Green tea essential oil encapsulated chitosan nanoparticles-based radiopharmaceutical as a new trend for solid tumor theranosis

The existing study is embarked on investigating the antineoplastic activity of green tea essential oil (GTO) as a natural product. In this regard, GTO was encapsulated in cationic chitosan, nitrogenous-polysaccharide derived by partial deacetylation of chitin, nanoparticles (CS NPs) with entrapment efficiency (EE%) of 81.4 ± 5.7% and a mean particle-size of 30.7 ± 1.13 nm. Moreover, the cytotoxic effect of CS/GTO NPs was evaluated versus human liver (HepG-2), breast (MCF-7) and colon (HCT-116) cancer cell-lines and exhibited a positive impact when compared to bare CS NPs by 3, 2.3 and 1.7 fold for the three cell lines, respectively. More interestingly, CS/GTO NPs were complexed with technethium-99m (^99mTc) radionuclide. With a view to achieve a successful radiolabeling process, different parameters were optimized resulting in a radiolabeling efficiency (RE%) of 93.4 ± 1.2%. Radiopharmacokinetics of the radiolabeled NPs in healthy mice demonstrated a reticuloendothelial system (RES) evading and long blood circulation time up to 4 h. On the other hand, the biodistribution profile in solid tumor models showed 20.3 ± 2.1% localization and cancer cell targeting within just 30 min. On the whole, the reported results encourage the potential use of CS/GTO NPs as a side effect-free anticancer agent and its ^99mTc-analogue as a novel CS/GTO NPs-based diagnostic-radiopharmaceutical for cancer.

Pharmacokinetics of five phthalides in volatile oil of Ligusticum sinense Oliv.cv. Chaxiong, and comparison study on physicochemistry and pharmacokinetics after being formulated into solid dispersion and inclusion compound

BACKGROUNDS

The dried rhizome of Ligusticum sinense Oliv.cv. Chaxiong has been used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, anemia and stroke. A high purity extract from chaxiong (VOC, brownish yellow oil) was extracted and separated. Its main components were senkyunolide A (SA, 33.81%), N-butylphthalide (NBP, 1.38%), Neocnidilide (NOL, 16.53%), Z-ligustilide (ZL, 38.36%), and butenyl phthalide (BP, 2.48%), respectively. Little is known about the pharmacokinetics of these phthalides in Chaxiong, and different preparations to improve the physicochemistry and pharmacokinetics of VOC have not been investigated.

METHODS

At different predetermined time points after oral administration or intravenous administration, the concentrations of SA, NBP, NOL, ZL and BP in the rat plasma were determined using LC-MS/MS, and the main PK parameters were investigated. VOC-P188 solid dispersion and VOC-β-CD inclusion compound were prepared by melting solvent method and grinding method, respectively. Moreover, the physicochemical properties, dissolution and pharmacokinetics of VOC-P188 solid dispersion and VOC-β-CD inclusion compound in rats were assessed in comparison to VOC.

RESULTS

The absorptions of SA, NBP, NOL, ZL and BP in VOC were rapid after oral administration, and the absolute bioavailability was less than 25%. After the two preparations were prepared, dissolution rate was improved at pH 5.8 phosphate buffer solution. Comparing VOC and physical mixture with the solid dispersion and inclusion compound, it was observed differences occurred in the chemical composition, thermal stability, and morphology. Both VOC-P188 solid dispersion and VOC-β-CD inclusion compound had a significantly higher AUC and longer MRT in comparison with VOC.

CONCLUSION

SA, NBP, NOL, ZL and BP in VOC from chaxiong possessed poor absolute oral bioavailability. Both VOC-P188 solid dispersion and VOC-β-CD inclusion compound could be prospective means for improving oral bioavailability of SA, NBP, NOL, ZL and BP in VOC.

Chitosan coated synergistically engineered nanoemulsion of Ropinirole and nigella oil in the management of Parkinson's disease: Formulation perspective and In vitro and In vivo assessment

The research presented aims at developing Ropinirole hydrochloride (RHCl) nanoemulsion (NE) with nigella oil for Parkinson's disease (PD). In silico study was done to explore interactions of ropinirole and thymoquinone at receptor site (TNF-α and NFK-β). Ropinirole and Thymoquinone forms a hydrogen bond with residue Arginine 201 and residue Arginine 253 with a bond length of 1.89 Å and 2.30 Å at the NF-κβ receptor. NE was optimized using Central Composite Rotatable Design (CCRD). The globule size of chitosan coated NE, Polydispersity index (PDI) and zeta potential were 183.7 ± 5.2 nm, 0.263 ± 0.005, and 24.9 mV respectively. NE exhibited 85.28% transmittance showing the formulation was clear and transparent. TEM showed that NE had spherical globules with no aggregation. The formulation had a stable pH value of 5.8 ± 0.18. In vitro release and permeation studies exhibited 2 folds and 3.4 folds enhancement when compared with the drug suspension. Neurobehavioral activity and biochemical parameters corroborated well with the pharmacokinetic results. Histopathological study and immunohistochemical analysis were performed to get better picture of 6-OHDA induced toxicity and reversal of PD symptoms. Thus, the NE tailored is a promising synergistic approach yielding enticing outcomes for better management of PD related symptoms.

Nigella sativa oil entrapped polycaprolactone nanoparticles for leishmaniasis treatment

This study is the first to investigate the antileishmanial activities of Nigella sativa oil (NSO) entrapped poly-ɛ-caprolactone (PCL) nanoparticles on Leishmania infantum promastigotes and amastigotes in vitro. NSO molecules with variable initial doses of 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg were successfully encapsulated into PCL nanoparticles identified as formulations NSO1, NSO2, NSO3, and NSO4, respectively. This process was characterised by scanning electron microscope, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared, encapsulation efficiency measurements, and release profile evaluations. The resulting synthetised nanoparticles had sizes ranging between 200 and 390 nm. PCL nanoparticles encapsulated 98% to 80% of initial doses of NSO and after incubation released approximately 85% of entrapped oil molecules after 288 h. All investigated formulations demonstrated strong antileishmanial effects on L. infantum promastigotes by inhibiting up to 90% of parasites after 192 h. The tested formulations decreased infection indexes of macrophages in a range between 2.4- and 4.1-fold in contrast to control, thus indicating the strong anti-amastigote activities of NSO encapsulated PCL nanoparticles. Furthermore, NSO-loaded PCL nanoparticles showed immunomodulatory effects by increasing produced nitric oxide amounts within macrophages by 2-3.5-fold in contrast to use of free oil. The obtained data showed significant antileishmanial effects of NSO encapsulated PCL nanoparticles on L. infantum promastigotes and amastigotes.

A Novel Ileocolonic Release Peppermint Oil Capsule for Treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Phase I Study in Healthy Volunteers

INTRODUCTION

Peppermint oil (PO) has been shown to reduce abdominal pain in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). PO is assumed to induce intestinal smooth muscle relaxation and desensitization of nociceptive nerve afferents. To increase colonic PO concentration, an ileocolonic release peppermint oil (IC-PO) capsule has been developed. The aim of this study was to compare pharmacokinetic parameters of the currently available small intestinal release PO (SI-PO) and the novel IC-PO.

METHODS

In this randomized, double-blind, crossover study, subjects received 182 mg of either SI-PO or IC-PO in a crossover design with a washout period of more than 14 days. Blood samples were collected to determine menthol glucuronide concentrations.

RESULTS

Eight healthy volunteers (50% female, median age 22) were included. The time to reach the maximum concentration (T_max) of IC-PO was significantly longer compared to SI-PO with a median (IQR) of 360 (360-405) versus 180 (120-180) min. The lag time (T_lag) was significantly longer with a median (IQR) of 225 (204-284) for IC-PO compared to 37 (6-65) min for SI-PO. The areas under the menthol glucuronide plasma concentration-time curves were significantly smaller with a median (IQR) of 2331 μg h/L (2006-2510) for IC-PO compared to 2623 μg h/L (2471-2920) for SI-PO. No significant differences were found in peak concentrations and elimination half-lives.

CONCLUSION

IC-PO has a significantly delayed peak menthol glucuronide concentration and T_lag, both pointing to the release of PO in the more distal part of the intestine. This may enhance therapeutic efficacy as it results in increased exposure of colonic mucosal afferents to the PO. A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficacy of SI and IC-PO in IBS is currently ongoing.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT02291445, EudraCT database 2014-004195-32.

Studies on the antibody response and side effects after intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection of Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) with different oil-based vaccines

Atlantic lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus L.) is used as a biological delousing agent for sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis K.) infestations in Norwegian aquaculture. Here, we present a study on the antibody response and vaccine side effects after intramuscular and intraperitoneal injection of lumpfish with two vaccines. Both vaccines contained bacterial antigens from atypical Aeromonas salmonicida A-layer types V and VI, Vibrio anguillarum serotype O1 and Moritella viscosa sp., but one vaccine contained a vegetable oil-based adjuvant, while the other contained a mineral oil-based adjuvant. Intramuscular injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine caused a high acute mortality of fish within 48 hr after immunization. Intraperitoneal injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine resulted in a lower severity of intra-abdominal side effects than the vegetable oil-based vaccine. Intramuscular injection of the mineral oil-based vaccine resulted in a significantly higher antibody response against A. salmonicida when compared to controls and the vegetable oil-based vaccine group. The antibody response was poor against V. anguillarum and M. viscosa for all groups. Our results indicate that intramuscular injection of oil-based vaccines might be feasible for providing immunological protection for Atlantic lumpfish against bacterial diseases, especially atypical A. salmonicida, but more work is required to identity optimal adjuvants.

Absorption Kinetics of the Main Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers in Commercial-Rich Oil after Oral Administration in Rats

This study aimed to assess the oral absorption and plasma kinetics of two main isomers contained in commercial conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)-rich oil (Tonalin TG-80), rumenic acid (RA), and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12. The isomer plasma disposition after the single oral dose of 3000 mg of Tonalin TG-80/kg, containing 1200 mg/kg of each isomer, was studied in rats. The isomer plasma concentrations were determined by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. The plasma kinetics showed rapid oral absorption of RA and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12 (t_1/2a 0.34 ± 0.09 and 0.53 ± 0.01 h) and slow elimination (t_1/2β 25.68 ± 3.29 and 18.12 ± 1.71 h); the maximal isomer plasma concentrations (C_max) of 8.48 ± 0.98 and 7.67 ± 0.80 μg mL^-1, respectively, were estimated at 2.08 ± 0.14 and 2.26 ± 0.11 h. Our results from a preclinical kinetic study in rats help to design future studies in humans for evaluating the CLA isomer dose-response.

Effect of leaf digestion and artemisinin solubility for use in oral consumption of dried Artemisia annua leaves to treat malaria

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Artemisia annua L. produces the antimalarial sesquiterpene lactone, artemisinin (AN), and was traditionally used by the Chinese to treat fever, which was often caused by malaria.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To measure effects of plant-based and dietary components on release of artemisinin and flavonoids from A. annua dried leaves (DLA) after simulated digestion.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Simulated digestion was performed on DLA in four types of capsules, or in conjunction with protein, and protein-based foods: dry milk, casein, bovine serum albumin, peanuts, peanut butter, Plumpy'nut(®), and A. annua essential oils. Artemisinin and total flavonoids were measured in the liquid phase of the intestinal stage of digestion.

RESULTS

After simulated digestion, peanuts and Plumpy'nut(®) lowered AN and flavonoids, respectively, recovered from the liquid digestate fraction. None of the compositions of the tested capsules altered AN or flavonoid release. Surprisingly, bovine serum albumin (BSA) increased both AN and flavonoids recovered from liquid simulated digestate fractions while casein had no effect. AN delivered as DLA was about 4 times more soluble in digestates than AN delivered as pure drug. Addition of a volume of essential oil equivalent to that found in a high essential oil producing A. annua cultivar also significantly increased AN solubility in simulated digestates.

CONCLUSION

These results indicate encapsulating DLA may provide a way to mask the taste of A. annua without altering bioavailability. Similarly, many peanut-based products can be used to mask the flavor with appropriate dosing. Finally, the essential oil fraction of A. annua contributes to the increased AN solubility in DLA after simulated digestion. Our results suggest that use of DLA in the treatment of malaria and other artemisinin-susceptible diseases should be further tested in animals and humans.

Vegetable Oil-Loaded Nanocapsules: Innovative Alternative for Incorporating Drugs for Parenteral Administration

An innovative nanocapsule formulation for parenteral administration using selected vegetable oils (mango, jojoba, pequi, oat, annatto, calendula, and chamomile) was developed that has the potential to encapsulate various drugs. The vegetable oil-loaded nanocapsules were prepared by interfacial deposition and compared with capric/caprylic triglyceride-loaded lipid core nanocapsules. The major objective was to investigate the effect of vegetable oils on particle size distribution and physical stability and to determine the hemolytic potential of the nanocapsules, considering their applicability for intravenous administration. Taking into account the importance of accurately determining particle size for the selected route of administration, different size characterization techniques were employed, such as Laser Diffraction, Dynamic Light Scattering, Multiple Light Scattering, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis, and Transmission Electronic Microscopy. Laser diffraction studies indicated that the mean particle size of all nanocapsules was below 300 nm. For smaller particles, the laser diffraction and multiple light scattering data were in agreement (D[3,2]-130 nm). Dynamic light scattering and nanoparticle tracking analysis, two powerful techniques that complement each other, exhibited size values between 180 and 259 nm for all nanoparticles. Stability studies demonstrated a tendency of particle creaming for jojoba-nanocapsules and sedimentation for the other nanoparticles; however, no size variation occurred over 30 days. The hemolysis test proved the hemocompatibility of all nanosystems, irrespective of the type of oil. Although all developed nanocapsules presented the potential for parenteral administration, jojoba oil-loaded nanocapsules were selected as the most promising nanoformulation due to their low average size and high particle size homogeneity.

n-3 LC-PUFA deposition efficiency and appetite-regulating hormones are modulated by the dietary lipid source during rainbow trout grow-out and finishing periods

Largely attributable to concerns surrounding sustainability, the utilisation of omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-rich (n-3 LC-PUFA) fish oils in aquafeeds for farmed fish species is an increasingly concerning issue. Therefore, strategies to maximise the deposition efficiency of these key health beneficial fatty acids are being investigated. The present study examined the effects of four vegetable-based dietary lipid sources (linseed, olive, palm and sunflower oil) on the deposition efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA and the circulating blood plasma concentrations of the appetite-regulating hormones, leptin and ghrelin, during the grow-out and finishing phases in rainbow trout culture. Minimal detrimental effects were noted in fish performance; however, major modifications were apparent in tissue fatty acid compositions, which generally reflected that of the diet. These modifications diminished somewhat following the fish oil finishing phase, but longer-lasting effects remained evident. The fatty acid composition of the alternative oils was demonstrated to have a modulatory effect on the deposition efficiency of n-3 LC-PUFA and on the key endocrine hormones involved in appetite regulation, growth and feed intake during both the grow-out and finishing phases. In particular, n-6 PUFA (sunflower oil diet) appeared to 'spare' the catabolism of n-3 LC-PUFA and, as such, resulted in the highest retention of these fatty acids, ultimately highlighting new nutritional approaches to maximise the maintenance of the qualitative benefits of fish oils when they are used in feeds for aquaculture species.

[Study on effect of Hypericum perforatum on pharmacokinetics of zedoary turmeric oil in compound antiviral preparation]

OBJECTIVE

To study zedoary turmeric oil (ZTO) and the pharmacokinetics of its homemade compound antiviral preparation in New Zealand rabbits.

METHOD

RP-HPLC was used to determinate the content of germacrone in rabbit plasma after oral administration.

RESULT

After oral administration of ZTO and its homemade compound antiviral preparation, the plasma concentration-time curve of germacrone is in conformity to two-compartment open model. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ZTO: t1/2alpha, t1/2beta, Vd, CL, AUC and Ka were (1.52 +/- 0.59), (1.97 +/- 0.27) h, (47.59 +/- 2.29) L x kg(-1), (176.77 +/- 7.65) L x h(-1) x kg(-1), (5.70 +/- 0.70) mg x h x L(-1) and (0.97 +/- 0.11) h(-1), respectively, while those of compound preparation were (0.41 +/- 0.03), (1.47 +/- 0.35) h, (75.21 +/- 5.21) L x kg(-1), (287.79 +/- 6.39) L x h(-1) x kg(-1), (3.91 +/- 0.53) mg x h x L(-1) and (5.14 +/- 1.26) h(-1), respectively. There was no significant difference between the above two groups of pharmacokinetic parameters, expect that Ka of compound preparation was significantly higher than that of ZTO (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Hypericum perforatum in compound preparation doesn't impact the distribution and elimination of active ingredients of ZTO in New Zealand rabbits, but it improves the absorption speed, and shortens the time of drug absorption, which contributes to rapid efficacy of ZTO in rabbits.

Dermal pharmacokinetics of Terpinen-4-ol following topical administration of Zingiber cassumunar (plai) oil

The purpose of this study was to investigate dermal pharmacokinetics of terpinen-4-ol in rats following topical administration of plai oil derived from the rhizomes of Zingiber cassumunar Roxb. Unbound terpinen-4-ol concentrations in dermal tissue were measured by microdialysis. The dermal pharmacokinetic study of terpinen-4-ol was performed under non-occlusive conditions. The oil was topically applied at a dose of 2, 4, and 8 mg/cm2 plai oil corresponding to the amount of 1.0, 1.9, and 3.8 mg/cm2 terpinen-4-ol, respectively. Following topical application of the oil, terpinen-4-ol rapidly distributed into the dermis and demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics with no changes in the dose-normalized area under the concentration-time curves across the investigated dosage range. The mean percentages of free terpinen-4-ol distributed in the dermis per amount of administered were 0.39 ± 0.06 %, 0.41 ± 0.08 %, and 0.30 ± 0.03 % for 2, 4, and 8 mg/cm2 doses, respectively. The dermal pharmacokinetics of terpinen-4-ol could provide information for its further formulation development and therapy schedules.

A preliminary 13-week oral toxicity study of ginger oil in male and female Wistar rats

Zingiber officinale Roscoe, ginger, is a major spice extensively used in traditional medicine. The toxicity profile of ginger oil was studied by subchronic oral administration for 13 weeks at doses of 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg per day to 6 groups of Wistar rats (5/sex per dose). Separate groups of rats (5/sex per group) received either paraffin oil (vehicle) or were untreated and served as comparative control groups. There was no mortality and no decrease in body weight or food consumption as well as selective organ weights during the study period. Administration of ginger oil to rats did not produce any treatment-related changes in hematological parameters, hepatic, renal functions, serum electrolytes, or in histopathology of selected organs. The major component of ginger oil was found to be zingiberene (31.08%), and initial studies indicated the presence of zingiberene in the serum after oral dosing. These results confirmed that ginger oil is not toxic to male and female rats following subchronic oral administrations of up to 500 mg/kg per day (no observed adverse effect level [NOAEL]).

Comparative study on the in vitro human skin permeation of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids applied in rose oil and in form of neat single compounds

Essential oils are ingredients of cosmetic and health care products as well as massage oil used in aromatherapy. There is no doubt that essential oils and their components are able to permeate human skin. But information is rare dealing with percutanous absorption of essential oils in more detail. In this paper we investigated the in vitro skin permeation of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids applied in pure rose oil and in form of neat single substances. We found that the application form had an exceeding influence on the skin permeation behaviour of the compounds. For substances applied in rose oil a clear relationship between their lipophilic character, chemical structure, and skin permeation could be confirmed. Regarding the P(app)-values the substances are ranked in the order: monoterpene hydrocarbons < monoterpene alcohols < monoterpene ketons < phenylpropanoids. In contrast, for neat single substances there were no relationships between their lipophilic characters, structures and skin permeation. Furthermore, except for alpha-pinene and isomenthone, the P(app)-values of all other substances were several times higher when applied in pure native rose oil than in their neat form. This suggests that co-operative interactions between essential oil components may promote skin permeation behaviour of essential oil and its components.

Bioequivalence evaluation of menthol after oral administration of peppermint oil soft capsules in dogs

A randomized, two-way, crossover, bioequivalence study in 6 beagle dogs was conducted to compare the bioavailability of two peppermint oil formulations, soft capsule and hard capsule. The drug was given in a single dose of two capsules (total, 200 mg), and blood samples were withdrawn during the 12 h after drug administration. Menthol (CAS 2216-51-5) as the main component of peppermint oil was determined by a gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/I MS) method after cleavage with beta-glucuronidase. The following pharmacokinetic variables were computed for the two formulations: maximum concentration (Cmax), time to maximum concentration (Tmax), half-life of elimination (t1/2), mean residence time (MRT), and areas under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-t) and AUC(0-infinity)). For calculation of the 90% confidence interval (CI), an analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out. The results indicated that treatment and subject had statistically significant effect on AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), and Cmax, and the 90% CIs for AUC(0-t), AUC(0-infinity), and Cmax were outside the acceptable bioequivalence range. The relative bioavailability was 121.4 +/- 10.6% for AUC(0-infinity). Therefore, it can be concluded that the two formulations are not bioequivalent and the bioavailability of soft capsules is significantly higher than that of hard capsules.

Effects of systemic administration of the essential oil of bergamot (BEO) on gross behaviour and EEG power spectra recorded from the rat hippocampus and cerebral cortex

Bergamot (Citrus bergamia Risso et Poiteau) is a citrus fruit growing almost exclusively in the South of Italy. Its essential oil is obtained by cold pressing of the epicarp and, partly, of the mesocarp of the fresh fruit. Although this phytocomplex has been used for centuries, reputedly effectively, as a traditional medicine, there is very little verified scientific evidence to support this use. This paper reports original data on the systemic effects of the essential oil of bergamot (BEO) on gross behaviour and EEG activity recorded from the hippocampus and cerebral cortex of the rat. The Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) was used to analyse and quantify the energy in single frequency bands of the EEG spectrum. The results obtained indicate that systemic administration of increasing volumes of BEO produces dose-dependent increases in locomotor and exploratory activity that correlate with a predominant increase in the energy in the faster frequency bands of the EEG spectrum. These data contribute to our understanding of the neurobiological profile of BEO.

[Tissue distribution of solid lipid nanoparticles loaded garlic oil in rats]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the tissue distribution of the diallyl disulfide (DADS) and diallyl trisulfide (DATS) in solid lipid nanoparticles loaded garlic oil (GO-SLN) in rats.

METHOD

The gas chromatography-electron capture detection (GC-ECD) method was established to determined the DADS and DATS simultaneously in the biological samples of rats after administration of 0.5 mL garlic oil injection or GO-SLN (containing about 10 mg garlic oil) via jugular vein cannula. The conditions for gas chromatographic separation were as follows. The oven temperature was set at 110 degrees C and maintained for 15 min. Temperatures at the injection port and detector were 180 degrees C and 300 degrees C, respectively. Ultra-pure nitrogen (purity > 99.999%, Shenyang Kerui Special Gases Co. Ltd., China) was used as a carrier gas and made-up gas at flow-rates of 1 mL x min(-1) and 60 mL x min(-1), respectively. All injections were carried out in the split injection mode with a split ratio of 1:10.

RESULT

The GC-ECD method was fit for determing the concentration of DADS and DATS in garlic oil. The distribution character of GO-SLN in rats had changed to some extent and the concentration of GO-SLN in tissues was higher than that of GO-Injection.

CONCLUSION

The SLN can elevate the passive targeting of drugs and lengthen their action time in tissues.

Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the sesquiterpene alpha-humulene in mice

A quantitative study was undertaken to assess the plasma and tissue levels, tissue distribution and skin (ear) absorption of the sesquiterpene alpha-humulene, the main active constituent isolated from the plant Cordia verbenacea (Boraginaceae ), after oral, intravenous and topical administration in mice. The alpha-humulene levels were quantified by GC-MS analysis. The peak alpha-humulene concentration was achieved 15 min following its oral administration (150 mg/kg). Then, the alpha-humulene plasma concentration gradually decreased and it was almost undetectable at 2 hours after intravenous administration and 12 hours after oral administration. When the oil of C. verbenacea was given orally (1 g/kg), the peak alpha-humulene plasma concentration was observed after 30 min, being detectable only up to 2 h. The oral bioavailability of alpha-humulene was found to be 18 %. The half-lives of alpha-humulene were very short, 16.8 min after oral administration and 1.8 min after intravenous administration. However, the elimination half-lives were longer, 118.2 min and 55 min, for oral and intravenous routes, respectively. We also assessed the amount of alpha-humulene in some selected tissues at 0.5 and at 4 h after oral administration. We found a high amount of the compound in the liver, followed by the kidneys, heart, lungs, spleen and brain, 0.5 h after oral administration. Notably, the yield of alpha-humulene decreased significantly in all analyzed tissues, especially in the liver, 4 h after oral administration. Of note, 30 minutes after topical administration of Acheflan formulations (cream and aerosol) containing 0.5 % of C. verbenacea essential oil, a schedule of treatment that produces marked and similar topical anti-inflammatory activity, the amount of alpha-humulene absorbed in the ear was very similar (about 2 microg/ear). It is concluded that alpha-humulene exhibited a rapid onset and relatively good absorption following oral and topical administration. Taken together, these findings further contribute to an explanation of the topical and systemic anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties previously reported for the essential oil and for alpha-humulene obtained from Cordia verbenacea, they also provide support for the clinical studies conducted with the phytomedicine Acheflan.

Vehicle-dependent disposition kinetics of fluoranthene in Fisher-344 rats

The objective of this study was to evaluate how the vehicles of choice affect the pharmacokinetics of orally administered Fluoranthene [FLA] in rats. Fluoranthene is a member of the family of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon chemicals. Fluoranthene exposure to humans may occur as a result of cigarette smoking, consumption of contaminated food and water, heating woods in stoves and boilers, industrial sources such as coal gasification, carbon and graphite electrode manufacturing. Adult male Fisher-344 rats were given single oral doses of 25 and 50 μg/kg FLA in tricaprylin, peanut oil, cod liver oil, tween 80/isotonic saline (1:5) and 2% Alkamuls-EL620 through gavage. After administration, the rats were housed individually in metabolic cages and sacrificed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 hours post FLA exposure. Blood, lung, liver, small intestine, adipose tissue samples, urine, and feces were collected at each time point. Samples were subjected to a liquid-liquid extraction using methanol, chloroform, and water. The extracts were analyzed by a reverse-phase HPLC, equipped with a fluorescence detector. The results revealed a dose-dependent increase in FLA concentrations in plasma and tissues for all the vehicles used. Plasma and tissue FLA concentrations were greater for peanut oil; cod liver oil, and tricaprylin vehicles compared to Alkamuls (p < 0.05), and tween 80/isotonic saline (1:5). Most of the FLA administered through peanut oil, cod liver oil and tricaprylin was cleared from the body by 8 hours (90%) and 12 hours (80%) post administration for the 25 μg/kg and 50 μg/kg dose groups, respectively. With both doses employed, the metabolism of FLA was highest when cod liver oil was used as a vehicle and lowest in vehicles containing detergent/water [cod liver oil > peanut oil > tricaprylin > alkamuls > tween 80/isotonic saline (1:5)]. These findings suggest that uptake and elimination of FLA is accelerated when administered through oil-based vehicles. The low uptake of FLA from alkamuls and tween 80/isotonic saline may have been a result of the poor solubility of the chemical. In summary, our findings reiterate that absorption characteristics of FLA were governed by the dose as well as the dosing vehicle. The vehicle-dependent bioavailability of FLA suggests a need for the judicious selection of vehicles in evaluating oral toxicity studies for risk assessment purposes.

[Vegetable oil-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in near drowning: evaluation based on extravascular lung water index]

Lipoid pneumonia usually presents after chronic recurrent ingestion of oily substances or accidental aspiration during "fire-eating" demonstrations. Massive exposure by near drowning extremely rare and potentially fatal. We present here a case of survival after total immersion in oil in her workplace. A 66-year-old woman who nearly drowned in a vat of vegetable oil was admitted as an emergency case with severe hypoxia after rescue. Chest computed tomography (CT) findings showed bilateral ground-glass opacity, consolidation, and the case fulfilled the criteria for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage performed on admission indicated oil droplets and marked neutrophilia (67%), which made us diagnose ARDS induced by lipoid pneumonia. We commenced treatment with pulsed steroids and strictly managed fluid balance under mechanical ventilation. Despite immediate improvement in oxygenation, the value of extravascular lung water index (EVLWI) measured by the PiCCO system consistently remained over 30 ml/Kg through her clinical course. We concluded that lipoid pneumonia is characterized by prolonged elevatation of pulmonary vascular permeability.

Increased fat absorption and impaired fat clearance cause postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii rat

In diabetes, postprandial hyperlipidemia is recognized as a risk factor for premature atherosclerosis and following cardiovascular disease. In the present study, features of fat absorption and clearance were examined to clarify the lipid metabolism of Spontaneously Diabetic Torii (SDT) rats. Olive oil was orally administered to evaluate increase of blood triglyceride (TG) level. Mesenteric lymph chylomicron TG was also measured. mRNAs of enzymes and transfer protein related to TG metabolism and histopathological changes were evaluated. In an oil loading test, elevation of TG in plasma and lymph chylomicron was increased in SDT rats. Interestingly, SDT rats showed elevation of plasma TG after oil loading and relatively low epididymal fat lipoprotein lipase (LPL) mRNA expression even at the pre-diabetic state without increase of TG absorption from intestine. In the diabetic state, intestines of SDT rats were hypertrophic and expressed mRNAs of enzymes and transfer protein related to TG absorption highly. From these results, it seems that intestinal abnormalities related to hypoinsulinemia/hyperglycemia cause postprandial hypertriglyceridemia in SDT rats. In addition, our findings suggest that SDT rats have impaired lipid catabolism antecedent to hypoinsulinemia/hyperglycemia. These characteristics of SDT rats can be useful in studies of diabetic hypertriglyceridemia and TG metabolism.

Alpha-cyclodextrin/oil beads as a new carrier for improving the oral bioavailability of lipophilic drugs

The purpose of the present work was to investigate the potential of novel lipid-carrier "beads" consisting of minispheres made of alpha-cyclodextrin and soybean oil for the encapsulation and the oral delivery of drugs. Isotretinoin was chosen as a model of poorly-stable and lipophilic molecule. Isotretinoin-loaded beads were prepared, characterised and administrated orally in rats. Isotretinoin previously dissolved in soybean oil had no significant effect upon bead preparation and characteristics. Drug encapsulation efficiency was found to be particularly high (93+/-7%) and no isotretinoin degradation occurred during the preparation process. Freeze-drying advantageously concentrated isotretinoin in beads (3.4+/-0.2 mg/g) and facilitating ease of handling and use for oral administration. Isotretinoin exhibited good stability for at least 4 months when beads were stored protected from light. Finally, pharmacokinetics of isotretinoin in rats demonstrated that the drug was successfully released from beads in the digestive tract and that isotretinoin absolute bioavailability was doubled compared to isotretinoin lipid solution (32% and 15% respectively). In conclusion, these beads constitute a novel and efficient system for encapsulation and oral delivery of lipophilic and fragile drugs.

Enhancement of intragastric acid stability of a fat emulsion meal delays gastric emptying and increases cholecystokinin release and gallbladder contraction

Preprocessed fatty foods often contain calories added as a fat emulsion stabilized by emulsifiers. Emulsion stability in the acidic gastric environment can readily be manipulated by altering emulsifier chemistry. We tested the hypothesis that it would be possible to control gastric emptying, CCK release, and satiety by varying intragastric fat emulsion stability. Nine healthy volunteers received a test meal on two occasions, comprising a 500-ml 15% oil emulsion with 2.5% of one of two emulsifiers that produced emulsions that were either stable (meal A) or unstable (meal B) in the acid gastric environment. Gastric emptying and gallbladder volume changes were assessed by MRI. CCK plasma levels were measured and satiety scores were recorded. Meal B layered rapidly owing to fat emulsion breakdown. The gastric half-emptying time of the aqueous phase was faster for meal B (72 +/- 13 min) than for meal A (171 +/- 35 min, P < 0.008). Meal A released more CCK than meal B (integrated areas, respectively 1,095 +/- 244 and 531 +/- 111 pmol.min.l(-1), P < 0.02), induced a greater gallbladder contraction (P < 0.02), and decreased postprandial appetite (P < 0.05), although no significant differences were observed in fullness and hunger. We conclude that acid-stable emulsions delayed gastric emptying and increased postprandial CCK levels and gallbladder contraction, whereas acid-instability led to rapid layering of fat in the gastric lumen with accelerated gastric emptying, lower CCK levels, and reduced gallbladder contraction. Manipulation of the acid stability of fat emulsion added to preprocessed foods could maximize satiety signaling and, in turn, help to reduce overconsumption of calories.

Novel cationic vesicle platform derived from vernonia oil for efficient delivery of DNA through plant cuticle membranes

Novel cationic amphiphilic compounds were prepared from vernonia oil, a natural epoxidized triglyceride, and studied with respect to vesicle formation, encapsulation of biomaterials such as DNA, and their physical stability and transport through isolated plant cuticle membranes. The amphiphiles studied were a single-headed compound III (a quaternary ammonium head group with two alkyl chains) and a triple-headed compound IV, which is essentially three molecules of compound III bound together through a glycerol moiety. Vesicles of the two amphiphiles, prepared by sonication in water and solutions of uranyl acetate or the herbicide 2,4-D (2,4-dichloropenoxy acetic acid), were examined by TEM, SEM, AFM, and confocal laser systems and had a spherical shape which encapsulated the solutes with diameters between 40 and 110 nm. Vesicles from amphiphile IV could be made large enough to encapsulate a condensed 5.2kb DNA plasmid (pJD328). Vesicles of amphiphile IV were also shown to pass intact across isolated plant cuticle membranes and the rate of delivery of encapsulated radio-labeled 2,4-D through isolated plant cuticle membranes obtained with these vesicles was clearly greater in comparison to liposomes prepared from dipalmitopyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and the control, nonencapsulated 2,4-D. Vesicles from amphiphiles III and IV were found to be more stable than those of liposomes from DPPC. The data indicate the potential of vesicles prepared from the novel amphiphile IV to be a relatively efficient nano-scale delivery system to transport DNA and other bioactive agents through plant biological barriers. This scientific approach may open the way for further development of efficient in vivo plant transformation systems.

Modifications in Postprandial Triglyceride-Rich Lipoprotein Composition and Size after the Intake of Pomace Olive Oil

OBJECTIVE

This study was designed to determine the composition of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL) after the intake of pomace olive oil (POO), which is a subproduct of the extraction of virgin olive oil (VOO) and presents a high concentration of minor components with biological activity.

METHODS

Meals enriched in POO and refined olive oil (ROO) were administrated to 9 healthy young men and blood was extracted every hour during a postprandial period of 7 hours. Serum and TRL lipid composition were measured by enzymatic and chromatographic methods and apolipoprotein B composition by SDS-PAGE.

RESULTS

POO and ROO showed a very similar fatty acid composition but differed in their unsaponifiable fraction. The content of phytosterols, tocopherols, terpenic acids and alcohols and fatty alcohols was much higher in POO than in ROO. Serum lipids were not affected by the administration of the oils but the triglyceride concentration in TRL and the size of the particles (p < 0.05) after POO was higher at time point 2 h and lower at time point 4 h compared with ROO. In contrast, the number of TRL particles was lower after POO, although the rate of clearance was similar.

CONCLUSION

We suggest that the unsaponifiable fraction between the two olive oils affect the size and composition of postprandial TRL, which might have a relevant impact on their atherogenicity.

A randomised cross-over trial in healthy adults indicating improved absorption of omega-3 fatty acids by pre-emulsification

Background

The health benefits of increased intakes of omega-3 fatty acids are well established but palatability often presents a problem. The process of emulsification is used in the food industry to provide a wider spectrum of use, often with the result of increased consumption. Moreover, as emulsification is an important step in the digestion and absorption of fats, the pre-emulsification process may enhance digestion and absorption. In this study the levels of plasma fatty acid and triacylglycerol (TAG) following the ingestion of either an oil mixture or an emulsified oil mixture have been compared.

Methods

In this randomised cross-over study, 13 volunteers received the oil mixture and 11 received the oil emulsion as part of an otherwise fat free meal. Blood samples were collected at 0, 1.5, 3, 4.5, 6, 7.5 and 9 hours after ingestion of oil, separated and stored at -20°C. Plasma triacylglycerols were assessed spectrophotometrically and fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography. Following a washout period of twenty days the procedure was repeated with the assignments reversed.

Results

The postprandial plasma TAG and the C18:3 (n-6), C18:3(n-3), C20:5(n-3) and C22:6 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) levels for the emulsified oil group were increased significantly (P = 0.0182; P = 0.0493; P = 0.0137; P < 0.0001; P = 0.0355 respectively) compared with the non-emulsified oil group. The C16:0 and C18:0 saturated fatty acids, the C18:1 (n-9) monounsaturated fatty acid and the C18:2 PUFA were not significantly different for the oil and emulsified oil groups.

Conclusion

Pre-emulsification of an oil mixture prior to ingestion increases the absorption of longer chain more highly unsaturated fatty acids (especially eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) but does not affect absorption of shorter chain less saturated fatty acids, suggesting that pre-emulsification of fish oils may be a useful means of boosting absorption of these beneficial fatty acids.

Trial registration: Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN43202606

Bioavailability and antioxidant effects of olive oil phenolic compounds in humans: a review

Olive oil, the main source of fat in the Mediterranean diet, is a functional food which besides having a high level of monounsaturated fatty acid contains several minor components with biological properties. For some olive oil minor components, such as the antioxidant phenolic compounds, a large body of studies, mainly experimental or in animal models, have been performed. Randomized, controlled, clinical trials in humans are required to provide evidence that olive phenolic compounds contribute significantly to health benefits in order to give recommendations at population level. Here, we summarize the state of the art of the body of knowledge, and to which extent we have evidence, of the bioavailability and of the antioxidant benefits of olive oil phenolic compounds in humans.

Conjugated linolenic acid is slowly absorbed in rat intestine, but quickly converted to conjugated linoleic acid

We showed previously that alpha-eleostearic acid (alpha-ESA; 9Z11E13E-18:3) is converted to 9Z11E-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in rats through a Delta13-saturation reaction. To investigate this further, we examined the absorption and metabolism of alpha-ESA in rat intestine using a lipid absorption assay in lymph from the thoracic duct. In this study, we used 4 test oils [tung oil, perilla oil, CLA-triacylglycerol (TG), and pomegranate seed oil, containing alpha-ESA, alpha-linolenic acid (LnA; 9Z12Z15Z-18:3), CLA, and punicic acid (PA; 9Z11E13Z-18:3), respectively]. Emulsions containing the test oils were administered to rats, and lymph from the thoracic duct was collected over 24 h. The positional and geometrical isomerism of CLA produced by PA metabolism was determined using GC-electron impact (EI)-MS and (13)C-NMR, respectively; the product was confirmed to be 9Z11E-CLA. A part of alpha-ESA and PA was converted to 9Z11E-CLA 1 h after administration; therefore the lymphatic recoveries of alpha-ESA and PA were modified by the amount of recovered CLA. Cumulative recovery of CLA, alpha-ESA, and PA was lower than that of LnA only during h 1 (P < 0.05), and cumulative recovery of alpha-ESA and PA was significantly lower than that of LnA and CLA for 8 h (P < 0.05). Therefore, the absorption rate was LnA > CLA > alpha-ESA = PA. The conversion ratio of alpha-ESA to 9Z11E-CLA was higher than that of PA to 9Z11E-CLA over 24 h (P < 0.05). These results indicated that alpha-ESA and PA are slowly absorbed in rat intestine, and a portion of these fatty acids is quickly converted to 9Z11E-CLA.

Endocytosis and intracellular trafficking of fatty acid esters of phenylaminopropanediol, the putative etiologic agents of the toxic oil syndrome (TOS)

The toxic oil syndrome (TOS) caused by ingestion of rapeseed oil adulterated with aniline is characterized by symptoms of an allergic and/or autoimmune illness associated with vessel wall lesions similar to those of atherosclerosis. Fatty acid esters of 3-(N-phenylamino)-1,2-propanediol (PAP) have been incriminated as the etiologic agents of TOS. However, the pathogenesis of TOS is yet unknown. Here, we addressed whether PAP fatty acid esters are incorporated into lipoproteins, which after transport to vascular endothelial cells are taken up to initiate TOS vasculopathy. After loading (14)C-dioleyl-ester of PAP into LDL labeled with 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindolcarbocyanine (DiI) we assessed receptor mediated endocytosis and intracellular localization of these lipopoproteins in vascular endothelial cells. Our data suggest that these lipoprotein-derivatives are internalized into endothelial cells by LDL receptor mediated endocytosis. Confocal microscopy revealed that DiI-LDL loaded with dioleyl-ester of PAP and incubated for 60 min with endothelial cells colocalizes with the lysosomotropic compound LysoTracker Green, indicating that internalized PAP-loaded LDL are targetted to the endolysosomal compartment for further processing. Subcellular fractionation of endothelial-like ECV-304 cells after incubation with LDL loaded with the (14)C-dioleyl-ester of PAP for 6h showed that the radioactive label accumulated in fractions containing endosomes, the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum.

Skin penetration of terpenes from essential oils and topical vehicles

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro cutaneous penetration of five terpenes--linalool, linalyl acetate, terpinen-4-ol, citronellol and alpha-pinene--applied in pure essential oils or in dermatological formulations (o/w emulsion, oily solution or hydrogel) containing 0.75 % w/w of the essential oils. Different skin absorption was observed depending on the type of the vehicle and terpenes' log P values. Cutaneous accumulation of terpenes is several times higher when they are applied in pure essential oils than in topical vehicles. Penetration of terpinen-4-ol to the skin was better from an oily solution (approximately 90 microg/cm (2)) than from an emulsion (60 microg/cm (2)). No penetration of linalyl acetate from topical vehicles into viable skin was observed, but also for this terpene penetration to the upper layers of the stratum corneum was 2-times higher when an oily solution was used. In contrast, the cutaneous absorption of linalool was the same from both vehicles (50-60 microg/cm (2)). The skin penetration of alpha-pinene was not traceable when it was applied in an oily solution. Only a small amount (approximately 5 microg/cm (2)) of this terpene was determined in viable skin after application as a hydrogel. Citronellol applied in a hydrogel penetrated into all skin layers in a total amount of 25 microg/cm (2), while no penetration into viable skin layers after application of an oily solution was noted. Only citronellol permeated into the acceptor medium.

Incorporation of alpha-tocopherol and linoleic acid in fresh lambs by feeding chemically treated dietary supplements containing dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate and sunflower oil

The effects of feeding chemically treated dietary supplements (CTDS) containing sunflower oil and dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (TA) on alpha-tocopherol content and fatty acid profile in edible tissues of lambs were estimated. Compared with lambs fed control diet (CD), lambs fed CD plus 250 IU of either TA or CTDS increased serum alpha-tocopherol. The CTDS-fed lambs further increased serum alpha-tocopherol by 29% over those fed CD plus 250 IU of TA. Lambs supplemented with TA or CTDS increased alpha-tocopherol in muscle and adipose tissues as compared with lambs fed CD. The CTDS-fed lambs had higher levels of alpha-tocopherol in gluteus medius (7.55 vs 6.05 mug/g), psoas major (7.43 vs 6.02 mug/g), and subcutaneous fat (12.6 vs 9.98 mug/g) compared with the TA-fed lambs. Feeding lambs CTDS also substantially increased levels of linoleic acid in the adipose tissues while decreasing the content of palmitic and oleic acids.

Ultrastructural studies on antimicrobial efficacy of thyme essential oils on Listeria monocytogenes

OBJECTIVES

Listeria monocytogenes has gained increasing attention as a pathogen of public health importance owing to large numbers of food-borne outbreaks of listeriosis. Because of negative consumer perception of chemical preservatives, attention is shifting towards natural alternatives. Particular interest has been focused on the potential application of plant essential oils. The objective of the present study was to determine ultrastructural changes brought about by essential oils from two types of thyme, Thymus eriocalyx and Thymus x-porlock, on Listeria monocytogenes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Minimal inhibitory (MIC) and minimal bactericidal (MBC) concentrations and bactericidal kinetics of the oils were determined. Listeria monocytogenes were treated with essential oils from two thyme species and observed under a transmission electron microscope.

RESULTS

The oils from the above plants were found to be strongly antimicrobial. Analysis of the oils by gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry lead to the identification of 18 and 19 components in T. eriocalyx and T. x-porlock oils, respectively. Listeria monocytogenes treated with essential oils from the two thyme species exhibited a thickened or disrupted cell wall with increased roughness and lack of cytoplasm.

CONCLUSION

The antilisterial effects of thyme oil are stronger than the action of electric shocks in combination with nisin reported in the literature. It is concluded that essential oils such as thyme oil, which inhibited the growth of L. monocytogenes at low concentrations, could be considered as preservative materials for some kinds of foods; they could find an application as additives to foodstuffs in storage to protect them from listerial contamination.

Transcutaneous absorption of topically massaged oil in neonates

OBJECTIVE

To study the transcutaneous absorption of traditionally massaged oil in newborns and to specifically compare the effects of (i) essential fatty acid (EFA) rich - safflower oil and (ii) saturated fat rich coconut oil, on fatty acid profiles of massaged babies.

DESIGN

A short term randomised controlled study.

SETTING

Tertiary care NICU of a large teaching hospital and a research laboratory of a University complex.

METHODS

120 study babies were randomly assigned to three oil groups (i) safflower oil (n = 40) (ii) coconut oil (n = 40) and (iii) no oil controls (n = 40). In each group, babies were selected in three subsets as per their gestational ages viz (a) less than 34 weeks, (b) 34-37 weeks, (c) greater than 37 weeks. 5 mL of the designated oil was massaged four times a day for five days under controlled conditions of temperature and feeding. Pre and post oil massage samples of blood were analysed for triglycerides and fatty acid profiles using gas chromatography.

RESULTS

Post oil triglyceride values were significantly raised in both the oil groups and also in controls. However, the quantum of rise was significantly higher in oil groups as compared to controls. Fatty acid profiles (gas chromatography) showed significant rise in EFAs (linolenic acid and arachidonic acid) in safflower oil group and saturated fats in coconut oil group. Changes were more evident in term babies. There were no side effects associated with the massage.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that topically applied oil can be absorbed in neonates and is probably available for nutritional purposes. The fatty acid constituents of the oil can influence the changes in the fatty acid profiles of the massaged babies.

Pharmacology and preclinical pharmacokinetics of peppermint oil

The principal pharmacodynamic effect of peppermint oil relevant to the gastrointestinal tract is a dose-related antispasmodic effect on the smooth musculature due to the interference of menthol with the movement of calcium across the cell membrane. The choleretic and antifoaming effects of peppermint oil may play an additional role in medicinal use. Peppermint oil is relatively rapidly absorbed after oral administration and eliminated mainly via the bile. The major biliary metabolite is menthol glucuronide, which undergoes enterohepatic circulation. The urinary metabolites result from hydroxylation at the C-7 methyl group at C-8 and C-9 of the isopropyl moiety, forming a series of mono- and dihydroxymenthols and carboxylic acids, some of which are excreted in part as glucuronic acid conjugates. Studies with tritiated I-menthol in rats indicated about equal excretion in feces and urine. The main metabolite indentified was menthol-glucuronide. Additional metabolites are mono- or di-hydroxylated menthol derivatives.

Gastrointestinal clinical pharmacology of peppermint oil

In nine studies, 269 healthy subjects or patients underwent exposure to peppermint oil (PO) either by topical intraluminal (stomach or colon) or oral administration by single doses or 2 weeks treatment (n = 19). Methods used to detect effects were oro-cecal transit time by hydrogen expiration, total gastrointestinal transit time by carmine red method, gastric emptying time by radiolabelled test meal or sonography, direct observation of colonic motility or indirect recording through pressure changes or relieve of colonic spasms during barium enema examination. The dose range covered in single dose studies is 0.1-0.24ml of PO/subject. With one exception, which show an unexplained potentiation of neostigmine stimulated colon activity, all other studies result in effects, indicating a substantial spasmolytic effect of PO of the smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract. Pharmacokinetic studies reveal that fractionated urinary recovery of menthol is dependent on the kind of formulation used for the application of PO. Optimal pH triggered enteric coated formulations start releasing PO in the small intestine extending release over 10-12 h thus providing PO to the target organ in irritable bowel syndrome, i.e. the colon. The hypothesis is supported by anecdotal observations in patients with achlorhydria or ileostoma, respectively.

Study on the transfer of components of Aetheroleum carvi and Aetheroleum foeniculi oils

The transfer through a membrane of the main organic components and mineral elements of Carum carvi and Foeniculum vulgare volatile oils was studied. The transfer was studied from buffer solution pH 1.1 (stomach) and pH 6.5 (intestine) to pH 7.5 (plasma) in a Sartorius model. The transferred components were measured by GC-MS for volatile components and ICP-OES for inorganic elements. The main components (trans-anethole and fenchone from F. vulgare, carvone and D-limonene from C. carvi), as well as some mineral elements (Ca, Mg, S, Zn), transferred through the membrane.

Transcutaneous absorption of oil in preterm babies--a pilot study

This study was conducted to determine transcutaneous absorption of oil in preterm neonates. A mixture of coconut oil and Meadowfoam oil which contains unique fatty acids, which acted as marker fatty acids was applied to the skin of babies. One mL blood was collected before and one hour after post oil application. Both pre and post oil application serum samples were hydrolysed and derivatised with 2-phenyl hydrazine hydrochloride in order to detect fatty acids by HPLC analysis on C-8 column. None of the pre oil application serum sample showed the presence of the marker fatty acids. The post oil application serum sample of all the 12 babies showed the presence of marker fatty acids of Meadowfoam oil which indicates transcutaneous absorption of oil in preterm babies.

Interplay between different polyunsaturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in men

BACKGROUND

Consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may reduce coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, but n-6 PUFAs may compete with n-3 PUFA metabolism and attenuate benefits. Additionally, seafood-based, long-chain n-3 PUFAs may modify the effects of plant-based, intermediate-chain n-3 PUFAs. However, the interactions of these PUFAs in relation to CHD risk are not well established.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Among 45,722 men free of known cardiovascular disease in 1986, usual dietary intake was assessed at baseline and every 4 years by using validated food-frequency questionnaires. CHD incidence was prospectively ascertained. Over 14 years of follow-up, participants experienced 218 sudden deaths, 1521 nonfatal myocardial infarctions (MIs), and 2306 total CHD events (combined sudden death, other CHD deaths, and nonfatal MI). In multivariate-adjusted analyses, both long-chain and intermediate-chain n-3 PUFA intakes were associated with lower CHD risk, without modification by n-6 PUFA intake. For example, men with > or = median long-chain n-3 PUFA intake (> or =250 mg/d) had a reduced risk of sudden death whether n-6 PUFA intake was below (<11.2 g/d; hazard ratio [HR]=0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.34 to 0.79) or above (> or =11.2 g/d; HR=0.60; 95% CI=0.39 to 0.93) the median compared with men with a < median intake of both. In similar analyses, > or = median intake of intermediate-chain n-3 PUFAs (> or =1080 mg/d) was associated with a reduced total CHD risk whether n-6 PUFA intake was lower (HR=0.88; 95% CI=0.78 to 0.99) or higher (HR=0.89; 95% CI=0.79 to 0.99) compared with a < median intake of both. Intermediate-chain n-3 PUFAs were particularly associated with CHD risk when long-chain n-3 PUFA intake was very low (<100 mg/d); among these men, each 1 g/d of intermediate-chain n-3 PUFA intake was associated with an approximately 50% lower risk of nonfatal MI (HR=0.42; 95% CI=0.23 to 0.75) and total CHD (HR=0.53; 95% CI=0.34 to 0.83).

CONCLUSIONS

n-3 PUFAs from both seafood and plant sources may reduce CHD risk, with little apparent influence from background n-6 PUFA intake. Plant-based n-3 PUFAs may particularly reduce CHD risk when seafood-based n-3 PUFA intake is low, which has implications for populations with low consumption or availability of fatty fish.

[Absorption of zedoary oil in rat intestine using in situ single pass perfusion model]

AIM

To study the absorption of zedoary oil in intestine of rat.

METHODS

In situ single pass perfusion model was used and the concentrations of three components in perfusate were determined by HPLC in combination with diode array detection.

RESULTS

The P(app) s of curcumol, curdione and germacrone were all low and had no significant difference (P > 0.05) at zedoary oil concentration of 0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 mg x mL(-1) in transmucosal fluid or in four different regions of intestine of rat [duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon]. The absorption rates of germacrone and curdione were faster than curcumol's in this study.

CONCLUSION

The zedoary oil concentration in transmucosal fluid had no significant effect on the P(app) s within the scope of 0.4-1.2 mg x mL(-1). The absorption of curcumol, curdione and germacrone showed the passive diffusion process, and didn't contain a special absorption window.

Bioavailability and antioxidant effects of olive oil phenols in humans: a review

OBJECTIVE

We reviewed the bioavailability and antioxidant effects of phenols from extra virgin olive oil.

SEARCH STRATEGY

We searched the MEDLINE database for the years 1966-2002. To review the bioavailability of olive oil phenols, we selected animal and human studies that studied the absorption, metabolism, and urinary excretion of olive oil phenols. We also estimated the intake of the various phenols in the Mediterranean area. To review the antioxidant effects of olive oil phenols, we included human and animal studies on the effect of olive oil phenols on markers of oxidative processes in the body. We excluded studies without a proper control treatment and studies in which the antioxidant effects of phenols could not be disentangled from those of the fatty acid composition of olive oil.

RESULTS

Bioavailability studies in humans show that the absorption of olive oil phenols is probably larger than 55-66 mol%, and that at least 5% is excreted in urine as tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol. Animal studies suggest that phenol-rich olive oil lowers oxidisability of ex vivo low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles or lowers markers in urine of oxidative processes in the body. In five out of seven human studies, however, these effects of phenols were not found. There are no data on the phenol concentrations in plasma that are attainable by intake of olive oil. We estimated that 50 g of olive oil per day provides about 2 mg or approximately 13 micromol of hydroxytyrosol-equivalents per day, and that the plasma concentration of olive oil phenols with antioxidant potential resulting from such an intake can be at most 0.06 micromol/l. This is much lower than the minimum concentrations of these phenols (50-100 micromol) required to show antioxidant activity in vitro.

CONCLUSION

Although phenols from olive oil seem to be well absorbed, the content of olive oil phenols with antioxidant potential in the Mediterranean diet is probably too low to produce a measurable effect on LDL oxidisability or other oxidation markers in humans. The available evidence does not suggest that consumption of phenols in the amounts provided by dietary olive oil will protect LDL against oxidative modification to any important extent.

QSPR treatment of rat blood:air, saline:air and olive oil:air partition coefficients using theoretical molecular descriptors

A QSPR treatment has been applied to a data set that consists of 100 diverse organic compounds to relate the logarithmic function of rat blood:air, saline:air and olive oil:air partition coefficients (denoted by log K(b:a), log K(s:a), and log K(o:a), respectively), with theoretical molecular and fragment descriptors. Three QSPR models with squared correlation coefficients of 0.881, 0.926, and 0.922, respectively, were obtained. The verification of the predictive power of these models on a test set of 33 organic chemicals that were not included in the training set gave satisfactory squared correlation coefficients: 0.791 for rat blood:air, 0.794 for saline:air and 0.846 for olive oil:air.

Brief episode of STZ-induced hyperglycemia produces cardiac abnormalities in rats fed a diet rich in n-6 PUFA

Diabetic patients are particularly susceptible to cardiomyopathy independent of vascular disease, and recent evidence implicates cell death as a contributing factor. Given its protective role against apoptosis, we hypothesized that dietary n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) may well decrease the incidence of this mode of cardiac cell death after diabetes. Male Wistar rats were first fed a diet rich in n-6 PUFA [20% (wt/wt) sunflower oil] for 4 wk followed by streptozotocin (STZ, 55 mg/kg) to induce diabetes. After a brief period of hyperglycemia (4 days), hearts were excised for functional, morphological, and biochemical analysis. In diabetic rats, n-6 PUFA decreased caspase-3 activity, crucial for myocardial apoptosis. However, cardiac necrosis, an alternative mode of cell death, increased. In these hearts, a rise in linoleic acid and depleted cardiac glutathione could explain this "switch" to necrotic cell death. Additionally, mitochondrial abnormalities, impaired substrate utilization, and enhanced triglyceride accumulation could have also contributed to a decline in cardiac function in these animals. Our study provides evidence that, in contrast to other models of diabetic cardiomyopathy that exhibit cardiac dysfunction only after chronic hyperglycemia, n-6 PUFA feeding coupled with only 4 days of diabetes precipitated metabolic and contractile abnormalities in the heart. Thus, although promoted as being beneficial, excess n-6 PUFA, with its predisposition to induce obesity, insulin resistance, and ultimately diabetes, could accelerate myocardial abnormalities in diabetic patients.

Ozonisation coupled with biological degradation for treatment of phenolic pollutants: a mechanistically based study

Phenolic acids constitute an important group of pollutants which are reluctant to biological treatment. Solutions containing a mixture of cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, caffeic acid and ferulic acid were submitted to ozonisation. Then, the changes in biodegradability along the process were studied by means of respirometry. There is an optimum ozone dosage in the interval 3-5 min of treatment which allows to achieve the maximum increase in biodegradability (more than 10 times) and a high efficiency of the ozonisation process (COD decreases to a half of its initial value). Further ozonisation does not help to increase biodegradability and is clearly disadvantageous. Similar results are obtained with actual samples of olive oil wastewaters. This behaviour is explained based on the formation of highly biodegradable benzaldehydes as key ozonisation intermediates, in the early reaction stages.

Bioavailability of omega-3 essential fatty acids from perilla seed oil

Increased dietary intake of fish oil omega-3 fatty acids, eicosapentanoic acid and docosohexanoic acid, and their precursor, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), is associated with various health benefits. Enteric-coating (Entrox), which improves stability of omega-3 capsules, has been shown to facilitate fish oil absorption after chronic treatment. To assess the effect of Entrox coating on the short-term bioavailability of ALA administered in the form of ALA-rich Perilla seed oil, 12 healthy subjects (6 males and 6 females) received in a random order Entrox-coated and non-coated ALA formulations, each as a single 6g dose separated by a 3-week washout period. Measurements of plasma ALA concentrations from 0 to 24h showed no difference in ALA pharmacokinetics between the two formulations. However, significantly greater increases in plasma ALA levels from baseline to 24h were observed after ingestion of Entrox vs. non-coated product, suggesting a possible benefit of Entrox with long-term treatment.

Bioavailability of tyrosol, an antioxidant phenolic compound present in wine and olive oil, in humans

Tyrosol is a phenolic compound present in two of the traditional components of the Mediterranean diet: wine and virgin olive oil. The presence of tyrosol has been described in red and white wines. Tyrosol is also present in vermouth and beer. Tyrosol has been shown to be able to exert antioxidant activity in in vitro studies. Oxidation of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) appears to occur predominantly in arterial intima in microdomains sequestered from antioxidants of plasma. The antioxidant content of the LDL particle is critical for its protection. Thus, phenolics, which are able to bind LDL, could be effective in preventing lipid peroxidation and atherosclerotic processes. The ability of tyrosol to bind human LDL has been reported. We have demonstrated the bioavailability of tyrosol in humans from virgin olive oil in its natural form. Urinary tyrosol increased, reaching a peak at 0-4 h after virgin olive oil administration. Men and women showed a different pattern of urinary excretion of tyrosol. Moreover, tyrosol is absorbed in a dose-dependent manner after sustained and moderate doses of virgin olive oil. In summary, our results suggest that tyrosol from wine or virgin olive oil could exert beneficial effects on human health in vivo if its biological properties are confirmed in in vivo studies.

Studies to investigate the absorption and excretion of shea oleine sterols in rat and man

Shea oleine (SU), an oil fraction derived from the nut of the African tree, Butyrospermum parkii, is used as a frying oil and, after hardening (SH), in margarine and toffee fat. Both SU and SH contain a high level (approximately 8%) of 4,4-dimethylsterols (4,4-DMS), mostly as esters of cinnamic acid. As part of a series of studies evaluating SU, investigations to study rat and human dietary utilization were carried out. These comprised fecal fat analysis of groups of Wistar rats and a small number (four subjects) of human volunteers. Groups of rats were administered SU in a semisynthetic diet over 3 weeks at up to 20% in the diet (approximately 10 g/kg/day). In the human study, four male volunteers consumed a single 25-g portion of SU (approximately 0.4 g/kg) and ate no other vegetable fat during the course of the study. No preferential absorption of any of the 4,4-DMS occurred in the rat or man. Apparent absorption of the most prominent sterol fraction in the unsaponifiable material, 4,4-DMS, as estimated by its disappearance from feces, was similar in both species (27% to 52% in the rat compared with 13% to 49% in human subjects). Both rats and humans showed a similar profile of dietary and fecal 4,4-DMS fraction sterol components.

Feeding of red palm oil-supplemented diets to rats may impact positively on vitamin A status

The impact of feeding of dietary palm oil supplements on plasma vitamin A profile was investigated in animals. Four-week-old Wistar albino rats (n = 8 per group) were maintained for 28 days on standard rat food (4.7% fat by weight) supplemented (10%, 20% and 30% by weight) with red palm oil (RPO) and refined palm olein (REFPO). Plasma beta-carotene and vitamin A concentrations of rats fed RPO-based diets were higher than in rats fed REFPO and control diets. Animals fed 30% RPO-containing diets had lower plasma beta-carotene concentrations than those fed 20% RPO-containing diets. The results suggest that consumption of palm oil in moderate amounts enhances growth of tissues and bioavailability of beta-carotene, which may combat vitamin A deficiency in developing countries, in view of the fact that performed vitamin A in animal products (namely meat, liver, eggs and fatty fish) is out of the reach of economically deprived people.