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Schmidt T, Ghirlando R, Baber J, Clore GM. Quantitative Resolution of Monomer-Dimer Populations by Inversion Modulated DEER EPR Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:2987-2991. [PMID: 27442455 PMCID: PMC5590656 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A simple method, based on inversion modulated double electron-electron resonance electron paramagnetic resonance (DEER EPR) spectroscopy, is presented for determining populations of monomer and dimer in proteins (as well as any other biological macromolecules). The method is based on analysis of modulation depth versus electron double resonance (ELDOR) pulse flip angle. High accuracy is achieved by complete deuteration, extensive sampling of a large number of ELDOR pulse flip angle values, and combined analysis of differently labeled spin samples. We demonstrate the method using two different proteins: an obligate monomer exemplified by the small immunoglobulin binding B domain of protein A, and the p66 subunit of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase which exists as an equilibrium mixture of monomer and dimer species whose relative populations are affected by glycerol content. This information is crucial for quantitative analysis of distance distributions involving proteins that may exist as mixtures of monomer, dimer and high order multimers under the conditions of the DEER EPR experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schmidt
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA
| | - Rodolfo Ghirlando
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA
| | - James Baber
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA
| | - G Marius Clore
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0520, USA.
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2
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Wang Y, Wang X, Li J, Zhou Y, Ho W. RIG-I activation inhibits HIV replication in macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 94:337-41. [PMID: 23744645 PMCID: PMC3714567 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0313158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The RIG-I signaling pathway is critical in the activation of the type I IFN-dependent antiviral innate-immune response. We thus examined whether RIG-I activation can inhibit HIV replication in macrophages. We showed that the stimulation of monocyte-derived macrophages with 5'ppp-dsRNA, a synthetic ligand for RIG-I, induced the expression of RIG-I, IFN-α/β, and several IRFs, key regulators of the IFN signaling pathway. In addition, RIG-I activation induced the expression of multiple intracellular HIV-restriction factors, including ISGs, several members of the APOBEC3 family, tetherin and CC chemokines, the ligands for HIV entry coreceptor (CCR5). The inductions of these factors were associated with the inhibition of HIV replication in macrophages stimulated by 5'ppp-dsRNA. These observations highlight the importance of RIG-I signaling in macrophage innate immunity against HIV, which can be beneficial for the treatment of HIV disease, where intracellular immune defense is compromised by the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhong Wang
- Temple University School of Medicine, 843 MERB, 3500 N. Broad St., Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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3
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d'Almeida KW, Pateron D, Kierzek G, Renaud B, Semaille C, de Truchis P, Simon F, Leblanc J, Lert F, Le Vu S, Crémieux AC. Understanding providers' offering and patients' acceptance of HIV screening in emergency departments: a multilevel analysis. ANRS 95008, Paris, France. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62686. [PMID: 23638133 PMCID: PMC3639277 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We assessed the EDs’ characteristics associated with the offer and acceptance rates of a nontargeted HIV rapid-test screening in 29 Emergency Departments (EDs) in the metropolitan Paris region (11.7 million inhabitants), where half of France’s new HIV cases are diagnosed annually. Methods EDs nurses offered testing to all patients 18–64-year-old, able to provide consent, either with or without supplemental staff (hybrid staff model or indigenous staff model). The EDS’ characteristics collected included structural characteristics (location, type, size), daily workload (patients’ number and severity, length of stay in hours), staff’s participation (training, support to the intervention, leadership), type of week day (weekends vs weekdays) and time (in days). Associations between these variables and the staff model, the offer and acceptance rates were studied using multilevel modeling. Results Indigenous staff model was more frequent in EDs with a lower daily patient flow and a higher staff support score to the intervention. In indigenous-model EDs, the offer rate was associated with the patient flow (OR = 0.838, 95% CI = 0.773–0.908), was lower during weekends (OR = 0.623, 95% CI = 0.581–0.667) and decreased over time (OR = 0.978, 95% CI = 0.975–0.981). Similar results were found in hybrid-model EDs. Acceptance was poorly associated with EDs characteristics in indigenous-model EDs while in hybrid-model EDs it was lower during weekends (OR = 0.713, 95% CI = 0.623–0.816) and increased after the first positive test (OR = 1.526, 95% CI = 1.142–2.038). The EDs’ characteristics explained respectively 38.5% and 15% of the total variance in the offer rate across indigenous model-EDs and hybrid model-EDs vs 12% and 1% for the acceptance rate. Conclusion Our findings suggest the need for taking into account EDs’ characteristics while considering the implementation of an ED-based HIV screening program. Strategies allowing the optimization of human resources’ utilization such as HIV targeted screening in the EDs might be privileged.
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Abstract
We describe an electrokinetic concentration-enhanced aptamer affinity probe electrophoresis assay to achieve highly sensitive and quantitative detection of protein targets in a microfluidic device. The key weaknesses of aptamer as a binding agent (weak binding strength/fast target dissociation) were counteracted by continuous injection of fresh sample while band-broadening phenomena were minimized due to self-focusing effects. With 30 min of continuous signal enhancement, we can detect 4.4 pM human immunoglobulin E (IgE) and 9 pM human immunodeficiency virus 1 reverse transcriptase (HIV-1 RT), which are among the lowest limits of detection (LOD) reported. IgE was detected in serum sample with a LOD of 39 pM due to nonspecific interactions between aptamers and serum proteins. The method presented in this paper also has broad applicability to improve sensitivities of various other mobility shift assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih Feng Cheow
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Jongyoon Han
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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5
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Gopinath SCB, Kumar PKR, Tominaga J. A BioDVD media with multilayered structure is suitable for analyzing biomolecular interactions. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2011; 11:5682-8. [PMID: 22121591 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2011.4500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A biomolecular interactive analysis with antibody-antigen and aptamer-protein was evaluated on Au-over layers deposited on the BioDVD surface. BioDVD consists of multilayered structures with Au layer on the top and it detects analytes by monitoring the changes in reflected light intensity due to analyte adsorption to the sensor surface, on which functional biomolecules are immobilized to bind specifically to the analytes. The BioDVD sensing instrument is based on a commercial digital versatile disc system, which allows the instrument to be small and inexpensive. The BioDVD platform can be fabricated utilizing mass production techniques with additional functional phase change layers that can serve both to enhance sensitivity by optimization of the interferometric cavity optical properties and also as a possible medium for the storage of test related information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subash C B Gopinath
- Nanoelectronics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibraki 305-8562, Japan
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6
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Isegawa Y, Katahira J, Yamanishi K, Sugimoto N. Reactivation of latent human immunodeficiency virus 1 by human herpesvirus 6 infection. Acta Virol 2007; 51:13-20. [PMID: 17432939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Infection of the ACH-2 line of human leukemic T cells carrying latent Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) with Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) resulted in an increase in reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, a marker of HIV-1 activation, in the culture supernatant. A similar effect was obtained with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). The RT activity reached a peak at 24 hrs post infection (p.i.) and then declined, suggesting that the cells underwent lysis. The HIV-1 antigen was co-expressed with an early-late HHV-6 product, but not always with an immediate-early (IE) HHV-6 product, suggesting that one or more IE gene products were involved in the activation of latent HIV-1 in ACH-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Isegawa
- Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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7
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Tschochner M, Schwingel E, Thein C, Wittmann S, Paatz C, Walter H. Superiority of infectivity-based over particle-based methods for quantitation of drug resistant HIV-1 as inocula for cell cultures. J Virol Methods 2006; 141:87-96. [PMID: 17196267 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 11/24/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/01/2022]
Abstract
Performance of phenotypic assays and replication capacity assays require normalization of virus input. Therefore, quantitation of HIV-1 in supernatants to inoculate cell cultures is an important step. Since the gold standard for the determination of infectivity, the tissue culture infectious dose 50% (TCID50) is time-consuming, several other methods are in use. This study evaluated methods for the quantitation of drug resistant viruses in cell culture supernatants. The compared methods were based on the detection of viral structural components like genomic RNA or p24 antigen (CA-p24) (particle-based), the determination of reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, and methods based on the detection of viral infectivity like LTR-induced beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity and the TCID50 (infectivity-based). Significant correlations were observed between beta-gal activity and TCID50, and between CA-p24 and viral RNA. RT activity did not correlate with any other method. However, RT activity correlated significantly with infectivity when non-resistant subtype-B isolates were analyzed. In contrast to viral infectivity, CA-p24 exhibited a long half life and accumulated in cell culture, resulting in decreasing ratios of infectious virions to CA-p24 over time. As a consequence, relative replication capacities of drug resistant viruses were only determined reliably if the input virus was normalized according to infectivity. In conclusion, RT activity seems to be feasible for non-resistant subtype-B viruses but may be of limited use for non-B subtypes and for drug resistant viruses. Methods determining infectivity are most suitable for quantitation of cell culture inocula, whereas particle-based assays are more appropriate for quantitation of virus production during an experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Tschochner
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schlossgarten 4, D-91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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8
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Zhang Z, Walker M, Xu W, Shim JH, Girardet JL, Hamatake RK, Hong Z. Novel nonnucleoside inhibitors that select nucleoside inhibitor resistance mutations in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:2772-81. [PMID: 16870771 PMCID: PMC1538665 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00127-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in and around the catalytic site of the reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) are associated with resistance to nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs), whereas changes in the hydrophobic pocket of the RT are attributed to nonnucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance. In this study, we report a novel series of nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1, exemplified by VRX-329747 and VRX-413638, which inhibit both NNRTI- and NRTI-resistant HIV-1 isolates. Enzymatic studies indicated that these compounds are HIV-1 RT inhibitors. Surprisingly, however, following prolonged (6 months) tissue culture selection, this series of nonnucleoside inhibitors did not select NNRTI-resistant mutations in HIV-1 RT. Rather, four mutations (M41L, A62T/V, V118I, and M184V) known to cause resistance to NRTIs and two additional novel mutations (S68N and G112S) adjacent to the catalytic site of the enzyme were selected. Although the M184V mutation appears to be the initial mutation to establish resistance, this mutation alone confers only a two- to fourfold decrease in susceptibility to VRX-329747 and VRX-413638. At least two additional mutations must accumulate for significant resistance. Moreover, while VRX-329747-selected viruses are resistant to lamivudine and emtricitabine due to the M184V mutation, they remain susceptible to zidovudine, stavudine, dideoxyinosine, abacavir, tenofovir, and efavirenz. These results directly demonstrate that VRX-329747 and VRX-413638 are novel nonnucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 RT with the potential to augment current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Zhang
- Drug Discovery, Valeant Research & Development, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, USA.
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Konings FAJ, Burda ST, Urbanski MM, Zhong P, Nadas A, Nyambi PN. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) circulating recombinant form 02_AG (CRF02_AG) has a higher in vitro replicative capacity than its parental subtypes A and G. J Med Virol 2006; 78:523-34. [PMID: 16555291 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) circulating recombinant form (CRF) 02_AG is the predominant subtype in Cameroon, even more prevalent than the parental subtypes A and G. An important question that needs to be addressed is whether recombination in HIV-1 infection can lead to the emergence of viruses with biological advantages. The replicative capacity was investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 13 R5-tropic primary HIV-1 isolates, including 5 CRF02_AG, 4 subtype A, and 4 subtype G viruses. HIV-1 subtype identity was defined by phylogeny either of the full-length genome or analysis of a combination of segments of the gag, pro, pol, and env genes followed by recombination breakpoint analysis. All viruses were grown on PBMCs for 11 days and culture supernatant was analyzed for reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and p24 production. On day 11 post-infection, CRF02_AG strains had a 1.4-1.9 times higher RT activity and reached a significantly higher level of p24 production than the parental subtypes A and G. Furthermore, the replication rate as measured by p24 production was 1.4 times higher for CRF02_AG strains compared to the subtypes A and G. This study suggests that the recombination event that led to CRF02_AG resulted in a variant with a better replicative capacity than its progenitors. This adaptation could contribute to the broader spread of HIV-1 CRF02_AG leading to its predominance in West Central Africa compared to the lower prevalence of its parental subtypes A and G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank A J Konings
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10010, USA
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10
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Gerencer M, Turecek PL, Kistner O, Mitterer A, Savidis-Dacho H, Barrett NP. In vitro and in vivo anti-retroviral activity of the substance purified from the aqueous extract of Chelidonium majus L. Antiviral Res 2006; 72:153-6. [PMID: 16647765 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2005] [Revised: 03/16/2006] [Accepted: 03/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have isolated a substance with anti-retroviral activity from the freshly prepared crude extract of Chelidonium majus L. (greater celandine) by 9-aminoacridine precipitation method and ion exchange chromatography using Dowex-50W/H+ resin followed by the gel filtration on Sephadex-75 column. Elemental and phenol/sulfuric acid method analyses as well as the mass spectrometry of the purified substance indicated that it may represent a low-sulfated poly-glycosaminoglycan moiety with molecular weight of approximately 3800 Da. The substance prevented infection of human CD4+ T-cell lines AA2 and H9 with HIV-1 at concentration of 25 microg/mL as well as the cell-to-cell virus spread in H9 cells continuously infected with HIV-1, as determined by the measurement of reverse transcriptase activity and p24 content in cell cultures. Furthermore, we have shown in a murine AIDS model that the treatment with purified substance significantly prevented splenomegaly and the enlargement of cervical lymph nodes in C57Bl/6 mice chronically infected with the pool of murine leukemia retroviruses. The mechanism(s) of anti-retroviral activity of this substance have to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijan Gerencer
- Biomedical Research Center, Baxter AG, Uferstrasse 15, A-2304 Orth/D., Austria.
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11
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Wang X, Douglas SD, Peng JS, Metzger DS, O'Brien CP, Zhang T, Ho WZ. Naltrexone inhibits alcohol-mediated enhancement of HIV infection of T lymphocytes. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 79:1166-72. [PMID: 16574767 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1105642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute and chronic alcohol abuse impairs various functions of the immune system and thus, has been implicated as a cofactor in the immunopathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression. We determined whether naltrexone, an opioid receptor antagonist widely used in the treatment of alcoholism, inhibits alcohol-mediated enhancement of HIV infection of T cells. Alcohol enhanced HIV infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and a human lymphoid cell line (CEMX174). Alcohol increased HIV X4 envelope (Env), not murine leukemia virus Env-pseudotyped infection of CEMX174 cells. Naltrexone antagonized the enhancing effect of alcohol on HIV infection of PBL and CEMX174 cells. The specific mu-opioid receptor antagonist, Cys2, Tyr3, Arg5, Pen7 (CTAP) amide, also blocked the enhancing effect of alcohol on HIV infection. Investigation of the underlying mechanism for the alcohol action showed that alcohol significantly increased endogenous beta-endorphin production and induced mu-opioid receptor mRNA expression in PBL and CEMX174 cells. The role of beta-endorphin in alcohol-mediated enhancement of HIV infection was indicated by the observations that naltrexone and CTAP antagonized ether alcohol- or exogenous beta-endorphin-mediated enhancement of HIV infection. These findings suggest a biological mechanism for the potential therapeutic benefit of naltrexone in treating HIV-infected alcoholics.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Alcohol Deterrents/pharmacology
- Alcohol Deterrents/therapeutic use
- Alcoholism/complications
- Alcoholism/immunology
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/virology
- Disease Susceptibility
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Ethanol/pharmacology
- Female
- HIV Infections/etiology
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase/analysis
- HIV-1/physiology
- Humans
- Hybrid Cells/drug effects
- Hybrid Cells/virology
- Leukemia Virus, Murine/physiology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Naltrexone/pharmacology
- Naltrexone/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments
- Peptides/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/genetics
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/physiology
- Somatostatin
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Virion/physiology
- Virus Replication/drug effects
- beta-Endorphin/biosynthesis
- beta-Endorphin/genetics
- beta-Endorphin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th Street & Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Porcheray F, Samah B, Léone C, Dereuddre-Bosquet N, Gras G. Macrophage activation and human immunodeficiency virus infection: HIV replication directs macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype while previous activation modulates macrophage susceptibility to infection and viral production. Virology 2006; 349:112-20. [PMID: 16564558 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2005] [Revised: 12/22/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are pivotal for the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses, but whether their role in HIV infection is protective or deleterious remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of pro- and anti-inflammatory stimuli on macrophage sensitivity to two different aspects of HIV infection: their susceptibility to infection stricto sensu, which we measured by endpoint titration method, and their ability to support virus spread, which we measured by using an RT activity assay in infection kinetics. We show a partially protective role for pro-inflammatory agents as well as for IL-4. We also illustrate that various different stimuli display differential effects on macrophage susceptibility to HIV and on virus replication that occurs thereafter. On the other hand, HIV replication strongly repressed CD206 and CD163 expression, thus clearly orientating macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory phenotype, but independently of TNF. Taken together, our results emphasize that HIV infection of macrophages sets up inflammation at the cell level but through unexpected mechanisms. This may limit target susceptibility and participate in virus clearance but may also result in tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Porcheray
- Laboratoire de Neuro-Immuno-Virologie, Service de Neurovirologie, UMR E-01 CEA, Université Paris-Sud, DSV/DRM, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, IPSC, Fontenay aux Roses, France
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Ambrose Z, Julias JG, Boyer PL, Kewalramani VN, Hughes SH. The level of reverse transcriptase (RT) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 particles affects susceptibility to nonnucleoside RT inhibitors but not to lamivudine. J Virol 2006; 80:2578-81. [PMID: 16474164 PMCID: PMC1395365 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.80.5.2578-2581.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the relationship between the level of reverse transcriptase (RT) in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles and susceptibility to nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). HIV-1 virions containing different active levels of RT were generated. Susceptibility to the NNRTIs efavirenz and nevirapine was inversely proportional to the level of enzymatically active RT. However, the sensitivity of HIV-1 to the nucleoside analog 3TC was not affected by the level of RT per particle. These data indicate that the susceptibility of HIV-1 to NNRTIs is influenced by RT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zandrea Ambrose
- HIV Drug Resistance Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
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Münch J, Rajan D, Rücker E, Wildum S, Adam N, Kirchhoff F. The role of upstream U3 sequences in HIV-1 replication and CD4+ T cell depletion in human lymphoid tissue ex vivo. Virology 2005; 341:313-20. [PMID: 16102792 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Revised: 07/16/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The LTRs of all primate lentiviruses contain long U3 regions overlapping the nef gene. To assess the relevance of the modulatory U3 region for HIV-1 replication, we inactivated the T-rich region, the Polypurine tract and attachment (att) sequences in nef by silent mutations and inserted intact cis-regulatory elements just upstream of the core enhancer. These modifications severely truncated the U3 region and eliminated the nef overlap. The resulting HIV-1 mutants expressed functional Nef, replicated efficiently and caused CD4+ T cell depletion in ex vivo-infected lymphoid tissue suggesting that the modulatory U3 region might not be essential for efficient HIV-1 gene expression and AIDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Münch
- Department of Virology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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15
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Petrotchenko EV, Olkhovik VK, Borchers CH. Isotopically Coded Cleavable Cross-linker for Studying Protein-Protein Interaction and Protein Complexes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005; 4:1167-79. [PMID: 15901824 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.t400016-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging approach for studying protein-protein interaction in complexes is the combination of chemical cross-linking and mass spectrometric analysis of the cross-linked peptides (cross-links) obtained after proteolysis of the complex. This approach, however, has several challenges and limitations, including the difficulty of detecting the cross-links, the potential interference from non-informative "cross-linked peptides" (dead end and intrapeptide cross-links), and unambiguous identification of the cross-links by mass spectrometry. Thus, we have synthesized an isotopically coded ethylene glycol bis(succinimidylsuccinate) derivate (D12-EGS), which contains 12 deuterium atoms for easy detection of cross-links when applied in a 1:1 mixture with its H12 counterpart and is also cleavable for releasing the cross-linked peptides allowing unambiguous identification by MS sequencing. Moreover, hydrolytic cleavage permits rapid distinguishing between different types of cross-links. Cleavage of a dead end cross-link produces a doublet with peaks 4.03 Da apart, with the lower peak appearing at a molecular mass 162 Da lower than the mass of the H12 form of the original cross-linked peptide. Cleavage of an intrapeptide cross-link leads to a doublet 8.05 Da apart and 62 Da lower than the molecular mass of the H12 form of the original cross-linked peptide. Cleavage of an interpeptide cross-link forms a pair of 4.03-Da doublets, with the lower mass member of each pair each shifted up from its unmodified molecular weight by 82 Da because of the attached portion of the cross-linker. All of this information has been incorporated into a software algorithm allowing automatic screening and detection of cross-links and cross-link types in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectra. In summary, the ease of detection of these species through the use of an isotopically coded cleavable cross-linker and our software algorithm, followed by mass spectrometric sequencing of the cross-linked peptides after cleavage, has been shown to be a powerful tool for studies of multi-component protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniy V Petrotchenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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16
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Howe AYM, Bloom J, Baldick CJ, Benetatos CA, Cheng H, Christensen JS, Chunduru SK, Coburn GA, Feld B, Gopalsamy A, Gorczyca WP, Herrmann S, Johann S, Jiang X, Kimberland ML, Krisnamurthy G, Olson M, Orlowski M, Swanberg S, Thompson I, Thorn M, Del Vecchio A, Young DC, van Zeijl M, Ellingboe JW, Upeslacis J, Collett M, Mansour TS, O'Connell JF. Novel nonnucleoside inhibitor of hepatitis C virus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 48:4813-21. [PMID: 15561861 PMCID: PMC529219 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.12.4813-4821.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel nonnucleoside inhibitor of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), [(1R)-5-cyano-8-methyl-1-propyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl] acetic acid (HCV-371), was discovered through high-throughput screening followed by chemical optimization. HCV-371 displayed broad inhibitory activities against the NS5B RdRp enzyme, with 50% inhibitory concentrations ranging from 0.3 to 1.8 microM for 90% of the isolates derived from HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, and 3a. HCV-371 showed no inhibitory activity against a panel of human polymerases, including mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma, and other unrelated viral polymerases, demonstrating its specificity for the HCV polymerase. A single administration of HCV-371 to cells containing the HCV subgenomic replicon for 3 days resulted in a dose-dependent reduction of the steady-state levels of viral RNA and protein. Multiple treatments with HCV-371 for 16 days led to a >3-log10 reduction in the HCV RNA level. In comparison, multiple treatments with a similar inhibitory dose of alpha interferon resulted in a 2-log10 reduction of the viral RNA level. In addition, treatment of cells with a combination of HCV-371 and pegylated alpha interferon resulted in an additive antiviral activity. Within the effective antiviral concentrations of HCV-371, there was no effect on cell viability and metabolism. The intracellular antiviral specificity of HCV-371 was demonstrated by its lack of activity in cells infected with several DNA or RNA viruses. Fluorescence binding studies show that HCV-371 binds the NS5B with an apparent dissociation constant of 150 nM, leading to high selectivity and lack of cytotoxicity in the antiviral assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Y M Howe
- Infectious Diseases Wyeth Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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17
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Gavazova R, Ivanov S, Ivanov D, Antonova M, Raleva S, Argirova R. An experimental model for study of sialoglycoproteins of human immunodeficiency virus 1 epitope structures. Acta Virol 2005; 49:75-81. [PMID: 16047733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sialic acid (SA) molecules located terminally on retrovirus glycoproteins (gps) play a key role in virus-cell interactions. The specificity of sialylation of Human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) gps has not yet been studied. Looking for a convenient and reproducible experimental virus-cell model for studying the problem mentioned above we compared viral sialoglycoprotein (Sgp) patterns in H9/HTLV III B cells chronically infected with laboratory-adapted HIV-1LAI and MT-2 cells acutely infected with the same virus. Cytosols (CSs) and supernatant concentrates (SNs) from these cells and cell cultures, respectively, following N-acetyl-D-[U-14C]-mannosamine ([14C]NAcMan) labeling were subjected to preparative isoelectrofocusing and the obtained fractions were assayed for 14C-incorporation, reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and protein content. Sgp patterns in CSs from the two types of infection were similar. Highly sialylated peaks clustered mainly in the acidic region where the highest 14C-incorporation, RT activity and protein content were found. The 14C-incorporation was higher in CS than in SN. Analysis of CS from MT-2 cells infected with HIV-1 for the markers described above seems to be the experimental approach and model of choice for clinical isolates of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Gavazova
- Section of Biochemistry, Institute of Experimental Pathology and Parasitology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, G. Bonchev Str., Building 25, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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18
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Shao XW, Malmsten A, Lennerstrand J, Sönnerborg A, Unge T, Gronowitz JS, Källander CF. Use of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase recovered from human plasma for phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. AIDS 2003; 17:1463-71. [PMID: 12824784 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-200307040-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the use of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) recovered directly from plasma for phenotypic drug susceptibility testing. METHODS Plasma from HIV-1 infected individuals with and without drug resistance-associated mutations were selected for the study. The blind coded plasmas were treated to inactivate cellular enzymes. The virions were immobilized on a gel and washed to remove antiretroviral drugs and RT activity blocking antibodies. The immobilized virions were lysed; the viral RT eluted and quantified, all according to the ExaVir Load procedure. The drug sensitivity profiles of each RT were determined using serially diluted drugs and modified Cavidi HS Lenti RT kits. RESULTS The phenotypic drug sensitivity profiles of the RT and the patterns of drug resistance mutations were highly concordant. Plasma RT from virions devoid of mutations associated with drug resistance had average 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC(50)) of 1.5 +/- 0.93 microM for nevirapine, 0.21 +/- 0.099 microM for efavirenz, 7.1 +/- 3.2 microM for delavirdine, 0.42 +/- 0.15 microM for azidothymidine triphosphate and 0.059 +/- 0.018 microM for didehydrothymidine triphosphate. The increase in IC(50) value for RT with drug resistance associated substitutions was from 3- to more than 65-fold for non-nucleoside inhibitors and between 2- and 30-fold for thymidine analogue drugs. CONCLUSION RT derived from virions recovered from the plasma of HIV infected individuals can be used for analysis of phenotypic drug susceptibility. The methods presented provide rapid alternatives for analysing phenotypic drug susceptibility especially when the therapy is based on non-nucleoside RT inhibitors and thymidine-analogue drugs.
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Fujita M, Sakurai A, Yoshida A, Matsumoto S, Miyaura M, Adachi A. Subtle mutations in the cysteine region of HIV-1 Vif drastically alter the viral replication phenotype. Microbes Infect 2002; 4:621-4. [PMID: 12048031 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(02)01580-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mutations were introduced into the region encoding the two cysteine and nearby amino acid residues of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vif protein and, 12 single-amino-acid viral mutants were constructed. Determination of their growth characteristics in two lymphocytic cell lines revealed that only a single amino acid change in the cysteine region greatly altered the replication phenotype. In particular, the four mutants of amino acid 132 of Vif were grouped into three categories on the basis of their growth potentials. These results indicate that the cysteine region of Vif is critical for the cell-dependent replication efficiency of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikako Fujita
- Department of Virology, The University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Tokushima-shi, Japan.
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20
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Pavski V, Le XC. Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase using aptamers as probes in affinity capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2001; 73:6070-6. [PMID: 11791582 DOI: 10.1021/ac0107305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
An affinity capillary electrophoresis/laser-induced fluorescence (CE/LIF) assay was developed for direct and specific detection of reverse transcriptase (RI) of the type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) using fluorescently labeled single-stranded DNA aptamers as probes. The aptamer used (RT 26) is specific for HIV-1 RT, and it exhibited no cross-reactivity with RTs of the enhanced avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV), the Moloney murine leukemia virus (MMLV), or denatured HIV-1 RT. An affinity complex of RT 26-HIV-1 RT was readily formed, and calibration curves were linear up to 50 nM (6 microg/mL) HIV-1 RT concentration, with both the free probe and complex peak usable for analytical quantitation. Cell culture media (RPMI with 10% fetal bovine serum) interfered with the assay and aptamer-HIV-1 RT binding. Nonspecific binding was observed in low or undiluted culture, necessitating at least 100-fold dilution for analysis of raw culture samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Pavski
- Environmental Health Sciences Program, Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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21
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Yahi N, Fantini J, Tourres C, Tivoli N, Koch N, Tamalet C. Use of drug resistance sequence data for the systematic detection of non-B human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtypes: how to create a sentinel site for monitoring the genetic diversity of HIV-1 at a country scale. J Infect Dis 2001; 183:1311-7. [PMID: 11294661 DOI: 10.1086/319859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2000] [Revised: 01/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To assess the molecular epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a screening method was developed for identification of non-B subtypes from sequence data obtained for resistance testing. The method is based on the evaluation of the percentage of divergence of a given sequence from the reference B subtype HXB2. Analysis of 1720 reverse-transcriptase (RT) and 1824 protease sequences stored in a database allowed for the determination of a threshold level of divergence from HXB2 above which a non-B subtype could be unambiguously characterized regardless of the pattern of resistance mutations (>8.6% for RT; >10.8% for protease). This conclusion was validated by phylogenetic analysis of RT, protease, and env genes. Overall, 72 (4.2%) and 73 (4.0%) non-B sequences were identified in the RT and protease coding regions, respectively. This method allows for the rapid detection of non-B subtypes among retrospective, recent, and future RT and/or protease sequence databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yahi
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Faculté des Sciences, CHRU La Timone, Rue saint Pierre 13005, Marseille, France
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22
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Khorchid A, Javanbakht H, Wise S, Halwani R, Parniak MA, Wainberg MA, Kleiman L. Sequences within Pr160gag-pol affecting the selective packaging of primer tRNA(Lys3) into HIV-1. J Mol Biol 2000; 299:17-26. [PMID: 10860720 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.2000.3709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The selective packaging of the primer tRNA(Lys3) into HIV-1 particles is dependent upon the viral incorporation of the Pr160gag-pol precursor protein. In order to map a tRNA(Lys3) binding site within this precursor, we have studied the effects of mutations in Pr160gag-pol upon the selective incorporation of tRNA(Lys3). Many of these mutations were placed in a protease-negative HIV-1 proviral DNA to prevent viral protease degradation of the mutant Gag-Pol protein. C-terminal deletions of protease-negative Gag-Pol that removed the entire integrase sequence and the RNase H and connection subdomains of reverse transcriptase did not inhibit the incorporation of either the truncated Gag-Pol or the tRNA(Lys3), indicating that these regions are not required for tRNA(Lys3) binding. On the other hand, larger C-terminal deletions, which also remove the thumb subdomain sequence, did prevent tRNA(Lys3) packaging, without inhibiting viral incorporation of the truncated Gag-Pol, indicating a possible interaction between thumb subdomain sequences and tRNA(Lys3). While point mutations K249E, K249Q, and R307E in the primer grip region of the thumb subdomain have been reported to inhibit the in vitro interaction of mature reverse transcriptase with the anticodon loop of tRNA(Lys3), we find that these mutations do not inhibit tRNA(Lys3) packaging into the virus, which supports other work indicating that the anticodon loop of tRNA(Lys3) is not involved in interactions with Pr160gag-pol during tRNA(Lys3) packaging.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anticodon/genetics
- Binding Sites
- Blotting, Western
- Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/analysis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/chemistry
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/metabolism
- HIV Integrase/analysis
- HIV Integrase/chemistry
- HIV Integrase/genetics
- HIV Protease/analysis
- HIV Protease/chemistry
- HIV Protease/genetics
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase/analysis
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase/chemistry
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/metabolism
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/genetics
- Point Mutation/genetics
- Protein Precursors/analysis
- Protein Precursors/chemistry
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/metabolism
- RNA/genetics
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/genetics
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Ribonuclease H/analysis
- Ribonuclease H/chemistry
- Ribonuclease H/genetics
- Sequence Deletion/genetics
- Substrate Specificity
- Virus Assembly
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khorchid
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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23
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Hariharan D, Li Y, Campbell DE, Douglas SD, Starr SE, Ho W. Human immunodeficiency virus infection of human placental cord blood CD34+AC133+ stem cells and their progeny. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15:1545-52. [PMID: 10580405 DOI: 10.1089/088922299309838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The AC133 is a novel antigen selectively expressed on primitive CD34bright stem cells and is a valuable marker for the selection of long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs) and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)-repopulating cells. Human placental cord blood (HPCB) is a rich source of CD34+AC133+ cells. Since AC133 antibody is likely to be used as an alternative to CD34 for the selection of stem cells in transplant and gene therapy situations, we examined the susceptibility of HPCB-isolated CD34+AC133+ stem cells to infection with free and cell-associated HIV-1 in vitro. Freshly isolated HPCB CD34+AC133+ stem cells were not susceptible to HIV-1 infection as determined by PCR and reverse transcriptase assays. Inoculation with HIV-1 did not affect the viability and clonogenic ability of HPCB CD34+AC133+ cells. Although the highly purified HPCB CD34+AC133+ stem cells contained mRNA for CD4 and CXCR4 receptors, CD4 and CXCR4 proteins were not expressed on these cells. Similarly, CCR5 protein, the major macrophage-tropic HIV-1 coreceptor, was not expressed in freshly isolated HPCB CD34+AC133+ stem cells, although the transcript for CCR5 was identified in these cells. Expression of CD4, CXCR4, and CCR5 receptor proteins on the progeny derived from HPCB CD34+AC133+ stem cells was detected and correlated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in vitro. These findings suggest that freshly isolated HPCB CD34+AC133+ stem cells are not susceptible to HIV-1 infection and may not be a viral reservoir. These data have important implications for the use of AC133 antibody as a means of enriching for primitive hematopoietic stem cells from placental cord blood and in the design of stem cell or progenitor cell-based gene therapeutic strategies for perinatal HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hariharan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Medical School, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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24
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Kirstein LM, Mellors JW, Rinaldo CR, Margolick JB, Giorgi JV, Phair JP, Dietz E, Gupta P, Sherlock CH, Hogg R, Montaner JS, Muñoz A. Effects of anticoagulant, processing delay, and assay method (branched DNA versus reverse transcriptase PCR) on measurement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA levels in plasma. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:2428-33. [PMID: 10405379 PMCID: PMC85245 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.8.2428-2433.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/1999] [Accepted: 04/29/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted two studies to determine the potential influence of delays in blood processing, type of anticoagulant, and assay method on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RNA levels in plasma. The first was an experimental study in which heparin- and EDTA-anticoagulated blood samples were collected from 101 HIV-positive individuals and processed to plasma after delays of 2, 6, and 18 h. HIV-1 RNA levels in each sample were then measured by both branched-DNA (bDNA) and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assays. Compared to samples processed within 2 h, the loss (decay) of HIV-1 RNA in heparinized blood was significant (P < 0.05) but small after 6 h (bDNA assay, -0.12 log(10) copies/ml; RT-PCR, -0.05 log(10) copies/ml) and after 18 h (bDNA assay, -0.27 log(10) copies/ml; RT-PCR, -0.15 log(10) copies/ml). Decay in EDTA-anticoagulated blood was not significant after 6 h (bDNA assay, -0.002 log(10) copies/ml; RT-PCR, -0.02 log(10) copies/ml), but it was after 18 h (bDNA assay, -0.09 log(10) copies/ml; RT-PCR, -0.09 log(10) copies/ml). Only 4% of samples processed after 6 h lost more than 50% (>/=0.3 log(10) copies/ml) of the HIV-1 RNA, regardless of the anticoagulant or the assay that was used. The second study compared HIV-1 RNA levels in samples from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS; samples were collected in heparin-containing tubes in 1985, had a 6-h average processing delay, and were assayed by bDNA assay) and the British Columbia Drug Treatment Program (BCDTP) (collected in EDTA- or acid citrate dextrose-containing tubes in 1996 and 1997, had a 2-h maximum processing delay, and were assayed by RT-PCR). HIV-1 RNA levels in samples from the two cohorts were not significantly different after adjusting for CD4(+)-cell count and converting bDNA assay values to those corresponding to the RT-PCR results. In summary, the decay of HIV-1 RNA measured in heparinized blood after 6 h was small (-0.05 to -0.12 log(10) copies/ml), and the minor impact of this decay on HIV-1 RNA concentrations in archived plasma samples of the MACS was confirmed by the similarity of CD4(+)-cell counts and assay-adjusted HIV-1 RNA concentrations in the MACS and BCDTP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Kirstein
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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25
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Rytting AS, Akerblom L, Gronowitz JS, Källander CF. Colorimetric capture assay for human-immunodeficiency-virus-I reverse transcriptase activity. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 1999; 29:241-50. [PMID: 10334955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of a colorimetric capture assay for HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) activity is described. This assay consisted of three basic steps: enzyme purification, RT reaction and product detection, which were all performed in the same microtitre plate. Mouse monoclonal anti-RT antibodies of subclass G2a were bound by polyclonal goat anti-(mouse IgG2a) immobilized in the wells of a microtitre plate. The monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were selected for their ability to bind HIV-1 RT without hampering the polymerase activity. The assay system first involved the RT's adherence to the immobilized mAbs. Non-specific enzymes and other impurities were removed by a simple wash, after which an RT reaction mixture containing BrdUTP as nucleotide substrate was added. After the RT reaction substrate and product had been separated by washing of the plate, the amount of BrdUMP-DNA in the wells was finally detected with alkaline-phosphatase-conjugated mouse anti-BrdU antibodies of subclass IgG1. The background signal in this system was similar to the signals obtained with control wells coated with BSA only. A detection limit of 1.2 micro-units of RT activity, corresponding to 0.3 pg of RT protein, was obtained for the capture assay when applying colorimetric product detection. The assay detected RTs from HIV-1 subtypes A and B and one of the two D type isolates tested. None of the five non-HIV-1 RTs tested was found positive. At least 50 microl of human serum or plasma per sample could be included in the capture assay without adverse effects on the recovery of the RT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Rytting
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Section of Medical Genetics, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 578, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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26
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Sears JF, Repaske R, Khan AS. Improved Mg2+-based reverse transcriptase assay for detection of primate retroviruses. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37:1704-8. [PMID: 10325311 PMCID: PMC84929 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.37.6.1704-1708.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/1998] [Accepted: 02/22/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The reverse transcriptase (RT) assay is a simple, relatively inexpensive, widely used assay that can detect all retroviruses (known and novel retroviruses as well as infectious and defective retroviruses) on the basis of the divalent cation requirement of their RT enzyme, i.e., Mg2+ or Mn2+. Descriptions of various RT assays have been published; however, they cannot be directly applied to the analysis of biological products or clinical samples without further standardization to determine the lower limit of virus detection (sensitivity), assay variability (reproducibility), or ability to detect different retroviruses (specificity). We describe the detection of type E and type D primate retroviruses, which may be pathogenic for humans, by a new 32P-based, Mg2+-containing RT assay. The results show that the sensitivity of detection is <3.2 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50s) for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and <1 TCID50 for simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a rhesus macaque (SIVmac). Analysis of recombinant HIV-1 RT enzyme indicated that 10(-5) U, which is equivalent to 4.25 x 10(4) virions, could be detected. Additionally, genetically distinct type D retroviruses such as simian AIDS retrovirus and squirrel monkey retrovirus were also detected in the assay with similar sensitivities. Thus, the improved RT assay can be used to detect genetically divergent Mg2+-dependent retroviruses of human and simian origin that can infect human cells and that therefore pose a potential health risk to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Sears
- Laboratory of Retrovirus Research, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Wang CT, Li JJ, Lai HY, Hu BS. A human cell line constitutively expressing HIV-1 Gag and Gag-Pol gene products. J Med Virol 1999; 57:17-24. [PMID: 9890417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
A human cell line constitutively expressing the HIV-1 gag and pol genes products was established. The cell line was established by stably transfecting 293 cells with a plasmid construct that expresses the HIV Gag and Pol and can confer the transfectants resistant to mycophenolic acid. Particles generated from transient expression of the plasmid construct were noninfectious when pseudotyped with HIV envelope or with amphotropic murine leukemia virus envelope proteins. However, virus-like Gag particles produced by the stable cell line were appropriately processed, exhibited a wild-type retrovirus particle density, and possessed significant reverse-transcriptase (RT) activities. Continuous passage of the cell line either in the presence or absence of mycophenolic acid had no major effects on the Gag processing efficiency, particle assembly, or RT activity release. It was also demonstrated that the proteolytic processing of the virus-like particles released from the cell line was inhibited by an HIV protease inhibitor, saquinavir. The establishment of a stable cell line producing noninfectious but proteolytically processed HIV Gag particles offers a safe, convenient tool for biochemical and immunological analysis of virus-like particle assembly and is very useful for the development of anti-HIV protease drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Wang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Department of Medical Research, Veterans General Hospital-Taipei, Taiwan.
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28
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Nissley DV, Boyer PL, Garfinkel DJ, Hughes SH, Strathern JN. Hybrid Ty1/HIV-1 elements used to detect inhibitors and monitor the activity of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:13905-10. [PMID: 9811899 PMCID: PMC24958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.23.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that hybrid retrotransposons composed of the yeast Ty1 element and the reverse transcriptase (RT) of HIV-1 are active in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The RT activity of these hybrid Ty1/HIV-1 (his3AI/AIDS RT; HART) elements can be monitored by using a simple genetic assay. HART element reverse transcription depends on both the polymerase and RNase H domains of HIV-1 RT. Here we demonstrate that the HART assay is sensitive to inhibitors of HIV-1 RT. (-)-(S)-8-Chloro-4,5,6, 7-tetrahydro-5-methyl-6-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)imidazo[4,5,1-jk][1, 4]-benzodiazepin-2(1H)-thione monohydrochloride (8 Cl-TIBO), a well characterized non-nucleoside RT inhibitor (NNRTI) of HIV-1 RT, blocks propagation of HART elements. HART elements that express NNRTI-resistant RT variants of HIV-1 are insensitive to 8 Cl-TIBO, demonstrating the specificity of inhibition in this assay. HART elements carrying NNRTI-resistant variants of HIV-1 RT can be used to identify compounds that are active against drug-resistant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Nissley
- Gene Regulation and Chromosome Biology Laboratory, National Cancer Institute-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, ABL-Basic Research Program, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
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Gerencer M, Burek V, Crowe BA, Barrett NP, Dorner F. The role of complement and gp120-specific antibodies in virus lysis and CD4+ T cell depletion in HIV-1-infected patients. Microb Pathog 1998; 25:253-66. [PMID: 9878454 DOI: 10.1006/mpat.1998.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The substantial virus lysis was induced by HIV-1-infected patient serum and normal human complement serum in the presence of purified patient IgG. Non-infected CD4+ T cells coated with the whole virus or with a recombinant HIV-1 envelope gp120 and sensitised with patient IgG were also shown to be susceptible to complement-dependent lysis. The serum level of complement regulatory protein in a fluid phase, the C1-esterase inhibitor, was significantly correlated with serum concentration of C1q-circulating immune complexes (P=0.0062), but inversely with CD4+ T cell count (P < 0.0001). Accordingly, the disease progression in HIV-1-infected patients was significantly correlated with the level of complement activation as determined by serum level of C1-esterase inhibitor (P=0.0001), and inversely correlated with CD4+ cell count (P < 0. 0001) and gp120-specific antibody titre (P=0.0086). These results strongly suggest that the complement activation by gp120-specific antibodies play a very important role in virus clearance, but also in depletion of infected as well as gp120-coated non-infected CD4+ bystander T cells during the course of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gerencer
- Biomedical Research Center, Immuno AG, Orth/D, 2304, Austria
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30
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Valli MB, Carloni G, Bertolini L. Susceptibility of human lymphoblastoid B-cell line CE to HIV1 infection. Res Virol 1998; 149:307-9. [PMID: 9879609 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(99)89010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In this preliminary report, we provide evidence that the human B-lymphoblastoid cell line (LCL) CE, bone-marrow-derived, previously reported to be permissive to hepatitis C virus, is also permissive to HIV1 infection. HIV1 genomes were detectable in cell supernatants, virus RNA transcripts and proviral DNAs in cell extracts at different times post-infection. Therefore, we propose this LCL cell line as a tool for exploring the mutual interactions of the two viruses in double-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Valli
- Istituto di Medicina Sperimentale, Roma
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31
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García Lerma JG, Heneine W. [Quantification of HIV-1 viral load by the measurement of reverse transcriptase activity]. Med Clin (Barc) 1998; 110:453-4. [PMID: 9611714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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32
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Corrigan GE, Al-Khalili L, Malmsten A, Thorstensson R, Fenyö EM, Källander CF, Gronowitz JS. Differences in reverse transcriptase activity versus p24 antigen detection in cell culture, when comparing a homogeneous group of HIV type 1 subtype B viruses with a heterogeneous group of divergent strains. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998; 14:347-52. [PMID: 9519896 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1998.14.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Failure to detect infection with HIV-1 non-B subtypes in some antibody screening assays has been shown. To date, however, no studies have been published evaluating the capacity of standard tests to quantify replication of divergent HIV-1 in cell culture. Reverse transcriptase (RT) activity and p24 antigen assays are the two methods most commonly used for this purpose. A homogeneous panel of HIV-1 subtype B viruses from northern Italy and a heterogeneous panel of diverse genetic subtypes (A to F and O) from different regions of the world were cultured under identical conditions. A new nonradioactive RT assay was used as a basis for comparison to evaluate the capacity of two p24 assays to quantify viral growth in both panels. Comparison of the p24 amount/RT activity (p24/RT) ratios showed that ratios in the subtype B panel tended to be markedly higher than in the diverse subtype panel. Greatest variation was seen with one of the subtype O isolates, where up to a 400 times lower ratio was obtained compared with the average ratio for the subtype B panel. In addition, one Thai subtype B virus also gave a markedly reduced ratio. Furthermore, comparison between the two p24 assays showed different abilities to detect p24 from different HIV-1 isolates. We discuss limitations for the use of anti-HIV-1 p24 antibodies produced by immunization with subtype B p24 in p24 assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Corrigan
- Cavidi Tech AB, Uppsala Science Park, Staben, Sweden
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33
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Jiang JD, Wilk S, Li J, Zhang H, Bekesi JG. Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in a T-cell line (CEM) by new dipeptidyl-peptidase IV (CD26) inhibitors. Res Virol 1997; 148:255-66. [PMID: 9272576 DOI: 10.1016/s0923-2516(97)88362-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Phenylalanyl-pyrrolidine-2 nitrile (Phe-pyrr-2-CN) and arginyl(PMC)-pyrrolidine-2-nitrile (Arg(PMC)-pyrr-2-CN) are two dipeptidyl peptidase IV/CD26 (DPP-IV/CD26) inhibitors designed and synthesized by our group. These two compounds suppress the enzymatic activity of DPP-IV/CD26 in a competitive and reversible manner. Pretreatment of CEM cells with either of the compounds yielded a marked albeit transient reduction of HIV infection, as measured by HIV1 p24 production, RT activity and syncytium formation. The ID50 value of the Phe-Pyrr-2-CN and Arg(PMC)-pyrr-2-CN in HIV1 inhibition was 5.3 microM and 2.4 microM, respectively. Administration of either of the DPP-IV/CD26 inhibitors 1 h after HIV1 infection did not suppress HIV1 production. An analog whose inhibitory activity toward DPP-IV/CD26 was abolished by blocking the N-terminal of Phe-pyrr-2-CN with the 9-fluorenymethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group had no effect on HIV1 infection. An additive effect of HIV1 inhibition was observed in combinations of either of the DPP-IV/CD26 inhibitors with CD4 monoclonal antibody. These results suggest that DPP-IV/CD26 enzymatic activity may play a role in facilitating HIV1 infection of human CD4+T cells at the entry process. DPP-IV/CD26 inhibitors may therefore have potential use in combination with other drugs to prevent HIV1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Cruikshank WW, Doctrow SR, Falvo MS, Huffman K, Maciaszek J, Viglianti G, Raina J, Kornfeld H, Malfroy B. A lipidated anti-Tat antibody enters living cells and blocks HIV-1 viral replication. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997; 14:193-203. [PMID: 9117450 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199703010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a chemical modification of antibodies, lipidation, which enables their intracellular delivery into living cells. Intracellular localization of lipidated antibodies was demonstrated by confocal microscopy and by measuring cellular uptake of 125I-labeled lipidated antibodies. Functionally, a lipidated monoclonal antibody directed against the Tat protein from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) inhibited viral replication of several HIV-1 isolates by approximately 85% as shown by increased viability of infected cells and decreased reverse transcriptase activity. The antibody in its native form had no such effect. These data show that lipidated antibodies can reach and functionally inhibit intracellular targets. Lipidation may help to facilitate the development of intracellular immunotherapy for AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W W Cruikshank
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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35
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Khan AS, Shahabuddin M, Bryan T, Joshi BH, Lee S, Hewlett IK. Analysis of live, oral poliovirus vaccine monopools for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and simian immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:1185-90. [PMID: 8940207 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/174.6.1185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is no evidence for transmission of mammalian retroviruses to humans via vaccine immunization, the allegations of contamination of oral poliovirus vaccines with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 or a hypothetical progenitor virus from monkeys has created controversy and dispute regarding the origin of AIDS in humans. Twelve monovalent lots of live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine types 1, 2, and 3, which were released for use by a North American manufacturer between 1976-1989, were tested for the presence of HIV-1 and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). HIV/SIV were not detected in these monovalent poliovirus vaccine lots with the reverse transcriptase assay, a general detection assay, and highly sensitive and specific polymerase chain reaction assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Khan
- Laboratory of Retrovirus Research, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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36
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Jin M, Ido E, Kuwata T, Igarashi T, Cichutek K, Kurth R, Miura T, Enose Y, Chen J, Hayami M. Replication and cytopathogenicity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)/simian immunodeficiency virus agm3 chimeric viruses in human and monkey cells: the 5' half of the HIV-1 genome is responsible for virus cytopathogenicity. J Gen Virol 1996; 77 ( Pt 10):2427-31. [PMID: 8887473 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-77-10-2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two chimeric viruses were constructed between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and an apathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm3mc) from African green monkeys. One of the chimeras, HE-A391, expressed the HIV-1-derived env, vpu, tat and rev genes and the SIVagm3mc-derived LTR and the gag, pol and vif genes. The other chimera, SE-H13, contained the SIVagm3mc-derived env, tat and rev genes and the HIV-1-derived LTR and the gag, pol, vif and nef genes. Both constructs yielded infectious viruses and their phenotypes (growth-competence and cell-killing capacity) were examined in various CD4+ cells including human and monkey PBMCs. The results indicated that the replicative properties of the chimeras were mainly dependent on the 5'-genomic half of the parental viruses, and the determinant for viral cytopathogenicity was located within the 5' half of the HIV-1 genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jin
- Laboratory of Pathogenic Virus, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Japan
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37
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Hashida S, Hashinaka K, Nishikata I, Oka S, Shimada K, Saito A, Takamizawa A, Shinagawa H, Ishikawa E. Shortening of the window period in diagnosis of HIV-1 infection by simultaneous detection of p24 antigen and antibody IgG to p17 and reverse transcriptase in serum with ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay. J Virol Methods 1996; 62:43-53. [PMID: 8910647 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(96)02087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Following HIV infection, there is a window period of 6-8 weeks, during which HIV antibodies are not detectable and the infection cannot be diagnosed by methods for detecting HIV antibodies. However, HIV antigens are detectable in the latter part of the window period, although the level of HIV antigens declines as the level of HIV antibodies increases. We developed an ultrasensitive enzyme immunoassay (immune complex transfer enzyme immunoassay) for the simultaneous detection of both p24 antigen of HIV-1 and antibody IgGs to p17 and reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 in a single assay tube and tested 11 HIV-1 seroconversion serum panels and serum samples randomly collected from 79 HIV-1 seropositive subjects and 100 HIV-1 seronegative subjects. The simultaneous detection was shown not only to shorten the window period significantly as compared with conventional methods for HIV-1 antibody detection but also to make possible a reliable diagnosis of HIV-1 infection from the time of seroconversion until late stages of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Hashida
- Department of Biochemistry, Miyazaki Medical College, Kiyotake, Japan
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38
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Sano K, Odawara F, Nakai M. Comparison of the sensitivities of two non-isotopic reverse transcriptase (RT) assays for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RT. J Virol Methods 1996; 58:199-204. [PMID: 8783166 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(95)01992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivities of two reverse transcriptase (RT) assays, an enzyme-linked oligonucleotide sorbent assay (ELOSA)-RT assay and a non-radioisotopic (non-RI) RT assay were compared. For measuring recombinant HIV-1 RT, the ELOSA-RT assay was 8 times less sensitive in dilution endpoint and 16 times less sensitive in measurement of RT from pelleted HIV-1 than the non-RI RT assay. Higher level of interference by an RNA-DNA hybrid observed in the former assay may indicate that the reduction in sensitivity was due to the presence of viral RNA in the sample of pelleted virus. The ELOSA-RT assay was interfered with to a great extent than the non-RI RT assay by fetal bovine serum and thus may be unsuitable for measuring RT from HIV-1 in a culture supernatant.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sano
- Department of Microbiology, Osaka Medical College, Japan
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39
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Lennerstrand J, Rytting AS, Orvell C, Gronowitz JS, Kallander CF. A method for combined immunoaffinity purification and assay of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase activity useful for crude samples. Anal Biochem 1996; 235:141-52. [PMID: 8833322 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1996.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) activity in crude specimens was greatly enhanced using a novel capture RT assay. Eighteen different monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) raised against purified HIV-1 RT were tested for their ability to bind to HIV-1 RT without affecting its activity. The anti-HIV-1 RT Mabs were immobilized on plastic macrobeads and used as solid carriers in the capture RT assay. The assay system first involved RT's adherence to the immobilized Mabs. Nonspecific enzymes and other impurities were removed by a simple wash after which the RT reaction mixture was added. Substrate and product were finally separated by a wash of the beads. Practically all radioactivity incorporated into DNA (>98%) was recovered on the bead. The Michaelis-Menten constants and the saturation velocity values for the nucleotide substrate were similar for free and immobilized RT. The reaction mechanism for the immobilized RT is discussed. When comparing the function of this assay with more conventional soluble RT assays for samples consisting of recombinant HIV-1 RT mixed with an extract of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), an almost 100-fold higher sensitivity was found. The capture RT assay had the capacity to recover approximately 80% of the RT activity added to an extract of 1 x 10(7) PBL cells/ ml. A strong correlation (r = 0.947) between the results obtained with this assay and a HIV-1 p24 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was found, when samples from a collection of 16 HIV strains propagated in cell culture were analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lennerstrand
- The Research Unit of Replication Enzymology, Department of Medical Genetics, Uppsala University, Bromma, Sweden
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Cole
- Department of Antiviral Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
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