [PMID: 7092961 DOI: 10.1002/art.1780250603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Since harmful effects of estrogens in murine lupus are well established, we studied the influence of oral contraceptive therapy on systemic lupus erythematosus activity in 26 female patients with lupus nephropathy. Combined preparations containing either 50 micrograms (14 patients) or 30 micrograms (7 patients) of ethinyl-estradiol were used in 21 courses in 20 patients. Initial manifestations or exacerbations of systemic lupus activity appeared within 3 months of beginning hormonal therapy in 9 patients, an overall incidence of lupus flare-up of 43%; there was major renal involvement in 4 patients. Conversely, evidence of lupus exacerbation did not develop in any of 11 patients who received pure progestogen oral contraceptive therapy with either continuous low-dose norsteroids (6 patients) or discontinuous progestogens at normal dosage (5 patients). These patients were followed for 5--30 months. Our data indicated that oral contraceptive therapy that used estrogens, even at low doses, often induced exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus activity. Pure progestogens, which were effective and devoid of such unfavorable effects, may be preferred in these patients.
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18
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Rozenbaum H. [What happens in our patients' bodies to the steroid hormones we prescribe? 2. Synthetic progestins]. Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1981; 9:827-30. [PMID: 12337684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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19
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Schambach H, Köhler P. [Changes in the serum triglyceride levels following treatment with ovulation inhibitors in tall girls]. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1980; 35:232-4. [PMID: 6157258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The chronological course of serum triglycerides was determined in 12 girls aged 9--10 years, who have been cyclically treated with mestranol (80 microgram/d) and chlormadinonacetate during 3 1/2 years on average, because of constitutional tall stature. A significant increase of the triglycerides level from 80 to 130 mg/100 ml (0.91 to 1.49 mmol/l) could be noted, followed by normalisation within 6 months. Mechanism and metabolic risk of the reversible increase of serum triglycerides are discussed.
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20
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Cortés-Gallegos V, Carranco A, Sojo I, Navarrette M, Cervantes C, Parra A. Accumulation of ethinylestradiol in blood and endometrium of women taking oral contraceptives: the sequential therapy. Fertil Steril 1979; 32:524-7. [PMID: 499582 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)44352-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A radioimmunoassay to quantitate ethinylestradiol (EE-2) in both plasma and endometrium is described. In 29 women under sequential oral contraceptive therapy (chlormadinone acetate, 2 mg, plus mestranol, 80 microgram) for 6 to 84 months, a single blood sample and a single endometrial sample were simultaneously obtained on different days of the pseudomenstrual cycle. In 24 women under 40 years of age the mean plasma EE-2 concentrations were similar during the first (989 +/- 94 pg/ml) and the second half of the cycle (1053 +/- 186 pg/ml) (P greater than 0.05). A similar finding was observed with regard to mean endometrial EE-2 concentrations (3.55 +/- 2.1 and 5.89 +/- 1.7 microgram/gm of wet tissue, respectively). On the other hand, five women over 40 years of age had plasma EE-2 concentrations similar to those of the previous group, but the mean endometrial EE-2 concentrations was 0.9 +/- 0.6 microgram/gm of wet tissue (P less than 0.05). Although plasma follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone did not show midcycle peak values, complete suppression of both gonadotropins was not observed. These results show that endometrium has a great ability to concentrate EE-2, and this ability seems to be greater in women below age 40 than above. Whether or not this observation might be related to the known higher incidence of endometrial cancer in women less than 40 years old who have been under chronic sequential oral contraceptive therapy cannot be disclosed from this limited number of determinations.
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21
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Zeydler-Grzedzielewska L, Baszczyńska-Zielińska B. [Ophthalmological complications after oral contraceptives (author's transl)]. Klin Oczna 1978; 48:239-42. [PMID: 672130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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22
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Link H, Metzner C, Ziesenhenn K. [Incidence of toxic liver lesions due to Gravistat]. Z Gesamte Inn Med 1978; 33:187-9. [PMID: 645155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In 200 women who on the average 5.6 years took ovosiston and/or non-ovlon, and in 40 women who during the last three months had not taken an oral contraceptive we determined the GOT, the GPT, and LP-X and the cholesterol in the serum before and after a three weeks intake of gravistat. After a three weeks intake of gravistat of the two groups ca. one fourth showed pathological transaminases. 30 women with pathological transaminases and/or positive LP-X were hepatologically investigated including liver biopsy after an on an average 7.3 weeks exposition of gravistat. In ca. one third of the cases histologically provable changes of the liver (toxic hepatosis, fatty liver, infectious hepatitis) and in ca. two thirds of the cases the picture of the metabolic activation were found. Morphologically no signs of an intrahepatic cholostasis could be proved, so that it does not seem to be the leading parameter of the toxic liver damage.
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23
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Koffel JC. [Pills and minipills]. Bull Soc Pharm Strasb 1978; 21:43-53. [PMID: 12261367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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24
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Wild H, Benad A. [On the influence of hormonal contraception on the secretion of tears (author's transl)]. Fol Ophthalmol 1978; 3:53-6. [PMID: 12261660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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25
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Quist C. [Progress in contraception: factors limiting the development of new methods]. Contracept Fertil Sex (Paris) 1977; 5:369-78. [PMID: 12260086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
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26
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Gambrell RD. Postmenopausal bleeding. Clin Obstet Gynaecol 1977; 4:129-43. [PMID: 852206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Key Words
- Age Factors
- Biology
- Bleeding--etiology
- Cancer
- Chlormadinone Acetate
- Contraception
- Contraceptive Agents
- Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen--administraction and dosage
- Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen--therapeutic use
- Contraceptive Agents, Female
- Contraceptive Agents, Female--administraction and dosage
- Contraceptive Agents, Female--therapeutic use
- Contraceptive Agents, Progestin
- Contraceptive Agents, Progestin--administraction and dosage
- Contraceptive Agents, Progestin--therapeutic use
- Contraceptive Agents--administraction and dosage
- Contraceptive Agents--therapeutic use
- Demographic Factors
- Dimethisterone
- Diseases
- Endocrine System
- Endometrial Cancer
- Estrogenic Substances, Conjugated--administraction and dosage
- Estrogenic Substances, Conjugated--therapeutic use
- Estrogens--administraction and dosage
- Estrone--analysis
- Ethinyl Estradiol--administraction and dosage
- Ethinyl Estradiol--therapeutic use
- Examinations And Diagnoses
- Family Planning
- Genitalia
- Genitalia, Female
- Histology
- Hormones
- Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
- Menopause
- Neoplasms
- Norethindrone
- Norgestrel--administraction and dosage
- Norgestrel--therapeutic use
- Oral Contraceptives, Phasic
- Ovary
- Physiology
- Population
- Population Characteristics
- Progestational Hormones
- Progesterone
- Reproduction
- Signs And Symptoms
- Urogenital System
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Morsink L, de Wachter AM, Brenner P, Cekan SZ, Guerrero R, Hagenfeldt K, Diczfalusy E. Endocrine effects of two new retro-steroids in animal models and in women. Eur J Endocrinol 1976; 82:193-212. [PMID: 57688 DOI: 10.1530/acta.0.0820193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Abstract
Histories of the usage of oral contraceptives and other estrogens were obtained from 320 women 20-49 years of age who had pathologically confirmed diagnoses of benign breast disease made at Washington County Hospital in Hagerstown, Maryland, during the period 1968 through 1972. Similar histories were obtained from 320 controls matched for race, sex, age, residence in county, and willingness to participate in a health survey. No association could be found between oral contraceptive usage and benign breast tumor. The use of other estrogens, notably diethylstilbestrol, was significantly related to the presence of benign breast disease.
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Straube W, Klausch B, Hofmann R, Jenssen HL, Günther J, Köhler H. [Immunochemical investigations on the protein of the "pregnancy zone". X. Demonstration of immunosuppressive activities of the pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (pregnancy zone protein) by means of the macrophage electrophoretic mobility test (author's transl)]. Arch Gynakol 1975; 218:313-22. [PMID: 1242630 DOI: 10.1007/bf00672332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
By means of the macrophage electrophoretic mobility (MEM) test the supposed immunosuppressive activity of the pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein (pregnancy zone protein) could be demonstrated significantly. Pregnancy sera and sera of nonpregnant women with hormonal contraception containing this pregnancy protein showed an immunosuppresive activity, too. On the contrary, serum of male donors with the blood group AB and human serum albumin had no inhibitory effects. The results suggest that the pregnancy-associated alpha2-glycoprotein rather influences the afferent limb of the immune response and does not interfere with the activity of the mediator (migration inhibiting factor).
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Gual C, Scaglia HE, Midgley RA, Alcocer J, Echeverria-Rivas Y, Lichtensberg R. Regulatory effects of steroids on the pituitary response to LH-RH. J Steroid Biochem 1975; 6:1067-74. [PMID: 51948 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(75)90351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Klinger G, Fritzsche H, Hempel E, Carol W, Böhme W, Scholz B, Grass M, Chemnitius KH. [The acceptability of different oral contraceptive methods]. Dtsch Gesundheitsw 1975; 30:854-7. [PMID: 1140078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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33
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Nygren KG, Johansson ED. The effect of norethindrone and some other synthetic gestagens upon the peripheral plasma levels of progesterone and estradiol during early, human pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1975; 54:57-63. [PMID: 46683 DOI: 10.3109/00016347509158667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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34
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Antoniades K, Brooks CE. Hemoperitoneum from liver cell adenoma in a patient on oral contraceptives. Surgery 1975; 77:137-9. [PMID: 162813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A case of hemoperitoneum from ruptured benign liver cell adenoma in a young woman with a long history of oral contraceptive use is presented. The importance of recognizing the cause of this intra-abdominal emergency is stressed, and comment is made about the entity occurring in women on contraceptive drugs.
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35
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Vermeulen A, Thiery M. Hormonal contraceptives and carbohydrate tolerance. II. Influence of medroxyprogesterone acetate and chronic oral contraceptives. Diabetologia 1974; 10:253-9. [PMID: 4213146 DOI: 10.1007/bf02627727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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36
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37
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Paulsen ML, Varaday A, Brown BW, Kalman SM. A andomized contraceptive trial comparing a daily progestogen with a combined oral contraceptive steroid. Contraception 1974; 9:497-506. [PMID: 4448081 DOI: 10.1016/0010-7824(74)90061-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Göretzlehner G. [Effect of estrogen-gestagen combinations on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. IV. Effect of estrone-cyanate combination preparations]. Zentralbl Gynakol 1973; 95:1838-43. [PMID: 4131834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Nelson LW, Weikel JH, Reno FE. Mammary nodules in dogs during four years' treatment with megestrol acetate or chlormadinone acetate. J Natl Cancer Inst 1973; 51:1303-11. [PMID: 4126857 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/51.4.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Tapia HR, Johnson CE, Strong CG. Effect of oral contraceptive therapy on the renin-angiotensin system in normotensive and hypertensive women. Obstet Gynecol 1973; 41:643-9. [PMID: 4348864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Singh EJ, Swartwout JR. Effects of oral contraceptives on free fatty acids of human cervical mucus. Obstet Gynecol 1973; 41:743-7. [PMID: 4696988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Göretzlehner G, Wilken H. [LH excretion during the ovulatory cycle and during therapy with various estrogen-gestagen combinations]. Endokrinologie 1972; 60:302-8. [PMID: 4121480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Jacobs S. Medical Grand Rounds from Touro Infirmary. Pulmonary hypertension. J La State Med Soc 1972; 124:137-42. [PMID: 5018734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Hamner CE, Wilson LA. Inhibition of capacitation in the rabbit. Fertil Steril 1972; 23:196-200. [PMID: 4110310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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