1
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Potential target autoantigens in the demyelinating form of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) include the myelin proteins PMP22, P0 and P2. METHODS We investigated immunoreactivity to P0, P2 and PMP22 proteins in 37 patients with GBS and 32 healthy controls. RESULTS Antibodies to PMP22 or P0 peptides were detected at presentation in only 5 out of 37 patients. In ELISPOT assays, blood mononuclear cells from 15 out of 24 patients with GBS, but none of the control subjects, produced interleukin-10 (IL-10) in response to peptides from proteins P0, P2 or PMP22 (p = 0.0003). The cells from only two patients produced interferon-gamma (IFN gamma). The cells from 11 patients with GBS had increased IL-10 responses to peptides representing sequences from the extracellular domains of PMP22 before intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) treatment (p = 0.006). The cells from 11 patients with GBS, including 7 who responded to the extracellular domains of PMP22, had increased IL-10 responses to the intracellular domain of P0 before (p = 0.005) and those from 9 patients after they had been treated with IVIg (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Antibodies to P0 and PMP22 protein peptides do occur in GBS but are uncommon. Circulating mononuclear cell IFN gamma responses to P0, P2 and PMP22 myelin protein peptides are rare, but IL-10 responses occur significantly more often than in normal subjects. They might be part of a harmful pathogenetic process or represent a regulatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Makowska
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moalem-Taylor G, Allbutt HN, Iordanova MD, Tracey DJ. Pain hypersensitivity in rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis, an animal model of human inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:699-710. [PMID: 17005365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2006] [Revised: 06/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a T cell mediated autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system that serves as an animal model of the acute inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy in Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS). Although pain is a common symptom of GBS occurring in 55-85% of cases, it is often overlooked and the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we examined whether animals with EAN exhibit signs of neuropathic pain including hyperalgesia and allodynia, and assessed their peripheral nerve autoimmune inflammation. We immunized Lewis rats with peripheral myelin P2 peptide (amino acids 57-81) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant, or with adjuvant only as control. P2-immunized rats developed mild to modest monophasic EAN with disease onset at day 8, peak at days 15-17, and full recovery by day 28 following immunization. Rats with EAN showed a significant decrease in withdrawal latency to thermal stimuli and withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimuli, in both hindpaws and forepaws, during the course of the disease. We observed a significant infiltration of T cells bearing alphabeta receptors, and a significant increase in antigen-presenting cells expressing MHC class II as well as macrophages, in EAN-affected rats. Our results demonstrate that animals with active EAN develop significant thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, accompanied by pronounced autoimmune inflammation in peripheral nerves. These findings suggest that EAN is a useful model for the pain seen in many GBS patients, and may facilitate study of neuroimmune mechanisms underlying pain in autoimmune neuropathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gila Moalem-Taylor
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Inglis HR, Csurhes PA, McCombe PA. Antibody responses to peptides of peripheral nerve myelin proteins P0 and P2 in patients with inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2007; 78:419-22. [PMID: 17158557 PMCID: PMC2077767 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.106617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies with reactivity to peripheral nerve myelin have previously been found in the serum, and bound to peripheral nerves of patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). AIM To investigate the presence of antibodies reactive to specific peptide sequences within the myelin proteins P0 and P2 in patients with GBS, in patients with CIDP, in healthy controls and in patients with other neuropathies (ON). METHODS Blood was obtained from 48 patients with GBS, 36 with CIDP, 48 with ON and 38 controls. ELISA was used to detect antibody responses to peptides of the human peripheral myelin proteins P0 and P2. Blood samples were collected from patients with GBS in early, peak and recovery stages of GBS to analyse antibody levels throughout the course of the disease. RESULTS Significantly increased total IgG levels were found in patients with GBS compared with other groups. A higher percentage of patients with GBS at the peak of disease had antibody reactivity to P2(14-25) compared with patients with CIDP and control groups. In patients with GBS and CIDP, the percentages of patients with antibody reactivity to P2(61-70), and peptides derived from P0, were comparable to the control groups. Although some individual patients with GBS had high titres of reactivity to the peptide antigens tested, most patients with GBS and CIDP had levels of antibody similar to controls. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that increased IgG levels and increased antibody reactivity to P2(14-25) in patients with GBS at the peak of disease may play a contributory role in the disease process in some patients with demyelinating forms of GBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Inglis
- Neuroimmunology Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Csurhes PA, Sullivan AA, Green K, Pender MP, McCombe PA. T cell reactivity to P0, P2, PMP-22, and myelin basic protein in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005; 76:1431-9. [PMID: 16170091 PMCID: PMC1739377 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2004.052282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES It has been suggested that autoimmunity to peripheral myelin proteins is involved in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). We aimed to compare reactivity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to antigens of peripheral myelin proteins in patients with GBS and patients with CIDP with that of healthy controls and patients with other non-immune mediated neuropathies (ON). METHODS We prepared PBMC from blood from 83 healthy controls and from 64 patients with GBS, 54 with CIDP, and 62 with ON. PBMC were tested in antigen specific proliferation assays against peptides from myelin proteins P0, P2, PMP22, and myelin basic protein (MBP), which is identical to myelin P1, and against whole human MBP. Interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin (IL)-5 enzyme linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assays were also performed in some subjects to assess spontaneous and peripheral myelin antigen specific PBMC cytokine secretion. RESULTS Antigen specific PBMC proliferation assays showed no significant elevation of peptide specific T cell responsiveness in patients with GBS or CIDP compared with healthy controls or patients with ON. Levels of spontaneous ELISPOT IFN-gamma secretion were increased in patients with GBS and significantly increased in those with CIDP compared with healthy controls and patients with ON. No convincing differences in antigen specific ELISPOT IFN-gamma secretion levels to individual peptides were detectable in patients with GBS. The proportion of patients with CIDP with an increased number of PBMC producing IFN-gamma in response to peptide PMP-22(51-64) was significantly increased compared with healthy controls and patients with ON. No significant differences in antigen specific ELISPOT IL-5 secretion levels were detectable in patients with GBS or CIDP compared with controls, but levels of spontaneous IL-5 secretion were significantly higher in patients with CIDP than in healthy controls or patients with ON. CONCLUSIONS Although the lack of significantly increased antigen specific PBMC proliferation in GBS and CIDP does not support a role for T cells, the more sensitive ELISPOT technique detected increased numbers of PBMC secreting IFN-gamma spontaneously in 25% of patients with GBS, providing further evidence for a role of T cells in the immunopathology of GBS. Increased numbers of spontaneous IFN-gamma and IL-5 secreting cells, and increased IFN-gamma secretion in response to PMP-22(51-64), in patients with CIDP provide further evidence for a role of myelin specific T cells in CIDP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Csurhes
- Neuroimmunology Research Centre, School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
de Graaf KL, Wallström E, Muhallab S, Wiesmüller KH, Olsson T, Weissert R. MHC and non-MHC gene regulation of disease susceptibility and disease course in experimental inflammatory peripheral neuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 155:73-84. [PMID: 15342198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Revised: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 06/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
With a panel of rat strains, we demonstrate a strong impact of the MHC genotype on susceptibility and disease course in experimental autoimmune neuritis induced with peripheral nerve myelin or the P2 peptide 58-81 (KNTEISFKLGQEFEETTADNRKTK). Beside the MHC genotype, non-MHC genes determined disease susceptibility and resistance. The type of disease induced with P2 58-81 was strongly correlated to the strength of the MHC class II isotype interaction with P2 58-81. These findings suggest a link between susceptibility and acute versus chronic disease courses on one hand and the strength of the MHC class II molecule/peptide affinity on the other hand.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrien L de Graaf
- Experimental Neuroimmunology, Department of General Neurology, Centre for Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Strasse 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schmidt J, Elflein K, Stienekemeier M, Rodriguez-Palmero M, Schneider C, Toyka KV, Gold R, Hünig T. Treatment and prevention of experimental autoimmune neuritis with superagonistic CD28-specific monoclonal antibodies. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 140:143-52. [PMID: 12864982 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(03)00182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Two distinct CD28-specific mAb were used in treatment of active or adoptive transfer (AT)-experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN): "superagonistic" JJ316 activates T cells without T cell receptor (TCR) occupancy, and conventional JJ319 activates T cells only in the presence of TCR-stimulation. Treatment with JJ316 during induction phase of active and adoptive-transfer experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (AT-EAN) dramatically reduced disease severity and improved nerve function as revealed by electrophysiology. JJ316 given 1 week before immunization had a preventive effect. By immunohistology, JJ316 markedly reduced TC infiltration of the sciatic nerve in active and AT-EAN. JJ319 was less effective. Ex vivo, JJ316 therapy reduced P2-specific proliferation and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production of lymph node cells. We demonstrate preventive and therapeutic effects of a "superagonistic" mAb-mediated, TCR-independent CD28 stimulation in EAN, possibly with implications for therapy of autoimmune-inflammatory disorders.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Division/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immunity, Active
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Myelin P2 Protein/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Sciatic Nerve/immunology
- Sciatic Nerve/physiopathology
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schmidt
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 11, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The expression of major histocomatibility complex class II in vitro and in vivo by Schwann cells indicates a potential facultative role of Schwann cells in the presentation of antigen to neuritogenic T cells during inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies. Using a T cell proliferation assay, this study demonstrated that processing and presentation of endogenous and exogenous antigen by Schwann cells influences T cell proliferation. Statistical analysis of proliferation and its relation to processing and presentation of antigen by Schwann cells had not been previously addressed. Different combinations of factors including treatment of cultures (untreated, irradiated or fixed), concentration of exogenous antigen (0 or 40 microg/ml), the presence of interferon-gamma and the timing of exogenous antigen addition influence the proliferation P2-specific, non-mammalian protein ovalbumin-specific T cell lines and naive T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Lilje
- School of Biological Sciences, Carslaw (F07), University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pilartz M, Jess T, Indefrei D, Schröder JM. Adoptive transfer-experimental allergic neuritis in newborn Lewis rats results in inflammatory infiltrates, mast cell activation, and increased Ia expression with only minor nerve fiber degeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2002; 104:513-24. [PMID: 12410399 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-002-0586-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2002] [Revised: 05/27/2002] [Accepted: 05/28/2002] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) induced in the Lewis rat by the adoptive transfer of a P2-specific T cell line (AT-EAN) is considered an animal model of Guillain-Barré syndrome. It is not yet known whether AT-EAN is inducible at early stages in the development of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) or whether disease activity is modified because of immaturity of either the nervous system or the immune system. We therefore compared the susceptibility of neo-natal and adult Lewis rats to AT-EAN induced by the adoptive transfer (intraperitoneally) of 10(6) activated P2-specific T cells. P2 antigen was already present in 7 day old Lewis rats and P2-specific T cell transfer into 3-day-old rats induced clinical disease associated with an inflammatory response (sciatic nerves and spinal ganglia). In injected newborn rats we observed local activation of mast cells, infiltration of the PNS by inflammatory cells, and induction of Ia antigen expression in Schwann cells. Unlike in adults, segmental or paranodal demyelination despite occasional nerve fiber degeneration did not occur. However, the difference between newborn and adult rats could not be ascertained statistically because of the relative rarity of the lesions, their focal character, the admixture of fiber demyelination and degeneration, and most importantly, size differences of the myelinated fibers, which result in a large developmental decrease in fiber density in adults compared to newborns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Pilartz
- Institut für Neuropathologie, Universitätsklinikum der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Technischen Hochschule Aachen, Pauwelsstrasse 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Offenhäusser M, Herr AS, Hartkamp J, Wauben M, Magnus T, Grauer O, Seubert S, Weishaupt A, Toyka KV, Gold R, Troppmair J. Truncation of the neuritogenic peptide bP2(60-70) results in the generation of altered peptide ligands with the potential to interfere with T cell activation. J Neuroimmunol 2002; 129:97-105. [PMID: 12161025 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Due to the central role of T cells in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the peripheral nervous system like the Guillain-Barré syndrome, specific immunotherapies aim at modifying T cell responses. Use of truncated mutants of the neuritogenic peptide of myelin basic protein (MBP) has been shown to anergize autoreactive T cells and to reverse experimental autoimmune encephalitis (EAE). To establish a rationale basis for the use of altered peptide ligands (APLs) in the treatment of autoimmune diseases we designed a set of N- and C-terminally truncated mutants of the minimal experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) inducing bovine P2 (bP2) (60-70) peptide and compared them for the ability to induce immune responses and T cell receptor (TCR) cell signaling. Truncated peptides bound to MHC class II molecules and induced TCR internalization and expression of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) with decreasing potency. None of the shortened mutants elicited a proliferative response in P2-specific T cells. Stimulation of these antigen-specific T cells with peptide bP2(62-69) using antigen presenting cells (APCs) prepulsed with bP2(60-70) resulted in a significant decrease of the proliferative response. In agreement with the observed effects on T cell activation, analysis of TCR signaling demonstrated a lack of CD3 epsilon phosphorylation and MAPK activation. Moreover, repeated injection of bP2(62-69) significantly slowed progression of adoptive transfer EAN (AT-EAN). Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that peptide bP2(62-69) can favorably modulate the antigen-induced response of neuritogenic T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Offenhäusser
- Clinical Research Group for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shin T, Min DS, Ahn M, Son W, Matsumoto Y. Increased expression of phospholipase D1 in the sciatic nerve of rats with experimental autoimmune neuritis. Immunol Invest 2002; 31:169-76. [PMID: 12472177 DOI: 10.1081/imm-120016238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase D1 (PLD1) expression in the sciatic nerve was studied in induced experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in Lewis rats. PLD1 immunoreactivity was seen in some Schwann cells in the sciatic nerves of normal rats. In parallel with the progression of EAN, PLD1-positive Schwann cells significantly increased in number and showed intense immunoreactivity. PLD1 was also detected in some ED1+ macrophages in EAN lesions. These results suggest that PLD1 in macrophages and Schwann cells plays an important role in the activation of these cells in the pathogenesis of EAN, an animal model of human peripheral demyelinating disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Shin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Brain Korea 21, Cheju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Berciano J. Axonal dysfunction in adoptive transfer of experimental autoimmune neuritis with P2-specific CD4+ cells: the role of nerve ischemia. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2001; 60:1233-4. [PMID: 11764095 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/60.12.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
12
|
Stienekemeier M, Falk K, Rötzschke O, Weishaupt A, Schneider C, Toyka KV, Gold R, Strominger JL. Vaccination, prevention, and treatment of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) by an oligomerized T cell epitope. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:13872-7. [PMID: 11717443 PMCID: PMC61134 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.241504598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/24/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Using a polypeptide oligomer harboring 16 repeats of the neuritogenic epitope (aa 58-73) of myelin P2 protein separated by spacers, enhancement of the immune response to the P2 protein, an important neuritogenic autoantigen in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), was attempted. In contrast to a previous study with PLP-16-mer antigen-specific response of T cells was attenuated at all doses examined to a variable degree. Treatment of Lewis rats with the P2-16-mer up to 2 months before immunization with P2(53-78) (vaccination) or after immunization but before appearance of disease (prevention) had a strong tolerizing effect against the induction of EAN on immunization with P2(53-78). Moreover, rats injected with 200 microg of the P2-16-mer i.v. on day 11 after disease induction, at which time the initial signs of disease had appeared, were almost completely protected against progression of clinical disease, whereas animals treated with the same amount of monomeric control peptide developed severe disease (treatment). Similar results were obtained by i.v. treatment of adoptive-transfer EAN with the P2-16-mer. The lack of clinical signs of disease after 16-mer therapy could be correlated with a reduced proliferative response of P2(53-78)-specific lymph node cells. The frequency of apoptotic T cells in sciatic nerve or in lymph node cells, however, was not increased by the 16-mer treatment, suggesting that induction of anergy or other forms of peripheral tolerance may be responsible for the effect. Thus, the oligomerized P2 peptide antigen was highly effective in all three treatment modalities examined in this specific autoreactive T cell-mediated immune response.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoantigens/therapeutic use
- Cell Division
- Cell Line
- Down-Regulation
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/therapeutic use
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Myelin P2 Protein/immunology
- Myelin P2 Protein/therapeutic use
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Oligopeptides/immunology
- Oligopeptides/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Solubility
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Stienekemeier
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Group for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Julius-Maximilians Universität, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Weishaupt A, Brück W, Hartung T, Toyka KV, Gold R. Schwann cell apoptosis in experimental autoimmune neuritis of the Lewis rat and the functional role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Neurosci Lett 2001; 306:77-80. [PMID: 11403962 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)01877-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) apoptosis may be a critical factor challenging nerve remyelination and regeneration in experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in the Lewis rat. We therefore analyzed the fate of SC during high-dose antigen therapy of adoptive transfer-(AT-) EAN using rhP2 protein. P2 antigen therapy was associated with an increase of tumor necrosis factor (serum levels 1 h after intravenous (i.v.) injection and an augmentation of T-cell apoptosis. Antigen specific therapy had no clear effect on SC apoptosis. The effects on SC apoptosis were determined by morphological criteria or by in situ tailing (IST) followed by immunocytochemical analysis. Secondly, we neutralized TNF-alpha, released in abundance by antigen treatment but only in small concentrations during natural disease course. We found that the addition of a TNF-alpha neutralizing antiserum resulted in a significant decrease in the rate of SC apoptosis in vivo compared to animals treated with control antigen rhP0 or with rhP2 only.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Weishaupt
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Research Group for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Julius-Maximilians Universität Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 11, D-97080, Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ekerfelt C, Dahle C, Weissert R, Kvarnström M, Olsson T, Ernerudh J. Transfer of myelin-specific cells deviated in vitro towards IL-4 production ameliorates ongoing experimental allergic neuritis. Clin Exp Immunol 2001; 123:112-8. [PMID: 11168007 PMCID: PMC1905957 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2001.01424.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A causal role of IL-4 (Th2) production for recovery in experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) was indicated by experiments where Th1-like autoreactive cell populations, taken from the induction phase of the disease, were deviated to extensive secretion of IL-4 in a selective fashion, by ex vivo stimulation with autoantigen in the presence of IL-4. The deviated cells were adoptively transferred to EAN rats at a time just prior to the onset of clinical signs. This treatment ameliorated EAN compared with sham treatment. This therapeutic approach, with generation of autoreactive IL-4-secreting cells ex vivo followed by subsequent adoptive transfer, may become a new selective treatment of organ-specific autoimmune diseases since, in contrast to previous attempts, it is done in a physiological and technically easy way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Ekerfelt
- Department of Health and Environment, Division of Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cavaletti G, Matà S, Fasano A, Lolli F, Riccio P, Celon S, Marmiroli P, Tredici G. Lipid-free versus lipid-bound P2 protein-induced experimental allergic neuritis: clinicopathological, neurophysiological, and immunological study. J Neurosci Res 2000; 62:709-16. [PMID: 11104509 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4547(20001201)62:5<709::aid-jnr10>3.0.co;2-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The P2 protein of the peripheral nervous system myelin is a neuritogenic protein capable of inducing experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) in the Lewis rat. It has been suggested that the addition of some lipids to the protein isolated in the lipid-free form might enhance its immunogenicity. In this study, we compared lipid-free P2 (the EAN factor) and the corresponding lipid-bound form of the protein regarding their ability to induce EAN. Lipid-bound P2, copurified with all the myelin lipids, shows a conformation different from that of LF-P2. The timing of disease and the clinical scores of lipid-bound P2-induced EAN animals (n = 23) did not differ statistically from those injected with lipid-free P2 (n = 23), with only a tendency to higher clinical severity in the former group. Tail nerve conduction velocities did not differ in the two groups and in both were significantly lower in comparison to Freund adjuvant controls (n = 8). Inflammation and demyelination predominated in the spinal roots and were less evident in the sciatic nerve for both groups of animals. The ELISA determination of antibodies to lipid-free and lipid-bound P2 revealed the development of antibodies recognizing the lipid-free form of the protein in both groups of animals. Our results stand in contrast to results of previous studies performed after addition of exogenous lipids to the P2 purified in the lipid-free form and indicate that lipid-bound P2 is not significantly more immunogenic than lipid-depleted P2.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Antibodies/blood
- Cattle
- Lipids/chemistry
- Myelin P2 Protein/chemistry
- Myelin P2 Protein/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Cavaletti
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurology Unit, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abbas N, Zou LP, Pelidou SH, Winblad B, Zhu J. Protective effect of Rolipram in experimental autoimmune neuritis: protection is associated with down-regulation of IFN-gamma and inflammatory chemokines as well as up-regulation of IL-4 in peripheral nervous system. Autoimmunity 2000; 32:93-9. [PMID: 11078155 DOI: 10.3109/08916930008994078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Rolipram, a phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor, is reported to have anti-inflammatory effects. It can markedly downregulate antigen-driven T cell proliferation and suppress TNF-(alpha and TNF-beta production in vitro and in vivo, which have led to its use in the treatment of a number of autoimmune disorders including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN). EAN is a CD4+ T cell-mediated demyelinating autoimmune disease of peripheral nervous system (PNS) that represents an animal model for the study of the immunopathogenesis and immunotherapy of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in human. In the previous study, we reported that suppression of EAN by Rolipram was associated with down-regulated myelin antigen-induced T cell responses as well as downregulated IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production. Here we report that EAN induced in Lewis rats by inoculation with the PNS P2 protein peptide 57-81 and Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), was strongly suppressed by Rolipram administered twice daily intraperitoneally from day 9 post immunization (p.i.), i.e. after onset of clinical EAN to day 18 p.i. This clinical effect was associated with dose-dependent down-regulated production of IFN-gamma and the chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (MIP-1 alpha, MIP-2 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1(MCP-1) as well as up-regulated IL-4 production in sciatic nerve sections from Rolipram-treated EAN rats at maximum of clinical EAN, i.e. on day 14 p.i.. These findings suggest that Rolipram may be useful in certain T cell-dependent autoimmune diseases and inflammatory neuropathies. These observations call for further studies on the potential role of Rolipram in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Abbas
- Dept. of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abáné JL, Oleaga A, Ramajo V, Casanueva P, Arellano JL, Hillyer GV, Muro A. Vaccination of mice against schistosoma bovis with a recombinant fatty acid binding protein from Fasciola hepatica. Vet Parasitol 2000; 91:33-42. [PMID: 10889358 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(00)00263-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of mice (NMRI and C57/BL) were each immunized with a 15kDa recombinant Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein (FABP) (Fh15) and challenged percutaneously with Schistosoma bovis cercariae. C57/BL mice immunized with Fh15 had significant reductions in S. bovis worm burden recoveries (72% reductions over controls). When using NMRI mice, Fh15 in Freund's adjuvant failed to induce significant protection against S. bovis. In C57/BL mice, only antibodies to the IgG2a isotype increased after the second immunization and remained high through 8 weeks of S. bovis infection. This is the first time that a heterologous recombinant molecule from F. hepatica has been used in vaccination against S. bovis, obtaining a significant reduction in the number of worms in C57/BL mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Abáné
- Lab. Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Avda Campo Charro s/n, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pelidou SH, Zou LP, Deretzi G, Oniding C, Mix E, Zhu J. Enhancement of acute phase and inhibition of chronic phase of experimental autoimmune neuritis in Lewis rats by intranasal administration of recombinant mouse interleukin 17: potential immunoregulatory role. Exp Neurol 2000; 163:165-72. [PMID: 10785455 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a CD4(+) T-cell-mediated demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). We examined the effect of recombinant mouse interleukin 17 (rmIL-17) on chronic EAN induced in Lewis rats by inoculation of P2 57-81 peptide in Freund's complete adjuvant. Animals were treated nasally for 6 days with either 0.1 or 0.9 microg/rat/day rmIL-17 from the onset of neurological signs, i.e., days 9 to 14 postimmunization (p.i.). Prolonged follow-up demonstrated a chronic course in control and rmIL-17-treated rats. Treated rats had more severe disease initially (days 18-36 p.i.) with a stronger enhancing effect observed with the higher rmIL-17 dose. At day 19 rmIL-17-treated rats showed increased infiltration of inflammatory cells into the sciatic nerve, more severe demyelination, augmented proliferation of regional lymph node cells, and increased serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. After the initial phase of disease enhancement the IL-17-treated EAN rats improved gradually and ultimately recovered completely, whereas the control EAN rats remained affected until the end of the observation (day 120 p.i.). The lower dose of rmIL-17 induced an earlier recovery from clinical deficits than the higher one. The results indicate that IL-17 plays an immunoregulatory role in chronic EAN which could have implications for immunomodulatory treatments of chronic autoimmune disease of the PNS.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chronic Disease
- Disease Progression
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interleukin-17/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Myelin P2 Protein/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Sciatic Nerve/drug effects
- Sciatic Nerve/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Pelidou
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, S-141 86, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
To characterize experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN)-inducing T cells in more detail, we performed CDR3 spectratyping analysis and found oligoclonal expansion of several Vbeta spectratypes in nerve-infiltrating T cells. Vbeta5 expansion was observed all the stages examined, whereas Vbeta8.2 and Vbeta17 expansion was mainly found at the peak and preclinical stages, respectively. Since Vbeta5 expansion persists throughout the course of the disease, Vbeta5+ T cells are judged to be the main effector cells. Vbeta8.2+ and Vbeta17+ T cells may also be pathogenic but are not the main effectors because expansion of these spectratypes was found at a limited period of time. Sequence analysis revealed that Vbeta5, Vbeta8.2 and Vbeta17 spectratype-derived TCR clones possess their own dominant sequences in the CDR3 region with no homology among the clones. These findings suggest that polyclonally activated T cells are involved in the formation of the nerve lesion. Furthermore, vaccination with Vbeta5 DNA, but not with Vbeta10 DNA, suppressed the development of EAN significantly. Collectively, these findings indicate that determination of autoimmune disease-associated TCR by CDR3 spectratyping provides useful information for designing TCR-based immunotherapy for the disease.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence/genetics
- Animals
- Base Sequence/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Myelin P2 Protein/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsumoto
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Fuchu, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
This study demonstrates that rat Schwann cells can reactivate resting experimental allergic neuritis generating P(2) and P(2) peptide specific CD4(+) T cell lines. T cell proliferation was significantly greater to P(2) than to P(2) peptide (SP-26) or ovalbumin (OA). Four-level analysis of variance showed that T cell proliferation with endogenous or exogenous P(2) was not significantly different for Schwann cells plus cytokine IFN-gamma (P = 0.5071) unlike P(2) peptide or OA specific T cells (P = 0.0056 and 0.0003, respectively). Untreated Schwann cells were more effective inducers than irradiated or fixed Schwann cells. As stimulated CD4(+) P(2) T cells produce IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, this could exacerbate blood nerve barrier breakdown that has been increasingly implicated in inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies (IDNs). This would permit entry of antibodies and complement, thereby contributing to the demyelination process. Schwann cell induced reactivation of CD4(+) T cells may therefore play a role in IDNs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Lilje
- School of Biological Sciences, Carslaw (F07), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Joyner CJ, Triffitt J, Puddle B, Athanasou NA. Development of a monoclonal antibody to the aP2 protein to identify adipocyte precursors in tumours of adipose differentiation. Pathol Res Pract 1999; 195:461-6. [PMID: 10448662 DOI: 10.1016/s0344-0338(99)80049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
aP2 gene product (aP2 protein) expression has been shown to be a useful diagnostic marker for identification of lipoblasts and fetal fat cells in soft tissue tumours. A monoclonal antibody was developed by a mouse spleen cell-myeloma hybridoma technique to an 18 amino acid segment of the aP2 protein and was used to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of this protein in benign and malignant tumours of adipocytic differentiation and a wide variety of other soft tissue tumours. We found that aP2 protein was expressed by lipoblasts in liposarcomas and lipoblastomas and by brown fat cells in hibernomas and normal periadrenal fat. Other benign adipose tissue tumours and benign and malignant soft tissue tumours were distinguished from liposarcoma by absence of staining for aP2 protein. Immunohistochemical identification of the aP2 protein is likely to prove a useful means of distinguishing liposarcoma from other malignant mesenchymal and epithelial neoplasms, some of which contain cells that morphologically resemble lipoblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Joyner
- MRC Bone Research Laboratory, Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Araga S, Kishimoto M, Doi S, Nakashima K. A complementary peptide vaccine that induces T cell anergy and prevents experimental allergic neuritis in Lewis rats. J Immunol 1999; 163:476-82. [PMID: 10384151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
We have developed and described a new method of altering T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases by immunization with the complementary peptide against T cell epitopes. The complementary peptide (denoted NAE 07-06) to the bovine P2 protein, residues 60-70 (denoted EAN 60-70), was tested in the Lewis rat model of experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). Immunization with NAE 07-06 induced polyclonal and monoclonal Abs that inhibited the proliferation of the P2-specific T cell line, stimulated with EAN 60-70, and recognized Vbeta, but not Valpha, of TCRs. Proliferation of T cells treated with anti-NAE 07-06 Abs could be partially restored by treatment with rIL-2, in accordance with an anergy model. A homologous sequence was found between NAE 07-06 and the VDJ junction of the TCR beta-chain from an EAN 60-70-specific T cell line. Rats preimmunized with NAE 07-06 in vivo before EAN induction showed less disease severity clinically and histologically. These data suggest a new therapeutic approach for T cell-mediated autoimmune disorders through the induction of anti-TCR Abs with complementary peptide Ags.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Immune Sera/metabolism
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Myelin P2 Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin P2 Protein/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Rabbits
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Araga
- Division of Neurology, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abán JL, Ramajo V, Arellano JL, Oleaga A, Hillyer GV, Muro A. A fatty acid binding protein from Fasciola hepatica induced protection in C57/BL mice from challenge infection with Schistosoma bovis. Vet Parasitol 1999; 83:107-21. [PMID: 10392967 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(99)00053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three strains of mice (NMRI, C57/BL, BALB/c) were each immunized with a 12 kDa purified, native Fasciola hepatica fatty acid binding protein (Fh12) and challenged percutaneously with Schistosoma bovis cercariae. C57/BL mice immunized with Fh12 had significant reductions in S. bovis worm burden recoveries (96 and 87% reductions over controls in two separate experiments). When using NMRI or BALB/c mice, Fh12 alone or in Freund's adjuvant failed to induce significant protection against S. bovis. In C57/BL mice vaccinated against Fh 12, antibodies to the IgG2a isotype, but not to the IgG1 isotype, increased by 2 weeks after the second immunization and remained high through 8 weeks of S. bovis infection. Antibodies to S. bovis increased after 4 weeks of infection. Regarding cytokine production by spleen mononuclear cells, C57/BL mice vaccinated with Fh12 in adjuvant, and having the highest protective response against challenge infection with S. bovis, had an increase of IFN-gamma production with Concanavalin A but no increase of IL-4 in similarly stimulated cells. These results suggest that the protection obtained in this group of mice is mediated by a Th1 immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Abán
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Pu L, Annan RS, Carr SA, Frolov A, Wood WG, Spener F, Schroeder F. Isolation and identification of a mouse brain protein recognized by antisera to heart fatty acid-binding protein. Lipids 1999; 34:363-73. [PMID: 10443969 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-999-0374-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although a novel brain-specific fatty acid-binding protein (B-FABP) was recently cloned, the identity of a second fatty acid-binding protein detected with antibodies to the heart (H-FABP) has not been clearly resolved. The present investigation, using matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry, showed that this protein was a form of H-FABP whose N-terminal amino acid was neither methionine nor was it acetylated. Furthermore, isoelectric focusing revealed two major isoforms, a major band pl 7.4 and a minor band pl 6.4, in a distribution pattern opposite to that observed for H-FABP in the heart. Tryptic peptide mass maps of the in-gel digested SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein bands showed that the two isoforms differed only in a single peptide corresponding to residues 97-106 of the heart H-FABP sequence. This peptide had an [M + H]+ ion of either 1205.62 (pl 7.4) or 1206.53 (pl 6.4), consistent with a single amino acid substitution, Asp98 or Asn98. Whereas it is well established that both H-FABP and B-FABP interact with polyunsaturated fatty acids, we showed that they also significantly alter plasma membrane cholesterol dynamics in a manner opposite to that of another brain lipid-binding protein, sterol carrier protein-2. In summary, the data demonstrated for the first time that the H-FABP from brain, while nearly identical to H-FABP from heart, differed significantly in isoform distribution and in amino terminal structure from heart H-FABP. This suggests that the brain and heart H-FABP may not necessarily function identically in these tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Pu
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TVMC, College Station 77843-4466, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhu J, Nennesmo I, Deng GM, Levi M, Wahren B, Diab A, Mix E, Zhou JN, Ljunggren HG. Induction of experimental autoimmune neuritis in CD4-8-C57BL/6J mice. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 94:196-203. [PMID: 10376953 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The C57BL/6J mice strain is known to be reputedly resistant to induction of experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), an animal model of Guillain-Barré syndrome in humans. Here we describe the induction of EAN in mice of the C57BL/6J background by transfer into naive syngeneic recipients bovine peripheral nerve myelin (BPM)-primed donor lymph node cells that had been stimulated in vitro with the bovine peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelin P2 protein peptide 57-81 followed by challenge with BPM, Freund's complete adjuvant and pertussis toxin. EAN was more severe, both clinically and histologically, and accompanied by extensive infiltration of inflammatory cells and demyelination in peripheral nerves when examined on day 30 after transfer of primed T cells from CD4- 8- mice into identical naive hosts than after transfer of cells from primed wild type, CD4-/- or CD8-/- mice to corresponding recipient animals. EAN in CD4-8- mice was also associated with elevated numbers of P2 peptide-reactive interferon-y (TFN-gamma) secreting cells and alphabeta T cells were present in lymph nodes and spleens. The data suggest that PNS myelin activated T cells from an EAN-resistant mice strain are capable of homing to the PNS. The expanded CD4-8- alphabeta T cells may have helper and effector functions, related to initiation of EAN in the CD4-8- mice. Lack of CD4+ and CD8+ expressing cells does not prevent the initiation of an autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhu J, Zou LP, Bakhiet M, Mix E. Resistance and susceptibility to experimental autoimmune neuritis in Sprague-Dawley and Lewis rats correlate with different levels of autoreactive T and B cell responses to myelin antigens. J Neurosci Res 1998; 54:373-81. [PMID: 9819142 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19981101)54:3<373::aid-jnr8>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a CD4+ T cell-mediated, inflammatory demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that serves as a model for Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in humans. Various mouse and rat strains show different susceptibilities to EAN that can be induced by immunization with bovine PNS myelin (BPM) + Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). We examined PNS-induced T and B cell responses and cytokine protein production as well as mRNA expression to study the mechanisms behind susceptibility to EAN in Lewis rats and resistance in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Lewis rats with EAN have elevated PNS myelin-reactive interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production, TNF-alpha mRNA expression, and increased B cell responses to PNS myelin antigens, but low PNS myelin-reactive transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA expression in lymph node mononuclear cells (MNC). In contrast, resistance to EAN in SD rats is associated with reduced BPM and P2 peptide-reactive IFN-gamma production, TNF-alpha mRNA expression, and suppressed B cell responses to PNS myelin antigens as well as up-regulation of TGF-beta and IL-10 mRNA expression. Resistance to EAN is also associated with low-grade inflammation or absence of histological evidence of EAN. These results suggest that differential autoreactive T and B cells responses to PNS myelin antigens are strain specific, and the susceptibility to EAN is related to quantitative rather than qualitative differences in distribution between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- Division of Neurology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Darimont C, Gradoux N, Cumin F, Baum HP, De Pover A. Differential regulation of intestinal and liver fatty acid-binding proteins in human intestinal cell line (Caco-2): role of collagen. Exp Cell Res 1998; 244:441-7. [PMID: 9806794 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABP) are small cytosolic proteins which are thought to play a key role in fatty acid metabolism. The intestine contains the intestinal (I-FABP) and the liver (L-FABP) isoforms, but their regulation is still poorly documented. In order to find suitable conditions for studying the regulation of the two FABP isoforms in Caco-2 cells, we investigated the effects of the presence of collagen during cell proliferation or differentiation. When collagen was present only during cell proliferation on culture dishes, I-FABP expression was enhanced, whereas sucrase-isomaltase was unaffected and L-FABP expression was merely accelerated. In contrast, when collagen was present during cell differentiation on filter inserts, both I-FABP and sucrase-isomaltase were strongly reduced, but L-FABP was not affected. Under the former conditions (the more suitable for studying FABP regulation), the peroxysome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) activators, clofibrate and alpha-bromopalmitate, enhanced the two isoforms. This study, which is the first one providing a quantitative protein analysis of I-FABP and L-FABP in Caco-2 cells, demonstrates different time courses of expression of these proteins during cell differentiation. It also shows that I-FABP is specifically regulated by collagen and that, under conditions optimal for their expression, both isoforms are modulated by metabolic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Darimont
- Metabolic and Cardiovascular Diseases, Novartis Pharma AG, Basel, CH-4002, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is an animal model that shares clinical, pathological and electrophysiological features with the human disease Guillain-Barre syndrome. The synthetic immunomodulatory substance linomide has been successfully used to prevent the development of several experimental autoimmune models in laboratory animals and has been proved to be beneficial in modulating the course of multiple sclerosis in humans. In the present study we demonstrate that oral administration of linomide prevents the development of clinical and histopathological signs of EAN in Lewis rats, inoculated with the P2 (60-70) synthetic peptide. The immunomodulatory effect of linomide on this experimental model of disease was associated with marked apoptosis of lymphocytes in thymus and spleen early after starting the treatment. Furthermore, a downregulation of the endothelial expression of the adhesion molecules ICAM-1 at the target site and LFA-1 on lymphocytes could also contribute to the absence of inflammatory cells in the neuraxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Karpati
- Department of Neurology, Hadassah University Hospital, Hebrew University Hadassah, Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
This review discusses some of the recent advances in the characterization of potential vaccine molecules against Schistosoma japonicum, utilizing microscopy and immunocytochemistry methods. Microscopy has demonstrated the stage-specific expression of the muscle protein paramyosin onto the parasite surface, an important consideration as a vaccine target. Other potential vaccine component proteins examined include glutathione S-transferase (GST) and fatty acid binding protein (FABP); although not associated with the adult parasite surface, their localization to internal structures such as lipid droplets and regions of the female reproductive system have provided valuable insights into the biology of the parasite. Localization of the transport protein SGTP (schistosome glucose transporter protein) has demonstrated that the protein is more prevalent in the juvenile stages of the parasite development. This further highlights the diversity of the parasite life cycle. Using both light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, the localization of a number of schistosome proteins has demonstrated the functions and significance of these proteins within the parasite. Molecular localization studies are crucial in understanding how and when a vaccine may work against the organism and may provide insights into which can be used in the design of future vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G N Gobert
- Analytical Electron Microscopy Facility, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Campbell FM, Bush PG, Veerkamp JH, Dutta-Roy AK. Detection and cellular localization of plasma membrane-associated and cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins in human placenta. Placenta 1998; 19:409-15. [PMID: 9699962 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(98)90081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate location and the types of membrane-associated and cytoplasmic fatty acid-binding proteins in human placental trophoblasts using monospecific polyclonal antibodies. Western blot analysis demonstrated the presence of multiple membrane and cytoplasmic fatty acid transport/binding proteins in human placenta. In addition to previously reported placental membrane fatty acid-binding (p-FABPpm, 40 kDa), fatty acid translocase (FAT, 88 kDa) and fatty acid transport protein (FATP, 62 kDa) were detected in both microvillous and basal membranes of the human placenta. Among the cytoplasmic proteins, heart (H) and liver (L) type FABP were detected in the cytosol of the human placental primary trophoblasts as well as in human placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. The immunoreactivity of epidermal type (E)-FABP was not detected in trophoblasts or BeWo cells despite its presence in human placental cytosol. Location of FAT and FATP on the both sides of the bipolar placental cells may favour transport of free fatty acids (FFA) pool in both directions i.e. from the mother to the fetus and vice versa. However, p-FABPpm, because of its exclusive location on the microvillous membranes, may favour the unidirectional flow of maternal plasma long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids present in the FFA pool to the fetus, due to binding specificity for these fatty acids. Although the roles of these proteins in placental fatty acid uptake and metabolism are yet to be understood fully, their complex interaction may be involved in the uptake of maternal FFA by the placenta for delivery to the fetus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Campbell
- Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The level of liver fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP) was analyzed in enzyme-altered foci (EAF) positive for GST-P, or after classification of foci into different subclasses by haematoxylin and eosin staining. Rats were treated with either an initiating single dose of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) followed by no treatment, treatment with phenobarbital, PCB, nafenopin or repeated injections of DEN, or alternatively non-treated or treated with nafenopin alone. Changes in the level of L-FABP were detected in the majority of EAF and both L-FABP-positive and -negative foci were seen. However, in rats initiated with DEN, EAF were almost exclusively L-FABP-negative. The fraction of L-FABP-negative foci increased with increasing foci size, while the time of treatment or the dose of the promoter did not seem to have any effect. It was also found that treatment with DEN gave a higher fraction of L-FABP-negative foci as compared to treatment with phenobarbital or PCB, indicating a specific effect of DEN. These data together with previously published findings suggest that L-FABP expression in EAF is determined by the initiating carcinogenic regimen and that it might be possible to use the expression of L-FABP in tumours to differentiate initiating chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Thullberg
- Department of Toxicology and Chemistry, National Institute for Working Life, Solna, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Orban M, Katerkamp A, Renneberg R, Spener F, Cammann K. Kinetic analysis of immunointeractions with covalently immobilized fatty acid-binding protein using a grating coupler sensor. J Immunol Methods 1998; 215:17-26. [PMID: 9744744 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00042-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Application of a grating coupler sensor (GCS) to the real time investigation of the interaction kinetics of covalently immobilized recombinant bovine heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) and corresponding antibody is described. The immobilization of the antigen is performed by activating the matrix hydroxyl groups with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (TSC) and afterwards coupling the protein by reaction with its nucleophilic aminogroups. Covalent coupling via TSC permits reproducible measurements of immunointeractions on the same grating coupler sensor chip and complete regeneration after each binding cycle with glycine-hydrochloride. We demonstrate the analysis of binding data obtained on a GCS by linearization as well as direct curve fitting using the integrated rate equation for the determination of apparent rate and affinity constants. With both analysis methods we studied H-FABP/monoclonal anti-H-FABP-antibody interactions and obtained an average apparent association rate constant ka = 4.2 X 10(3) M(-1) s(-1) a dissociation rate constant of kd=1.3 X 10(-4) s(-1) and an equilibrium constant of KD=3 X 10(-8) M.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Orban
- Institut für Chemo- und Biosensorik, Münster, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Shin HC. Effect of lipids on the conformation of an antigenic determinant for experimental autoimmune neuritis. Biochem Mol Biol Int 1998; 44:771-6. [PMID: 9584990 DOI: 10.1080/15216549800201812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The conformation of SP-26, the synthetic peptide (residues 53-78) of myelin P2 protein that causes experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in the peripheral nervous system, has been studied in lipid environments and in water/trifluoroethanol (TFE) mixture using circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. SP-26 becomes more structured on binding with micelles formed from anionic lipids and in the presence of TFE. On the other hand, zwitterionic lipids have a denaturing effect or no effect on the conformation of SP-26. The present results suggest that the disease-modulating effects of various lipids are closely related to their ability to induce conformational change in the antigenic region of P2 protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Shin
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Hanhyo Institute of Technology, Taejon, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Zhu J, Deng GM, Levi M, Wahren B, Diab A, van der Meide PH, Link H. Prevention of experimental autoimmune neuritis by nasal administration of P2 protein peptide 57-81. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998; 57:291-301. [PMID: 9600221 DOI: 10.1097/00005072-199803000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a CD4+ T cell-mediated inflammatory demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) that serves as a model for Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) in humans. Both EAN and GBS are associated with upregulated T and B cells responses to PNS myelin proteins including P2 protein, and by changes of the Th1/Th2 cell balance in favor of Th1. Here we report that EAN can be prevented by the dominant neuritogenic peptide 57-81 of the PNS P2 protein when given nasally before immunization of Lewis rats with bovine PNS myelin (BPM) + Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). P2 peptide-tolerized rats were also resistant to EAN relapse after challenge with BPM. Tolerance to EAN in rats receiving high dose (60 microg/day/rat) P2 peptide nasally was associated with specific T and B cell anergy. This was characterized by the failure of T cells to proliferate in response to PNS myelin antigens, while responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin was retained. Numbers of BPM- and P2 peptide-reactive interferon-gamma mRNA expressing lymph node cells were reduced, while levels of P2 peptide-reactive interleukin 4 and transforming growth factor-beta mRNA-expressing cells were markedly upregulated on day 18 post immunization in the rats receiving high dose P2 peptide nasally. Tolerance to EAN was also associated with lower CD4+ cell infiltration, low-grade inflammation, or the absence of histological evidence of EAN, as well as with low IL-2 receptor and MHC class II molecule expression within the PNS. This is the first study showing that mucosal tolerance is applicable to EAN and, as an extension, could be considered in GBS.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cattle
- Cell Count
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Male
- Myelin P2 Protein/administration & dosage
- Myelin P2 Protein/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Neuritis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Sciatic Nerve/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccination
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Zhu
- Karolinska Institute, Division of Neurology, Huddinge University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Waine GJ, Scott JC, Mazzer D, McManus DP. Mapping of linear B-cell epitopes on the 14-kDa fatty-acid binding protein of Chinese Schistosoma japonicum. Int J Parasitol 1998; 28:303-8. [PMID: 9512993 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The 14-kDa fatty-acid binding protein (FABP) of schistosomes is of recognised importance as a potential vaccine and/or drug target against schistosomiasis, but little is known of its antigenicity. In this study, we have identified and compared linear B-cell epitopes present on the FABP of Chinese strain Schistosoma japonicum, using sera obtained from experimentally infected mice, or from mice immunised with the functionally active recombinant antigen (rSjFABP). Sera from three strains of mice, CBA, C57BL/6 and BALB/c, representing different genetic backgrounds, were reacted with a series of overlapping peptides in epitope-scanning studies. Sera from experimentally infected mice reacted predominantly with peptides 9-12, encoding amino acids 91-132, in the C-terminal region of the molecule. This was in contrast to sera from mice immunised with rSjFABP, which reacted predominantly with peptides 4-9, encoding amino acids 41-101, in the central portion of the molecule. The results presented here describing the epitope mapping of this molecule may prove important in research aimed at further defining immune responses to schistosomal antigens. They indicate that epitopes recognised during vaccination with functionally active rSjFABP, at least in the murine model, differ from those recognised during natural infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G J Waine
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Lewis rats immunized with P2 protein, a 14.5-kDa protein of the peripheral nerve myelin, develop experimental allergic neuritis, a paralytic disorder with clinical, histologic, and electrophysiologic features similar to those of human Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). T cells reactive to P2 protein or a peptide corresponding to 53-78 residues of the protein can transfer the disease to naive animals. The mechanisms by which these T cells induce demyelination are not well understood; however, they may induce inflammation and demyelination in the nerves by production of Th1 cytokines. Th2 cytokines may lead to suppression of the inflammation and eventual recovery. There is no conclusive evidence that P2 protein plays a role in the pathogenesis of GBS, with or without association with Campylobacter jejuni; however, studies of the immunopathogenesis of P2 protein-induced experimental allergic neuritis are important for understanding the pathogenesis of inflammatory demyelination in the peripheral nerves, the hallmark of GBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Rostami
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Campbell FM, Clohessy AM, Gordon MJ, Page KR, Dutta-Roy AK. Uptake of long chain fatty acids by human placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells: role of plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein. J Lipid Res 1997; 38:2558-68. [PMID: 9458279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to understand the mechanisms by which fatty acids are taken up by the placenta, the uptake of oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic acids by cultured human placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells was examined. Fatty acid uptake by BeWo cells was temperature-dependent and exhibited saturable kinetics. Oleic acid was taken up least and docosahexaenoic acid most by these cells. Moreover, competitive studies of fatty acid uptake by BeWo cells also indicated preferential uptake compared with oleic acid in the order of docosahexaenoic acid, arachidonic acid, and linoleic acid. Western blot analysis demonstrated that BeWo cells express a protein immunoreactive with antibodies to the human placental plasma membrane fatty acid-binding protein (p-FABPpm). Furthermore, pre-treatment of BeWo cells with these antibodies inhibited most of the uptake of docosahexaenoic (64%) and arachidonic acids (68%) whereas oleic acid uptake was inhibited only 32% compared with the controls treated with preimmune serum. These results clearly demonstrate that the pFABPpm may be involved in the preferential uptake of essential fatty acids (EFA) and their long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) by these cells. Studies on the distribution of radiolabeled fatty acids in the cellular lipids of BeWo cells showed that docosahexaenoic acid was incorporated mainly in the triacylglycerol fraction, followed by the phospholipid fraction, whereas for arachidonic acid the reverse was true. The preferential incorporation of docosahexaenoic acid into triacylglycerol suggests that triacylglycerol may play an important role in the placental transport of docosahexaenoic acid to the fetal circulation. Together these results demonstrate the preferential uptake of EFA/LCPUFA by BeWo cells that is most probably mediated via the pFABPpm. We thus propose that the p-FABPpm may be involved in the sequestration of maternal plasma LCPUFA by the placenta.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Campbell
- Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Estuningsih SE, Smooker PM, Wiedosari E, Widjajanti S, Vaiano S, Partoutomo S, Spithill TW. Evaluation of antigens of Fasciola gigantica as vaccines against tropical fasciolosis in cattle. Int J Parasitol 1997; 27:1419-28. [PMID: 9421734 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(97)00096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine trials were conducted in Brahman cross cattle evaluating the efficacy of 4 native antigens purified from adult Fasciola gigantica flukes, and 1 recombinant F. gigantica antigen, as vaccines against tropical fasciolosis. The antigens tested were native glutathione S-transferase, cathepsin L, paramyosin, fatty acid binding protein (FABP), and a recombinant FABP expressed in E. coli, and were formulated in 1 or more of several adjuvants (Quil A, Squalene Montanide 80, MF59-100, Auspharm, NAGO, polylactoglycolide microspheres, Algammulin, DEAE, Freund's). Vaccination induced low, moderate or high antibody titres to the various antigens which were dependent on the adjuvant. Low but significant reductions in fluke burdens (31%, P < 0.026) and fluke wet weight (36%, P < 0.041) were only observed in cattle vaccinated with the native FABP in Freund's adjuvant. There was no correlation between total antibody titres to FABP and protection. The protection observed in cattle vaccinated with native FABP of F. gigantica supports the notion that this class of proteins is a useful target for protection of animals against Fasciola and extends the efficacy of FABPs to the tropical liver fluke. This is the first report of vaccination of cattle against F. gigantica with a purified protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Estuningsih
- Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Bogor, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Abstract
The immunological relationship between liver flukes and their mammalian hosts is being unravelled by in vivo and in vitro studies. Vaccine studies in cattle and sheep with purified antigens (fatty acid binding protein, FABP; glutathione S-transferase, GST; cathepsin L, CatL; hemoglobin) have shown that high reductions in worm burdens (31-72%) and egg production (69-98%) can be achieved, raising the realistic possibility that immunological control of Fasciola infection is a commercially achievable goal. Combination vaccines may also be feasible since a cocktail of CatL and hemoglobin elicits a significant 72% protection in cattle. Analysis of immune responses to Fasciola during infection in ruminants suggests that chronic infection correlates with a type 2 helper T cell response, implying that type 1 helper T cell responses are down-regulated in fasciolosis. Recent results studying the resistance of Indonesian Thin Tail (ITT) sheep to F. gigantica have shown that this breed exhibits high innate (or rapidly acquired) resistance to infection and acquires a higher level of resistance after a primary challenge. Initial studies suggest that the resistance of ITT sheep to F. gigantica may be determined by a major gene. Merino sheep also acquire resistance to F. gigantica. In contrast, ITT and Merino sheep do not exhibit resistance to F. hepatica. These results suggest that there are fundamental differences between these two species of Fasciola in the biology of their interaction with the sheep immune system. In vitro studies on immune mechanisms of killing of juvenile fluke have shown that juvenile larvae of F. hepatica are susceptible to antibody-dependent killing by activated rat macrophages in vitro which is mediated by nitric oxide. Future studies on the immune effector mechanisms expressed by resistant sheep which control infection by F. gigantica will lead to new knowledge which may allow the design of more effective vaccines for fasciolosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T W Spithill
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Miyagi F, Horiuchi H, Nagata I, Kitahara S, Kiyoki M, Komoriya K, Yuki N. Fc portion of intravenous immunoglobulin suppresses the induction of experimental allergic neuritis. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 78:127-31. [PMID: 9307236 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To clarify how intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) acts on Guillain-Barré syndrome, we investigated the effects of intact-type IVIg treatment on experimental allergic neuritis (EAN) induced by immunizing with synthetic peptide from bovine P2 protein. Treatment with intact-type IVIg (400 mg/kg/day) on days 0, 7, 14, 15 and 16 after immunization prevented the paralysis, whereas treatment with F(ab')2 failed to alter the clinical course. Intact-type IVIg treatment given on days 0 and 1 showed almost the same efficacy. These results suggest that intact-type IVIg is superior to F(ab')2 in ameliorating the clinical course of EAN and that the Fc portion might affect the immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Miyagi
- Pharmacological Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Limited, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Chabalgoity JA, Harrison JA, Esteves A, Demarco de Hormaeche R, Ehrlich R, Khan CM, Hormaeche CE. Expression and immunogenicity of an Echinococcus granulosus fatty acid-binding protein in live attenuated Salmonella vaccine strains. Infect Immun 1997; 65:2402-12. [PMID: 9169781 PMCID: PMC175333 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.6.2402-2412.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) are candidate molecules for vaccines against several parasitic platyhelminths. A FABP from the cestode Echinococcus granulosus (EgDf1) was expressed in Salmonella vaccine strains as a C-terminal fusion to fragment C of tetanus toxin (TetC) by using expression vector pTECH. The fusion protein was equally expressed in several attenuated vaccine strains derived from bacteria with different genetic backgrounds and different attenuating mutations. Single-dose immunization experiments with the aroA Salmonella typhimurium strain SL3261 carrying the pTECH-EgDf1 construct were conducted with mice, using both the intravenous and the oral routes. Surprisingly, the antibody response to EgDf1 and the antigen-specific cytokine production in spleen cells were stronger in mice immunized orally. Furthermore, immune mouse sera strongly reacted with fixed sections of the worm's larval stage. Analysis of the isotype distribution of the specific anti-EgDf1 antibodies showed similar production of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2a together with specific IgA antibodies. In addition, stimulation of spleen cells from mice immunized with the different constructs with either Salmonella lysate, TetC, or EgDf1 showed that, together with Th1-related cytokines (gamma interferon and interleukin 2 [IL-2]), significant levels of a Th2 cytokine (IL-5) were produced specifically, indicating a Th2 component to the response to the Salmonella carrier and to the recombinant antigens. Salmonellae expressing the TetC-rEgDfl fusion are currently under evaluation as potential vaccines against E. granulosus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Chabalgoity
- Department of Microbiology, The Medical School, University of Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor 1 (ARF1) is a 21 kDa GTP-binding protein that regulates multiple steps in membrane traffic. Here, two ARF1 GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) from rat liver were resolved. The GAPs were antigenically distinct. One reacted with a polyclonal antibody raised against the GAP catalytic peptide previously purified by Makler et al. [Makler, Cukierman, Rotman, Admon and Cassel (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 5232-5237], and here is referred to as GAP1. The other GAP (GAP2) did not react with the antibody. These GAPs differed in phospholipid dependencies. GAP1 was activated 3-7-fold by the acid phospholipids phosphatidylinositol 4, 5-bisphosphate (PIP2), phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylserine (PS). In contrast, GAP2 was stimulated 20-40-fold by PIP2. PA and PS had no effect by themselves but PA increased GAP2 activity in the presence of PIP2. The GAPs were otherwise similar in activity. In the presence of phosphoinositides, the Km of GAP1 for ARF1-GTP was estimated to be 8.1+/-1.6 microM and the dissociation constant for ARF1-guanosine 5',3-O-(thio)triphosphate (GTP[S]) was 7.4+/-2.2 microM. GAP2 was similar with a Km for ARF1-GTP of 5.4+/-1.2 microM and a dissociation constant for ARF1-GTP[S] of 4.8+/-0.3 microM. Similarly, no differences were found in substrate preferences. Both GAP1 and GAP2 used ARF1 and ARF5 as substrates but not ARF6 or ARF-like protein-2. The potential role of multiple ARF GAPs in the independent regulation of ARF at specific steps in membrane traffic is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Biological Chemistry, Division of Basic Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bldg. 37, Rm 5D-02, 37 Convent Dr MSC 4255, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Muro A, Ramajo V, López J, Simón F, Hillyer GV. Fasciola hepatica: vaccination of rabbits with native and recombinant antigens related to fatty acid binding proteins. Vet Parasitol 1997; 69:219-29. [PMID: 9195732 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(96)01131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study was designed to compare the immunogenic and immunoprophylactic properties of native (nFh12) and recombinant (rFh15) antigens from Fasciola hepatica in rabbits infected with the fluke. Levels of specific anti-nFh12 and anti-rFh15 antibodies were significantly higher in the rabbits vaccinated twice compared with non-vaccinated infection controls. A reduction of 40% in worm burdens was found in rabbits immunized with nFh12 and infected 4 weeks after the second immunization. The recombinant vaccine induced lesser levels of protection than the native one, suggesting that both molecules may have slight differences either in immunogenicity or in their configuration. Further biochemical studies are required to define these differences. The mean length of flukes recovered was always smaller in all vaccinated rabbits. In addition, infected control rabbits had higher gamma glutamil transferase (GGT) levels than immunized rabbits. Lastly, gross anatomic observation always showed fewer liver lesions in all vaccinated rabbits than in controls. This finding clearly supports the possibility of vaccination regimes in fasciolosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Muro
- Unidad Patología Animal, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Caraballo L, Puerta L, Jimenez S, Martinez B, Mercado D, Avjiouglu A, Marsh D. Cloning and IgE binding of a recombinant allergen from the mite Blomia tropicalis, homologous with fatty acid-binding proteins. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997; 112:341-7. [PMID: 9104789 DOI: 10.1159/000237478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To characterize the allergens of Blomia tropicalis, a cDNA library was constructed and screened with allergic sera from asthmatic patients. One clone, Bt6, was subcloned and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence of 934 bp length shows a 390-bp reading frame which encodes a 130-amino acid protein with a MW 14.8 kD. No potential glycosylation site was found in the predicted protein. The inferred amino acid sequence has no homology to known allergens. It has a cytosolic fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) signature at 5-22 amino acid residues, 42.3% identity with the Sm14-FABP of Schistosoma mansoni and 36% identity with FABPs from rat, mouse, bovine and human. The protein was expressed as a GST fusion protein and the purified GST-Bt6 used for dot blot, RAST and RAST inhibition assays. The frequency of IgE binding of allergic sera to Bt6 was low (11%) and usually weak. One positive serum did, however, show strong reactivity by RAST and dot blot and Bt6 could inhibit 60% of the IgE binding of this serum to the B. tropicalis extract. These data show that Bt6 encodes a mite FABP with allergenic properties, which are pronounced in some atopic subjects.
Collapse
|
46
|
Lieberman JM, Sacchettini J, Marks C, Marks WH. Human intestinal fatty acid binding protein: report of an assay with studies in normal volunteers and intestinal ischemia. Surgery 1997; 121:335-42. [PMID: 9068676 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-6060(97)90363-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human intestinal fatty acid binding protein (hIFABP) is a cytoplasmic protein of mature small intestinal epithelium. Work with the rat demonstrated that serum levels of IFABP correlated with early phases of intestinal mucosal injury. The aim of this study was to develop an assay for hIFABP and assess its usefulness as a marker for intestinal mucosal injury in human beings. METHODS Recombinant hIFABP (r-hIFABP) was used to produce rabbit anti-hIFABP. Specificity and avidity of binding were tested with immunoprecipitation and Scatchard analysis. r-hIFABP was labeled with 125I, and a competitive assay was developed. Urine and serum from normal volunteers and from patients with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), acute thromboembolic related intestinal ischemia, and systemic inflammatory response syndrome were tested for hIFABP. RESULTS Molecular weight was 10(-12) kd, limit of detection was 1.87 ng/ml, and no cross-reactivity occurred when tested against rat IFABP or human heart FABP. Mean levels of hIFABP (ng/ml) were controls (serum less than 1.87, urine less than 1.87), NEC (serum 14.7 ng/ml), intestinal ischemia (serum 50 ng/ml, urine 52.3 ng/ml), systemic inflammatory response syndrome (serum 5.3 ng/ml, urine 13.2 ng/ml). CONCLUSIONS This assay is quantitative for hIFABP in serum and urine. Results from both normal persons and those with various causes of intestinal ischemia parallel our previous findings in the rat. Preliminary findings suggest that hIFABP may serve as a diagnostic marker for early intestinal mucosal compromise and, in addition, that it should prove useful as a tool in developing rationale therapeutic regimens to treat these complex clinical problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Lieberman
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Swedish Medical Center, Seattle, Wash. 98104, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Schluesener H. Generalized autoimmunity of the nervous system (GANS) induced by a recombinant protein composed of major pathogenic determinants of MBP, IRBP, and P2 protein: suppression of inflammation by a monoclonal antibody against activated rat T line cells. J Neurosci Res 1996; 45:303-7. [PMID: 8841991 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-4547(19960801)45:3<303::aid-jnr12>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a new model of generalized autoimmunity of the rat nervous system to study differential immunoregulation, barrier-function, and parenchymal inflammatory processes. We designed a multicomponent synthetic gene encoding major pathogenic determinants for Lewis rats of myelin basic protein (MBP), interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein (IRBP), and P2 protein. Immunization with the recombinant protein induces a monophasic disease with inflammatory lesions in the eye, brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Rats recovered from GANS were tolerant against the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), neuritis (EAN), and uveoretinitis (EAU) by immunization with synthetic autoantigen-peptides/CFA. To demonstrate an application of GANS we have used a monoclonal antibody raised against encephalitogenic rat T lymphocytes. We show that this monoclonal antibody is suppressing not only inflammatory cell infiltration of brain and spinal cord, but as well of the eyes and the peripheral nervous system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Schluesener
- Institute of Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The conformation of SP-26, the synthetic peptide (residues 53-78) of myelin P2 protein that causes experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) in the peripheral nervous system, has been investigated in D2O using Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. Turns were found in 26% of the residues in the peptide, with rest of the residues in random coil (72%). The presence of 26% turns agrees well with the number of residues forming three turns in the antigenic region of the intact protein and the number of turns correlates well with the severity of EAN. Since turns also exist in peptides inducing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the central nervous system counterpart of EAN, turn structure may be a common structural motif for these closely related autoimmune neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H C Shin
- Protein Engineering Laboratory, Hanhyo Institute of Technology, Kyungki-do, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ota K, Shimizu Y, Ueda M, Akiyama N, Iwata M. [Peripheral nerve myelin antigen-specific T cells in human]. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1996; 36:898-901. [PMID: 8952362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, anti-myelin glycolipid antibodies have been reported to be specific for acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuritis (AIDP) so the involvement of autoimmune mechanism by such autoantibodies was strongly suggested as a cause of AIDP. However, the cellular immunity of AIDP has been seldom reported yet. To examine the T cell response to peripheral nerve antigens in human, we tried to establish T cell lines reactive to peripheral myelin antigens. P0 56-71, P0 180-199 and P2 59-78 peptides from human peripheral blood of controls and patients with inflammatory demyelinating polyneuritis. Frequencies of T cells reactive with P0 56-71, P0 180-199 and P2 59-78 peptides in five controls were (0.59 +/- 0.81) x 10(-7), (1.53 +/- 0.53) x 10(-7) and (0.11 +/- 0.24) x 10(-7), respectively. Frequency of P0 180-199-reactive T cells in one AIDP patient of acute stage was 3.5 x 10(-7) and approximately 2 times high value of controls. There is no significant association between their frequency and specific MHC class II genotypes in subjects until now. Thus, peripheral myelin antigen-specific T cell lines in particular recognizing P0 180-199 were established from the majority of controls and polyneuritis patients. These results suggest that the residues of P0 180-199 might be one of T cell epitopes also in human subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Ota
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Women's Medical College
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Myers-Payne SC, Fontaine RN, Loeffler A, Pu L, Rao AM, Kier AB, Wood WG, Schroeder F. Effects of chronic ethanol consumption on sterol transfer proteins in mouse brain. J Neurochem 1996; 66:313-20. [PMID: 8522969 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.66010313.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Although lipids are essential to brain function, almost nothing is known of lipid transfer proteins in the brain. Early reports indicates cross-reactivity of brain proteins with antisera against two native liver sterol transfer proteins, sterol carrier protein-2 (SCP-2) and the liver form of fatty acid-binding protein (L-FABP). Herein, polyclonal antibodies raised against the recombinant liver sterol transfer proteins SCP-2 and L-FABP were used to identify the lipid transfer proteins in the brains of alcohol-treated and control mice. L-FABP was not detectable in brain of either control or chronic ethanol-treated mice. In contrast, SCP-2 not only was present, but its level was significantly (p < 0.05) increased 23 and 50%, respectively, in brain homogenates and synaptosomes of mice exposed to alcohol. To determine whether antibodies against the recombinant liver SCP-2 reflected true levels of SCP-2 in brain, the cDNA sequence for brain SCP-2 was isolated from a brain cDNA library. The mouse brain SCP-2 sequence was 99.99% identical to the mouse liver SCP-2 sequence. The translated sequence differed by only one amino acid, and the replacement was conservative. Thus, unlike the fatty acid binding proteins, the SCP-2 moieties of brain and liver are essentially identical. Polyclonal antibodies against acyl-CoA binding protein, a lipid-binding protein that does not bind or transfer sterol, showed that increased levels of brain SCP-2 with chronic ethanol consumption did not represent a general increase in content of all lipid transfer proteins. Changes in the amount of SCP-2 may contribute to membrane tolerance to ethanol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S C Myers-Payne
- Department of Physiology, Texas A&M University, Texas Veterinary Medical Center, College Station 77843-4466, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|