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Deinhardt-Emmer S, Jäckel L, Häring C, Böttcher S, Wilden JJ, Glück B, Heller R, Schmidtke M, Koch M, Löffler B, Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C. Inhibition of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase by Pictilisib Blocks Influenza Virus Propagation in Cells and in Lungs of Infected Mice. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060808. [PMID: 34072389 PMCID: PMC8228449 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus (IV) infections are considered to cause severe diseases of the respiratory tract. Beyond mild symptoms, the infection can lead to respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Occurrence of resistant seasonal and pandemic strains against the currently licensed antiviral medications points to the urgent need for new and amply available anti-influenza drugs. Interestingly, the virus-supportive function of the cellular phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) suggests that this signaling module may be a potential target for antiviral intervention. In the sense of repurposing existing drugs for new indications, we used Pictilisib, a known PI3K inhibitor to investigate its effect on IV infection, in mono-cell-culture studies as well as in a human chip model. Our results indicate that Pictilisib is a potent inhibitor of IV propagation already at early stages of infection. In a murine model of IV pneumonia, the in vitro key findings were verified, showing reduced viral titers as well as inflammatory response in the lung after delivery of Pictilisib. Our data identified Pictilisib as a promising drug candidate for anti-IV therapies that warrant further studying. These results further led to the conclusion that the repurposing of previously approved substances represents a cost-effective and efficient way for development of novel antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Deinhardt-Emmer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (B.L.)
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.-E.); (C.E.); Tel.: +49-(0)3641-9393640 (S.D.-E.); +49-(0)3641-9395700 (C.E.)
| | - Laura Jäckel
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.J.); (J.J.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Clio Häring
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Sarah Böttcher
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Janine J. Wilden
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.J.); (J.J.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Brigitte Glück
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Regine Heller
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Michaela Schmidtke
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
| | - Mirijam Koch
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (B.L.)
| | - Bettina Löffler
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (M.K.); (B.L.)
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University, D-48149 Muenster, Germany; (L.J.); (J.J.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Section of Experimental Virology, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Jena University Hospital, Hans-Knoell-Str. 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany; (C.H.); (S.B.); (B.G.); (M.S.)
- Correspondence: (S.D.-E.); (C.E.); Tel.: +49-(0)3641-9393640 (S.D.-E.); +49-(0)3641-9395700 (C.E.)
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Wang B, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Zhu L, Li K, Zhou K, Dai D, Chang S, Fang M. GALNT3 inhibits NF-κB signaling during influenza A virus infection. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 503:2872-2877. [PMID: 30100058 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation, attaching glycans covalently onto amino acid side chains of protein by various glycosyltransferase, is the most common post-translational modification. The UDP-GalNAc transferase 3 (GANLT3), encoded by Galnt3, transfers N-acetyl-d-galactosamine to hydroxyl groups of the side chains of Ser/Thr residues, initiating mucin type O-glycosylation of proteins. Most researches as yet focus on the involvement and abnormal expression of GALNT3 in various tumors. In this study, we found that GALNT3 was significantly decreased in the lungs after influenza A virus (IAV) infection in mice. Overexpression of GALNT3 in cell lines markedly inhibited IAV replication. Further experiments demonstrated that GALNT3 inhibited NF-κB signaling by preventing the translocation of phosphorylated P65 into nucleus. Therefore, our results reveal an important role of GALNT3 in regulating host responses during IAV infection, indicating the broad functions of the GALNT family, and the direct involvement of GALNTs during viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yufan Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Kaili Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China; Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, China
| | - Kai Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dongsheng Dai
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Shan Chang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Min Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO.1 Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China; International College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510150, China.
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Aeffner F, Woods PS, Davis IC. Ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73 modulates the innate immune response to influenza infection but is not required for development of influenza-induced acute lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2015; 309:L1313-22. [PMID: 26432867 PMCID: PMC4669338 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00130.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular nucleotides and nucleosides are important signaling molecules in the lung. Nucleotide and nucleoside concentrations in alveolar lining fluid are controlled by a complex network of surface ectonucleotidases. Previously, we demonstrated that influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus resulted in increased levels of the nucleotide ATP and the nucleoside adenosine in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice. Influenza-induced acute lung injury (ALI) was highly attenuated in A1-adenosine receptor-knockout mice. Because AMP hydrolysis by the ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) plays a central role in and is rate-limiting for generation of adenosine in the normal lung, we hypothesized that ALI would be attenuated in C57BL/6-congenic CD73-knockout (CD73-KO) mice. Infection-induced hypoxemia, bradycardia, viral replication, and bronchoconstriction were moderately increased in CD73-KO mice relative to WT controls. However, postinfection weight loss, pulmonary edema, and parenchymal dysfunction were not altered. Treatment of WT mice with the CD73 inhibitor 5'-(α,β-methylene) diphosphate (APCP) also had no effect on infection-induced pulmonary edema but modestly attenuated hypoxemia. BALF from CD73-KO and APCP-treated WT mice contained more IL-6 and CXCL-10/IFN-γ-induced protein 10, less CXCL-1/keratinocyte chemoattractant, and fewer neutrophils than BALF from untreated WT controls. BALF from APCP-treated WT mice also contained fewer alveolar macrophages and more transforming growth factor-β than BALF from untreated WT mice. These results indicate that CD73 is not necessary for development of ALI following influenza A virus infection and suggest that tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase may be responsible for increased adenosine generation in the infected lung. However, they do suggest that CD73 has a previously unrecognized immunomodulatory role in influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Parker S Woods
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ian C Davis
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Li W, Chen H, Sutton T, Obadan A, Perez DR. Interactions between the influenza A virus RNA polymerase components and retinoic acid-inducible gene I. J Virol 2014; 88:10432-47. [PMID: 24942585 PMCID: PMC4178842 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01383-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The influenza A virus genome possesses eight negative-strand RNA segments in the form of viral ribonucleoprotein particles (vRNPs) in association with the three viral RNA polymerase subunits (PB2, PB1, and PA) and the nucleoprotein (NP). Through interactions with multiple host factors, the RNP subunits play vital roles in replication, host adaptation, interspecies transmission, and pathogenicity. In order to gain insight into the potential roles of RNP subunits in the modulation of the host's innate immune response, the interactions of each RNP subunit with retinoic acid-inducible gene I protein (RIG-I) from mammalian and avian species were investigated. Studies using coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFc), and colocalization using confocal microscopy provided direct evidence for the RNA-independent binding of PB2, PB1, and PA with RIG-I from various hosts (human, swine, mouse, and duck). In contrast, the binding of NP with RIG-I was found to be RNA dependent. Expression of the viral NS1 protein, which interacts with RIG-I, did not interfere with the association of RNA polymerase subunits with RIG-I. The association of each individual virus polymerase component with RIG-I failed to significantly affect the interferon (IFN) induction elicited by RIG-I and 5' triphosphate (5'ppp) RNA in reporter assays, quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), and IRF3 phosphorylation tests. Taken together, these findings indicate that viral RNA polymerase components PB2, PB1, and PA directly target RIG-I, but the exact biological significance of these interactions in the replication and pathogenicity of influenza A virus needs to be further clarified. IMPORTANCE RIG-I is an important RNA sensor to elicit the innate immune response in mammals and some bird species (such as duck) upon influenza A virus infection. Although the 5'-triphosphate double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) panhandle structure at the end of viral genome RNA is responsible for the binding and subsequent activation of RIG-I, this structure is supposedly wrapped by RNA polymerase complex (PB2, PB1, and PA), which may interfere with the induction of RIG-I signaling pathway. In the present study, PB2, PB1, and PA were found to individually interact with RIG-Is from multiple mammalian and avian species in an RNA-independent manner, without significantly affecting the generation of IFN. The data suggest that although RIG-I binding by RNA polymerase complex is conserved in different species, it does not appear to play crucial role in the modulation of IFN in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Hongjun Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Troy Sutton
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Adebimpe Obadan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, and Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, College Park, Maryland, USA
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Yamane K, Indalao IL, Chida J, Yamamoto Y, Hanawa M, Kido H. Diisopropylamine dichloroacetate, a novel pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 inhibitor, as a potential therapeutic agent for metabolic disorders and multiorgan failure in severe influenza. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98032. [PMID: 24865588 PMCID: PMC4035290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe influenza is characterized by cytokine storm and multiorgan failure with metabolic energy disorders and vascular hyperpermeability. In the regulation of energy homeostasis, the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex plays an important role by catalyzing oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, linking glycolysis to the tricarboxylic acid cycle and fatty acid synthesis, and thus its activity is linked to energy homeostasis. The present study tested the effects of diisopropylamine dichloroacetate (DADA), a new PDH kinase 4 (PDK4) inhibitor, in mice with severe influenza. Infection of mice with influenza A PR/8/34(H1N1) virus resulted in marked down-regulation of PDH activity and ATP level, with selective up-regulation of PDK4 in the skeletal muscles, heart, liver and lungs. Oral administration of DADA at 12-h intervals for 14 days starting immediately after infection significantly restored PDH activity and ATP level in various organs, and ameliorated disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism in the blood, together with marked improvement of survival and suppression of cytokine storm, trypsin up-regulation and viral replication. These results indicate that through PDK4 inhibition, DADA effectively suppresses the host metabolic disorder-cytokine cycle, which is closely linked to the influenza virus-cytokine-trypsin cycle, resulting in prevention of multiorgan failure in severe influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Yamane
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Irene L Indalao
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junji Chida
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Hanawa
- R&D Department, Daiichi Sankyo Healthcare Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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Huang L, Li L, Klonowski KD, Tompkins SM, Tripp RA, Mellor AL. Induction and role of indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase in mouse models of influenza a virus infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66546. [PMID: 23785507 PMCID: PMC3681773 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection stimulates protective host immune responses but paradoxically enhances lung indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) activity, an enzyme that suppresses helper/effector T cells and activates Foxp3-lineage regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs). Influenza A/PR/8/34 (PR8) infection stimulated rapid elevation of IDO activity in lungs and lung-draining mediastinal lymph nodes (msLNs). Mice lacking intact IDO1 genes (IDO1-KO mice) exhibited significantly lower morbidity after sub-lethal PR8 infection, and genetic or pharmacologic IDO ablation led to much faster recovery after virus clearance. More robust influenza-specific effector CD8 T cell responses manifested in lungs of PR8-infected IDO1-KO mice, though virus clearance rates were unaffected by IDO ablation. Similar outcomes manifested in mice infected with a less virulent influenza A strain (X31). IDO induction in X31-infected lungs was dependent on IFN type II (IFNγ) signaling and was restricted to non-hematopoietic cells, while redundant IFN type 1 or type II signaling induced IDO exclusively in hematopoietic cells from msLNs. Memory T cells generated in X31-primed IDO1-KO mice protected mice from subsequent challenge with lethal doses of PR8 (100×LD50). However recall T cell responses were less robust in lung interstitial tissues, and classic dominance of TCR Vβ8.3 chain usage amongst memory CD8(+) T cells specific for influenza nucleoprotein (NP366) did not manifest in IDO1-KO mice. Thus, influenza induced IDO activity in lungs enhanced morbidity, slowed recovery, restrained effector T cell responses in lungs and shaped memory T cell repertoire generation, but did not attenuate virus clearance during primary influenza A infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lingqian Li
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kim D. Klonowski
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Mellor
- Cancer Immunology, Inflammation and Tolerance Program, Cancer Center, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cummins NW, Weaver EA, May SM, Croatt AJ, Foreman O, Kennedy RB, Poland GA, Barry MA, Nath KA, Badley AD. Heme oxygenase-1 regulates the immune response to influenza virus infection and vaccination in aged mice. FASEB J 2012; 26:2911-8. [PMID: 22490782 PMCID: PMC3382093 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-190017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Underlying mechanisms of individual variation in severity of influenza infection and response to vaccination are poorly understood. We investigated the effect of reduced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression on vaccine response and outcome of influenza infection. HO-1-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice (kingdom, Animalia; phylum, Chordata; genus/species, Mus musculus) were infected with influenza virus A/PR/8/34 with or without prior vaccination with an adenoviral-based influenza vaccine. A genome-wide association study evaluated the expression of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the HO-1 gene and the response to influenza vaccination in healthy humans. HO-1-deficient mice had decreased survival after influenza infection compared to WT mice (median survival 5.5 vs. 6.5 d, P=0.016). HO-1-deficient mice had impaired production of antibody following influenza vaccination compared to WT mice (mean antibody titer 869 vs. 1698, P=0.02). One SNP in HO-1 and one SNP in the constitutively expressed isoform HO-2 were independently associated with decreased antibody production after influenza vaccination in healthy human volunteers (P=0.017 and 0.014, respectively). HO-1 deficient mice were paired with sex- and age-matched WT controls. HO-1 affects the immune response to both influenza infection and vaccination, suggesting that therapeutic induction of HO-1 expression may represent a novel adjuvant to enhance influenza vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Oded Foreman
- The Jackson Laboratory, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Richard B. Kennedy
- Vaccine Research Group, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
| | - Gregory A. Poland
- Vaccine Research Group, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; and
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Yamada Y, Limmon GV, Zheng D, Li N, Li L, Yin L, Chow VTK, Chen J, Engelward BP. Major shifts in the spatio-temporal distribution of lung antioxidant enzymes during influenza pneumonia. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31494. [PMID: 22355371 PMCID: PMC3280306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
With the incessant challenge of exposure to the air we breathe, lung tissue suffers the highest levels of oxygen tension and thus requires robust antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, following injury or infection, lung tissue faces the additional challenge of inflammation-induced reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS). Little is known about the identity or distribution of lung antioxidant enzymes under normal conditions or during infection-induced inflammation. Using a mouse model of influenza (H1N1 influenza virus A/PR/8/34 [PR8]) in combination with bioinformatics, we identified seven lung-abundant antioxidant enzymes: Glutathione peroxidase 3 (Gpx3), Superoxide dismutase 3 (Sod3), Transferrin (Tf), peroxyredoxin6 (Prdx6), glutathione S-transferase kappa 1 (Gstk1), Catalase (Cat), and Glutathione peroxidase 8 (Gpx8). Interestingly, despite the demand for antioxidants during inflammation, influenza caused depletion in two key antioxidants: Cat and Prdx6. As Cat is highly expressed in Clara cells, virus-induced Clara cell loss contributes to the depletion in Cat. Prdx6 is also reduced due to Clara cell loss, however there is a coincident increase in Prdx6 levels in the alveoli, resulting in only a subtle reduction of Prdx6 overall. Analogously, Gpx3 shifts from the basement membranes underlying the bronchioles and blood vessels to the alveoli, thus maintaining balanced expression. Taken together, these studies identify key lung antioxidants and reveal their distribution among specific cell types. Furthermore, results show that influenza depletes key antioxidants, and that in some cases there is coincident increased expression, consistent with compensatory expression. Given that oxidative stress is known to be a key risk factor during influenza infection, knowledge about the antioxidant repertoire of lungs, and the spatio-temporal distribution of antioxidants, contributes to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of influenza-induced morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Yamada
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Gino V. Limmon
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Dahai Zheng
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Na Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore
| | - Lu Yin
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore
| | | | - Jianzhu Chen
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bevin P. Engelward
- Interdisciplinary Research Group in Infectious Diseases, Singapore-Massachusetts Institute of Technology Alliance in Research and Technology, Singapore
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Antiviral drugs for influenza. Med Lett Drugs Ther 2009; 51:89-92. [PMID: 20220738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Kedzierska K, Thomas PG, Venturi V, Davenport MP, Doherty PC, Turner SJ, La Gruta NL. Terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase is required for the establishment of private virus-specific CD8+ TCR repertoires and facilitates optimal CTL responses. J Immunol 2008; 181:2556-62. [PMID: 18684946 PMCID: PMC2596983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.4.2556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Virus-immune CD8(+) TCR repertoires specific for particular peptide-MHC class I complexes may be substantially shared between (public), or unique to, individuals (private). Because public TCRs can show reduced TdT-mediated N-region additions, we analyzed how TdT shapes the heavily public (to D(b)NP(366)) and essentially private (to D(b)PA(224)) CTL repertoires generated following influenza A virus infection of C57BL/6 (B6, H2(b)) mice. The D(b)NP(366)-specific CTL response was virtually clonal in TdT(-/-) B6 animals, with one of the three public clonotypes prominent in the wild-type (wt) response consistently dominating the TdT(-/-) set. Furthermore, this massive narrowing of TCR selection for D(b)NP(366) reduced the magnitude of D(b)NP(366)-specific CTL response in the virus-infected lung. Conversely, the D(b)PA(224)-specific responses remained comparable in both magnitude and TCR diversity within individual TdT(-/-) and wt mice. However, the extent of TCR diversity across the total population was significantly reduced, with the consequence that the normally private wt D(b)PA(224)-specific repertoire was now substantially public across the TdT(-/-) mouse population. The key finding is thus that the role of TdT in ensuring enhanced diversity and the selection of private TCR repertoires promotes optimal CD8(+) T cell immunity, both within individuals and across the species as a whole.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/deficiency
- DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/genetics
- DNA Nucleotidylexotransferase/physiology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/enzymology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/enzymology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Vanessa Venturi
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Miles P. Davenport
- Complex Systems in Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington 2052, Australia
| | - Peter C. Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Department of Immunology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Stephen J. Turner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Nicole L. La Gruta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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11
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Serkedjieva J, Toshkova R, Antonova-Nikolova S, Stefanova T, Teodosieva A, Ivanova I. Effect of a plant polyphenol-rich extract on the lung protease activities of influenza-virus-infected mice. Antivir Chem Chemother 2007; 18:75-82. [PMID: 17542152 DOI: 10.1177/095632020701800203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection was induced in white mice by intranasal inoculation of the virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2). The lung protease and the protease-inhibitory activities were followed for 9 days after infection. The intranasal application of a polyphenol-rich extract (PC) isolated from Geranium sanguineum L. induced a continuous rise in the anti-protease activity but did not cause substantial changes in the lung protease activity of healthy mice. Influenza virus infection triggered a slight reduction in protease activity in the lungs at 5 and 48 h post infection (p.i.) and a marked increase at 24 h and 6 day p.i.. Protease inhibition in the lungs was reduced at 24 and 48 h p.i. and an increase was observed at 5 h and 6 and 9 days p.i.. PC treatment brought both activities to normal levels. The restoration of the examined parameters was consistent with a prolongation of mean survival time and reduction of mortality rate, infectious virus titre and lung consolidation. PC reinstated superoxide production by alveolar macrophages and increased their number in virus-infected mice. The favourable effect on the protease and the protease-inhibitory activities in the lungs of influenza-virus-infected mice apparently contributes to the overall protective effect of PC in the murine experimental influenza A/Aichi infection. The antiviral effect of the individual constituents was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Serkedjieva
- Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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12
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Neff-LaFord H, Teske S, Bushnell TP, Lawrence BP. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation during Influenza Virus Infection Unveils a Novel Pathway of IFN-γ Production by Phagocytic Cells. J Immunol 2007; 179:247-55. [PMID: 17579044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of environmental factors is important as we consider reasons that underlie differential susceptibility to influenza virus. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation by the pollutant dioxin during influenza virus infection decreases survival, which correlates with a 4-fold increase in pulmonary IFN-gamma levels. We report here that the majority of IFN-gamma-producing cells in the lung are neutrophils and macrophages not lymphocytes, and elevated IFN-gamma is associated with increased pulmonary inducible NO synthase (iNOS) levels. Moreover, we show that even in the absence of dioxin, infection with influenza virus elicits IFN-gamma production by B cells, gammadelta T cells, CD11c(+) cells, macrophages and neutrophils, as well as CD3(+) and NK1.1(+) cells in the lung. Bone marrow chimeric mice reveal that AhR-mediated events external to hemopoietic cells direct dioxin-enhanced IFN-gamma production. We also show that AhR-mediated increases in IFN-gamma are dependent upon iNOS, but elevated iNOS in lung epithelial cells is not driven by AhR-dependent signals from bone marrow-derived cells. Thus, the lung contains important targets of AhR regulation, which likely influence a novel iNOS-mediated mechanism that controls IFN-gamma production by phagocytic cells. This suggests that AhR activation changes the response of lung parenchymal cells, such that regulatory pathways in the lung are cued to respond inappropriately during infection. These findings also imply that environmental factors may contribute to differential susceptibility to influenza virus and other respiratory pathogens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD11b Antigen/biosynthesis
- Cytokines
- Female
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/biosynthesis
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/physiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/enzymology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/genetics
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Phagocytes/enzymology
- Phagocytes/immunology
- Phagocytes/virology
- Pneumonia, Viral/enzymology
- Pneumonia, Viral/genetics
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Polychlorinated Dibenzodioxins/toxicity
- Protein Binding/drug effects
- Protein Binding/genetics
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/deficiency
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/genetics
- Receptors, Aryl Hydrocarbon/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Response Elements/immunology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley Neff-LaFord
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacology/Toxicology Graduate Program, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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13
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Glaser L, Conenello G, Paulson J, Palese P. Effective replication of human influenza viruses in mice lacking a major alpha2,6 sialyltransferase. Virus Res 2007; 126:9-18. [PMID: 17313986 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2006] [Revised: 01/11/2007] [Accepted: 01/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hemagglutinins of influenza viruses isolated from humans typically prefer binding to sialic acid in an alpha2,6 linkage. Presumably, the virus uses the presence of these receptors on the respiratory tract to gain entrance into the host cell. The ST6Gal I sialyltransferase knock-out mouse lacks the main enzyme necessary for the attachment of alpha2,6 sialic acid to N-linked glycoproteins on the cell surface. Yet even in the absence of detectable alpha2,6 sialic acid in the mouse respiratory tract, human influenza viruses can still infect these mice and grow to similar titers in the lung and trachea as compared to wild-type animals. This work demonstrates that the presence of a major alpha2,6 sialic acid on N-linked glycoproteins is not essential for human influenza virus infection in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Glaser
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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14
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Abstract
It is over 20 years since the publication of experiments that showed that influenza A virus RNA synthesis takes place in the cell nucleus and that here, the virus subverts the cellular transcription machinery to express and replicate its own single-strand RNA genome. In the years since, our understanding of the organisation of the nucleus has increased enormously, particularly with regards to the functional integration of the RNA polymerase II transcriptosome. This review summarises recent progress in defining the intimate association between the viral and cellular transcriptional machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Joao Amorim
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QP, UK
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15
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Abstract
Influenza viruses replicate and transcribe their segmented negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome in the nucleus of the infected host cell. All RNA synthesising activities associated with influenza virus are performed by the virally encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) that consists of three subunits, PA, PB1 and PB2. However, viral transcription is critically dependent on on-going cellular transcription, in particular, on activities associated with the cellular DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II (Pol II). Thus, the viral RdRp uses short 5' capped RNA fragments, derived from cellular Pol II transcripts, as primers for viral mRNA synthesis. These capped RNA primers are generated by cleavage of host Pol II transcripts by an endonuclease activity associated with the viral RdRp. Moreover, some viral transcripts require splicing and since influenza virus does not encode splicing machinery, it is dependent on host splicing, an activity also related to Pol II transcription. Despite these functional links between viral and host Pol II transcription, there has been no evidence that a physical association existed between the two transcriptional machineries. However, recently it was reported that there is a physical interaction between the trimeric viral RdRp and cellular Pol II. The viral RdRp was found to interact with the C-terminal domain (CTD) of initiating Pol II, at a stage in the transcription cycle when capping takes place. It was therefore proposed that this interaction may be required for the viral RNA (vRNA) polymerase to gain access to capped RNA substrates for endonucleolytic cleavage. The virus not only relies on cellular factors to support its own RNA synthesis, but also subverts cellular pathways in order to generate an environment optimised for viral multiplication. In this respect, the interaction of the viral NS1 protein with factors involved in cellular pre-mRNA processing is of particular relevance. The virus also alters the distribution of Pol II on cellular genes, leading to a reduction in elongating Pol II thereby contributing to the phenomenon known as host shut-off.
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16
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van der Sluijs KF, Nijhuis M, Levels JHM, Florquin S, Mellor AL, Jansen HM, van der Poll T, Lutter R. Influenza-induced expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase enhances interleukin-10 production and bacterial outgrowth during secondary pneumococcal pneumonia. J Infect Dis 2005; 193:214-22. [PMID: 16362885 DOI: 10.1086/498911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Accepted: 08/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Airway infection with influenza virus induces local expression of the tryptophan-catabolizing enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), which has been shown to enhance inflammatory mediator responses in vitro. Because secondary pneumococcal infections occurring shortly after recovery from influenza are associated with enhanced inflammatory responses, we hypothesized that IDO activity contributes to the enhanced response to bacterial challenges in mice previously infected with influenza virus. METHODS On day 14 after influenza virus infection (with strain A/PR/8/34), C57Bl/6 mice were intranasally inoculated with 1 x 10(4) colony-forming units of S. pneumoniae (serotype 3). Matrix-driven delivery pellets that contained 70 mg of the IDO inhibitor 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan (MeTrp) released over a period of 7 days were subcutaneously implanted 48 h before pneumococcal infection. RESULTS MeTrp treatment resulted in a 20-fold reduction in pneumococcal outgrowth 48 h after bacterial inoculation. Remarkably, pulmonary levels of interleukin-10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha were significantly reduced in mice treated with MeTrp. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that IDO expression during influenza virus infection alters the inflammatory response and facilitates the outgrowth of pneumococci during secondary bacterial pneumonia.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid/cytology
- Delayed-Action Preparations/administration & dosage
- Delayed-Action Preparations/pharmacology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Inhibitors/administration & dosage
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Female
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/biosynthesis
- Indoleamine-Pyrrole 2,3,-Dioxygenase/metabolism
- Influenza A virus
- Interleukin-10/analysis
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/complications
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/enzymology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/etiology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/immunology
- Pneumonia, Pneumococcal/microbiology
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/growth & development
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Tryptophan/administration & dosage
- Tryptophan/analogs & derivatives
- Tryptophan/pharmacology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Koenraad F van der Sluijs
- Department of Pulmonology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Chen L, Duricka D, Nelson S, Mukherjee S, Bohnet SG, Taishi P, Majde JA, Krueger JM. Influenza virus-induced sleep responses in mice with targeted disruptions in neuronal or inducible nitric oxide synthases. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2004; 97:17-28. [PMID: 15220315 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01355.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viral infection induces increases in non-rapid eye movement sleep and decreases in rapid eye movement sleep in normal mice. An array of cytokines is produced during the infection, and some of them, such as IL-1β and TNF-α, are well-defined somnogenic substances. It is suggested that nitric oxide (NO) may mediate the sleep-promoting effects of these cytokines. In this study, we use mice with targeted disruptions of either the neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) or the inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene, commonly referred to as nNOS or iNOS knockouts (KOs), to investigate sleep changes after influenza viral challenge. We report that the magnitude of viral-induced non-rapid eye movement sleep responses in both nNOS KOs and iNOS KOs was less than that of their respective controls. In addition, the duration of rapid eye movement sleep in nNOS KO mice did not decrease compared with baseline values. All strains of mice had similar viral titers and cytokine gene expression profiles in the lungs. Virus was not isolated from the brains of any strain. However, gene expression in the brain stem differed between nNOS KOs and their controls: mRNA for the interferon-induced gene 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthase 1a was elevated in nNOS KOs relative to their controls at 15 h, and IL-1β mRNA was elevated in nNOS KOs relative to their controls at 48 h. Our results suggest that NO synthesized by both nNOS and iNOS plays a role in virus-induced sleep changes and that nNOS may modulate cytokine expression in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichao Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology, Physiology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6520, USA
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18
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Watson KG, Cameron R, Fenton RJ, Gower D, Hamilton S, Jin B, Krippner GY, Luttick A, McConnell D, MacDonald SJF, Mason AM, Nguyen V, Tucker SP, Wu WY. Highly potent and long-acting trimeric and tetrameric inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1589-92. [PMID: 15006410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 09/15/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A set of trimeric and tetrameric derivatives 6-11 of the influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitor zanamivir 1 have been synthesized by coupling a common monomeric zanamivir derivative 3 onto various multimeric carboxylic acid core groups. These discrete multimeric compounds are all significantly more antiviral than zanamivir and also show outstanding long-lasting protective activity when tested in mouse influenza infectivity experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G Watson
- Biota Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemistry, Monash University, PO Box 23, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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19
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Tantcheva LP, Stoeva ES, Galabov AS, Braykova AA, Savov VM, Mileva MM. Effect of vitamin E and vitamin C combination on experimental influenza virus infection. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2003; 25:259-64. [PMID: 12808470 DOI: 10.1358/mf.2003.25.4.769673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Successful antioxidant treatment of the so-called "free radical diseases" has been reported in the literature. In this study we examined the preventive effect of vitamin E and vitamin C, alone and in combination, on the damage caused by influenza virus infection (IVI). Male mice (ICR), infected with influenza virus A/2/68/(H3N2) (1.5 of LD(50)), were administered single once-daily doses of vitamin E (60 mg/kg b.w.) and vitamin C (80 mg/kg b.w.) intraperitoneally (3 days before virus inoculation). On the 5th and 7th day, respectively, after virus inoculation, animals were decapitated. Monooxygenase enzyme activity (ethylmorphine N-demethylase, amidopyrin N-demethylase, analgin N-demethylase, aniline hydroxylase, cytochrome P-450 content and NADPH-cytochrome C reductase [CCR]) was determined in liver 9000 x g supernatant. Primary and secondary products of lipid peroxidation (LPO; conjugated dienes [CD] and TBA-reactive substances) were measured in blood plasma, lung and liver 9000 x g supernatant. Vitamin E effectively restored LPO-levels increased by IVI. The effect of vitamin C was similar, but slighter. The combination (vitamin E + C) had greater effect on LPO levels than their separate administration. P-450-dependent monooxygenase activity was significantly restored and more pronounced cytochrome P-450 content and NADPH-CCR activity was noted. The preventive effect of vitamin E was stronger than the effect of vitamin C, but the combination (vitamin E + C) had the strongest effect. The superior protective effect of the combination is probably due to vitamin C's repairing effect on vitamin E's tocopheroxyl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P Tantcheva
- Department of Drug Toxicology, Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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20
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Abstract
Equine influenza virus (EIV) is the leading cause of acute respiratory infection in horses worldwide. In recent years, the precise mechanism by which influenza infection kills host cells is being re-evaluated. In this report, we examined whether caspases, a group of intracellular proteases, are activated following EIV infection and contribute to EIV-mediated cell death. Western blotting analysis indicated that a nuclear target of caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was proteolytically cleaved in EIV-infected MDCK cells, but not in mock-infected cells. In comparison with caspase-3 specific inhibitor Ac-DEVD-CHO, a general caspase inhibitor Boc-D-FMK provided much stronger inhibition of EIV-induced cytopathic effect and apoptosis. Our results suggest that EIV may activate more than one caspase. Caspase activation and cleavage of its cellular targets may play a critical role in EIV-mediated cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengbin Lin
- Department of Veterinary Science, The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546-0099, USA.
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21
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Abstract
We have shown elsewhere that equine-2 influenza virus (EIV; subtype H3N8) induced pronounced cell death in infected cells through apoptosis as demonstrated by DNA fragmentation assay and a combined TUNEL and immunostaining scheme. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of EIV-mediated cytotoxicity on a permissive mammalian epithelial cell line, Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells. EIV infection increased the cellular levels of oxidative stress and c-Jun/AP-1 protein (which is known to be affected by oxidative stress), as well as its DNA binding activity. Increased production of TGF-beta1, an inducer of c-Jun N-terminal kinase or stress-activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) activation, was also detected in EIV-infected MDCK cells. It has been reported that TGF-beta may initiate a signaling cascade leading to JNK/SAPK activation. Addition of c-Jun antisense oligodeoxynucleotide, antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC), JNK/SAPK inhibitor carvedilol, or TGF-beta-neutralizing antibody effectively blocked c-Jun/AP-1 upregulation and TGF-beta1 production mediated by EIV infection. These treatments also attenuated EIV-induced cytopathogenic effects (CPE) and apoptosis. Our results suggest that a stress-activated pathway is involved in apoptosis mediated by EIV infection. It is likely that EIV infection turns on the JNK/SAPK cascade, which modulates the activity of apoptosis-promoting regulatory factor c-Jun/AP-1 and epithelial growth inhibitory cytokine TGF-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lin
- The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40508, USA.
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22
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Fatemi SH, Cuadra AE, El-Fakahany EE, Sidwell RW, Thuras P. Prenatal viral infection causes alterations in nNOS expression in developing mouse brains. Neuroreport 2000; 11:1493-6. [PMID: 10841364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence points to prenatal viral infection being responsible for some forms of schizophrenia and autism. We hypothesized that prenatal human influenza viral infection in day 9 pregnant mice may cause changes in the levels of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), an important molecule involved in synaptogenesis and excitotoxicity, in neonatal brains. Brains from 35- and 56-day-old mice were prepared for SDS-gel electrophoresis and Western blotting using polyclonal anti nNOS antibody. Quantification of nNOS showed time and region-dependent changes in the levels of nNOS protein. Mean rostral brain area value from prenatally infected animals showed a significant (p=0.067) increase of 147% in nNOS levels at 35 days postnatally, with an eventual 29% decrease on day 56. Middle and caudal brain areas showed reductions in nNOS in experimental mice at 35 and 56 days, with a significant 27% decrease in nNOS in the middle segment of day 56 brains (p=0.016). Significant interactions were found between group membership and brain area (Wilks lambda=0.440, F(2.9)=5.72, p=0.025); there was also a significant interaction between brain area, group and age (Wilks lambda=0.437, F(2.9)=5.79, p=0.024). These results provide further support for the notion that prenatal viral infection affects brain development adversely via the pathological involvement of nNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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23
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Mileva M, Tancheva L, Bakalova R, Galabov A, Savov V, Ribarov S. Effect of vitamin E on lipid peroxidation and liver monooxigenase activity in experimental influenza virus infection. Toxicol Lett 2000; 114:39-45. [PMID: 10713467 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00265-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infection was associated with development of oxidative stress in liver of mice, viz. increase in amount of lipid peroxidation products, decrease in cytochrome P-450 and NADP. H-cytochrome c-reductase activity, and inhibition of liver monooxygenases (aniline hydroxylase, ethylmorphine-N-demethylase, amidopyrine-N-demethylase and analgin-N-demethylase). These effects were most pronounced on the 7th day after virus inoculation as compared to the 5th one. Supplementation of mice with vitamin E before virus inoculation leads to liver protection against oxidative stress and toxicosis. A marked decrease of lipid peroxidation products and an increase of cytochrome P-450 and activities of monooxygenases was established. The stabilizing effect of vitamin E was dose-dependent and was most pronounced on the 5th day after virus inoculation as compared to the 7th one.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mileva
- Department of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical University, 2 Zdrave Str., Sofia, Bulgaria
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24
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Beliaeva NN. [The comparative evaluation of indices in determining the degree of toxicity and hazardousness of substances]. Gig Sanit 1998:54-7. [PMID: 9721507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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25
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Abstract
We investigated the role of maternal exposure to human influenza virus (HI) in C57BL/6 mice on day 9 of pregnancy on hippocampal expression of nNOS in day 0 neonates and compared that to sham-infected pups. Qualitative analysis using polyclonal antibody to nNOS showed overall increases in immunoreactivity (IR) in hippocampal and dentate layers of day 0 infected neonates when compared to sham-infected animals. These increases in nNOS immunoreactivity were pronounced in hippocampal plate, intermediate, molecular, subplate, and dentate areas. Quantitative analysis of specific immunogold silver-enhanced nNOS IR via densitometry showed nNOS IR increases of 26-71.6% in all layers, i.e., hippocampal plate (35.1%), dentate area (71.6%), molecular area (43.75%), subplate (45.7%), and intermediate zone (26%) in infected neonatal brains vs. controls. The changes in levels of nNOS expression in hippocampi of neonates born to mothers exposed to HI virus during the second trimester of pregnancy may reflect the potential for glutamatergic excitotoxicity via activation of NMDA receptors in the developing brains of these neonatal mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Fatemi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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26
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Smith PW, Sollis SL, Howes PD, Cherry PC, Starkey ID, Cobley KN, Weston H, Scicinski J, Merritt A, Whittington A, Wyatt P, Taylor N, Green D, Bethell R, Madar S, Fenton RJ, Morley PJ, Pateman T, Beresford A. Dihydropyrancarboxamides related to zanamivir: a new series of inhibitors of influenza virus sialidases. 1. Discovery, synthesis, biological activity, and structure-activity relationships of 4-guanidino- and 4-amino-4H-pyran-6-carboxamides. J Med Chem 1998; 41:787-97. [PMID: 9526555 DOI: 10.1021/jm970374b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
4-Amino- and 4-guanidino-4H-pyran-6-carboxamides 4 and 5 related to zanamivir (GG167) are a new class of inhibitors of influenza virus sialidases. Structure--activity studies reveal that, in general, secondary amides are weak inhibitors of both influenza A and B viral sialidases. However, tertiary amides, which contain one or more small alkyl groups, show much greater inhibitory activity, particularly against the influenza A virus enzyme. The sialidase inhibitory activities of these compounds correlate well with their in vitro antiviral efficacy, and several of the most potent analogues displayed useful antiviral activity in vivo when evaluated in a mouse model of influenza A virus infection. Carboxamides which were highly active sialidase inhibitors in vitro also showed good antiviral activity in the mouse efficacy model of influenza A infection when administered intranasally but displayed modest activity when delivered by the intraperitoneal route.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Smith
- Department of Enzyme Medicinal Chemistry, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development Limited, Stevenage, Herts, U.K
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27
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Sato K, Suga M, Akaike T, Fujii S, Muranaka H, Doi T, Maeda H, Ando M. Therapeutic effect of erythromycin on influenza virus-induced lung injury in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157:853-7. [PMID: 9517602 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.157.3.9703098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Erythromycin (EM) is an antibiotic with potent antiinflammatory effects that is used for treating chronic lower respiratory tract infections. It has been shown that free radicals, such as the superoxide anion and nitric oxide (NO), are pathogenic molecules in viral disease. Much attention has been given to a critical role of NO in the pathologic events of various inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of EM on influenza-virus-induced pneumonia in mice infected with a lethal dose of influenza virus A/Kumamoto/Y5/67 (H2N2). The administration of EM at a dose of 3.3 mg/kg/d (intraperitoneally, from Days 1 to 6 after infection), significantly improved the survival rate of mice infected with influenza virus, and the survival rate of the virus-infected mice at Day 20 after infection increased in a dose-dependent fashion with EM administered to the animals, from 14% among controls to 42% among animals given EM at 1.0 mg/kg/d and 57% among those given EM at 3.3 mg/kg/d. The induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the mouse lung was inhibited by EM treatment on Day 6 after infection. Simultaneously, the number of inflammatory cells recovered in lung lavage fluid 6 d after virus infection was significantly reduced by the treatment with EM. The EM treatment resulted in a dose-dependent decrease in the level of nitrite/nitrate (metabolites of NO) in the serum and the NO synthase (NOS)-inducting potential in the lungs of the virus-infected mice. These results indicate that EM may have substantial therapeutic value for various acute inflammatory disorders such as influenza-virus-induced pneumonia, by inhibiting inflammatory-cell responses and suppressing NO overproduction in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sato
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kumamoto University School of Medicine, Japan
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28
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Choi AM, Knobil K, Otterbein SL, Eastman DA, Jacoby DB. Oxidant stress responses in influenza virus pneumonia: gene expression and transcription factor activation. Am J Physiol 1996; 271:L383-91. [PMID: 8843786 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1996.271.3.l383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of influenza virus infections of the lungs is in part mediated by oxidative stress. Such infections might therefore be expected to induce expression of stress-response genes and genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and to activate transcriptional regulatory proteins. Mice (C57B1/6 and C3H/HeJ) were infected intranasally with influenza virus A/PR/8/34 (H1N1). Expression of the genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn- SOD), indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), heme oxygenase-1, and glutathione peroxidase were increased in the lungs of virus-infected animals. Cu/ZnSOD and catalase mRNA were not induced by viral infection. Activation of the transcriptional regulatory proteins AP-1, C/EBP, and NF-kappa B (which are known to be affected by oxidant stress) was demonstrated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay after viral infection. In the case of MnSOD, despite increased gene expression enzyme activity was not increased. In contrast, for heme oxygenase-1 both mRNA and activity were increased. C3H/ HeJ and C57B1/6 mice, which are known to have different responses to other types of oxidant stress, also differed in their responses to viral infection. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 expression was greater in C57B1/6 mice than in C3H/ HeJ mice, although inhibiting this enzyme did not alter virus-induced mortality. In contrast, IDO was more strongly induced in C3H/HeJ mice. Activation of NF-kappa B was much more marked in C57B1/6 mice than in C3H/HeJ mice. Although virus replication and inflammatory responses were equivalent in the two strains, lung injury (as measured by wet-to-dry wt ratios) and mortality were greater in C3H/HeJ mice than in C57B1/6 mice, a difference that may be related to differing oxidant stress responses. Thus influenza pneumonia causes an oxidant stress response in the lungs, the nature of which is determined in part by the genetic background of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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29
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Abstract
There are now several crystal structures of antibody Fab fragments complexed to their protein antigens. These include Fab complexes with lysozyme, two Fab complexes with influenza virus neuraminidase, and three Fab complexes with their anti-idiotype Fabs. The pattern of binding that emerges is similar to that found with other protein-protein interactions, with good shape complementarity between the interacting surfaces and reasonable juxtapositions of polar residues so as to permit hydrogen-bond formation. Water molecules have been observed in cavities within the interface and on the periphery, where they often form bridging hydrogen bonds between antibody and antigen. For the most part the antigen is bound in the middle of the antibody combining site with most of the six complementarity-determining residues involved in binding. For the most studied antigen, lysozyme, the epitopes for four antibodies occupy approximately 45% of the accessible surface area. Some conformational changes have been observed to accompany binding in both the antibody and the antigen, although most of the information on conformational change in the latter comes from studies of complexes with small antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Davies
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0560, USA
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30
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Klitsunova NV, Lavrov VF, Ratgauz GL, Kirillicheva GB, Gosteva VV, Solov'eva MS. [Changes in the ultrastructure and enzyme activity of the peritoneal macrophages in mice exposed to the influenza virus]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 1994:90-1. [PMID: 7879565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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31
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Abdalla MA, Taleb ZA, Ebid MH. Characterization of serum lysosomal enzymatic activities. III. Effect of infectious influenza in Egyptian equines. Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 1993; 100:147-8. [PMID: 8387424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of infectious influenza was recognized in Menofeia governorate in October 1989. Eight naturally influenza infected as well as 8 healthy control horses, mules and donkeys were selected for collection of blood and sera separation to estimate four lysosomal enzymatic activities and to describe the clinical findings, which were fever, congested nasal, conjunctival membranes and cough. Bronchopneumonia followed later with bilateral purulent nasal discharge as a complication in 2 donkeys. Thereafter laboured breathing occurred. Therefore a therapeutic penicillin-streptomycin dose was injected to safeguard against the secondary bacterial invasion. All lysosomal enzyme levels in serum of diseased equines were subjected to consistent regression except N-acetyl-beta-glucosaminidase -beta-NAG) that behaved very highly significant activity, probably due to the acid pH resulting from bronchopneumonia and respiratory acidosis which override the inhibitory action of the antibiotics. Influenza virus may inhibit the synthesis of the pulmonary surfactant in alveolar and bronchial epithelium, thereafter, the animals suffered from respiratory distress and bronchospasm with resultant decreased acid phosphatase (ACP) value which was histochemically located in both sites. The disappearance of alpha- and beta-galactosidases (alpha-GAL & beta-GAL) from the serum of diseased animals can be attributed to the antibiotic dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Abdalla
- Department of Animal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Egypt
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32
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Gorbunov NV, Volgarev AP, Bykova NO, Prozorovskaia MP. [Microsomal hydroxylating system of the mouse liver in toxic forms of influenza infection]. Biull Eksp Biol Med 1992; 114:44-7. [PMID: 1421306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the experimental model of toxic influenza infection induced by A/Victory/35/72 (H3N2) strain adapted to CBA mice. The virus toxicosis was shown by means of ESR technique to be accompanied by a decrease of both the content of the active form of cytochrome P-450 and the activity of p-nitroanisole o-demethylase. In microsomes there was activation of lipid peroxidation (LP) and an increase of microviscosity of lipid matrix. LP activation in microsomes was not accompanied by the change of alpha-tocopherol content.
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33
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Kang ES, Galloway MS, Bean W, Cook GA, Olson G. Acute alterations in the regulation of lipid metabolism after intravascular reexposure to a single bolus of homologous virus during influenza B infection in ferrets: possible model of epiphenomena associated with influenza. Int J Exp Pathol 1991; 72:319-27. [PMID: 1843259 PMCID: PMC2001940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic responses occurring 24 h following the secondary haematogenous dissemination of influenza B virus during convalescence from infection were examined in the ferret as a possible model for epiphenomena which can occur following infection with influenza. Among the major changes found were a further rise in the mean fasting serum free fatty acid (FFA) level to three times the control mean value and a 50% drop in the mean serum triglyceride (TG) concentration after the intravascular administration of a single bolus of virus compared to levels found in uninfected or convalescent animals. In adipose tissue, hormone-sensitive and lipoprotein lipase activities were increased six and three-fold, respectively, over mean control values, probably accounting for the changes that were observed in serum lipid concentrations. In the liver, total carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) activity was affected only slightly and the total lipid content of the liver remained unchanged. These findings indicate that 24 h after the intravascular dissemination of homologous virus in a single bolus during convalescence from influenza B infection, major distortions in the regulation of lipid metabolism occur in the ferret. Loss of the synchronous regulation of the two adipose tissue lipases is a significant consequence leading to the mobilization of a large amount of FFA during fasting from both adipose tissue and the circulating plasma TG stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis 38163
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34
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Cabezas JA. [Studies on sialidase and esterase in influenza viruses]. Ann Pharm Fr 1991; 49:57-66. [PMID: 1656837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The main contributions of the author and collaborators about sialidase (EC 3.2.1.18) of influenza virus types A and B and O-acetylesterase (EC 3.1.1.53) of type C are summarized. After a short introduction on the topic, the negative results obtained by the author on inhibitors are commented. Then, the peculiarities of the three procedures assayed, based on the NADH determination as a measurement for the sialidase activity, are discussed. The spectrofluorimetric measurement of NADH concentration is a more sensitive and convenient procedure than that by spectrophotometry, although it is less sensitive than that based on bioluminiscence. Sialidase activity is generally higher in influenza virus type A than in type B; however, some differences have been found between the three sub-types A analysed. Furthermore, thermal stability and stability against changes in the pH values are higher for influenza virus from ducks, followed by those from humans and, finally, by those from pigs. O-acetylesterase of influenza virus type C shows a broad specificity; it acts on O-acetyl-containing compounds which may not be sialic acids. It seems that this enzyme might contribute to facilitate the action of sialidase of influenza virus types A and B. The peculiarities of influenza virus type C suggest to include this type as a new genus in the future classification of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Cabezas
- Départment de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Faculté de Biologie, Université de Salamanque, Espagne
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35
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Divocha VA, Grigor'eva IG, Bukrinskaia AG. [Changes in the protease activity in the lungs of mice infected with the influenza A virus]. Vopr Virusol 1990; 35:370-2. [PMID: 2267776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In uninfected animals, the level of protease and protease-inhibiting activities in the serum are in balance which is broken after influenza A virus infection. Most profound changes occur within the first few hours after infection. In 6 hours postinfection the amount of protease decreases both in the lungs and serum of the infected animals, and the protease-inhibiting activity increases. In the period of the highest accumulation of the infectious virus 2 days after infection, proteolytic activity also decreases, this decrease coinciding with that of the inhibiting activity. The third period of increased protease activity also coincides with amplification of infectious virus progeny and appears to be associated with consequences of virus infection and bacterial superinfection.
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36
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Prahoveanu E, Eşanu V. [The effects of aqueous extracts of Raphanus niger on an experimental influenza infection in mice and on the enzyme polymorphism in lung tissue extracts]. Rev Roum Virol 1990; 41:113-7. [PMID: 2176532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic effects of Raphanus niger water extract against A/PR 8/34 influenza virus experimental infection was tested in mice, by means of the following parameters: mortality mean survival time and hemagglutinating (HA) titre of lung extract. Variations of the isoenzymatic structures of peroxidase and acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied too. The results revealed the significant reduction of mortality and of hemagglutinating titre and the augmentation of mean survival time. Modifications of the isoenzymatic structures, especially of the phosphatases, are characteristic for the illness state as well as for the one induced by R. niger extract treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Prahoveanu
- Institut de Virologie Stefan S. Nicolau, Bucarest, Roumanie
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37
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Abstract
Respiratory infections provoke increased airway reactivity in both asthmatic and otherwise healthy subjects in part through impaired beta-adrenergic relaxation of bronchial and tracheal muscle. The precise mechanism remains obscure, but some studies report a decrease in the number of beta-adrenergic receptors. The present study was designed to assess the effect of viral respiratory infection with influenza A on lung beta-adrenergic receptors and adenylate cyclase activation in mice under two separate protocols. First, to determine whether changes are due to a local or systemic effect, we compared mice with influenza infections limited to the upper respiratory tract to mice with infection of the total respiratory tract. Four days after upper respiratory tract infection there were no changes in either isoproterenol- or NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity. In contrast, there was an 82% decrease in isoproterenol- and a 25% decrease in NaF-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity on the fourth day after total respiratory tract infection. There were no changes in beta-adrenergic receptors or receptor coupling to adenylate cyclase with either type of infection. Our second protocol compared acutely infected mice to postrecovery mice. Twelve days after infection the virus was no longer present in the lungs, and adenylate cyclase activity was restored to normal. These data suggest that viral respiratory infection may impair airway function through attenuation of receptor and postreceptor activation of adenylate cyclase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Scarpace
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32602
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38
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Puzis LE, Lozitsky VP. Action of epsilon-aminocaproic acid on the proteolysis system during experimental influenza in mice. Acta Virol 1988; 32:515-21. [PMID: 2906223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteolysis system was examined in influenza-virus-infected mice after a 5-day course of therapeutic or preventive treatments with the proteolysis inhibitor epsilon-aminocaproic acid (E-ACA). The mice were infected with nonadapted influenza virus A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2). E-ACA was shown to exert a pathogenetic action expressed by a marked tendency to normalization of elevated alkaline protease activity in damaged lung tissue and in the blood of infected animals. E-ACA induced a long-lasting high level activity of acidic proteases in the blood which correlated with increased protection of animals against influenza virus infection. It may be suggested that acidic proteases are involved in the preventive action of E-ACA and are a factor of resistance to virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E Puzis
- I. I. Mechnikov Research Institute of Virology and Epidemiology, Odessa, U.S.S.R
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39
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Tomas E, Topârceanu F. Considerations about the possible function of ceruloplasmin in influenza and parainfluenza virus infections. Virologie (Montrouge) 1986; 37:279-87. [PMID: 3029949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The experimental data reveal that ceruloplasmin is a serum nonspecific factor acting during the early and late stages of infection with some respiratory viruses. This complex action seems to be based both on the enzymatic activity and on the copper-glycoprotein structure of ceruloplasmin. The changes in progen antigenicity produced by ceruloplasmin are probably involved in the mechanism of the antigenic shift and drift.
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40
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Antal A, Gecse A, Mojzes L, Földes V. [Effect of influenza virus infection on arachidonic acid cascade in mouse thrombocytes]. Z Rechtsmed 1986; 96:303-8. [PMID: 3094271 DOI: 10.1007/bf00200710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins (PGs) are essential for many physiological and pathological processes. As they are not stored in tissue, their presence and actions therefore result from de novo synthesis and release. Although platelets themselves appear to have the ability to synthesize TxA2, PGD2, arachidonic acid may also be metabolized in the lipoxygenase pathway in platelets, producing 12-hydroperoxy/12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-HPETE/12-HETE). CFLP mice were infected intranasally with A/H3N2/Hong Kong (1/68) influenza virus. Platelets were isolated from the control (saline treated) and infected mice 3-13 days after virus application. Platelets were isolated from the diluted arterial blood of the mice. Metabolites of arachidonate cascade were determined using 1-14C-arachidonic acid (2035 MBq/mM spec. act.) as substrate. All incubations were carried out in TC Medium 199 (pH 7.4) at 37 degrees C for 10 min. Radiolabelled products were separated and quantitatively determined. The synthesis of TxA2 in the platelets of animals was found to be significantly increased 7 days after the virus infection. The 12-hydroxy-heptadecatrienoic acid level was higher on the 10th and 13th days of infection, as were the products of the lipoxygenase pathway.
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41
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Ewasyshyn ME, Sabina LR. Allantoic fluid protease activity during influenza virus infection. Acta Virol 1986; 30:109-18. [PMID: 2873727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neutral protease activity of allantoic fluid from embryonated chicken eggs was quantified during the course of influenza virus infection. Antigenic subtypes of influenza A viruses selected for study were H1N1 strains PR/8/34, Brazil/8/78, FM/1/47, the H3N2 strain Bangkok/1/80 and the H5N9 Turkey/ /Ontario/66 as well as the Sendai strain of parainfluenza type 1 virus. Three different types of profiles of allantoic fluid proteases could be readily distinguished after infection of eggs with various virus strains. In all profiles, periodic peaks of protease activity always preceded the partial shut down of protamine cleaving proteases which paralleled the production of near maximum titers of infectious virus. To determine the mechanism involved in this reduction of proteolytic activity, infectious allantoic fluids were analysed for the presence of protease inhibitors. Acid heat treated 48 hour virus-infected allantoic fluids of different influenza strains could inhibit the activities of subtilisin and allantoic fluid proteolytic enzymes.
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42
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Abstract
Influenza virus infection has adverse effects on the metabolism of two representative RNA polymerase II transcripts in chicken embryo fibroblasts, those coding for beta-actin and for avian leukosis virus (ALV) proteins. Proviral ALV DNA was integrated into host cell DNA by prior infection with ALV. Within 1 h after influenza virus infection, the rate of transcription of beta-actin and ALV sequences decreased 40 to 60%, as determined by labeling the cells for 5 min with [3H]uridine and by in vitro, runoff assays with isolated nuclei. The transcripts that continued to be synthesized did not appear in the cytoplasm as mature mRNAs, and the kinetics of labeling of these transcripts strongly suggest that they were degraded in the nucleus. By S1 endonuclease assay, it was confirmed that nuclear ALV transcripts disappeared very early after infection, already decreasing ca. 80% by 1 h postinfection. A plausible explanation for this nuclear degradation is that the viral cap-dependent endonuclease in the nucleus cleaves the 5' ends of new polymerase II transcripts, rendering the resulting decapped RNAs susceptible to hydrolysis by cellular nucleases. In contrast to the nuclear transcripts, cytoplasmic beta-actin and ALV mRNAs, which are synthesized before infection, were more stable and did not decrease in amount until after 3 h postinfection. Similar stability of cytoplasmic host cell mRNAs was observed in infected HeLa cells, in which the levels of actin mRNA and two HeLa cell mRNAs (pHe 7 and pHe 28) remained at undiminished levels for 3 h of infection and decreased only slightly by 4.5 h postinfection. The cytoplasmic actin and pHe 7 mRNAs isolated from infected HeLa cells were shown to be translated in reticulocyte extracts in vitro, indicating that host mRNAs were not inactivated by a virus-induced modification. Despite the continued presence of high levels of functional host cell mRNAs, host cell protein synthesis was effectively shut off by about 3 h postinfection in both chicken embryo fibroblasts and HeLa cells. These results are consistent with the establishment of an influenza virus-specific translational system that selectively translates viral and not host mRNAs.
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43
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Zhirnov OP, Bukrinskaia AG. [Difference in influenza virus strains in the intensity of the proteolytic modification of the base nucleocapsid protein NP56 to NP53 in infected cells]. Vopr Virusol 1983:273-8. [PMID: 6351439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Proteolytic cleavage of NP56 leads to NP53 protein of various influenza virus strains of human, avian, and animal origin in tissue culture was studied. A considerable portion of NP virus protein synthesized in human influenza virus-infected cells was modified by cellular proteases, and as early as 10 hours postinfection both intact (NP56) and cleaved (NP53) protein could be found in the cells. No proteolytic modification of NP protein was demonstrated in cells infected with 11 avian and animal influenza virus strains under study. Even 24 hours postinfection the cells contained intact (NP56) protein alone. Different resistance of NP protein of virus strains to cellular proteases allows the phenomenon of proteolytic modification of the nucleocapsid protein NP56 leads to NP53 to be used as a genetic marker of influenza virus strains.
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44
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Zhirnov OP, Ovcharenko AV, Bukrinskaia AG. [Protease inhibitor suppression of influenza virus replication in the lungs of infected mice]. Vopr Virusol 1983:371-3. [PMID: 6193646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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45
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Eşanu V, Prahoveanu E. The effect of garlic extract, applied as such or in association with NaF, on experimental influenza in mice. Virologie (Montrouge) 1983; 34:11-7. [PMID: 6304996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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46
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47
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Baisheva VG, Smirnova SA, Iatskovskaia LI. [Changes in the ATPase activity of the plasma membranes of animal tissues in influenza infection]. Mikrobiol Zh (1978) 1982; 44:73-4. [PMID: 6215556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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48
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Yoshida R, Hayaishi O. [Rhythms and physiological significance of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (author's transl)]. Tanpakushitsu Kakusan Koso 1982; 27:143-151. [PMID: 6175995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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49
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Prahoveanu E, Eşanu V. Influence of sodium fluoride on isoenzyme patterns in the lung homogenates of mice with experimental influenza infection. Virologie (Montrouge) 1982; 33:35-8. [PMID: 7072148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
NaF was administered intranasally to mice- either as a single or as four daily 100-gamma doses - prior to inoculation of influenza virus A/PR8/34 (H0N1). The changes caused by drug treatment in the isoenzyme patterns of peroxidase, acid and alkaline phosphatases, succinate and lactate dehydrogenases, observed in the mouse lung homogenates, could not be correlated with the previously recorded NaF-induced reduction in hemagglutinating titers and mortality rate.
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50
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Abstract
A higher level of N-acetylglucosamine incorporation by proteinic and polyprenic endogenous acceptors is observed after infection by Myxovirus. This phenomenon occurs in whole mitochondria as in outer mitochondrial membranes, where it is particularly obvious with proteinic endogenous acceptors. Under viral infection, no new N-acetylglucosaminylated polyprenol is detected. In the case of infected animals as in the case of control animals, compounds P1 (extracted by chloroform/methanol 2:1) are identified by thin layer chromatography as a N-acetylglucosamyl-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol and a N, N'-diacetylchitobiosyl-pyrophosphoryl-dolichol. In the case of infected animals, biosynthesis of proteinic acceptors and dolichol is not modified; therefore the increase of N-acetylglucosamine incorporation is not due to a modification of the endogenous acceptors level. By the use of exogenous dolichol-monophosphate we demonstrate that the increased transfer of [14C] N-acetylglucosamine into polyprenic acceptors is the result of a higher activity of the mitochondrial N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase after viral infection.
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