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Huo J, Lu Y, Xia L, Chen D. Structural characterization and anticomplement activities of three acidic homogeneous polysaccharides from Artemisia annua. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 247:112281. [PMID: 31600559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Artemisia annua L. is a heat-clearing Chinese medicine and well-known for its antimalarial constituent, artemisinin. It has gained increasing attention for its anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. Interestingly, the crude polysaccahrides of A. annua exhibited potent anticomplement activity. This study was to isolate and characterize its anticomplement homogeneous polysaccharides from A. annua, and reveal the relationship between structures and anticomplement activities of the isolated polysaccharides. MATERIALS AND METHODS Water-soluble crude polysaccharides from the aerial parts of A. annua were extracted and fractionated by DEAE-cellulose and Sephacryl S-300 gel permeation chromatography. Homogeneity, molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, methylation and NMR analysis were performed to characterize the structures of homogeneous polysaccharides. Their anticomplement activities and targeting components in the complement activation cascade were evaluated by hemolytic assays. RESULTS Three homogeneous polysaccharides (AAP01-1, AAP01-2 and AAP01-3) were obtained from A. annua. AAP01-1 was composed of seven monosaccharides, including mannose, rhamnose, glucuronic acid, galacturonic acid, glucose, galactose and arabinose. AAP01-2 and AAP01-3 had similar monosaccharides with AAP01-1, except the absence of glucuronic acid. They were all branched acidic heteropolysaccharides with different contents of galacturonic acid (8%, 28% and 15% for AAP01-1, AAP01-2 and AAP01-3, respectively). AAP01-2 showed potent anticomplement activity with CH50 value of 0.360 ± 0.020 mg/mL through the classical pathway and AP50 value of 0.547 ± 0.033 mg/mL through the alternative pathway. AAP01-3 exhibited slightly weaker activity (CH50: 1.120 ± 0.052 mg/mL, AP50: 1.283 ± 0.061 mg/mL), while AAP01-1 was inactive. Moreover, AAP01-2 acted on C1q, C3, C4, C5 and C9 components and AAP01-3 interacted with C3, C4 and C5 components in the activation cascade of complement system. CONCLUSION These results indicated that the relatively high contents of galacturonic acid were important for anticomplement activities of the polysaccharides from A. annua. The anticomplement polysaccharides are another kind of bioactive constituents conferring heat-clearing effects of A. annua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyan Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Long Xia
- School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Daofeng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China; School of Pharmacy, Institutes of Integrative Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Khajouei RA, Keramat J, Hamdami N, Ursu AV, Delattre C, Laroche C, Gardarin C, Lecerf D, Desbrières J, Djelveh G, Michaud P. Extraction and characterization of an alginate from the Iranian brown seaweed Nizimuddinia zanardini. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 118:1073-1081. [PMID: 29964113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.06.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sodium alginate from Nizimuddinia zanardini (an Iranian brown algae) was extracted with acid and alkaline solutions, partially and totally hydrolyzed and analyzed for its biochemical composition. 1H NMR spectroscopy, SEC-MALLS, HPAEC and FT-IR were performed to determine its structure and its physico-chemical properties. This alginate has a M/G ratio of 1.1, a molecular weight of 103 kDa, a polydispersity index of 1.22, and an intrinsic viscosity of 342 mL/g. Its antioxidant activity was tested by DPPH radical scavenging showing its potential for food preservation. Rheological properties of solutions of this alginate with concentrations between 1 and 5% (w/v) in water and 0.5 M NaCl were investigated indicating a Newtonian fluid type behaviour in water and a shear thinning fluid type behaviour in NaCl solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Abka Khajouei
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Javad Keramat
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran.
| | - Nasser Hamdami
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Alina-Violeta Ursu
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cedric Delattre
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Laroche
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christine Gardarin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Didier Lecerf
- Laboratoire Polymères Biopolymères Surface, CNRS FRE 3101, Université de Rouen, Bd Maurice de Broglie, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
| | - Jacques Desbrières
- Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, IPREM, Helioparc Pau Pyrénées, 2 Avenue P. Angot, 64053 Pau Cedex 9, France
| | - Gholamreza Djelveh
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Philippe Michaud
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, SIGMA Clermont, Institut Pascal, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Fernando IPS, Sanjeewa KKA, Kim SY, Lee JS, Jeon YJ. Reduction of heavy metal (Pb 2+) biosorption in zebrafish model using alginic acid purified from Ecklonia cava and two of its synthetic derivatives. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 106:330-337. [PMID: 28827136 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination has become a major problem that causes severe environmental and health issues due to their biosorption, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. This study was designed to evaluate heavy metal chelating abilities of alginic acid (AA) extracted from the brown seaweed Ecklonia cava and two of its derivatives prepared by the partial oxidation of the 2° OH groups (OAA) and partial carboxylation of the monomeric units (CAA) upon reducing the heavy metal biosorption in zebrafish (Danio rerio) modal. Metal ions were quantified using ICP-OES and biopolymers were characterized by FTIR and XRD analysis. All investigated biopolymers indicated potential ability for chelating Pb2+, Cu2+, Cd2+, As3+, and Ag+. The sorption capacities were in the order of CAA>OAA>AA. All biopolymers indicated a comparatively higher chelation towards Pb2+. AA, OAA, and CAA could effectively reduce Pb2+ induced toxicity and Pb2+ stress-induced ROS production in zebrafish embryos. Besides, they could reduce the biosorption of Pb2+ in adult zebrafish which could lead to bioaccumulation. Since alginic acid purified from E. cava and its derivatives could be utilized as seaweed derived biopolymers to purify heavy metals contaminated water and as a dietary supplement to reduce heavy metal biosorption in organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- I P Shanura Fernando
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - K K Asanka Sanjeewa
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo-Young Kim
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Suck Lee
- Research Center for Industrial Developement of Seafood, Gyeongsang National University, Republic of Korea.
| | - You-Jin Jeon
- Department of Marine Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
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Borazjani NJ, Tabarsa M, You S, Rezaei M. Effects of extraction methods on molecular characteristics, antioxidant properties and immunomodulation of alginates from Sargassum angustifolium. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:703-711. [PMID: 28363651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between molecular structure and bioactivity was evaluated for alginates obtained under different extraction methods (water, acid, alcalase and cellulase) from Sargassum angustifolium. The use of enzymes considerably reduced protein (from 14.58% to <0.4%) and polyphenol (from 16.0% to <1.7mg GA/g sample) contaminations of alginates compared to those of water and acid. The FT-IR spectrum revealed that extraction method did not affect the structure of the recovered alginates. The highest molecular weight (Mw) (557.1×103g/mol) was found in acid treated alginate while the Mw of cellulase assistant alginate (356.2×103g/mol) was the minimum. The SVg values varied from 2.79-5.17cm3/g revealing the loosed conformational structures of alcalase and cellulase assistant alginates. Alcalase assistant alginate stimulated RAW264.7 cells to release nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-12. Enzyme treated alginates showed maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power. Therefore, the present results showed the determinant effect of pretreatment during the extraction process of alginate and the beneficial influence of enzymatic process when biological functions of alginates are of high interest in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niloofar Jokar Borazjani
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Iran
| | - Mehdi Tabarsa
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Iran.
| | - SangGuan You
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Masoud Rezaei
- Department of Seafood Processing, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 46414-356, Noor, Iran
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Ryu HJ, Oh KK. Combined De-Algination Process as a Fractionation Strategy for Valorization of Brown Macroalga Saccharina japonica. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 182:238-249. [PMID: 27858350 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A combined process, de-algination followed by enzymatic saccharification, was designed to produce alginate and glucose from Saccharina japonica consecutively. The process conditions of de-algination were optimized separately for each stage of acidification and alkaline extraction. Collectively, the de-algination yield was 70.1% under the following optimized conditions: 2.4 wt% of Na2CO3, 70 °C, and 100 min with the acidified S. japonica immersed in a 0.5 wt% H2SO4 solution for 2 h at room temperature. The glucan content in the de-alginated S. japonica increased to 38.0%, which was approximately fivefold higher than that of the raw S. japonica. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the de-alginated S. japonica almost completed in 9 h, affording 5.2 g (96.8% of glucan digestibility) of glucose at a de-alginated S. japonica loading of 14.2 g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Ryu
- R&D Center, SugarEn Co., Ltd, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, South Korea
| | - Kyeong Keun Oh
- Department of Applied Chemical Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam, 31116, South Korea.
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Fawzy MA, Gomaa M, Hifney AF, Abdel-Gawad KM. Optimization of alginate alkaline extraction technology from Sargassum latifolium and its potential antioxidant and emulsifying properties. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:1903-1912. [PMID: 27987910 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Alginate was recovered from Sargassum latifolium biomass using different conditions of alkali treatment. Box-Behnken experimental design was evaluated to study the influence of alkali:alga ratio, temperature and time on alginate yield, and its molecular weight (MW) and mannuronic/guluronic acid ratio (M/G). The second-order polynomial equations were analyzed by appropriate statistical methods. Extraction temperature and time were the most important factors during alginate alkaline extraction. MW and M/G ratio played an important role in controlling the reducing power of alginate. Increasing pH of the alginate solutions enhanced its reducing capacity, while thermal treatment showed a negative effect. Additionally, alginate exhibited good emulsion stabilizing capacities with diverse hydrophobic compounds. Emulsifying activity was less sensitive to temperature, ionic strength and more stable at acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Fawzy
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Gomaa
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Awatief F Hifney
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
| | - Khayria M Abdel-Gawad
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, 71516 Assiut, Egypt
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Ren X, He L, Wang Y, Cheng J. Optimization Extraction, Preliminary Characterization and Antioxidant Activities of Polysaccharides from Semen Juglandis. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101335. [PMID: 27735839 PMCID: PMC6273325 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimization extraction process, preliminary characterization and antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Semen Juglandis (SJP) were studied in this paper. Based on the Box-Behnken experimental design and response surface methodology, the optimal extraction conditions for the SJP extraction were obtained as follows: temperature 88 °C, extraction time 125 min and ratio of liquid to solid 31 mL/g. Under these conditions, experimental extraction yield of SJP was (5.73 ± 0.014)% (n = 5), similar to the predicted value of 5.78%. Furtherly, the purified SJP obtained from SJP extract by DEAE-52 and Sephacryl S-100 chromatography was analyzed to be rhamnose, galacturonic acid, galactose, arabinose and fucose in the molar ratio of 1:6.34:1.38:3.21:1.56. And the weight-average molecular weight and radius of gyration of the purified SJP in 0.1 M NaCl were determined to be 2.76 × 104 g/mol and 122 nm by SEC-MALLS, respectively. More importantly, it exhibited appreciable antioxidant activities compared to the standard Vc, such as DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50 0.21 mg/mL), strong reducing power, ABTS radical scavenging activity (IC50 0.29 mg/mL), and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (IC50 0.38 mg/mL). These results indicate that SJP may be useful for developing functional health products or natural antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyong Ren
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Liang He
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Yanbin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Hangzhou 310023, China.
| | - Junwen Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biological and Chemical Utilization of Zhejiang Forest Resources, Department of Forest Foods, Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Hangzhou 310023, China.
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Li F, Gao J, Xue F, Yu X, Shao T. Extraction Optimization, Purification and Physicochemical Properties of Polysaccharides from Gynura medica. Molecules 2016; 21:397. [PMID: 27023496 PMCID: PMC6273717 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21040397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraction of polysaccharides from Gynura medica (GMPs) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). A central composition design including three parameters, namely extraction temperature (X1), ratio of water to raw material (X2) and extraction time (X3), was used. The best conditions were extraction temperature of 91.7 °C, extraction time of 4.06 h and ratio of water to raw material of 29.1 mL/g. Under the optimized conditions, the yield of GMPs was 5.56%, which was similar to the predicted polysaccharides yield of 5.66%. A fraction named GMP-1 was obtained after isolation and purification by DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography, respectively. GMP-1, with a molecular weight of 401 kDa, mainly consisted of galacturonic acid (GalA), xylose (Xyl), glucose (Glu). Infrared spectroscopy was used to characterize the major functional groups of GMP-1 and the results indicated that it was an acidic polysaccharide. The antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of GMPs and GMP-1 were determined in vitro. The results indicated that GMPs and GMP-1 show potential for use in functional foods or medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengwei Li
- College of Prataculture Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yan Cheng Institute of Technology, Yan Cheng 224051, China.
| | - Jian Gao
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yan Cheng Institute of Technology, Yan Cheng 224051, China.
| | - Feng Xue
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yan Cheng Institute of Technology, Yan Cheng 224051, China.
| | - Xiaohong Yu
- School of Marine and Bioengineering, Yan Cheng Institute of Technology, Yan Cheng 224051, China.
| | - Tao Shao
- College of Prataculture Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Imbs TI, Ermakova SP, Malyarenko Vishchuk OS, Isakov VV, Zvyagintseva TN. Structural elucidation of polysaccharide fractions from the brown alga Coccophora langsdorfii and in vitro investigation of their anticancer activity. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 135:162-8. [PMID: 26453864 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Laminaran, fucoidan, and alginate were isolated from the brown alga Coccophora langsdorfii collected in the Japan Sea. The structural characteristics of polysaccharides were investigated by NMR spectroscopy. The laminaran was determined as β-d-glucan, which consisted of 80% of 1,3- and 20% of 1,6-linked residues and was terminated with mannitol. The alginate was a guluronic acid-rich polysaccharide (M/G=0.85). Fucoidan, sulfated α-l-fucan, contained a linear backbone of alternating (1→3)- and (1→4)- linked α-l-fucopyranose residues with sulfate at C2 and C4 of (1→3)-α-l-fucopyranose residues. Anticancer activity of this fucoidan was investigated in comparison with activity of fucoidan having similar linear backbone from the brown alga Fucus evanescens. The fucoidan from C. langsdorfii significantly inhibited colony formation of SK-MEL-5 and SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells (the percentage of inhibition was 28 and 76, respectively) and weakly inhibited colony formation of breast adenocarcinoma cells MDA-MB-231 (the percentage of inhibition was about 5). Similar results were obtained for fucoidan from F. evanescens; the percentage of inhibition of colony formation of SK-MEL-5 and SK-MEL-28 melanoma cells was 54 and 56, respectively. The inhibition of colony formation of breast adenocarcinoma cells MDA-MB-231 was weak. We suppose that other sulfated and partially acetylated fucoidans consisting of (1→3)- and (1→4)-linked α-l-fucopyranose residues may suppress progression of melanoma cell colony formation similar to fucoidans of C. langsdorfii and F. evanescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana I Imbs
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 159, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 690022, Russia.
| | - Svetlana P Ermakova
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 159, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 690022, Russia
| | - Olesya S Malyarenko Vishchuk
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 159, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 690022, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Isakov
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 159, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 690022, Russia
| | - Tatiana N Zvyagintseva
- G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Laboratory of Enzyme Chemistry, Far-Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, 159, Prospect 100-let Vladivostoku 690022, Russia
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Lorbeer AJ, Lahnstein J, Bulone V, Nguyen T, Zhang W. Multiple-response optimization of the acidic treatment of the brown alga Ecklonia radiata for the sequential extraction of fucoidan and alginate. Bioresour Technol 2015; 197:302-9. [PMID: 26342343 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the acidic treatment of the brown alga Ecklonia radiata in order to extract fucoidan and facilitate the efficient sequential extraction of alginates. Response surface methodology was used to determine the effects of the temperature, pH, and duration of the acidic treatment on fucoidan yield, alginate extractability, and the molecular weight of sequentially extracted alginates. Desirability functions were then used to predict the best overall combinations of responses. The most desirable compromise allowed for the recovery of a fucoidan-rich fraction with a yield of 3.75% (w/w of alga) and the sequential extraction of alginates having an average molecular weight of 730kDa at a yield of 44% (w/w of alga), with low cross-contamination between the products. The optimized acidic treatment could form the basis of an industrial biorefinery process for the production of both fucoidan and alginate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew John Lorbeer
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Jelle Lahnstein
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Vincent Bulone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Cell Walls, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5064, Australia
| | - Trung Nguyen
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Wei Zhang
- Centre for Marine Bioproducts Development, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia; Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia.
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Nie S, Wang S, Qin C, Yao S, Ebonka JF, Song X, Li K. Removal of hexenuronic acid by xylanase to reduce adsorbable organic halides formation in chlorine dioxide bleaching of bagasse pulp. Bioresour Technol 2015; 196:413-7. [PMID: 26263004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Xylanase-aided chlorine dioxide bleaching of bagasse pulp was investigated. The pulp was pretreated with xylanase and followed a chlorine dioxide bleaching stage. The ATR-FTIR and XPS were employed to determine the surface chemistry of the control pulp, xylanase treated and chlorine dioxide treated pulps. The hexenuronic acid (HexA) could obviously be reduced after xylanase pretreatment, and the adsorbable organic halides (AOX) were reduced after chlorine dioxide bleaching. Compared to the control pulp, AOX could be reduced by 21.4-26.6% with xylanase treatment. Chlorine dioxide demand could be reduced by 12.5-22% to achieve the same brightness. The ATR-FTIR and XPS results showed that lignin and hemicellulose (mainly HexA) were the main source for AOX formation. Xylanase pretreatment could remove HexA and expose more lignin, which decreased the chlorine dioxide demand and thus reduced formation of AOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangxi Nie
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Chengrong Qin
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangquan Yao
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Johnbull Friday Ebonka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada
| | - Xueping Song
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada.
| | - Kecheng Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B5A3, Canada
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12
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Rhein-Knudsen N, Ale MT, Meyer AS. Seaweed hydrocolloid production: an update on enzyme assisted extraction and modification technologies. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:3340-59. [PMID: 26023840 PMCID: PMC4483632 DOI: 10.3390/md13063340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Agar, alginate, and carrageenans are high-value seaweed hydrocolloids, which are used as gelation and thickening agents in different food, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological applications. The annual global production of these hydrocolloids has recently reached 100,000 tons with a gross market value just above US$ 1.1 billion. The techno-functional properties of the seaweed polysaccharides depend strictly on their unique structural make-up, notably degree and position of sulfation and presence of anhydro-bridges. Classical extraction techniques include hot alkali treatments, but recent research has shown promising results with enzymes. Current methods mainly involve use of commercially available enzyme mixtures developed for terrestrial plant material processing. Application of seaweed polysaccharide targeted enzymes allows for selective extraction at mild conditions as well as tailor-made modifications of the hydrocolloids to obtain specific functionalities. This review provides an update of the detailed structural features of κ-, ι-, λ-carrageenans, agars, and alginate, and a thorough discussion of enzyme assisted extraction and processing techniques for these hydrocolloids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna Rhein-Knudsen
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Marcel Tutor Ale
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Anne S Meyer
- Center for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Søltofts Plads, Building 229, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark.
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13
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Sellimi S, Younes I, Ayed HB, Maalej H, Montero V, Rinaudo M, Dahia M, Mechichi T, Hajji M, Nasri M. Structural, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of sodium alginate isolated from a Tunisian brown seaweed. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 72:1358-67. [PMID: 25453289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
An original sodium alginate from Tunisian seaweed (Cystoseira barbata) was purified and characterized by circular dichroism (CD) and ATR-FTIR spectroscopies. ATR-FTIR spectrum of C. barbata sodium alginate (CBSA) showed the characteristic bands of mannuronic (M) and guluronic acids (G). The M/G ratio was estimated by CD (M/G = 0.59) indicating that CBSA was composed of 37% mannuronic acid and 63% guluronic acid. The analysis of viscosity of CBSA showed evidence of pseudoplastic fluid behaviour. The emulsifying capacity of CBSA was evaluated at different concentrations (0.25-3%), temperatures (25-100 °C) and pH (3.0-11.0). Compared to most commercial emulsifiers, the emulsion formulated by CBSA was found to be less sensitive to temperature changes and more stable at acidic pH. CBSA was examined for antioxidant properties using various antioxidant assays. CBSA exhibited important DPPH radical-scavenging activity (74% inhibition at a concentration of 0.5 mg/ml) and considerable ferric reducing potential. Effective hydroxyl-radical scavenging activity (82% at a concentration of 5 mg/ml) and potent protection activity against DNA breakage were also recorded for CBSA. However, in the linoleate-β-carotene system, CBSA exerted moderate antioxidant activity (60% at a concentration of 1.5 mg/ml). Therefore, CBSA can be used as a natural ingredient in food industry or in the pharmaceutical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrine Sellimi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Islem Younes
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hanen Ben Ayed
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Hana Maalej
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Veronique Montero
- Laboratoire de Glycochimie et Reconnaissance Moléculaire, UMR 5032, Université Montpellier II, ENSCM, 8, rue de l'Ecole-Normale, 34296 Montpellier cedex, France
| | | | - Mostefa Dahia
- Département de Biologie, Faculté des sciences de la nature et de la vie, Université de Djelfa, Algeria
| | - Tahar Mechichi
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Hajji
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Nasri
- Laboratoire de Génie Enzymatique et de Microbiologie, Université de Sfax, Ecole Nationale d'Ingénieurs de Sfax, B.P. 1173-3038 Sfax, Tunisia
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14
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Bertagnolli C, Espindola APDM, Kleinübing SJ, Tasic L, da Silva MGC. Sargassum filipendula alginate from Brazil: seasonal influence and characteristics. Carbohydr Polym 2014; 111:619-23. [PMID: 25037396 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work is focused on the extraction and characterization of the Brazilian seaweed Sargassum filipendula alginate. Alginates obtained at different seasons were characterized by liquid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The alginate extraction efficiency was about 20%. Different seasons of the year and different stages in the life cycle of Sargassum sp. in southeastern Brazil influenced the M/G and, consequently, the technological properties of extracted alginates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Bertagnolli
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula D M Espindola
- Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Ljubica Tasic
- Organic Chemistry Department, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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15
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Pérez-López P, Balboa EM, González-García S, Domínguez H, Feijoo G, Moreira MT. Comparative environmental assessment of valorization strategies of the invasive macroalgae Sargassum muticum. Bioresour Technol 2014; 161:137-48. [PMID: 24698741 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The invasive brown seaweed Sargassum muticum (Yendo) exhibits a significant content of phenolic compounds, polysaccharides and fucoxanthin, with potential biological activities. In this study, four valorization strategies for S. muticum biomass were compared under a life cycle perspective. Depending on the alternative, three products were obtained: sodium alginate, antioxidant extract and fucoxanthin-containing extract. Regardless of the approach, the combined extraction of alginate and antioxidant from wet algae constituted the most efficient scenario. Among the stages, supercritical extraction of fucoxanthin and non-isothermal autohydrolysis were identified as the major environmental burdens due to electricity consumption. Although changes in product distribution fairly affected the environmental impacts of the scenarios, the single extraction of antioxidant fraction and the integral valorization to obtain fucoxanthin, alginate and antioxidant were only competitive when considering a functional unit based on the value of the products through an economic allocation approach instead of the amount of valorized algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Pérez-López
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Elena M Balboa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Sara González-García
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Herminia Domínguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Gumersindo Feijoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Teresa Moreira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Technology, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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16
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Sarithakumari CH, Kurup GM. Alginic acid isolated from Sargassum wightii exhibits anti-inflammatory potential on type II collagen induced arthritis in experimental animals. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:1108-15. [PMID: 24444809 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory potential of alginic acid isolated from the brown algae Sargassum wightii in type II collagen induced arthritic rats, a well established arthritic model that resembles more closely to human rheumatoid arthritis in its clinical, pathological, immunological and histological aspects. Type II collagen induced arthritic rats showed increased activities of inflammatory marker enzymes like cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), lipoxygenase (5-LOX), xanthine oxidase (XO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) along with increased concentration of rheumatoid factor (RF), ceruloplasmin and C-reactive protein (CRP). Treatment with alginic acid significantly reduced the activities of COX-2 and 5-LOX along with reduction in MPO, XO, RF and CRP. Alginic acid treatment reverted to the altered levels of hematological parameters like RBC count, WBC count and ESR in arthritic rats. Concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines like IL-1 β, TNF α and IL-6 were significantly higher in arthritic rats which were reduced on treatment with alginic acid. Increased activities of lysosomal enzymes that manifest the systemic damage during arthritis were significantly reduced by the treatment with alginic acid which indicates the reduction in the rupture and degradation of connective tissue. Histopathology of knee joint tissues showed that extensive bone degradation and synovial hyperplasia along with infiltrating cells and treatment with alginic acid reversed the histopathological changes which indicate the protective potential of alginic acid in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Sarithakumari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala 695881, India
| | - G Muraleedhara Kurup
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Trivandrum, Kerala 695881, India.
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17
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Sarithakumari CH, Renju GL, Kurup GM. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of alginic acid isolated from the marine algae, Sargassum wightii on adjuvant-induced arthritic rats. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 21:261-8. [PMID: 23179138 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-012-0159-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of alginic acid isolated from brown algae Sargassum wightii in arthritic rats. Arthritis was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by intradermal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant into the right hind paw, produce inflammation of the joint tissue. Paw edema volume, enzymes linked to inflammation such as cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and myeloperoxidase, and the level of ceruloplasmin, C-reactive protein and rheumatoid factor were evaluated in all the experimental groups. Oxidative stress during inflammation was analyzed by estimating lipid peroxidation and the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and non-enzymatic antioxidant, reduced glutathione. Alginic acid treatment (100 mg/kg) in arthritic rats exhibited reduced paw edema volume along with reduced activities of enzymes such as cyclooxygenase, lipoxygenase and myeloperoxidase. Reduction in the level of C-reactive protein, ceruloplasmin and rheumatoid factor were also observed in arthritic rats treated with alginic acid along with reduced lipid peroxidation and enhanced activities of antioxidant enzymes, which suggest the antioxidant potential of the compound. Histopathological analysis of paw tissue showed that alginic acid treatment reduced paw edema and inflammatory infiltration in arthritic rats. Overall results suggest that alginic acid isolated from Sargassum wightii exhibits potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity, and can develop this marine alga as an alternative source for therapy and can be used as a drug candidate for the development of anti-inflammatory agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Sarithakumari
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Kerala, Kariavattom Campus, Thiruvananthapuram, 695581, Kerala, India
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18
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Lins KOAL, Vale ML, Ribeiro RA, Costa-Lotufo LV. Proinflammatory activity of an alginate isolated from Sargassum vulgare. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 92:414-20. [PMID: 23218314 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alginates are unbranched polymers of polysaccharide presented as the structural components of marine brown algae. The proinflammatory activity of SVHV, an alginate isolated from Sargassum vulgare, was investigated using models of paw edema, mast cells degranulation and neutrophil migration in vivo. SVHV induced a dose dependent paw edema, with a peak at 2 h, associated with an increased myeloperoxidase activity and production of TNF-α and IL-1β. Pharmacological modulators, remarkably dexamethasone and indomethacin, inhibited the edema. SVHV (1.0 mg) also led to a significant induction of neutrophil migration in the peritoneal cavity of rats. This neutrophil migration was significantly reduced by peritoneal resident macrophages depletion, but was not affected by the depletion of mast cells. Our data suggest that SVHV has proinflammatory activity dependent of the activation of resident cells, being the macrophages the main cells involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kézia O A L Lins
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, PO Box 3157, 60430-270 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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19
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Lin YM, Bassin JP, van Loosdrecht MCM. The contribution of exopolysaccharides induced struvites accumulation to ammonium adsorption in aerobic granular sludge. Water Res 2012; 46:986-92. [PMID: 22209260 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.11.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic granular sludge from a lab-scale reactor with simultaneous nitrification/denitrification and enhanced biological phosphorus removal processes exhibited significant amount of ammonium adsorption (1.5 mg NH4+-N/g TSS at an ammonium concentration of 30 mg N/L). Potassium release accompanied ammonium adsorption, indicating an ion exchange process. The existence of potassium magnesium phosphate (K-struvite) as one of potassium sources in the granular sludge was studied by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Artificially prepared K-struvite was indeed shown to adsorb ammonium. Alginate-like exopolysaccharides were isolated and their inducement for struvite formation was investigated as well. Potassium magnesium phosphate proved to be a major factor for ammonium adsorption on the granular sludge. Struvites (potassium/ammonium magnesium phosphate) accumulate in aerobic granular sludge due to inducing of precipitation by alginate-like exopolysaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Lin
- Department of biotechnology, Delft university of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628BC Delft, The Netherlands.
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20
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Bandyopadhyay SS, Navid MH, Ghosh T, Schnitzler P, Ray B. Structural features and in vitro antiviral activities of sulfated polysaccharides from Sphacelaria indica. Phytochemistry 2011; 72:276-83. [PMID: 21167536 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many viruses display affinity for cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans with biological relevance to virus entry. This raises the possibility of the application of sulfated polysaccharides in antiviral therapy. In this study, we have analyzed xylogalactofucan- and alginic acid-containing fractions from Sphacelaria indica, a marine alga. The xylogalactofucan that has apparent molecular mass of 26±5 kDa and negative specific rotation [α](D)(32) -71° (c 0.2, H(2)O) contains, inter alia, (1→3)-linked L-fucopyranosyl and D-galactopyranosyl residues. The algin (molecular mass: 21±5kDa) contains 41% guluronic and 59% mannuronic acid residues. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of these macromolecules and their chemically sulfated derivatives against herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) were in the range of 0.6-10 μg ml(-1) and they lacked cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 200 μg ml(-1). The antiviral activity was dependent on the sulfate contents of the polysaccharides. The results support the feasibility of inhibiting HSV infection by direct interaction of polysaccharides with viral particles.
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21
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Giunter EA, Ovodov IS. [Pectin substances of the callus culture of Silene vulgaris (M.) G]. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol 2011; 47:90-94. [PMID: 21442925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pectin-protein fraction SVC was isolated from the callus culture of the bladder campion (Silene vulgaris). The main components in it were residues of D-galacturonic acid, galactose, arabinose, rhamnose, and protein. Using ion-exchange chromatography, ultrafiltration, and acid and enzymatic hydrolysis, it was shown that SVC contained a mixture of molecules of linear pectin, branched pectin polysaccharide, and pectin-protein polymer. A fragment of the linear chain of galacturonan amounted to more than half of the entire carbohydrate silenan chain. The branched area of the macromolecule is represented by rhamnogalacturonan I. The pectin-protein polymer consisted mainly of protein and weakly branched pectin fragments with molecular mass of more than 300 kDa.
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Chen YY, Ji W, Du JR, Yu DK, He Y, Yu CX, Li DS, Zhao CY, Qiao KY. Preventive effects of low molecular mass potassium alginate extracted from brown algae on DOCA salt-induced hypertension in rats. Biomed Pharmacother 2010; 64:291-5. [PMID: 19932586 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2009.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Accepted: 09/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Available evidence indicates that brown algae may be beneficial for the treatment of high blood pressure. Our recent study demonstrated that low molecular mass potassium alginate (L-PA), one of the major polysaccharides extracted from brown algae, decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) in spontaneous hypertensive rats. The present study investigated the effects of L-PA on deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA) salt-induced hypertension in rats. Hypertension was induced by biweekly subcutaneous injections of 50mg/kg DOCA plus 1% NaCl in drinking water. The control group received saline injections. L-PA (250 or 500 mg/kg), KCl (239 mg/kg), or volume-matched solvent was administered orally once daily for 30 days. DOCA salt administration significantly increased SBP, sodium excretion, serum sodium content, circulating plasma volume (CPV), plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) content, heart and renal weight indices, and mortality and decreased plasma aldosterone (ALD) and serum potassium levels in the vehicle-treated DOCA salt group compared with the control group. However, L-PA dose-dependently normalized the above changes induced by DOCA salt, with the exception of further increasing sodium excretion, while KCl did not affect the changes caused by DOCA salt, with the exception of slightly ameliorating hypokalemia and mortality. These findings suggest that L-PA may offer a novel form of potassium supplementation with greater antihypertensive and sodium excretion actions than KCl and may likely be beneficial for the primary prevention and treatment of hypertension and its cardiovascular sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics, Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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23
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Mollaei M, Abdollahpour S, Atashgahi S, Abbasi H, Masoomi F, Rad I, Lotfi AS, Zahiri HS, Vali H, Noghabi KA. Enhanced phenol degradation by Pseudomonas sp. SA01: gaining insight into the novel single and hybrid immobilizations. J Hazard Mater 2010; 175:284-292. [PMID: 19883975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, Pseudomonas sp. SA01 cells were immobilized in a series of singular and hybrid immobilization techniques to achieve enhanced phenol removal. The singular immobilization strategies consisted of various concentrations of alginate (2-4%) and pectin (3-5%), while the hybrid strategies incorporated polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-alginate and glycerol-alginate beads and alginate-chitosan-alginate (ACA) capsules. Immobilization protected cells against phenol and resulted in remarkable reduction (65%) in degradation time by cells immobilized in either alginate (3%) beads, in a hybrid PVA-alginate beads, or in ACA capsules compared to freely suspended cells. Cells immobilized in PVA-alginate and ACA provided the best performance in experiments using elevated phenol concentrations, up to 2000 mg/L, with complete degradation of 2000 mg/L phenol after 100 and 110 h, respectively. Electron microscopy examination indicated that cell loading capacity was increased in PVA-alginate hybrid beads through reduced cell leakage, resulting in higher activity of PVA-alginate hybrid beads compared to all other immobilization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monir Mollaei
- National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), P.O. Box 14155-6343, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang HL, Lin YM, Wang L. [Cu2+ biosorption by bacterial alginate extracted from aerobic granules and its mechanism investigation]. Huan Jing Ke Xue 2010; 31:731-737. [PMID: 20358835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The biosorption characteristic of copper ions onto dried Ca-alginate made of bacterial alginate extracted from aerobic granules was investigated in batch system. The biosorption rate of Cu2+ onto the alginate, effects of pH and alginate dosage on Cu2+ biosorption capacity and adsorption isotherm were analyzed. The biosorption of Cu2+ onto the dried Ca-alginate was a rapid process. The maximum Cu2+ uptake was 67.67 mg/g at pH 4, initial Cu2+ concentration of 100 mg/L, dried Ca-alginate dosage 0.7 g/L. Accumulation of Cu2+ followed Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Cu2+ adsorption was accompanied by Ca2+ releasing from the dried Ca-alginate and H+ uptake, indicating that the ion exchange between Cu2+ and Ca2+ requires H+ for charge balance. FT-IR secondary derivative spectra and atomic force microscopy analysis gave proof that, the reaction of MG blocks in dried Ca-alginate with Cu2+ and Ca+ were different. Cu2+ may form complex with MG blocks, leading to a much more ordered structure on the surface of the dried Ca-alginate. The dried Ca-alginate bio-adsorbent was regenerated by 100 mmol/L HCI with 91% Cu2+ recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-ling Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
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25
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Gomez CG, Pérez Lambrecht MV, Lozano JE, Rinaudo M, Villar MA. Influence of the extraction-purification conditions on final properties of alginates obtained from brown algae (Macrocystis pyrifera). Int J Biol Macromol 2009; 44:365-71. [PMID: 19428468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2009] [Accepted: 02/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this work, three methods (ethanol, HCl, and CaCl(2) routes) of sodium alginate extraction-purification from brown seaweeds (Macrocystis pyrifera) were used in order to study the influence of process conditions on final properties of the polymer. In the CaCl(2) route, was found that the precipitation step in presence of calcium ions followed by proton-exchange in acid medium clearly gives alginates with the lowest molecular weight and poor mechanical properties. It is well known that the acid treatment degrade the ether bonds on the polymeric chain. Ethanol route displayed the best performance, where the highest yield and rheological properties were attained with the lowest number of steps. Although the polymer I.1 showed a molar mass and polydispersity index (M(w)/M(n)) similar to those of commercial sample, its mechanical properties were lower. This performance is related to the higher content of guluronic acid in the commercial alginate, which promotes a more successful calcium chelation. Moreover, the employment of pH 4 in the acid pre-treatment improved the yield of the ethanol route, avoiding the ether linkage hydrolysis. Therefore, samples I.2 and I.3 displayed a higher M(w) and a narrower distribution of molecular weights than commercial sample, which gave a higher viscosity and better viscoelastic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- César G Gomez
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química, PLAPIQUI (UNS-CONICET), Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, (8000) Bahía Blanca, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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26
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Das D, Mondal S, Maiti D, Roy SK, Islam SS. Structural characterization of dietary fiber of green chalcumra (Benincasa hispida) fruit by NMR spectroscopic analysis. Nat Prod Commun 2009; 4:547-552. [PMID: 19476003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
A water-soluble dietary fiber was isolated from the hot aqueous extract of Chalcumra (Benincasa hispida) fruit. The polysaccharide was found to contain D-galactose and D-methyl galacturonate in a molar ratio of 2:1. On the basis of acid hydrolysis, methylation analysis, periodate oxidation, and NMR spectroscopic studies (1H, 13C, TOCSY, DQF-COSY, NOESY, ROESY, HMQC, and HMBC), the repeating unit of the polysaccharide was established as -->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->4)-beta-D-Galp-(1-->2)-alpha-D-GalpA6Me-( 1-->.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debsankar Das
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India
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27
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Vauchel P, Le Roux K, Leroux K, Kaas R, Arhaliass A, Baron R, Legrand J. Kinetics modeling of alginate alkaline extraction from Laminaria digitata. Bioresour Technol 2009; 100:1291-6. [PMID: 18849163 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Alginates being depolymerized during their alkaline extraction, reducing extraction time could help producing higher rheological quality alginates. The purpose of the present work is to study fresh Laminaria digitata destructuration during alkaline extraction and its link to extraction kinetics. Both alginate extraction yield and mean diameter of algae particles were followed for different values of agitation level and initial size of algae pieces. Results highlighted the existence of a link between extraction yield and algal destructuration. Those elements and the specificity of L.digitata structure have been taken into account to propose a kinetics model based on a fluid-particle reaction with decreasing size particles. The model parameters have been adjusted thanks to acquisition data and its predictive capacity was assessed by validation data. Provided predictions appeared to be relevant and the model structure suitability was confirmed, as extraction yield kinetics specific shape was quite reliably described.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vauchel
- Département Sciences et Techniques Alimentaires Marines, IFREMER, Nantes Cedex 03, France.
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28
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Torres MR, Sousa APA, Silva Filho EAT, Melo DF, Feitosa JPA, de Paula RCM, Lima MGS. Extraction and physicochemical characterization of Sargassum vulgare alginate from Brazil. Carbohydr Res 2007; 342:2067-74. [PMID: 17585891 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2007.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2006] [Revised: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alginate fractions from Sargassum vulgare brown seaweed were characterized by (1)H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy and by rheological measurements. The alginate extraction conditions were investigated. In order to carry out the structural and physicochemical characterization, samples extracted for 1 and 5h at 60 degrees C were further purified by re-precipitation with ethanol and denoted as SVLV (S. vulgare low viscosity) and SVHV (S. vulgare high viscosity), respectively. The M/G ratio values for SVLV and SVHV were 1.56 and 1.27, respectively, higher than the ratio for most Sargassum spp. alginates (0.19-0.82). The homopolymeric blocks F(GG) and F(MM) of these fractions characterized by (1)H NMR spectroscopy were 0.43 and 0.55 for SVHV and 0.36 and 0.58 for SVLV samples, respectively, these values typically being within 0.28-0.77 and 0.07-0.41, respectively. Therefore, the alginate samples from S. vulgare are much richer in mannuronic block structures than those from other Sargassum species. Values of M(w) for alginate samples were also calculated using intrinsic viscosity data. The M(w) value for SVLV (1.94 x 10(5)g/mol) was lower than that for SVHV (3.3 x 10(5)g/mol). Newtonian behavior was observed for a solution concentration as high as 0.7% for SVLV, while for SVHV the solutions behaved as a Newtonian fluid up to 0.5%. The optimal conditions for obtaining the alginates from S. vulgare were 60 degrees C and 5h extraction. Under these conditions, a more viscous alginate in higher yield was extracted from the seaweed biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia R Torres
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, CP 6020, CEP 60455-760, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Alasonati E, Benincasa MA, Slaveykova VI. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation coupled to multiangle laser light scattering detector: optimization of crossflow rate, carrier characteristics, and injected mass in alginate separation. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:2332-40. [PMID: 17683047 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The coupling of the flow field-flow fractionation (FlFFF) to differential refractive index (DRI) and multiangle laser light scattering (LS) detectors is a powerful tool for characterizing charged polysaccharides such as alginate. However, the correct interpretation of the experimental results and extrapolation of meaningful molecular parameters by using an analytical tool with such a level of complexity requires improvement of the knowledge of the alginate behavior in the channel and careful optimization of the operating conditions. Therefore, the influence of the critical operating parameters, such as crossflow rate, carrier composition and concentration, and sample load, on the alginate retention was carefully evaluated. Combined information obtained simultaneously by DRI and LS detectors over the wide range of the crossflow rate, carrier liquid concentration, and injected amount, allowed to set the appropriate combination of optimal parameters. It was found that the crossflow rate of 0.25 mL/min, carrier solution containing 5x10(-2 )mol/L ammonium or sodium chloride, and 50-100 microg of injected sample mass were necessary to achieve complete separation and determination of the meaningful molecular characteristics. The values of the weight-average hydrodynamic radius (R(Hw)), radius of gyration (R(G)), and molar mass (M), obtained under the optimal conditions were in good agreement to those found for alginates in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrica Alasonati
- Environmental Biophysical Chemistry, ISTE-ENAC, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland. Fax: +41-21-693-37-39
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Abstract
Replacing dysfunctional endocrine tissues (eg, islets) with healthy, nonautologous material protected against the immune defense of the patient could soon become a reality. Recent advances have resulted in the development of alginate-based microcapsules that meet the demands of biocompatibility, long-term integrity, and function. Focus on the development of good manufacturing practice-conforming microfluidic chip technology for generation of immunoisolated transplants and on cryopreservation technology will bring the cell-based therapy to the market and clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Zimmermann
- Lehrstuhl für Biotechnologie, Biozentrum, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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31
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Zandleven J, Sørensen SO, Harholt J, Beldman G, Schols HA, Scheller HV, Voragen AJ. Xylogalacturonan exists in cell walls from various tissues of Arabidopsis thaliana. Phytochemistry 2007; 68:1219-26. [PMID: 17336350 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Evidence is presented for the presence of xylogalacturonan (XGA) in Arabidopsis thaliana. This evidence was obtained by extraction of pectin from the seeds, root, stem, young leaves and mature leaves of A. thaliana, followed by treatment of these pectin extracts with xylogalacturonan hydrolase (XGH). Upon enzymatic treatment, XGA oligosaccharides were primarily produced from pectin extracts obtained from the young and mature leaves and to a lesser extent from those originating from the stem of A. thaliana. The oligosaccharide GalA(3)Xyl was predominantly formed from these pectin extracts. No XGA oligosaccharides were detected in digests of pectin extracts from the seeds and roots. A low number of XGA oligosaccharides was obtained from pectins of A. thaliana. This indicates a uniform distribution of xylose in XGA from A. thaliana. The predominant production of GalA(3)Xyl, as well as the release of linear GalA oligosaccharides pointed to a lower degree of xylose substitution in XGA from A. thaliana than in XGA from apple and potato. The estimated amount of XGA accounted for approximately 2.5%, 7% and 6% (w/w) of the total carbohydrate in the pectin fraction of the stem, young leaves and mature leaves, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris Zandleven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6700 EV Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Peña C, Hernández L, Galindo E. Manipulation of the acetylation degree of Azotobacter vinelandii alginate by supplementing the culture medium with 3-(N-morpholino)-propane-sulfonic acid. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006; 43:200-4. [PMID: 16869905 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2006.01925.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of 3-(N-morpholino)-propane-sulfonic acid (MOPS) on alginate production by Azotobacter vinelandii and its chemical composition (particularly its acetylation degree), as well as on the rheological behaviour of alginate-reconstituted solutions. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultures were grown in 500-ml flasks containing 90 ml of medium supplemented with MOPS in concentrations ranging from 0 to 13.6 mmol l(-1). The acetylation degree of the alginate was significantly influenced by the MOPS concentration, obtaining an alginate with an acetylation degree of 1.4% when 13.6 mmol l(-1) of MOPS was added to the medium. This value was twice as high as that obtained when no MOPS was used. The higher acetylation of the polymer resulted in higher viscosity of alginate solutions, having a more pronounced pseudoplastic behaviour. CONCLUSIONS MOPS added to the culture medium determines the acetyl content of the alginate and thus, the physico-chemical properties of the polymer. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY These changes in the functional properties of the polymer can be very valuable in specific applications of alginate in the food and pharmaceutical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Peña
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelos.
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Kawahara K, Sato N, Tsuge K, Seto Y. Confirmation of the anomeric structure of galacturonic acid in the galacturonosyl-ceramide of Sphingomonas yanoikuyae. Microbiol Immunol 2006; 50:67-71. [PMID: 16428876 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2006.tb03763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anomeric structure of glycosphingolipids significantly influences their activity to stimulate natural killer T cells. In this study the chemical structure of the galacturonosyl-ceramide in Sphingomonas yanoikuyae, designated GSL-1'sy, was re-examined to prove the anomeric structure of the Dgalacturonic acid (GalA) in the lipid, which was reported as beta-configuration by Naka et al., but was suggested as alpha-configuration in our preliminary study. GSL-1'sy was purified from the bacterial cells with the same procedure as Naka et al. The 1H-NMR analysis of GSL-1'sy revealed that the coupling constant of the anomeric proton of GalA was 3.0 Hz, indicating that GalA in GSL-1'sy is alpha-anomer, the configuration active for the stimulation of natural killer T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyoshi Kawahara
- Department of Applied Material and Life Science, College of Engineering, Kanto Gakuin University, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8501, Japan.
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Boudjeko T, Andème-Onzighi C, Vicré M, Balangé AP, Ndoumou DO, Driouich A. Loss of pectin is an early event during infection of cocoyam roots by Pythium myriotylum. Planta 2006; 223:271-82. [PMID: 16160840 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-005-0090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2005] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) is an important tuber crop in most tropical zones of Africa and America. In Cameroon, its cultivation is hampered by a soil-borne fungus Pythium myriotylum which is responsible for root rot disease. The mechanism of root colonisation by the fungus has yet to be elucidated. In this study, using microscopical and immunocytochemical methods, we provide a new evidence regarding the mode of action of the fungus and we describe the reaction of the plant to the early stages of fungal invasion. We show that the fungal attack begins with the colonisation of the peripheral and epidermal cells of the root apex. These cells are rapidly lost upon infection, while cortical and stele cells are not. Labelling with the cationic gold, which binds to negatively charged wall polymers such as pectins, is absent in cortical cells and in the interfacial zone of the infected roots while it is abundant in the cell walls of stele cells. A similar pattern of labelling is also found when using the anti-pectin monoclonal antibody JIM5, but not with anti-xyloglucan antibodies. This suggests that early during infection, the fungus causes a significant loss of pectin probably via degradation by hydrolytic enzymes that diffuse and act away from the site of attack. Additional support for pectin loss is the demonstration, via sugar analysis, that a significant decrease in galacturonic acid content occurred in infected root cell walls. In addition, we demonstrate that one of the early reactions of X. sagittifolium to the fungal invasion is the formation of wall appositions that are rich in callose and cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaddée Boudjeko
- UMR CNRS 6037, IFRMP 23. Centre Commun de Microscopie Electronique, Université de Rouen, 76821 Mont Saint Aignan, France
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Liu H, Geng M, Xin X, Li F, Zhang Z, Li J, Ding J. Multiple and multivalent interactions of novel anti-AIDS drug candidates, sulfated polymannuronate (SPMG)-derived oligosaccharides, with gp120 and their anti-HIV activities. Glycobiology 2004; 15:501-10. [PMID: 15616125 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwi031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polymannuronate (SPMG), a novel anti-AIDS drug candidate, combats HIV-1 infection mainly by binding to gp120 protein with high affinity. To explore the structural basis of this anti-HIV-1 action, size-defined oligosaccharides were prepared by semi-synthesis or separated from native SPMG. In this study, a series of homogeneously sized SPMG fragments are evaluated for their capacity to bind rgp120 using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis. The minimum SPMG fragment size that interacts with rgp120 is a hexasaccharide. Additionally, binding capacity increases with the molecular size of oligosaccharides, with the affinity of large fragments (> or = 15-16 saccharides) approaching that of full-sized SPMG. Competitive inhibition and stoichiometric analyses disclose that SPMG oligos bind to multiple binding sites on gp120. Sugar chains longer than 15-16 saccharide residues (SPMG) display multivalent interactions, with one sugar chain binding to two or three gp120 molecules. Consistent with binding data, a positive correlation exists between the size of SPMG oligosaccharides and their anti-HIV activity. The octasaccharide is established to be the minimal active fragment inhibiting syncytium formation and lowering the P24 core antigen level in HIV-IIIB-infected CEM cells. Alternatively, about 50% anti-HIV activity was observed for 15-16 saccharides, whereas a 19-20-saccharide fragment displayed anti-HIV activity equivalent to native SPMG. The structures of the unique minimum hexasaccharide specifically recognized by gp120 and the minimum octasaccharide combating HIV-IIIB infection were representatively structured as [ManA (2s)beta1-4 ManA(2s/3s)]n.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, People's Republic of China
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Cobb LM, Mychaleckyj JC, Wozniak DJ, López-Boado YS. Pseudomonas aeruginosaFlagellin and Alginate Elicit Very Distinct Gene Expression Patterns in Airway Epithelial Cells: Implications for Cystic Fibrosis Disease. J Immunol 2004; 173:5659-70. [PMID: 15494517 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection with the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa remains a major health concern. Two P. aeruginosa phenotypes relevant in human disease include motility and mucoidy. Motility is characterized by the presence of flagella and is essential in the establishment of acute infections, while mucoidy, defined by the production of the exopolysaccharide alginate, is critical in the development of chronic infections, such as the infections seen in cystic fibrosis patients. Indeed, chronic infection of the lung by mucoid P. aeruginosa is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in cystic fibrosis patients. We have used Calu-3 human airway epithelial cells to investigate global responses to infection with motile and mucoid P. aeruginosa. The response of airway epithelial cells to exposure to P. aeruginosa motile strains is characterized by a specific increase in gene expression in pathways controlling inflammation and host defense. By contrast, the response of airway epithelia to the stimuli presented by mucoid P. aeruginosa is not proinflammatory and, hence, may not be conducive to the effective elimination of the pathogen. The pattern of gene expression directed by flagellin, but not alginate, includes innate host defense genes, proinflammatory cytokines, and chemokines. By contrast, infection with alginate-producing P. aeruginosa results in an overall attenuation of host responses and an antiapoptotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Cobb
- Department of Internal Medicine (Molecular Medicine), Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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Whale GA, Sutcliffe IC, Morrisson AR, Pretswell EL, Emmison N. Purification and characterisation of lipoglycan macroamphiphiles from Propionibacterium acnes. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2004; 86:77-85. [PMID: 15103239 DOI: 10.1023/b:anto.0000024911.67625.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Lipidated macroamphiphiles such as the lipoteichoic acids and mycobacterial lipoarabinomannans are cell envelope components of Gram-positive bacteria that have been extensively associated with the pathogenesis of disease. In order to study such associations, purification of these macroamphiphiles is essential for resolving their structures and diverse biological effects. We describe herein a method for purification of lipoglycan components from Propionibacterium acnes. This method uses the existing phenol-water extraction, followed by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and an additional purification step that utilises preparative electrophoresis for the separation of two lipoglycan components. Analysis of these lipoglycans revealed evidence for a lipid anchor based on fatty acids whilst the polysaccharide moiety contained significant amounts of mannose, glucose and galactose, together with an amino sugar suspected of being a diaminohexuronic acid. These latter components have been previously identified as components of the P. acnes cell wall polysaccharide. Consequently, it is proposed that there may be a relationship between the structures of these distinctive cell envelope polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Whale
- School of Life Science, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, AB25 1HG, UK.
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Willats WGT, McCartney L, Steele-King CG, Marcus SE, Mort A, Huisman M, van Alebeek GJ, Schols HA, Voragen AGJ, Le Goff A, Bonnin E, Thibault JF, Knox JP. A xylogalacturonan epitope is specifically associated with plant cell detachment. Planta 2004; 218:673-81. [PMID: 14618325 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-003-1147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 09/29/2003] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (LM8) was generated with specificity for xyloglacturonan (XGA) isolated from pea (Pisum sativum L.) testae. Characterization of the LM8 epitope indicates that it is a region of XGA that is highly substituted with xylose. Immunocytochemical analysis indicates that this epitope is restricted to loosely attached inner parenchyma cells at the inner face of the pea testa and does not occur in other cells of the testa. Elsewhere in the pea seedling, the LM8 epitope was found only in association with root cap cell development at the root apex. Furthermore, the LM8 epitope is specifically associated with root cap cells in a range of angiosperm species. In embryogenic carrot suspension cell cultures the epitope is abundant at the surface of cell walls of loosely attached cells in both induced and non-induced cultures. The LM8 epitope is the first cell wall epitope to be identified that is specifically associated with a plant cell separation process that results in complete cell detachment.
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Wang L, Geng M, Li J, Guan H, Ding J. Studies of marine sulfated polymannuroguluronate on endothelial cell proliferation and endothelial immunity and related mechanisms. J Pharmacol Sci 2003; 92:367-73. [PMID: 12939521 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.92.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-proliferation action and enhancement of endothelial cell immunity and related mechanisms by marine sulfated polymannuroguluronate (SPMG) were investigated in the present studies. Endothelial cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression was analyzed by flow cytometry. The interaction of SPMG with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was evaluated by surface plasmon resonance. Results showed that SPMG exhibited a significant inhibitory effect against proliferation in both normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and bFGF-treated HUVEC, the action of which was completely abrogated by bFGF antibody. SPMG exerted high affinity to bFGF in a multivalent pattern, characterized by one molecule SPMG binding to 3 - 4 molecules of bFGF. Moreover, SPMG enhanced ICAM-1 expression in HUVEC and prevented and restored bFGF-treated downregulation of ICAM-1 expression in HUVEC, the expression of which was not counteracted by bFGF antibody. In conclusion, this is the first report demonstrating that SPMG exerted an anti-proliferation effect dependent on the bFGF-regulated pathway and afforded upregulatory activity on ICAM-1 expression regardless of the involvement of bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Wang
- Department of Marine Pharmacology, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of China, China
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40
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Vairappan CS. Bacterial dynamics associated with algal antibacterial substances during post harvest desiccation process of Sargassum stolonifolium Phang et Yoshida. Indian J Exp Biol 2003; 41:837-45. [PMID: 15248481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Brown algae of genus Sargassum are known to produce relatively higher amount of alginic acid. Optimal extraction of this algalcolloid for local consumption requires in-depth studies on post-harvest treatment of the algal fronds. Present investigation endeavors to establish the dynamics and inter-relationship of moisture content and bacteria found on the surface of the alga and alginic acid content during post-harvest desiccation of Sargassum stolonifolium Phang et Yoshida. Harvested fronds were subjected to desiccation for 31 days and bacterial dynamics were monitored with relation to moisture content and water activity index (a(w)). There was 85% decrease in moisture content, however, a(w) showed a more gradual decrease. Total bacterial count increased during the first week and attained maximal value on day 7. Thereafter, a drastic decrease was seen until day 14, followed by a gradual decline. Six species of bacteria were isolated and identified, i.e. Azomonas punctata, Azomonas sp., Escherichia coli, Micrococcus sp., Proteus vulgaris and Vibrio alginolyticus. Calculated ratios for increase in alginic acid content and decrease in moisture content were almost the same throughout the desiccation process, implying that extracellular alginase-producing bacteria did not use the alginic acid produced by the algae as its carbon source. It became apparent that drastic decrease in bacterial count after day 7 could not be attributed to salinity, moisture content, a(w) or lack of carbon source for the bacteria. The possible exposure of these bacteria to algal cell sap which is formed due to the rupture of algal cells was seen as the most likely reason for the drop in bacterial population. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrograph taken on day 10 of desiccation showed the presence of cracks and localities where bacteria were exposed to algal cell sap. In vitro antibacterial tests were carried out to verify the effect of algal extracts. Separation and purification of crude algal extracts via bioassay guided separation methodology revealed the identity of active compounds (i.e. gylcolipids and free fatty acids) involved in this inherently available antibacterial defense mechanism during algal desiccation.
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Garna H, Mabon N, Wathelet B, Paquot M. Combined enzymatic hydrolysis and HPAEC method for simultaneous analysis of galacturonic acid and neutral sugars of pectin. Commun Agric Appl Biol Sci 2003; 68:297-300. [PMID: 15296181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Pectic substances are heteropolysaccharides from plant cell walls, which mainly consist of a homogalacturonan backbone of predominantly alpha-(1-->4) linked galacturonic acid (GalA) residues. This chain is interrupted by ramified rhamnogalacturonan regions with a certain amount of neutral sugars (rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and mannose) present as side-chains. The GalA residues can be methyl-esterified at the carboxyl group. Usually uronic acids of pectin are determined as anhydrogalacturonic acid by spectrophotometry, using the metahydrodiphenyl method (Thibault, 1979), while the monosaccharides are determined by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) after a methanolysis (Quemener and Thibault, 1990) or by Gaz Liquid Chromatography (GLC) as alditol acetates according to Blakeney et al. (1983). In this paper, a combined enzymatic hydrolysis and HPLC method is validated for simultaneous analysis of galacturonic acid and neutral sugars without any derivatisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Garna
- Unité de Chimie Biologique Industrielle, Faculté Universitaire des Sciences Agronomiques de Gembloux, Passage des Deportes, 2 B-5030, Gembloux
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Nakamura A, Furuta H, Maeda H, Takao T, Nagamatsu Y. Analysis of the molecular construction of xylogalacturonan isolated from soluble soybean polysaccharides. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2002; 66:1155-8. [PMID: 12092836 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.66.1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Soluble soybean polysaccharides (SSPS) extracted from soybean cotyledons are acidic polysaccharides, and exhibited a pectin-like structure. After digesting galacturonan with polygalacturonase, two novel galacturonan (GN) fragments, which were directly linked to xylosyl oligosaccharides, were obtained. One consisted of (beta-D-Xyl)7 branched at the C-3 site of 1,4-linked (alpha-D-GalA)4, and the other consisted of (beta-D-Xyl)4 branched at the C-3 site of 1,4-linked (alpha-D-GalA)3.
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Perepelov AV, Senchenkova SN, Cedzynski M, Ziolkowski A, Vinogradov EV, Kaca W, Shashkov AS, Knirel YA. Isolation using triflic acid solvolysis and identification of N(epsilon)-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-N(alpha)-(D-galacturonoyl)-L-lysine as a component of the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O13. Carbohydr Res 2000; 328:441-4. [PMID: 11072853 DOI: 10.1016/s0008-6215(00)00106-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An amino acid was released from the O-specific polysaccharide of Proteus mirabilis O13 by acid hydrolysis and identified as N(epsilon)-[(R)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-lysine by comparison with the authentic sample. An amide of this amino acid with D-galacturonic acid was isolated from the polysaccharide by solvolysis with anhydrous trifluoromethanesulfonic (triflic) acid and characterised by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. These and published data enabled determination of the full structure of the repeating unit of the polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Perepelov
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
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Zhu HB, Geng MY, Guan HS, Zhang JT. Antihypertensive effects of D-polymannuronic sulfate and its related mechanisms in renovascular hypertensive rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2000; 21:727-32. [PMID: 11501182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the antihypertensive effects of D-polymannuronic sulfate (DPS), a kind of sulfated polysaccharide, and the underlying mechanisms in renovascular hypertensive rats (RHR). METHODS Used two-kidney one clip (Goldblatt, 2-K 1C) method to produce RHR model. DPS was given i.v. or ig for 5 wk with the initiation of establishment of RHR. Serum nitric oxide (NO) was determined with NO kit; plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were measured by radioimmumoassays. RESULTS In acute therapeutic experiments, DPS markedly reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) dose-dependently and decreased heart rate (HR) with reduction in arterial blood pressure. In the prophylactic experiments, DPS prevented the rise in SBP and DBP in a dose-dependent manner. The hypotensive potency of DPS 50 mg/kg is comparable to that of captopril (14 mg/kg). Moreover, DPS elevated serum NO contents and lowered plasma concentrations of Ang II and ET-1. CONCLUSION The antihypertensive activities of DPS might be involved both in increasing the generation of nitric oxide and in decreasing the production of angiotensin II and endothelin-1 in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Zhu
- Department of Marine Pharmacology, Marine Drug and Food Institute, Ocean University of Qingdao, Qingdao 266003, China
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Yu C, Leng X, Wei Y, Liu J, Du R. [Effect of alginate purity on microencapsulated hepatocyte overgrowth in peritoneal transplantation]. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 2000; 38:300-2, 19. [PMID: 12828177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTION To study the effect of alginate purity on microcapsule overgrowth in peritoneal transplantation. METHODS Alginate was purified by filtration and chloroform/butanol extraction. Using purified and crude alginate to make two kinds of microencapsulated hepatocytes (MHs), we transplanted 5 ml of each kind of MHs into the peritoneal cavities of rats. After 2 weeks, 1, 2, and 6 months, MHs were washed out to study overgrowth of MH, histology, enzyme and albumin of hepatocytes. Human lymphocytes transformation was measured by 3H-TdR incorporation with two kinds of alginate solutions. RESULTS The amount of retrieved MHs was larger in the purified than in the crude ( P < 0.01). In the purified groups, most hepatocytes had normal features of morphology, enzymatic histochemistry, and albumin immunohistochemistry staining after one month of transplantation, but were damaged in the crude groups only 2 weeks later. Microcapsules were smooth, regular and had no overgrowth during 6 months in the purified but overgrowth one month later after transplantation in the crude. The liquid scintillation counting (cpm) was lower in the purified than in the crude. CONCLUSION The purified alginate could reduce the overgrowth of MH and improve the function of hepatocytes significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yu
- Department of Surgery, People's Hospital, Beijing Medical University, China
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Ridley BL, Spiro MD, Glushka J, Albersheim P, Darvill A, Mohnen D. A method for biotin labeling of biologically active oligogalacturonides using a chemically stable hydrazide linkage. Anal Biochem 1997; 249:10-9. [PMID: 9193702 DOI: 10.1006/abio.1997.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Oligogalacturonides (oligomers of alpha-1,4-D-galacturonic acid) with degrees of polymerization (DP) between 8 and 16 were labeled with biotin using a rapid and simple two-reaction protocol that yields a stable oligogalacturonide derivative. In the first reaction biotin-x-hydrazide was coupled to the anomeric carbon of the reducing galacturonic acid residue by a hydrazone linkage. Carbohydrate-hydrazone linkages such as these have been widely used to label a variety of biomolecules. However, we show herein that the oligogalacturonide-hydrazone linkage is hydrolyzed in water. In the second reaction the hydrazone linkage was reduced with sodium cyanoborohydride to form a stable hydrazide. The stability of hydrazide-linked oligogalacturonides was confirmed using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography (HPAEC). The biotin and uronic acid content of the HPAEC fractions was determined using quantitative colorimetric microplate assays. Electrospray mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy were used to confirm the structure of the HPAEC-purified biotin-derivatized oligogalacturonides. Biotin-derivatized oligogalacturonides will be useful in studies of the biological functions of oligogalacturonides.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Ridley
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens 30602-4712, USA.
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Heyraud A, Gey C, Leonard C, Rochas C, Girond S, Kloareg B. NMR spectroscopy analysis of oligoguluronates and oligomannuronates prepared by acid or enzymatic hydrolysis of homopolymeric blocks of alginic acid. Application to the determination of the substrate specificity of Haliotis tuberculata alginate lyase. Carbohydr Res 1996; 289:11-23. [PMID: 8805773 DOI: 10.1016/0008-6215(96)00060-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The 1H and 13C NMR chemicals shifts of the various saturated and unsaturated timers obtained by acid or enzymatic depolymerisation of homopolymeric blocks of alginates are reported. In addition, 13C NMR chemical shifts are assigned for several saturated oligomers of higher polymerisation degrees. Breakdown of alginate and of homopolymeric alginate blocks by Haliotis tuberculata alginate lyase was monitored with 1H NMR spectroscopy and the signals relevant to the identification of the lyase products are pointed out. The enzymes performs beta-elimination on the mannuronic acid residues, independently of their immediately surrounding neighbours. Application of this approach to the analysis of the substrate specificity of alginate lyases is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Heyraud
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales, C.N.R.S. et Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
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Abstract
The self-induced endogenous elicitor isolated from potato having molecular weight 9200 was degraded with trifluoroacetic acid to determine the sugar composition. The requisite composition of the elicitor was estimated to be a 2:3:4:7 mixture of galactose, rhamnose, arabinose, and galacturonic acid. Furthermore, the structure of oligogalacturonic acid moiety was found to consist mainly of alpha-1,4-pentagalacturonic acid by use of high pH anion exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Monden
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Abstract
Oligogalacturonic acids (OLGAs) ranging from two to nineteen residues in length were separated using high-performance gel filtration chromatography on a silica gel with diol radical. The optimum conditions (eluent, column temperature) for separation of OLGAs by high-performance gel filtration chromatography were investigated. The column used in this experiment allowed a high pressure of 4900 p.s.i. and a flow-rate of 2 ml/min. The stationary phase of silica gel stabilized the separation of OLGAs. The peaks of OLGAs separated using this column were assigned by comparing retention times with standards, and the molecular weights of the corresponding OLGAs were determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Naohara
- Environmental Resources Research Center, Okayama University of Science, Japan
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Hollingsworth RI, Lill-Elghanian DA. Isolation and characterization of the unusual lipopolysaccharide component, 2-amino-2-deoxy-2-N-(27-hydroxyoctacosanoyl)-3-O-(3-hydroxy- tetradecanoyl)-gluco-hexuronic acid, and its de-O-acylation product from the free lipid A of Rhizobium trifolii ANU843. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:14039-42. [PMID: 2760055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new, unusual lipid A components have been isolated and characterized from the free lipid A of Rhizobium trifolii ANU843. 2-Amino-2-deoxy-2-N-(27-hydroxyoctacosanoyl)-3-O-(3-hydroxy- tetradecanoyl)-gluco-hexuronic acid and its de-O-acylation product were purified from the chloroform/methanol extract of a mild acid hydrolysate of the lipopolysaccharide by chromatography on C18 reverse-phase columns and layers. The compositions of the two compounds were determined by releasing the acyl components by exhaustive acid-catalyzed methanolysis and identifying them as their methyl esters by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The sugar component was identified by converting it to the alditol acetate derivative of glucosamine in a two-step reduction and identifying it as such by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The linkages of the fatty acyl components to the sugar residue and the configuration of the sugar component was confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The complete structures of the two compounds were further confirmed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry. It is still unsure whether the de-O-acylated derivative was formed from the di-acyl compound by de-O-acylation during acid hydrolysis. These structures represent the first report of 2-amino-2-deoxy-gluco-hexuronic acid in the free lipid A of a Gram-negative bacterium and confirms our earlier contention (Hollingsworth, R.I., and Carlson, R. W. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264, 9000-9303) of the involvement of 27-hydroxyoctacosanoic acid in the structure of the lipopolysaccharide of Rhizobium trifolii ANU843.
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Affiliation(s)
- R I Hollingsworth
- Department of Biochemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
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