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Motter JD, Hussain S, Brown DM, Florman S, Rana MM, Friedman-Moraco R, Gilbert AJ, Stock P, Mehta S, Mehta SA, Stosor V, Elias N, Pereira MR, Haidar G, Malinis M, Morris MI, Hand J, Aslam S, Schaenman JM, Baddley J, Small CB, Wojciechowski D, Santos CA, Blumberg EA, Odim J, Apewokin SK, Giorgakis E, Bowring MG, Werbel WA, Desai NM, Tobian AA, Segev DL, Massie AB, Durand CM. Wait Time Advantage for Transplant Candidates With HIV Who Accept Kidneys From Donors With HIV Under the HOPE Act. Transplantation 2024; 108:759-767. [PMID: 38012862 PMCID: PMC11037099 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney transplant (KT) candidates with HIV face higher mortality on the waitlist compared with candidates without HIV. Because the HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act has expanded the donor pool to allow donors with HIV (D + ), it is crucial to understand whether this has impacted transplant rates for this population. METHODS Using a linkage between the HOPE in Action trial (NCT03500315) and Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, we identified 324 candidates listed for D + kidneys (HOPE) compared with 46 025 candidates not listed for D + kidneys (non-HOPE) at the same centers between April 26, 2018, and May 24, 2022. We characterized KT rate, KT type (D + , false-positive [FP; donor with false-positive HIV testing], D - [donor without HIV], living donor [LD]) and quantified the association between HOPE enrollment and KT rate using multivariable Cox regression with center-level clustering; HOPE was a time-varying exposure. RESULTS HOPE candidates were more likely male individuals (79% versus 62%), Black (73% versus 35%), and publicly insured (71% versus 52%; P < 0.001). Within 4.5 y, 70% of HOPE candidates received a KT (41% D + , 34% D - , 20% FP, 4% LD) versus 43% of non-HOPE candidates (74% D - , 26% LD). Conversely, 22% of HOPE candidates versus 39% of non-HOPE candidates died or were removed from the waitlist. Median KT wait time was 10.3 mo for HOPE versus 60.8 mo for non-HOPE candidates ( P < 0.001). After adjustment, HOPE candidates had a 3.30-fold higher KT rate (adjusted hazard ratio = 3.30, 95% confidence interval, 2.14-5.10; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Listing for D + kidneys within HOPE trials was associated with a higher KT rate and shorter wait time, supporting the expansion of this practice for candidates with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Hussain
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Diane M. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sander Florman
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Meenakshi M. Rana
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Peter Stock
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Shikha Mehta
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
| | - Sapna A. Mehta
- Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Valentina Stosor
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Nahel Elias
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - Marcus R. Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Ghady Haidar
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Maricar Malinis
- Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Michele I. Morris
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Jonathan Hand
- Department of Medicine, Ochsner Health, New Orleans, LA
| | - Saima Aslam
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Joanna M. Schaenman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - John Baddley
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Catherine B. Small
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | | | | | - Emily A. Blumberg
- Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonah Odim
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Senu K. Apewokin
- Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Emmanouil Giorgakis
- Department of Surgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Mary Grace Bowring
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - William A. Werbel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Niraj M. Desai
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Aaron A.R. Tobian
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Dorry L. Segev
- Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Scientific Registry of Transplant Recipients, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Allan B. Massie
- Department of Surgery, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Christine M. Durand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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2
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Werbel WA, Karaba AH, Chiang TPY, Massie AB, Brown DM, Watson N, Chahoud M, Thompson EA, Johnson AC, Avery RK, Cochran WV, Warren D, Liang T, Fribourg M, Huerta C, Samaha H, Klein SL, Bettinotti MP, Clarke WA, Sitaras I, Rouphael N, Cox AL, Bailey JR, Pekosz A, Tobian AAR, Durand CM, Bridges ND, Larsen CP, Heeger PS, Segev DL. Persistent SARS-CoV-2-specific immune defects in kidney transplant recipients following third mRNA vaccine dose. Am J Transplant 2023; 23:744-758. [PMID: 36966905 PMCID: PMC10037915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) show poorer response to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, yet response patterns and mechanistic drivers following third doses are ill-defined. We administered third monovalent mRNA vaccines to n = 81 KTRs with negative or low-titer anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibody (n = 39 anti-RBDNEG; n = 42 anti-RBDLO), compared with healthy controls (HCs, n = 19), measuring anti-RBD, Omicron neutralization, spike-specific CD8+%, and SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. By day 30, 44% anti-RBDNEG remained seronegative; 5% KTRs developed BA.5 neutralization (vs 68% HCs, P < .001). Day 30 spike-specific CD8+% was negative in 91% KTRs (vs 20% HCs; P = .07), without correlation to anti-RBD (rs = 0.17). Day 30 SARS-CoV-2-reactive TCR repertoires were detected in 52% KTRs vs 74% HCs (P = .11). Spike-specific CD4+ TCR expansion was similar between KTRs and HCs, yet KTR CD8+ TCR depth was 7.6-fold lower (P = .001). Global negative response was seen in 7% KTRs, associated with high-dose MMF (P = .037); 44% showed global positive response. Of the KTRs, 16% experienced breakthrough infections, with 2 hospitalizations; prebreakthrough variant neutralization was poor. Absent neutralizing and CD8+ responses in KTRs indicate vulnerability to COVID-19 despite 3-dose mRNA vaccination. Lack of neutralization despite CD4+ expansion suggests B cell dysfunction and/or ineffective T cell help. Development of more effective KTR vaccine strategies is critical. (NCT04969263).
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Werbel
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Andrew H Karaba
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Teresa Po-Yu Chiang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Allan B Massie
- Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diane M Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Natasha Watson
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maggie Chahoud
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Robin K Avery
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Willa V Cochran
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Warren
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tao Liang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Miguel Fribourg
- Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Hady Samaha
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Maria P Bettinotti
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Clarke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ioannis Sitaras
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nadine Rouphael
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Bloomberg Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin R Bailey
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine M Durand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nancy D Bridges
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Peter S Heeger
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Dorry L Segev
- Department of Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA; Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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3
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Young JT, Goers AJ, Brown DM, Dennis ML, Lehr K, Wei C, Menyuk CR, Hu J. Tradeoff between the Brillouin and transverse mode instabilities in Yb-doped fiber amplifiers. Opt Express 2022; 30:40691-40703. [PMID: 36298999 DOI: 10.1364/oe.472829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Brillouin instability (BI) due to stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) and the transverse (thermal) mode instability (TMI) due to stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering (STRS) limit the achievable power in high-power lasers and amplifiers. The pump power threshold for BI increases as the core diameter increases, but the threshold for TMI may decrease as the core diameter increases. In this paper, we use a multi-time-scale approach to simultaneously model BI and TMI, which gives us the ability to find the fiber diameter with the highest power threshold. We formulate the equations to compare the thresholds of the combined and individual TMI and BI models. At the pump power threshold and below, there is a negligible difference between the full and individual models, as BI and TMI are not strong enough to interact with each other. The highest pump threshold occurs at the optimal core size of 43 µm for the simple double-clad geometry that we considered. We found that both effects contribute equally to the threshold, and the full BI and TMI model yields a similar threshold as the BI or TMI model alone. However, once the reflectivity is sufficiently large, we find in the full BI and TMI model that BI may trigger TMI and reduce the TMI threshold to a value lower than is predicted in simulations with TMI alone. This result cannot be predicted by models that consider BI and TMI separately. Our approach can be extended to more complex geometries and used for their optimization.
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4
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Werbel WA, Brown DM, Kusemiju OT, Doby BL, Seaman SM, Redd AD, Eby Y, Fernandez RE, Desai NM, Miller J, Bismut GA, Kirby CS, Schmidt HA, Clarke WA, Seisa M, Petropoulos CJ, Quinn TC, Florman SS, Huprikar S, Rana MM, Friedman-Moraco RJ, Mehta AK, Stock PG, Price JC, Stosor V, Mehta SG, Gilbert AJ, Elias N, Morris MI, Mehta SA, Small CB, Haidar G, Malinis M, Husson JS, Pereira MR, Gupta G, Hand J, Kirchner VA, Agarwal A, Aslam S, Blumberg EA, Wolfe CR, Myer K, Wood RP, Neidlinger N, Strell S, Shuck M, Wilkins H, Wadsworth M, Motter JD, Odim J, Segev DL, Durand CM, Tobian AAR. National Landscape of Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Deceased Organ Donors in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 2022; 74:2010-2019. [PMID: 34453519 PMCID: PMC9187316 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organ transplantation from donors with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to recipients with HIV (HIV D+/R+) presents risks of donor-derived infections. Understanding clinical, immunologic, and virologic characteristics of HIV-positive donors is critical for safety. METHODS We performed a prospective study of donors with HIV-positive and HIV false-positive (FP) test results within the HIV Organ Policy Equity (HOPE) Act in Action studies of HIV D+/R+ transplantation (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02602262, NCT03500315, and NCT03734393). We compared clinical characteristics in HIV-positive versus FP donors. We measured CD4 T cells, HIV viral load (VL), drug resistance mutations (DRMs), coreceptor tropism, and serum antiretroviral therapy (ART) detection, using mass spectrometry in HIV-positive donors. RESULTS Between March 2016 and March 2020, 92 donors (58 HIV positive, 34 FP), representing 98.9% of all US HOPE donors during this period, donated 177 organs (131 kidneys and 46 livers). Each year the number of donors increased. The prevalence of hepatitis B (16% vs 0%), syphilis (16% vs 0%), and cytomegalovirus (CMV; 91% vs 58%) was higher in HIV-positive versus FP donors; the prevalences of hepatitis C viremia were similar (2% vs 6%). Most HIV-positive donors (71%) had a known HIV diagnosis, of whom 90% were prescribed ART and 68% had a VL <400 copies/mL. The median CD4 T-cell count (interquartile range) was 194/µL (77-331/µL), and the median CD4 T-cell percentage was 27.0% (16.8%-36.1%). Major HIV DRMs were detected in 42%, including nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (33%), integrase strand transfer inhibitors (4%), and multiclass (13%). Serum ART was detected in 46% and matched ART by history. CONCLUSION The use of HIV-positive donor organs is increasing. HIV DRMs are common, yet resistance that would compromise integrase strand transfer inhibitor-based regimens is rare, which is reassuring regarding safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- William A Werbel
- Correspondence: W. A. Werbel, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 725 N Wolfe St, PCTB/Second Floor, Baltimore, MD 21205 ()
| | - Diane M Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oyinkansola T Kusemiju
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brianna L Doby
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shanti M Seaman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D Redd
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yolanda Eby
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Reinaldo E Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Niraj M Desai
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jernelle Miller
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Gilad A Bismut
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charles S Kirby
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular, and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haley A Schmidt
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William A Clarke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Seisa
- Laboratory Corporation of America (LabCorp), South San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Thomas C Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sander S Florman
- Recanati/Miller Transplantation Institute, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Shirish Huprikar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Meenakshi M Rana
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Rachel J Friedman-Moraco
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Aneesh K Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Peter G Stock
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Jennifer C Price
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Valentina Stosor
- Division of Infectious Disease and Organ Transplantation, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Shikha G Mehta
- Section of Transplant Nephrology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Alexander J Gilbert
- MedStar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Nahel Elias
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplant Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michele I Morris
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sapna A Mehta
- New York University Langone Transplant Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Catherine B Small
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ghady Haidar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maricar Malinis
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jennifer S Husson
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marcus R Pereira
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Jonathan Hand
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Varvara A Kirchner
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Avinash Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Saima Aslam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Emily A Blumberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cameron R Wolfe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - R Patrick Wood
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Nikole Neidlinger
- Department of Surgery, Division of Transplantation, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- UW Health Organ Procurement Organization, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sara Strell
- UW Health Organ Procurement Organization, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jennifer D Motter
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonah Odim
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dorry L Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - HOPE in Action Investigators
PiquantDominqueLinkKatherineRNHemmersbach-MillerMarionMD, PhDPearsonThomasMDTurgeonNicoleMDLyonG MarshallMD, MMScKitchensWilliamMD PhDHuckabyJerylMSCRA, CCRCLasseterA FrancieRNElbeinRivkaRN, BSNRobersonAprilRNFerryElizabethRNKlockEthanBSCochranWilla VCRNPMorrisonMichelleBSNRasmussenSarahBABollingerJuliMSSugarmanJeremyMDSmithAngela RMBAThomasMargaretBSCoakleyMargaretRNTimponeJosephMDStuckeAlyssaBSHaydelBrandyDieterRebeccaPharmDKleinElizabeth JBANeumannHenryMDGallonLorenzoMDGoudyLeahRNCallegariMichelleMarrazzoIliseRN, BSN, MPHJacksonTowandaPruettTimothyMDFarnsworthMaryCCRCLockeJayme EMD, MPH, FACS, FASTMompoint-WilliamsDarnellCRNP, DNPBasingerKatherineRN, CCRPMekeelKristinMDNguyenPhirumBSKwanJoanneSrisengfaTabChin-HongPeterMDRogersRodneySimkinsJacquesMDMunozCarlosCRCDunnTyMDSawinskiDierdreMDSilveiraFernandaMDHughesKaileyMPHPakstisDiana LynnRN, BSN, MBANagyJamieBABaldecchiMaryMuthukumarThangamaniMDEddieMelissa DMS, RNRobbKatharineRNSalsgiverElizabethMPHWittingBrittaBSAzarMarwan MVillanuevaMerceditasFormicaRichardTomlinRicardaBS, CCRP
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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5
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Sherer ML, Lei J, Creisher PS, Jang M, Reddy R, Voegtline K, Olson S, Littlefield K, Park HS, Ursin RL, Ganesan A, Boyer T, Elsayed N, Brown DM, Walch SN, Antar AAR, Manabe YC, Jones-Beatty K, Golden WC, Satin AJ, Sheffield JS, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Burd I. Pregnancy alters interleukin-1 beta expression and antiviral antibody responses during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2021; 225:301.e1-301.e14. [PMID: 33798476 PMCID: PMC8008823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the disease-causing pathogen of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, has resulted in morbidity and mortality worldwide. Pregnant women are more susceptible to severe coronavirus disease 2019 and are at higher risk of preterm birth than uninfected pregnant women. Despite this evidence, the immunologic effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection during pregnancy remain understudied. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection during pregnancy on inflammatory and humoral responses in maternal and fetal samples and compare antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among pregnant and nonpregnant women. STUDY DESIGN Immune responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 were analyzed using samples from pregnant (n=33) and nonpregnant (n=17) women who tested either positive (pregnant, 22; nonpregnant, 17) or negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (pregnant, 11) at Johns Hopkins Hospital. We measured proinflammatory and placental cytokine messenger RNAs, neonatal Fc receptor expression, and tetanus antibody transfer in maternal and cord blood samples. In addition, we evaluated antispike immunoglobulin G, antispike receptor-binding domain immunoglobulin G, and neutralizing antibody responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in serum or plasma collected from nonpregnant women, pregnant women, and cord blood. RESULTS Pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection expressed more interleukin-1 beta, but not interleukin 6, in blood samples collected within 14 days vs >14 days after performing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 test. Pregnant women with laboratory-confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection also had reduced antispike receptor-binding domain immunoglobulin G titers and were less likely to have detectable neutralizing antibody than nonpregnant women. Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection did not disrupt neonatal Fc receptor expression in the placenta, maternal transfer of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 neutralizing antibody was inhibited by infection during pregnancy. CONCLUSION Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection during pregnancy was characterized by placental inflammation and reduced antiviral antibody responses, which may impact the efficacy of coronavirus disease 2019 treatment in pregnancy. In addition, the long-term implications of placental inflammation for neonatal health require greater consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan L Sherer
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jun Lei
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Patrick S Creisher
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Minyoung Jang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Ramya Reddy
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kristin Voegtline
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Biostatistics, Data Management and Epidemiology Core, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sarah Olson
- Biostatistics, Data Management and Epidemiology Core, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Rebecca L Ursin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD
| | - Abhinaya Ganesan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Theresa Boyer
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Nada Elsayed
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Diane M Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Samantha N Walch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Annukka A R Antar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Kimberly Jones-Beatty
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - William Christopher Golden
- Eudowood Neonatal Pulmonary Division, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew J Satin
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeanne S Sheffield
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD
| | - Irina Burd
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Integrated Research Center for Fetal Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Menyuk CR, Young JT, Hu J, Goers AJ, Brown DM, Dennis ML. Accurate and efficient modeling of the transverse mode instability in high energy laser amplifiers. Opt Express 2021; 29:17746-17757. [PMID: 34154051 DOI: 10.1364/oe.426040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We study the transverse mode instability (TMI) in the limit where a single higher-order mode (HOM) is present. We demonstrate that when the beat length between the fundamental mode and the HOM is small compared to the length scales on which the pump amplitude and the optical mode amplitudes vary, TMI is a three-wave mixing process in which the two optical modes beat with the phase-matched component of the index of refraction that is induced by the thermal grating. This limit is the usual limit in applications, and in this limit TMI is identified as a stimulated thermal Rayleigh scattering (STRS) process. We demonstrate that a phase-matched model that is based on the three-wave mixing equations can have a large computational advantage over current coupled mode methods that must use longitudinal step sizes that are small compared to the beat length.
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Antar AAR, Yu T, Pisanic N, Azamfirei R, Tornheim JA, Brown DM, Kruczynski K, Hardick JP, Sewell T, Jang M, Church T, Walch SN, Reuland C, Bachu VS, Littlefield K, Park HS, Ursin RL, Ganesan A, Kusemiju O, Barnaba B, Charles C, Prizzi M, Johnstone JR, Payton C, Dai W, Fuchs J, Massaccesi G, Armstrong DT, Townsend JL, Keller SC, Demko ZO, Hu C, Wang MC, Sauer LM, Mostafa HH, Keruly JC, Mehta SH, Klein SL, Cox AL, Pekosz A, Heaney CD, Thomas DL, Blair PW, Manabe YC. Delayed Rise of Oral Fluid Antibodies, Elevated BMI, and Absence of Early Fever Correlate With Longer Time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA Clearance in a Longitudinally Sampled Cohort of COVID-19 Outpatients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab195. [PMID: 34095338 PMCID: PMC8083254 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sustained molecular detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in the upper respiratory tract (URT) in mild to moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is common. We sought to identify host and immune determinants of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. METHODS Ninety-five symptomatic outpatients self-collected midturbinate nasal, oropharyngeal (OP), and gingival crevicular fluid (oral fluid) samples at home and in a research clinic a median of 6 times over 1-3 months. Samples were tested for viral RNA, virus culture, and SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronavirus antibodies, and associations were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS Viral RNA clearance, as measured by SARS-CoV-2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), in 507 URT samples occurred a median (interquartile range) 33.5 (17-63.5) days post-symptom onset. Sixteen nasal-OP samples collected 2-11 days post-symptom onset were virus culture positive out of 183 RT-PCR-positive samples tested. All participants but 1 with positive virus culture were negative for concomitant oral fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The mean time to first antibody detection in oral fluid was 8-13 days post-symptom onset. A longer time to first detection of oral fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-0.99; P = .020) and body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 (aHR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.18-0.78; P = .009) were independently associated with a longer time to SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA clearance. Fever as 1 of first 3 COVID-19 symptoms correlated with shorter time to viral RNA clearance (aHR, 2.06; 95% CI, 1.02-4.18; P = .044). CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that delayed rise of oral fluid SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, elevated BMI, and absence of early fever are independently associated with delayed URT viral RNA clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annukka A R Antar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tong Yu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Nora Pisanic
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Razvan Azamfirei
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Tornheim
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane M Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kate Kruczynski
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin P Hardick
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thelio Sewell
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Minyoung Jang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Taylor Church
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samantha N Walch
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn Reuland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vismaya S Bachu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kirsten Littlefield
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Han-Sol Park
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rebecca L Ursin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Abhinaya Ganesan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Oyinkansola Kusemiju
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Brittany Barnaba
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Curtisha Charles
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle Prizzi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jaylynn R Johnstone
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christine Payton
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Weiwei Dai
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joelle Fuchs
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Guido Massaccesi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Derek T Armstrong
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Townsend
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara C Keller
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zoe O Demko
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chen Hu
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mei-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren M Sauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeanne C Keruly
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Shruti H Mehta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabra L Klein
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrea L Cox
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David L Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W Blair
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Durand CM, Zhang W, Brown DM, Yu S, Desai N, Redd AD, Bagnasco SM, Naqvi FF, Seaman S, Doby BL, Ostrander D, Bowring MG, Eby Y, Fernandez RE, Friedman-Moraco R, Turgeon N, Stock P, Chin-Hong P, Mehta S, Stosor V, Small CB, Gupta G, Mehta SA, Wolfe CR, Husson J, Gilbert A, Cooper M, Adebiyi O, Agarwal A, Muller E, Quinn TC, Odim J, Huprikar S, Florman S, Massie AB, Tobian AAR, Segev DL. A prospective multicenter pilot study of HIV-positive deceased donor to HIV-positive recipient kidney transplantation: HOPE in action. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1754-1764. [PMID: 32701209 PMCID: PMC8073960 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
HIV-positive donor to HIV-positive recipient (HIV D+/R+) transplantation is permitted in the United States under the HIV Organ Policy Equity Act. To explore safety and the risk attributable to an HIV+ donor, we performed a prospective multicenter pilot study comparing HIV D+/R+ vs HIV-negative donor to HIV+ recipient (HIV D-/R+) kidney transplantation (KT). From 3/2016 to 7/2019 at 14 centers, there were 75 HIV+ KTs: 25 D+ and 50 D- (22 recipients from D- with false positive HIV tests). Median follow-up was 1.7 years. There were no deaths nor differences in 1-year graft survival (91% D+ vs 92% D-, P = .9), 1-year mean estimated glomerular filtration rate (63 mL/min D+ vs 57 mL/min D-, P = .31), HIV breakthrough (4% D+ vs 6% D-, P > .99), infectious hospitalizations (28% vs 26%, P = .85), or opportunistic infections (16% vs 12%, P = .72). One-year rejection was higher for D+ recipients (50% vs 29%, HR: 1.83, 95% CI 0.84-3.95, P = .13) but did not reach statistical significance; rejection was lower with lymphocyte-depleting induction (21% vs 44%, HR: 0.33, 95% CI 0.21-0.87, P = .03). In this multicenter pilot study directly comparing HIV D+/R+ with HIV D-/R+ KT, overall transplant and HIV outcomes were excellent; a trend toward higher rejection with D+ raises concerns that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M. Durand
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Wanying Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Diane M. Brown
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sile Yu
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Niraj Desai
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrew D. Redd
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Serena M. Bagnasco
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Fizza F. Naqvi
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shanti Seaman
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Brianna L. Doby
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Darin Ostrander
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary Grace Bowring
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yolanda Eby
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reinaldo E. Fernandez
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachel Friedman-Moraco
- Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nicole Turgeon
- Department of Surgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Surgery, Dell Medical School, University of Texas, Austin, Texas
| | - Peter Stock
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Peter Chin-Hong
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Shikha Mehta
- Section of Transplant Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Valentina Stosor
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Organ Transplantation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Catherine B. Small
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Sapna A. Mehta
- NYU Langone Transplant Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Cameron R. Wolfe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer Husson
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alexander Gilbert
- Medstar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Matthew Cooper
- Medstar Georgetown Transplant Institute, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Oluwafisayo Adebiyi
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University Health Hospital, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Avinash Agarwal
- Department of Surgery, University of Virginia Medical Center, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Elmi Muller
- Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Thomas C. Quinn
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonah Odim
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shirish Huprikar
- Recanati-Miller Transplantation Institute, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Sander Florman
- Recanati-Miller Transplantation Institute, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Allan B. Massie
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Aaron A. R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Dorry L. Segev
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Antar AAR, Yu T, Pisanic N, Azamfirei R, Tornheim JA, Brown DM, Kruczynski K, Hardick JP, Sewell T, Jang M, Church T, Walch SN, Reuland C, Bachu VS, Littlefield K, Park HS, Ursin RL, Ganesan A, Kusemiju O, Barnaba B, Charles C, Prizzi M, Johnstone JR, Payton C, Dai W, Fuchs J, Massaccesi G, Armstrong DT, Townsend JL, Keller SC, Demko ZO, Hu C, Wang MC, Sauer LM, Mostafa HH, Keruly JC, Mehta SH, Klein SL, Cox AL, Pekosz A, Heaney CD, Thomas DL, Blair PW, Manabe YC. Delayed rise of oral fluid antibodies, elevated BMI, and absence of early fever correlate with longer time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance in an longitudinally sampled cohort of COVID-19 outpatients. medRxiv 2021. [PMID: 33688688 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.02.21252420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Sustained molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the upper respiratory tract (URT) in mild to moderate COVID-19 is common. We sought to identify host and immune determinants of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection. Methods Ninety-five outpatients self-collected mid-turbinate nasal, oropharyngeal (OP), and gingival crevicular fluid (oral fluid) samples at home and in a research clinic a median of 6 times over 1-3 months. Samples were tested for viral RNA, virus culture, and SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronavirus antibodies, and associations were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Results Viral RNA clearance, as measured by SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR, in 507 URT samples occurred a median (IQR) 33.5 (17-63.5) days post-symptom onset. Sixteen nasal-OP samples collected 2-11 days post-symptom onset were virus culture positive out of 183 RT-PCR positive samples tested. All participants but one with positive virus culture were negative for concomitant oral fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The mean time to first antibody detection in oral fluid was 8-13 days post-symptom onset. A longer time to first detection of oral fluid anti-SARS-CoV-2 S antibodies (aHR 0.96, 95% CI 0.92-0.99, p=0.020) and BMI ≥ 25kg/m 2 (aHR 0.37, 95% CI 0.18-0.78, p=0.009) were independently associated with a longer time to SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA clearance. Fever as one of first three COVID-19 symptoms correlated with shorter time to viral RNA clearance (aHR 2.06, 95% CI 1.02-4.18, p=0.044). Conclusions We demonstrate that delayed rise of oral fluid SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, elevated BMI, and absence of early fever are independently associated with delayed URT viral RNA clearance.
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Blair PW, Brown DM, Jang M, Antar AAR, Keruly JC, Bachu VS, Townsend JL, Tornheim JA, Keller SC, Sauer L, Thomas DL, Manabe YC. The Clinical Course of COVID-19 in the Outpatient Setting: A Prospective Cohort Study. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofab007. [PMID: 33614816 PMCID: PMC7881750 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Outpatient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been insufficiently characterized. To determine the progression of disease and determinants of hospitalization, we conducted a prospective cohort study. METHODS Outpatient adults with positive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were recruited by phone between April 21 and July 23, 2020, after receiving outpatient or emergency department testing within a large health network in Maryland, United States. Symptoms were collected by participants on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28, and portable pulse oximeter oxygen saturation (SaO2), heart rate, and temperature were collected for 15 consecutive days. Baseline demographics, comorbid conditions, and vital signs were evaluated for risk of subsequent hospitalization using negative binomial and logistic regression. RESULTS Among 118 SARS-CoV-2-infected outpatients, the median age (interquartile range [IQR]) was 56.0 (50.0-63.0) years, and 50 (42.4%) were male. Among individuals in the first week of illness (n = 61), the most common symptoms included weakness/fatigue (65.7%), cough (58.8%), headache (45.6%), chills (38.2%), and anosmia (27.9%). Participants returned to their usual health a median (IQR) of 20 (13-38) days from symptom onset, and 66.0% of respondents were at their usual health during the fourth week of illness. Over 28 days, 10.9% presented to the emergency department and 7.6% required hospitalization. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve for the initial home SaO2 for predicting subsequent hospitalization was 0.86 (95% CI, 0.73-0.99). CONCLUSIONS Symptoms often persisted but uncommonly progressed to hospitalization among outpatients with COVID-19. Home SaO2 may be a helpful tool to stratify risk of hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Blair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Austere Environments Consortium for Enhanced Sepsis Outcomes, Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane M Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Minyoung Jang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Annukka A R Antar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeanne C Keruly
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vismaya S Bachu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jennifer L Townsend
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Tornheim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara C Keller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren Sauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David L Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Manabe YC, Reuland C, Yu T, Azamfirei R, Hardick JP, Church T, Brown DM, Sewell TT, Antar A, Blair PW, Heaney CD, Pekosz A, Thomas DL. Self-Collected Oral Fluid Saliva Is Insensitive Compared With Nasal-Oropharyngeal Swabs in the Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Outpatients. Open Forum Infect Dis 2021; 8:ofaa648. [PMID: 33604399 PMCID: PMC7798743 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic control will require widespread access to accurate diagnostics. Salivary sampling circumvents swab supply chain bottlenecks, is amenable to self-collection, and is less likely to create an aerosol during collection compared with the nasopharyngeal swab. METHODS We compared real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction Abbott m2000 results from matched salivary oral fluid (gingival crevicular fluid collected in an Oracol device) and nasal-oropharyngeal (OP) self-collected specimens in viral transport media from a nonhospitalized, ambulatory cohort of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients at multiple time points. These 2 sentences should be at the beginning of the results. RESULTS There were 171 matched specimen pairs. Compared with nasal-OP swabs, 41.6% of the oral fluid samples were positive. Adding spit to the oral fluid percent collection device increased the percent positive agreement from 37.2% (16 of 43) to 44.6% (29 of 65). The positive percent agreement was highest in the first 5 days after symptoms and decreased thereafter. All of the infectious nasal-OP samples (culture positive on VeroE6 TMPRSS2 cells) had a matched SARS-CoV-2 positive oral fluid sample. CONCLUSIONS In this study of nonhospitalized SARS-CoV-2-infected persons, we demonstrate lower diagnostic sensitivity of self-collected oral fluid compared with nasal-OP specimens, a difference that was especially prominent more than 5 days from symptom onset. These data do not justify the routine use of oral fluid collection for diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 despite the greater ease of collection. It also underscores the importance of considering the method of saliva specimen collection and the time from symptom onset especially in outpatient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Carolyn Reuland
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tong Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Razvan Azamfirei
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Justin P Hardick
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Taylor Church
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Diane M Brown
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thelio T Sewell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Annuka Antar
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Paul W Blair
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Henry M. Jackson Foundation, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chris D Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David L Thomas
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Durand CM, Barnaba B, Yu S, Brown DM, Chattergoon MA, Bair N, Naqvi FF, Sulkowski M, Segev DL, Desai NM. Four-Week Direct-Acting Antiviral Prophylaxis for Kidney Transplantation From Hepatitis C-Viremic Donors to Hepatitis C-Negative Recipients: An Open-Label Nonrandomized Study. Ann Intern Med 2021; 174:137-138. [PMID: 32894697 PMCID: PMC8288461 DOI: 10.7326/m20-1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Durand
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., B.B., S.Y., D.M.B., M.A.C., N.B., F.F.N., M.S., D.L.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Brittany Barnaba
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., B.B., S.Y., D.M.B., M.A.C., N.B., F.F.N., M.S., D.L.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Sile Yu
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., B.B., S.Y., D.M.B., M.A.C., N.B., F.F.N., M.S., D.L.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Diane M Brown
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., B.B., S.Y., D.M.B., M.A.C., N.B., F.F.N., M.S., D.L.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Michael A Chattergoon
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., B.B., S.Y., D.M.B., M.A.C., N.B., F.F.N., M.S., D.L.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Nichole Bair
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., B.B., S.Y., D.M.B., M.A.C., N.B., F.F.N., M.S., D.L.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Fizza F Naqvi
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., B.B., S.Y., D.M.B., M.A.C., N.B., F.F.N., M.S., D.L.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Mark Sulkowski
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., B.B., S.Y., D.M.B., M.A.C., N.B., F.F.N., M.S., D.L.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Dorry L Segev
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., B.B., S.Y., D.M.B., M.A.C., N.B., F.F.N., M.S., D.L.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Niraj M Desai
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., B.B., S.Y., D.M.B., M.A.C., N.B., F.F.N., M.S., D.L.S., N.M.D.)
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Sherer ML, Lei J, Creisher P, Jang M, Reddy R, Voegtline K, Olson S, Littlefield K, Park HS, Ursin RL, Ganesan A, Boyer T, Brown DM, Walch SN, Antar AAR, Manabe YC, Jones-Beatty K, Golden WC, Satin AJ, Sheffield JS, Pekosz A, Klein SL, Burd I. Dysregulated immunity in SARS-CoV-2 infected pregnant women. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 33236024 DOI: 10.1101/2020.11.13.20231373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Importance The effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on immune responses during pregnancy have not been systematically evaluated. Objective To assess the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy on inflammatory and humoral responses in maternal and fetal samples and compare antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 among pregnant and non-pregnant women. Design Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 were analyzed using samples from pregnant and non-pregnant women who had either tested positive or negative for SARS-CoV-2. We measured, proinflammatory and placental cytokine mRNAs, neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) receptor expression, and tetanus antibody transfer in maternal and cord blood samples. Additionally, we measured anti-spike (S) IgG, anti-S-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG, and neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to SARS-CoV-2 in serum or plasma collected from non-pregnant women, pregnant women, and cord blood. Setting Johns Hopkins Hospital (JHH). Participants Pregnant women were recruited through JHH outpatient obstetric clinics and the JHH Labor & Delivery unit. Non-pregnant women were recruited after receiving outpatient SARS-CoV-2 testing within Johns Hopkins Health System, USA. Adult non-pregnant women with positive RT-PCR results for SARS-CoV-2, within the age range of 18-48 years, were included in the study. Exposures SARS-CoV-2. Main Outcomes and Measures Participant demographic characteristics, antibody titers, cytokine mRNA expression, and FcRn receptor expression. Results SARS-COV-2 positive pregnant women expressed more IL1β , but not IL6 , in blood samples collected within 14 days versus > 14 days after a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 test, with similar patterns observed in the fetal side of placentas, particularly among asymptomatic pregnant women. Pregnant women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection also had reduced anti-S-RBD IgG titers and were less likely to have detectable nAb as compared with non-pregnant women. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection did not disrupt FcRn expression in the placenta, maternal transfer of nAb was inhibited by SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy. Conclusions and Relevance SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy was characterized by placental inflammation and reduced antiviral antibody responses, which may impact the efficacy of COVID-19 therapeutics in pregnancy. The long-term implications of placental inflammation for neonatal health also requires greater consideration.
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Manabe YC, Reuland C, Yu T, Azamfirei R, Church T, Brown DM, Sewell TT, Hardick JP, Blair PW, Heaney CD, Pekosz A, Thomas DL. Variability of Salivary and Nasal Specimens for SARS-CoV-2 Detection. medRxiv 2020:2020.10.07.20208520. [PMID: 33052355 PMCID: PMC7553172 DOI: 10.1101/2020.10.07.20208520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
In a large cohort of ambulatory confirmed COVID-19 patients with multiple self-collected sample time points, we compared 202 matched nasal-oropharyngeal swabs and oral salivary fluid sample pairs by RT-PCR. Nasal-oropharyngeal swabs were more sensitive than this salivary sample type (oral crevicular fluid) suggesting that not all saliva sample types have equivalent sensitivity. However, all samples that were Vero E6-TMPRSS2 cell culture positive (e.g., infectious virus) were also oral fluid RT-PCR positive suggesting that oral fluid may find the patients most likely to transmit disease to others.
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Durand CM, Bowring MG, Brown DM, Chattergoon MA, Massaccesi G, Bair N, Wesson R, Reyad A, Naqvi FF, Ostrander D, Sugarman J, Segev DL, Sulkowski M, Desai NM. Direct-Acting Antiviral Prophylaxis in Kidney Transplantation From Hepatitis C Virus-Infected Donors to Noninfected Recipients: An Open-Label Nonrandomized Trial. Ann Intern Med 2018; 168:533-540. [PMID: 29507971 PMCID: PMC6108432 DOI: 10.7326/m17-2871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the high mortality rate for patients with end-stage kidney disease receiving dialysis and the efficacy and safety of hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatments, discarded kidneys from HCV-infected donors may be a neglected public health resource. OBJECTIVE To determine the tolerability and feasibility of using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) as prophylaxis before and after kidney transplantation from HCV-infected donors to non-HCV-infected recipients (that is, HCV D+/R- transplantation). DESIGN Open-label nonrandomized trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02781649). SETTING Single center. PARTICIPANTS 10 HCV D+/R- kidney transplant candidates older than 50 years with no available living donors. INTERVENTION Transplantation of kidneys from deceased donors aged 13 to 50 years with positive HCV RNA and HCV antibody test results. All recipients received a dose of grazoprevir (GZR), 100 mg, and elbasvir (EBR), 50 mg, immediately before transplantation. Recipients of kidneys from donors with genotype 1 infection continued receiving GZR-EBR for 12 weeks after transplantation; those receiving organs from donors with genotype 2 or 3 infection had sofosbuvir, 400 mg, added to GZR-EBR for 12 weeks of triple therapy. MEASUREMENTS The primary safety outcome was the incidence of adverse events related to GZR-EBR treatment. The primary efficacy outcome was the proportion of recipients with an HCV RNA level below the lower limit of quantification 12 weeks after prophylaxis. RESULTS Among 10 HCV D+/R- transplant recipients, no treatment-related adverse events occurred, and HCV RNA was not detected in any recipient 12 weeks after treatment. LIMITATION Nonrandomized study design and a small number of patients. CONCLUSION Pre- and posttransplantation HCV treatment was safe and prevented chronic HCV infection in HCV D+/R- kidney transplant recipients. If confirmed in larger studies, this strategy should markedly expand organ options and reduce mortality for kidney transplant candidates without HCV infection. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE Merck Sharp & Dohme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Durand
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Mary G Bowring
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Diane M Brown
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Michael A Chattergoon
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Guido Massaccesi
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Nichole Bair
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Russell Wesson
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Ashraf Reyad
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Fizza F Naqvi
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Darin Ostrander
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland (J.S.)
| | - Dorry L Segev
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Mark Sulkowski
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
| | - Niraj M Desai
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (C.M.D., M.G.B., D.M.B., M.A.C., G.M., N.B., R.W., A.R., F.F.N., D.O., D.L.S., M.S., N.M.D.)
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Brown DM, Williams H, Ryan KJP, Wilson TL, Daniel ZCTR, Mareko MHD, Emes RD, Harris DW, Jones S, Wattis JAD, Dryden IL, Hodgman TC, Brameld JM, Parr T. Mitochondrial phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-M) and serine biosynthetic pathway genes are co-ordinately increased during anabolic agent-induced skeletal muscle growth. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28693. [PMID: 27350173 PMCID: PMC4923900 DOI: 10.1038/srep28693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to identify novel molecular mechanisms for muscle growth during administration of anabolic agents. Growing pigs (Duroc/(Landrace/Large-White)) were administered Ractopamine (a beta-adrenergic agonist; BA; 20 ppm in feed) or Reporcin (recombinant growth hormone; GH; 10 mg/48 hours injected) and compared to a control cohort (feed only; no injections) over a 27-day time course (1, 3, 7, 13 or 27-days). Longissimus Dorsi muscle gene expression was analyzed using Agilent porcine transcriptome microarrays and clusters of genes displaying similar expression profiles were identified using a modified maSigPro clustering algorithm. Anabolic agents increased carcass (p = 0.002) and muscle weights (Vastus Lateralis: p < 0.001; Semitendinosus: p = 0.075). Skeletal muscle mRNA expression of serine/one-carbon/glycine biosynthesis pathway genes (Phgdh, Psat1 and Psph) and the gluconeogenic enzyme, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-M (Pck2/PEPCK-M), increased during treatment with BA, and to a lesser extent GH (p < 0.001, treatment x time interaction). Treatment with BA, but not GH, caused a 2-fold increase in phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) protein expression at days 3 (p < 0.05) and 7 (p < 0.01), and a 2-fold increase in PEPCK-M protein expression at day 7 (p < 0.01). BA treated pigs exhibit a profound increase in expression of PHGDH and PEPCK-M in skeletal muscle, implicating a role for biosynthetic metabolic pathways in muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - H Williams
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.,School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - K J P Ryan
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - T L Wilson
- VMRD Global Therapeutics Research, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - Z C T R Daniel
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - M H D Mareko
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - R D Emes
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - D W Harris
- VMRD Global Therapeutics Research, Zoetis, Kalamazoo, MI, 49007, USA
| | - S Jones
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - J A D Wattis
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - I L Dryden
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - T C Hodgman
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - J M Brameld
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - T Parr
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
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Holbrook JT, Sugar EA, Burke AE, Vitale AT, Thorne JE, Davis JL, Jabs DA, Jaffe GJ, Branchaud B, Hahn P, Koreen L, Lad E(NM, Lin P, Martel JN, (Shah) Serrano N, Skalak C, Vajzovic L, Baer C, Bryant J, Chavala S, Cusick M, Day S, Dayani P, Ehlers J, Kesen M, Lee A, Melamud A, Qureshi JA, Scott AW, See RF, Shuler RK, Wood M, Yeh S, Fernandes A, Gibbs D, Leef D, Martin DF, Srivastava S, Dunn JP, Begum H, Boring J, Brotherson KL, Burkholder B, Butler NJ, Cain D, Cook MA, Emmert D, Graul JR, Herring M, Laing A, Leung TG, Mahon MC, Moradi A, Nwankwo A, Ostheimer TL, Reed T, Arnold E, Barnabie PM, Belair ML, Bolton SG, Brodine JB, Brown DM, Brune LM, Galor A, Gan T, Jacobowitz A, Kapoor M, Kedhar S, Kim S, Leder HA, Livingston AG, Morton Y, Nolan K, Peters GB, Soto P, Stevenson R, Tarver-Carr M, Wang Y, Foster CS, Anesi SD, Linda Bruner, Ceron O, Hinkle DM, Persons N, Wentworth B, Acevedo S, Anzaar F, Cesca T, Contero A, Fitzpatrick K, Goronga F, Johnson J, Lebron KQ, Marvell D, Morgan C, Patel N, Pinto J, Siddique SS, Sprague J, Yilmaz T, Sen HN, Bono M, Cunningham D, Hayes D, Koutsandreas D, Nussenblatt RB, Sherry PR, Short GL, Smith W, Temple A, Bamji A, Coleman H, Davuluri G, Faia L, Gottlieb C, Jirawuthiworavong GV, Lew JC, Mercer R, Obiyor D, Perry CH, Potapova N, Weichel E, Wroblewski KJ, Yeh S, Latkany PA, Coonan C, Honda A, Lorenzo-Latkany M, Masini R, Morell S, Nguyen A, Badamo J, Boyd KM, Enos M, Gallardo J, Jarczynski J, Lee JY, McGrosky M, Nour A, Sanchez M, Steinberg K, Stawell RJ, Breayley L, D'Sylva C, Glatz E, Hodgson L, Lim L, Ling C, McIntosh R, Morrison (Ewing) J, Newton A, Sanmugasundram S, Smallwood R, Zamir E, Hunt N, Jones L, Koukouras I, Williams S, Merrill PT, Carns D, Richine L, Voskuil-Marre DL, Woo K, Gaynes B, Giannoulis C, Hulvey P, Kernbauer E, Khan HS, Levine SJ, Toennessen S, Tonner E, Wang RC, Aguado H, Arceneaux S, Duignan K, Fish GE, Hesse N, Jaramillo D, Mackens M, Arnwine J, Callanan D, Cummings K, Gray K, Howden S, Mutz K, Sanchez B, Lightman S, Ismetova F, Prytherch A, Seguin-Greenstein S, Tomkins O, Bar A, Edwards K, Joshi L, Moraji J, Samy A, Stubbs T, Taylor S, Towler H, Tronnberg R, Holland GN, Almanzor RD, Castellanos J, Hubschman JP, Johiro AK, Kukuyev A, Levinson RD, McCannel CA, Ransome SS, Gonzales CR, Gupta A, Kalyani PS, Kapamajian MA, Kappel PJ, Arcinue C, Chuang J, Barteselli G, Currie G, Mendoza V, Powell D, Clark T, Cochran DE, Freeman WR, Hedaya J, Kemper T, Kozak I, LeMoine JM, Loughran ME, Magana L, Mojana F, Morrison V, Nguyen V, Oster SF, Acharya N, Clay D, Lee S, Lew M, Margolis TP, Stewart J, Wong IG, Brown D, Khouri CM, Goldstein DA, Birnbaum A, Degillio A, Rosa GDL, Ramirez C, Simjanowski E, Skelly M, Castro-Malek AL, Crooke CE, Huntley M, Nash K, Niec M, Pyatetsky D, Ramirez M, Rozenbajgier Z, Tessler HH, Davis JL, Albini TA, Chin M, Castaño D, Elizondo A, Ho M, Kovach JL, Lin RCS, Mandelcorn E, Nguyen JKD, Pacini A, Pineda S, Pinto DA, Rebimbas J, Stepien KE, Teran C, Elner SG, Bernard H, Fournier L, Godsey L, Goings L, Hackel R, Hesselgrave M, Jayasundera KT, Prusak R, Titus P, Bergeron M, Blosser R, Brown R, Chrisman-McClure C, Gothrup JR, Saxe SJ, Sizemore D, Kempen JH, Berger J, Drossner S, DuPont JC, Maguire AM, Petner J, Engelhard S, Hopkins T, McCall D, McRay M, Will D, Xu W, Lo J, Salvo R, Windsor E, Weeney L, Pavan PR, Albritton K, Leto J, Madow B, Mayor L, Pautler SE, Saxon W, Soto J, Goldstein B, Klukoff A, Lambright L, McDonald K, Ortiz M, Scymanky S, Szalay DD, Rao N, Davis T, Douglass J, Linton J, Padilla M, Ramos S, Aguirre A, Chong L, Cisneros L, Corona E, Eliott D, Fawzi A, Garcia J, Khurana R, Lim J, Mead R, Tsai JH, Vitale A, Bernstein PS, Carlstrom B, Gilman J, Hanseen S, Morris P, Ramirez D, Wegner K, Sheppard JD, Anthony B, Casper A, Felix-Kent L, Fernandez J, Johnson T, Scoper SV, Cole RD, Crawford N, Franklin L, Hamelin K, Martin J, Marx R, Schultz G, Webb J, Yeager P, Kim RY, Benz MS, Brown DM, Chen E, Fish RH, Kegley E, Shawver L, Wong TP, De La Garza R, Friday (Hay) S, Mutz K, Rao PK, Adcock E, Apte RS, Baladenski A, Curtis R, Gould S, Hebden A, Kambarian J, Meyer C, Pistorius S, Quinn M, Rathert G, Blinder KJ, Hartz A, Light P, Shah GK, VanGelder R, Jabs DA, Altaweel MM, Kempen JH, Kurinij N, Jabs DA, Almanzor RD, Altaweel MM, Brown D, Dunn JP, Holland GN, Kempen JH, Kim RY, Kurinij N, Prusakowski N, Thorne JE, Bolton SG, Brune LM, Clark T, Gilman J, Hubbard L, Martin DF, Nussenblatt RB, Wittes J, Barlow WE, Hochberg M, Lyon AT, Palestine AG, Simon LS, Altaweel MM, Kurinij N, Rosenbaum JT, Smith H, Kempen JH, Jaffe GJ, Davis J, Dunn JP, Martin DF, Thorne J, Vitale A, Thorne JE, Acharya NR, Kempen JH, Latkany PA, Vitale AT, Nussenblatt RB, VanGelder R, Almanzor RD, Boring JA, Gibbs D, Lee S, Prusakowski N, Thorne JE, Alexander J, Ng WP, Friedman DS, Adler A, Alexander J, Burke A, Katz J, Kempen JH, Prusakowski N, Reed S, Ansari H, Cohen N, Modak S, Ng WP, Sugar EA, Burke AE, Drye LT, Van Natta ML, Frick K, Katz J, Louis TA, Modak S, Shade D, Jabs DA, Pascual K, Slutsky-Sanon JS, Glomp C, Nieves MA, Stevens M, Allen A, Hilal Y, Holbrook JT, Abreu F, Burke A, Casper AS, Drye LT, Ewing C, Friedman DS, Hart A, Lears A, Li S, Meinert J, Morrison V, Nowakowski D, Prusakowski N, Reyes G, Shade DM, Smith J, Steuernagle K, Van Natta M, Venugopal V, Yu T, Adler A, Alexander J, Boring J, Chen P, Cohen N, Collins K, Dodge J, Frick KD, Jackson R, Jimenez C, Katz J, Landers A, Livingston H, Louis TA, Meinert CL, Modak S, Ng WP, Rayapudi S, Shen W, Shiflett C, Smith R, Tieman A, Tonascia JA, Zheng R, Altaweel MM, Allan J, Benz WK, Domalpally A, Johnson KA, Myers DJ, Pak JW, Reed S, Reimers JL, Christianson DJ, Chambers G, Fleischli MA, Freund J, Glander KE, Goulding A, Gama V, Gangaputra S, Hafford D, Harris SE, Hubbard LD, Joyce JM, Kruse CN, Nagle L, Remm A, Padden-Lechten GE, Pohlman A, Shaw RA, Sivesind P, Thayer D, Treichel E, Warren KJ, Watson SM, Webster MK, White JK, Wilhelmson T, Zhang G. Dissociations of the Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant: The Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial and Follow-up Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2016; 164:29-36. [PMID: 26748056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2015.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe fluocinolone acetonide implant dissociations in the Multicenter Uveitis Steroid Treatment (MUST) Trial. DESIGN Randomized clinical trial with extended follow-up. METHODS Review of data collected on the first implant in the eye(s) of participants. Dissociation was defined as the drug pellet no longer being affixed to the strut and categorized as spontaneous or surgically related. RESULTS A total of 250 eyes (146 patients) had at least 1 implant placed. Median follow-up time after implant placement was 6 years (range 0.5-9.2 years). Thirty-four dissociations were reported in 30 participants. There were 22 spontaneous events in 22 participants; 6-year cumulative risk of a spontaneous dissociation was 4.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.4%-9.1%). The earliest event occurred 4.8 years after placement. Nine of 22 eyes with data had a decline in visual acuity ≥5 letters temporally related to the dissociation. Thirty-nine implant removal surgeries were performed, 33 with replacement. Twelve dissociations were noted during implant removal surgeries in 10 participants (26%, 95% CI 15%-48%); 5 of these eyes had a decline in visual acuity ≥5 letters after surgery. The time from implant placement to removal surgery was longer for the surgeries at which dissociated implants were identified than for those without one (5.7 vs 3.7 years, P < .001). Overall, visual acuity declined 15 or more letters from pre-implant values in 22% of affected eyes; declines were frequently associated with complications of uveitis or its treatment. CONCLUSION There is an increasing risk of dissociation of Retisert implants during follow-up; the risk is greater with removal/exchange surgeries, but the risk of both spontaneous and surgically related events increases with longevity of the implants. In 22% of affected eyes visual acuity declined by 15 letters. In the context of eyes with moderate to severe uveitis for years, this rate is not unexpected.
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Nattrass C, Horwell CJ, Damby DE, Kermanizadeh A, Brown DM, Stone V. The global variability of diatomaceous earth toxicity: a physicochemical and in vitro investigation. J Occup Med Toxicol 2015. [PMID: 26199640 PMCID: PMC4509483 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-015-0064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diatomaceous earth (DE) is mined globally and is potentially of occupational respiratory health concern due to the high crystalline silica content in processed material. DE toxicity, in terms of variability related to global source and processing technique, is poorly understood. This study addresses this variability using physicochemical characterisation and in vitro toxicology assays. Methods Nineteen DE samples sourced from around the world, comprising unprocessed, calcined and flux-calcined DE, were analysed for chemical and mineral composition, particle size and morphology, and surface area. The potential toxicity of DE was assessed by its haemolytic capacity, and its ability to induce cytotoxicity or cytokine release by J774 macrophages. Results The potential toxicity of DE varied with source and processing technique, ranging from non-reactive to as cytotoxic and haemolytic as DQ12. Crystalline silica-rich, flux-calcined samples were all unreactive, regardless of source. The potential toxicity of unprocessed and calcined samples was variable, and did not correlate with crystalline silica content. Calcium-rich phases, iron content, amorphous material, particle size and morphology all appeared to play a role in sample reactivity. An increased surface area was linked to an increased reactivity in vitro for some sample types. Conclusions Overall, no single property of DE could be linked to its potential toxicity, but crystalline silica content was not a dominant factor. Occlusion of the potentially toxic crystalline silica surface by an amorphous matrix or other minerals and impurities in the crystal structure are suggested to pacify toxicity in these samples. In vivo verification is required, but these data suggest that crystalline silica content alone is not a sufficient indicator of the potential DE hazard. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12995-015-0064-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nattrass
- Institute of Hazard, Risk & Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - C J Horwell
- Institute of Hazard, Risk & Resilience, Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE UK
| | - D E Damby
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333 Germany
| | - A Kermanizadeh
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK ; Department of Public Health, Section of Occupational and Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DK-1014 Denmark
| | - D M Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
| | - V Stone
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
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Kermanizadeh A, Gaiser BK, Johnston H, Brown DM, Stone V. Toxicological effect of engineered nanomaterials on the liver. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:3980-7. [PMID: 24111818 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver has a crucial role in metabolic homeostasis, as it is responsible for the storage, synthesis, metabolism and redistribution of carbohydrates, fats and vitamins, and numerous essential proteins. It is also the principal detoxification centre of the body, removing xenobiotics and waste products by metabolism or biliary excretion. An increasing number of studies have shown that some nanomaterials (NMs) are capable of distributing from the site of exposure (e.g. lungs, gut) to a number of secondary organs, including the liver. As a secondary exposure site the liver has been shown to preferentially accumulate NMs (>90% of translocated NMs compared with other organs), and alongside the kidneys may be responsible for the clearance of NMs from the blood. Research into the toxicity posed by NMs to the liver is expanding due to the realization that NMs accumulate in this organ following exposure via a variety of routes (e.g. ingestion, injection and inhalation). Thus it is critical to consider what advances have been made in the investigation of NM hepatotoxicity, as well as appraising the quality of the information available and gaps in the knowledge that still exist. The overall aim of this review is to outline what data are available in the literature for the toxicity elicited by NMs to the liver in order to establish a weight of evidence approach (for risk assessors) to inform on the potential hazards posed by NMs to the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kermanizadeh
- Nanosafety Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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Takakura A, Tessler HH, Goldstein DA, Guex-Crosier Y, Chan CC, Brown DM, Thorne JE, Wang R, Cunningham ET. Viral retinitis following intraocular or periocular corticosteroid administration: a case series and comprehensive review of the literature. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2014; 22:175-82. [PMID: 24655372 DOI: 10.3109/09273948.2013.866256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe viral retinitis following intravitreal and periocular corticosteroid administration. METHODS Retrospective case series and comprehensive literature review. RESULTS We analyzed 5 unreported and 25 previously published cases of viral retinitis following local corticosteroid administration. Causes of retinitis included 23 CMV (76.7%), 5 HSV (16.7%), and 1 each VZV and unspecified (3.3%). Two of 22 tested patients (9.1%) were HIV positive. Twenty-one of 30 (70.0%) cases followed one or more intravitreal injections of triamcinolone acetonide (TA), 4 (13.3%) after one or more posterior sub-Tenon injections of TA, 3 (10.0%) after placement of a 0.59-mg fluocinolone acetonide implant (Retisert), and 1 (3.3%) each after an anterior subconjunctival injection of TA (together with IVTA), an anterior chamber injection, and an anterior sub-Tenon injection. Mean time from most recent corticosteroid administration to development of retinitis was 4.2 months (median 3.8; range 0.25-13.0). Twelve patients (40.0%) had type II diabetes mellitus. Treatments used included systemic antiviral agents (26/30, 86.7%), intravitreal antiviral injections (20/30, 66.7%), and ganciclovir intravitreal implants (4/30, 13.3%). CONCLUSIONS Viral retinitis may develop or reactivate following intraocular or periocular corticosteroid administration. Average time to development of retinitis was 4 months, and CMV was the most frequently observed agent. Diabetes was a frequent co-morbidity and several patients with uveitis who developed retinitis were also receiving systemic immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ako Takakura
- Department of Ophthalmology, California Pacific Medical Center , San Francisco, California , USA
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Brown DM, Roberts NK, Donaldson K. Effect of coating with lung lining fluid on the ability of fibres to produce a respiratory burst in rat alveolar macrophages. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 12:15-24. [PMID: 20654387 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(97)00093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/10/1997] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a simple short-term in vitro assay which would allow us to predict the pathogenicity of fibres based on data already available from in vivo studies. Fibres were used naked (uncoated) or coated with rat IgG, or rat or sheep surfactant. The fibres were used to stimulate superoxide anion release by rat alveolar macrophages. Binding of fibres to rat alveolar macrophages was assessed by optical microscopy. Fibres used in the naked state produced little or no stimulation of superoxide anion from rat alveolar macrophages. When fibres were coated with rat IgG there was a significant increase in superoxide release for all fibre types with the exception of RCF4 and Code 100/475. When fibres were coated with rat or sheep surfactant, there was suppression of the respiratory burst for all fibre types. The observed suppression was not due to a scavenging effect by the surfactant itself, because xanthine/xanthine oxidase generated superoxide was unaffected by surfactant. The suppressive effect was shown to act directly on the macrophages. Comparing naked and coated fibres for their ability to bind to macrophages, it was shown that in general more coated fibres were bound and that increased binding was associated with suppressed superoxide release for both types of surfactant-coated fibres. It was concluded that the nature of the fibre coating is the main factor influencing the interaction between fibres and macrophages. The type of binding through different receptors may either stimulate or switch off the respiratory burst. The assay used here does not, however, allow any predictions to be made regarding the pathogenicity of fibres.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
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Stone V, Shaw J, Brown DM, Macnee W, Faux SP, Donaldson K. The role of oxidative stress in the prolonged inhibitory effect of ultrafine carbon black on epithelial cell function. Toxicol In Vitro 2012; 12:649-59. [PMID: 20654455 DOI: 10.1016/s0887-2333(98)00050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/1998] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Respired ultrafine particles induce a greater inflammation in rat lungs than fine particles; we have hypothesized that this is due to their comparatively huge number and surface area for the production of free radicals. We tested this hypothesis by studying the effects of fine and ultrafine (uf) carbon black (CB) particles in comparison with quartz on A549 human type II alveolar epithelial cells, particularly with respect to the oxidative properties of these particles. Treatment with fine CB (diameter 260nm), and quartz (up to 0.78mug/mm(2)) for 24 hours significantly (P<0.05) decreased the A549 cells metabolic competence, as measured by the ability to reduce MTT to a formazan product. The inhibitory effects of uf CB only became significantly different (P<0.05) relative to the control at 48 hours, by which time the effects of fine CB and quartz were no longer significant. The inhibition of MTT reduction by uf CB was prevented by the hydroxyl radical scavenger mannitol (2mm). In addition, measurement of reactive oxygen species production using supercoiled plasmid DNA showed that uf CB exhibited significantly more free radical activity than fine CB (P<0.05). In the absence of serum, uf CB depleted reduced glutathione at 6 hours (P<0.008). In contrast, CB did not significantly alter reduced or oxidized glutathione. Hence, compared with fine CB, uf CB exhibited greater free radical activity, greater inhibition of the reduction of MTT at 48 hours (prevented by mannitol) and a depletion of reduced glutathione. These results suggest that uf CB induces a greater oxidative stress than fine CB, and that this may play a role in the toxicological effects of this ultrafine particle.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stone
- Department of Biological Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK
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Oktavec KC, Nolan K, Brown DM, Dunn JP, Livingston AG, Thorne JE. Clinical outcomes in patients with cytomegalovirus retinitis treated with ganciclovir implant. Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 153:728-33, 733.e1-2. [PMID: 22265144 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2011.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the clinical outcomes of patients with cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and AIDS treated with ganciclovir implant. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. METHODS The charts of 115 patients (166 affected eyes) with CMV retinitis treated with ganciclovir implant in the Division of Ocular Immunology, Wilmer Eye Institute from April 1996 through November 2009 were reviewed. Ophthalmologic data collected included visual acuity, ocular complications, treatment, and presence of immune recovery. Kaplan-Meier analyses and Cox regression models were used to investigate relationships between potential risk factors and ocular outcomes. RESULTS At implantation, 55% of patients were prescribed highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 21% were formerly on HAART, and 24% were HAART-naïve. One hundred sixty-six eyes received 257 ganciclovir implants. Fifty-seven of the implanted eyes were diagnosed with a total of 126 ocular complications after implant surgery (rate=0.19/eye-year [EY]), the 3 most common being cataract, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment. Despite these ocular complications, the development of severe vision loss (≥6 lines lost) was low (0.005/EY). Patients with immune recovery during follow-up were less likely to have ocular complications after implant surgery; however, only the risk reduction for retinal detachment achieved statistical significance (hazard ratio=0.29, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.98). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that ocular complications after implant surgery, including cataract, vitreous hemorrhage, and retinal detachment, were relatively common after ganciclovir implantation but severe vision loss after surgery was low. Presence of immune recovery may lessen the risk of postoperative ocular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen C Oktavec
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Clinical Trials, the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Abstract
Abstract
A number of polymethylene bis-tertiary sulphonium quaternary ammonium salts have been examined for their ganglionic blocking activity on the superior cervical ganglion of the cat. The effect of substituting different alkyl groups on the sulphur and nitrogen atoms and varying the length of the polymethylene chain has been investigated. Maximum activity was found in the tetramethylene di-ethyl sulphonium tri-ethyl ammonium salt, which was about three times as active as hexamethonium. With tri-, penta- and hexamethylene salts maximum activity occurs when there are a total of 13 to 15 carbon atoms in the molecule. It is concluded that the substitution of sulphur for nitrogen in the bis-quaternary ammonium salts does not necessarily lead to a reduction in relative potency. The importance of the groupings on the “onium” centres in producing ganglionic block is stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- Pharmacology Department, Beecham Research Laboratories Limited, Brockham Park, Betchworth, Surrey
| | - D H Turner
- Pharmacology Department, Beecham Research Laboratories Limited, Brockham Park, Betchworth, Surrey
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Glazer AN, Apell GS, Hixson CS, Bryant DA, Rimon S, Brown DM. Biliproteins of cyanobacteria and Rhodophyta: Homologous family of photosynthetic accessory pigments. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 73:428-31. [PMID: 16578740 PMCID: PMC335922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.73.2.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino-terminal sequence determinations are reported of the subunits of biliproteins of prokaryotic unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria and of eukaryotic unicellular red algae. The biliproteins examined, allophycocyanin, C-phycocyanin, R-phycocyanin, b-phycoerythrin, and phycoerythrocyanin, vary with respect to the chemical nature and the number and distribution of the bilin chromophores between the two dissimilar subunits. The amino-terminal sequences fall into two classes, "alpha-type" and "beta-type", with a high degree of homology within each class.In those biliproteins where the number of bilin chromophores on the two subunits is unequal, the subunit with the greater number of chromophores has the beta-type amino-acid sequence.Extensive homology also exists between alpha- and beta-type sequences, strongly supporting the view that these arose by gene duplication to give rise to the ancestral alpha- and beta-type genes early in the evolution of the biliproteins. The subsequent generation of the various classes of biliproteins appears to be the result of further gene duplication of the alpha- and beta-type genes, ultimately to give rise to families of polypeptide chains of similar sequence, but varying in the number of chromophore attachment sites and the structure of the chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Glazer
- Department of Biological Chemistry, UCLA School of Medicine, and the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024
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Brant-Zawadzki MN, Brown DM, Whitaker LA, Peck WW. Emerging impact of CTA/perfusion CT on acute stroke thrombolysis in a community hospital. J Neurointerv Surg 2009; 1:159-64. [PMID: 21994289 DOI: 10.1136/jnis.2009.000091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to retrospectively review the emerging role of CT, CTA, and perfusion CT (pCT) in the hyperacute stroke population of a community hospital. We reviewed 50 consecutive patients' records and imaging studies, who were treated with thrombolytic therapy within 6 h of symptom onset. Multidetector CT, CTA, and pCT studies were evaluated. Subsequent CT, magnetic resonance, or angiographic studies when available were correlated. Patients' clinical data at admission and outcomes at discharge were evaluated. Complications were tabulated. Of the 50 patients treated with thrombolytics, 37 had CT/CTA/pCT, the others non-contrast CT only. CT blood volume defect was present in a total of 14 patients, presaging permanent infarct in all. Arterial clot was seen in 28/37 CTAs (carotid "T" 6, MCA 16, vertebrobasilar 6). Viable penumbra was shown in 20/37; rescued penumbra was depicted after treatment in 14. 39 patients were treated with intravenous, nine with intra-arterial, two with both forms of thrombolysis. Modified Rankin score showed clinical improvement in 58%, three patients had complete recovery. Subsequent bleed was shown in two (4%), symptomatic in one (2%). Two patients died. Our experience suggests advanced CT is more sensitive to ischemia than routine CT, that salvageable penumbra can be identified, and that triage of patients with acute stroke for thrombolysis with CT/CTA/pCT is more robust than routine CT alone, and may improve outcomes in the community hospital setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Brant-Zawadzki
- Department of Radiology, Hoag Memorial Hospital Neurosciences Center, Newport Beach, California, USA.
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a keratopathy in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. METHODS Retrospective review of ophthalmic and medical records, including laboratory evaluations, of seven patients with HIV infection and posterior intracorneal opacities. RESULTS Each patient had a bilateral peripheral keratopathy located at the level of the Descemet membrane that was unassociated with intraocular inflammation. All patients were receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). All patients had elevations in their CD4+ T-lymphocyte counts due to HAART prior to presenting with the corneal opacities. Five of the seven patients had elevated serum cholesterol, triglycerides, or both. Best-corrected visual acuity was 20/25 or better in six of the seven patients at the time of diagnosis, and vision remained stable through the follow-up period in all patients (median follow-up: 25 months; range: 14-82 months). The corneal opacities remained unchanged in all seven over the follow-up period. CONCLUSION These patients have a bilateral keratopathy that appears to be non-progressive and has no effect on visual acuity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Thorne
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Bélair ML, Kim SJ, Thorne JE, Dunn JP, Kedhar SR, Brown DM, Jabs DA. Incidence of cystoid macular edema after cataract surgery in patients with and without uveitis using optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol 2009; 148:128-35.e2. [PMID: 19403110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2009.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Revised: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the incidence of cystoid macular edema (CME) after cataract surgery among eyes with and without uveitis using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and to determine risk factors for postoperative CME among eyes with uveitis. DESIGN Prospective, comparative cohort study. METHODS Single-center, academic practice. Forty-one eyes with uveitis and 52 eyes without uveitis underwent clinical examination and OCT testing within 4 weeks before cataract surgery and at 1-month and 3-month postoperative visits. The main outcome measure was incidence of CME at 1 and 3 months after surgery. RESULTS Both uveitic and control eyes gained approximately 3 lines of vision (P = .6). Incidence of CME at 1 month was 12% (5 eyes) for uveitis and 4% (2 eyes) for controls (P = .2). Incidence of CME at 3 months was 8% (3 eyes) for uveitis and 0% for eyes without uveitis (P = .08). Eyes with uveitis treated with perioperative oral corticosteroids had a 7-fold reduction in postoperative CME (relative risk [RR], 0.14; P = .05). In uveitic eyes, active inflammation within 3 months before surgery increased the risk of CME when compared with eyes without inflammation (RR, 6.19; P = .04). CME was significantly associated with poorer vision (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS Eyes with well-controlled uveitis may obtain similar outcomes to control eyes after cataract surgery (up to 3 months). Use of perioperative oral corticosteroids and control of uveitis for more than 3 months before surgery seemed to decrease the risk of postoperative CME among uveitic eyes in this study.
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Zhao M, Brown DM, Maccallum J, Proudfoot L. Effect of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 ES on inflammatory mediator gene transcription in lipopolysaccharide lung inflammation. Parasite Immunol 2009; 31:50-6. [PMID: 19121083 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2008.01073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory properties of parasitic helminths have been largely linked to their excretory-secretory (ES) products. Some studies have noted a lack of TNF-alpha production and limited recruitment of neutrophils into the lungs after Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection. We previously reported that instillation of ES from L3 larvae of N. brasiliensis to the lungs could inhibit the recruitment of neutrophils on a background of LPS-induced inflammation. A similar reduction in neutrophil recruitment was observed in this study. This reduction was associated with the significant inhibition in gene transcription of the adhesion molecule, ICAM-1, and the chemokine, MIP-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells. The LPS-stimulated gene transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-1beta was also significantly reduced by L3 ES. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is normally elevated in classically activated macrophages, however, in this case gene transcription of iNOS was inhibited by L3 ES and may suggest a phenotype change to anti-inflammatory. The general inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediators observed in this study suggests that infective stage L3 larvae excrete and/or secrete inhibitory products capable of modifying the normally potent LPS inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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Foucaud L, Wilson MR, Brown DM, Stone V. Measurement of reactive species production by nanoparticles prepared in biologically relevant media. Toxicol Lett 2007; 174:1-9. [PMID: 17888595 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 08/01/2007] [Accepted: 08/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to nanoparticles may pose a risk to health and this hypothesis is currently being investigated by toxicologists. Although the mechanism of nanoparticle toxicity has been shown to be mediated, in part, by oxidative stress, the precise mechanism and molecules involved are still unknown. In light of this, the evaluation of the oxidative potential of nanoparticles is an important consideration in measuring their toxicity. The aim of this study was to examine the use of a fluorogenic probe, 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin (DCFH), in a cell-free assay system and to assess the relationship between the results obtained with this method and with the reactive species formation observed in cells. In order to obtain a well-dispersed nanoparticle suspension, bovine serum albumin (BSA) and dipalmitoyl phosphatidyl choline (DPPC) addition in suspension medium was investigated. Both 1% BSA and 0.025% DPPC added to the medium significantly improved the stability of the nanoparticle suspension, decreasing the extent of particle agglomeration and settling over time. In a cell-free system, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by 14nm carbon black particles (CB) suspended in DPPC was higher than that measured with the other suspensions (saline or 1% BSA). A greater ROS production was observed in MonoMac 6 cells (MM6) following treatment with 14nm CB suspended in medium containing BSA and/or DPPC compared to medium alone. In conclusion, 1% BSA and 0.025% DPPC solution was the most efficient for the preparation of a nanoparticle suspension and to measure their oxidative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Foucaud
- Biomedicine and Sport Science Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, Scotland, UK.
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Brown DM, Thorne JE, Foster GL, Duncan JL, Brune LM, Muñana A, Meinert CL, Jabs DA. Factors affecting attrition in a longitudinal study of patients with AIDS. AIDS Care 2007; 18:821-9. [PMID: 16971294 DOI: 10.1080/09540120500466747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Anecdotal data have suggested that retention of HIV-infected patients with immune recovery in longitudinal studies may be difficult as they resume normal activities. This study evaluated risk factors for attrition among patients with AIDS in a cohort study in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Patients with AIDS enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Ocular Complications of AIDS were evaluated every three months with demographic, clinical and laboratory data collected. Lost to follow-up was defined as any patient who missed all study visits and could not be contacted for 12 consecutive months, who had not died and who did not re-enter the study at a later date. Of the 1,052 patients studied, 77 (7.3%) were lost to follow-up (rate = 0.03/person year). In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with attrition were CD4+ T-cell count category (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.03; 95%CI: 1.01, 4.24; P = 0.05 for CD4+ count < or = 50 cells/microL and HR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.12, 3.40; P = 0.02 for CD4+ count 51-200 cells/microL) and detectable HIV viral load (HR = 1.29; 95%CI: 1.07, 1.53; P < 0.001 for HIV viral load >400 copies/mL). These data suggest that patients with compromised immunologic status are at an increased risk for being lost to follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Fallow DJ, Brown DM, Lauzon JD, Parkin GW. Risk assessment of unsuitable winter conditions for manure and nutrient application across Ontario. J Environ Qual 2007; 36:31-43. [PMID: 17215210 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Practical guidelines addressing the timing of manure and nutrient application must consider the concerns of the farm operators while ensuring the protection of the environment. An approach was developed and analyzed through case studies to determine the first recommended day in the spring, and the last in the fall, for manure and nutrient application based on probability analysis. Since most manure and nutrient application guidelines recommend avoiding adverse conditions, the three criteria established to perform a risk assessment were: (i) a frost depth greater than 0.05 m; (ii) a snow accumulation of greater than 0.05 m; and (iii) a soil volumetric water content greater than or equal to that of the plastic limit for the soil. Climatic data and typical soil information for seven locations in Ontario were used to model volumetric soil water contents, frost depths, and snow accumulation from the simultaneous heat and water (SHAW) model for a 48-yr period (1954-2001). Applying the three criteria to the modeled output, the average range between the least limiting probability (0.1, or one in ten year occurrence) and the greatest limiting probability (0.001, or one in one thousand year occurrence) analyzed among the locations was 16 d in the spring as compared to 29 d in the fall. Although geographical location affected the predicted spring start and fall end recommended manure and nutrient application dates, local climate and soil hydraulic properties also played an important part in the determination of these days. Overall the prediction method developed performed reasonably well and provided insight into the environmental factors influencing manure and nutrient application timing.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Fallow
- Dep. of Land Resource Science, Univ. of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada, N1G 2W1
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Brown DM, Hutchison L, Donaldson K, MacKenzie SJ, Dick CAJ, Stone V. The effect of oxidative stress on macrophages and lung epithelial cells: the role of phosphodiesterases 1 and 4. Toxicol Lett 2006; 168:1-6. [PMID: 17129690 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2006.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Accepted: 10/18/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been implicated in various pulmonary diseases by causing direct injury to lung epithelial cells. Signalling activity of cells through transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB) and AP-1 have been shown to be regulated by ROS, and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines demonstrated in the study of inflammatory disease. In this study, we examined the effect of the oxidant tert-butylhydroperoxide (tBHP) on mouse J774 macrophages and its ability to cause the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). The role of calcium as a signalling molecule was studied using various calcium antagonists. The role of the signalling molecule cAMP was also investigated using phosphodiesterase inhibitors PDE1 and PDE4 families. Oxidative stress was investigated in lung epithelial (A549) cells with and without calcium antagonists and PDE inhibitors with regard to their ability to modulate release of the neutrophil chemoattractant interleukin 8 (IL-8). The oxidant tBHP significantly increased the cytosolic calcium concentration in J774 macrophages, which was prevented by the PDE1 inhibitor. The production of TNF-alpha protein by J774 macrophages was mediated by a pathway involving calcium as addition of calcium antagonists inhibited the tBHP stimulated increase in the cytokine. Inhibitors of both PDE1 and PDE4 completely prevented the tBHP stimulated TNF-alpha release suggesting that the cAMP pathway may be important in the oxidant induced signalling pathway leading to gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In the presence of oxidant alone, A549 epithelial cells released significant amounts of IL-8, which was inhibited by both calcium antagonist treatment and PDE inhibition treatment. These data suggest that ROS-mediated lung inflammation could be mediated at least in part by calcium and elevated PDE activity associated with decreased cAMP in both macrophages and epithelial cells. Inhibition of these pathways may provide a route for treatment of inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK.
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Abstract
The effects of PM10, one of the components of particulate air pollution, was investigated using human monocytes and a mouse macrophage cell line (J774). The study aimed to investigate the role of these nanoparticles on the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and IL-1alpha gene expression. We also investigated the role of intracellular calcium signalling events and oxidative stress in control of these cytokines and the effect of the particles on the functioning of the cell cytoskeleton. We showed that there was an increase in intracellular calcium concentration in J774 cells on treatment with PM10 particles which could be significantly reduced with concomitant treatment with the calcium antagonists verapamil, the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM but not with the antioxidant nacystelyn or the calmodulin inhibitor W-7. In human monocytes, PM10 stimulated an increase in intracellular calcium which was reduced by verapamil, BAPTA-AM and nacystelyn. TNF-alpha release was increased with particle treatment in human monocytes and reduced by only verapamil and BAPTA-AM. IL-1alpha gene expression was increased with particle treatment and reduced by all of the inhibitors. There was increased F-actin staining in J774 cells after treatment with PM10 particles, which was significantly reduced to control levels with all the antagonists tested. The present study has shown that PM10 particles may exert their pro-inflammatory effects by modulating intracellular calcium signalling in macrophages leading to expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Impaired motility and phagocytic ability as shown by changes in the F-actin cytoskeleton is likely to play a key role in particle clearance from the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- DM Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K Donaldson
- ELEGI Laboratory, Wilkie Building, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - V Stone
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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Abstract
It has been reported that excretory-secretory (ES) material from the parasitic nematode Nippostrongylus brasiliensis has potential modulatory effects on the host's immune system. We observed that intratracheal instillation of ES from the L3 stage of the parasite reduced neutrophil numbers in LPS-induced inflammation as assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Keir
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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Stone V, Jones R, Rollo K, Duffin R, Donaldson K, Brown DM. Effect of coal mine dust and clay extracts on the biological activity of the quartz surface. Toxicol Lett 2004; 149:255-9. [PMID: 15093271 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2003.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Modification of the quartz surface by aluminium salts and metallic iron have been shown to reduce the biological activity of quartz. This study aimed to investigate the ability of water soluble extracts of coal mine dust (CMD), low aluminium clays (hectorite and montmorillonite) and high aluminium clays (attapulgite and kaolin) to inhibit the reactivity of the quartz surface. DQ12 induced significant haemolysis of sheep erythrocytes in vitro and inflammation in vivo as indicated by increases in the total cell numbers, neutrophil cell numbers, MIP-2 protein and albumin content of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid. Treatment of DQ12 with CMD extract prevented both haemolysis and inflammation. Extracts of the high aluminium clays (kaolin and attapulgite) prevented inhibition of DQ12 induced haemolysis, and the kaolin extract inhibited quartz driven inflammation. DQ12 induced haemolysis by coal mine dust and kaolin extract could be prevented by pre-treatment of the extracts with a cation chellator. Extracts of the low aluminium clays (montmorillonite and hectorite) did not prevent DQ12 induced haemolysis, although the hectorite extract did prevent inflammation. These results suggest that CMD, and clays both low and rich in aluminium, all contain soluble components (possibly cations) capable of masking the reactivity of the quartz surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Stone
- Biomedicine Research Group, School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Merchiston, Edinburgh EH9 3EE, UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England
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Brown DM, Donaldson K, Borm PJ, Schins RP, Dehnhardt M, Gilmour P, Jimenez LA, Stone V. Calcium and ROS-mediated activation of transcription factors and TNF-alpha cytokine gene expression in macrophages exposed to ultrafine particles. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 286:L344-53. [PMID: 14555462 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00139.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafine (Uf) particles are a component of particulate air pollution suggested to be responsible for the health effects associated with elevations of this pollutant. We have previously suggested that Uf particles, through the induction of oxidative stress, may induce inflammation in the lung, thus exacerbating preexisting illness in susceptible individuals. Alveolar macrophages are considered to play a key role in particlemediated inflammation and lung disease. The effect of Uf particles on rat alveolar macrophages and human blood monocytes was investigated with reference to the roles of calcium and reactive oxygen species (ROS). TNF-alpha protein release, intracellular calcium concentration, TNF-alpha mRNA expression, and transcription factor activation were studied as end points after treatment of rat alveolar macrophages or peripheral blood monocytes. The calcium channel blocker verapamil, the intracellular calcium chelator BAPTA-AM, the calmodulin inhibitor W-7, and the antioxidants Trolox and Nacystelin (NAL) were included in combination with Uf particles. Verapamil reduced intracellular calcium concentration in rat alveolar macrophages on stimulation with Uf particles. This effect was also apparent with transcription factor AP-1 activation. All antagonists and antioxidants reduced Uf-stimulated nuclear localization of the p50 and p65 subunits of NF-kappaB in human monocytes. Verapamil, BAPTA-AM, and NAL reduced Uf-stimulated TNF-alpha protein release, whereas only verapamil reduced Uf-stimulated mRNA expression in rat alveolar macrophages. In human monocytes, verapamil, Trolox, BAPTA-AM, and W-7 reduced Uf-stimulated TNF-alpha protein release. These findings suggest that Uf particles may exert proinflammatory effects by modulating intracellular calcium concentrations, activation of transcription factors, and cytokine production through a ROS-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Rd., Edinburgh EH10 5DT, United Kingdom.
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Brown DM, Levine SR. Clinical radiologic correlations in acute stroke: is the signal intensity at the end of the tunnel getting brighter quicker? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2003; 74:840-1. [PMID: 12810760 PMCID: PMC1738537 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.74.7.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Duffin R, Gilmour PS, Schins RP, Clouter A, Guy K, Brown DM, MacNee W, Borm PJ, Donaldson K, Stone V. Aluminium lactate treatment of DQ12 quartz inhibits its ability to cause inflammation, chemokine expression, and nuclear factor-kappaB activation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 176:10-7. [PMID: 11578144 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In 1997, an IARC Working Group classified quartz (crystalline silica) as a Group 1 lung carcinogen, but only in some industries, i.e., the quartz hazard is a variable entity. The reactivity of the quartz surface may underlie its ability to cause inflammation, and treatments that ameliorate this reactivity will reduce the quartz hazard. In this study we treated quartz (Q) with aluminium lactate (AL), a procedure that is reported to decrease the quartz hazard, and explored the effect this had on the highly reactive quartz surface and on proinflammatory events in rat lungs. Aluminium lactate-treated quartz showed a reduced surface reactivity as measured by electron spin resonance and the hemolysis assay. Eighteen hours after instillation of Q into the rat lung, there was massive inflammation as indicated by the number of neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). In addition, Q induced an increase in BAL macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) while ALQ had no significant effect compared to control. Epithelial damage, as indicated by BAL protein and gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, also increased with Q but not with ALQ. Furthermore, Q induced an increase in MIP-2 mRNA by BAL cells while ALQ had no effect compared to controls. There was an increase in nuclear binding of the transcription nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the Q-exposed BAL cells and again no effect on nuclear NF-kappaB binding in BAL cells from ALQ-exposed rats. In conclusion, treatment of the quartz surface with aluminium lactate reduced the reactivity of the particles both in terms of hydroxyl radical generation and in terms of the induction of molecular signaling events leading to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Duffin
- ELEGI/Colt Laboratories, Department of Respiratory Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Brown DM, Wilson MR, MacNee W, Stone V, Donaldson K. Size-dependent proinflammatory effects of ultrafine polystyrene particles: a role for surface area and oxidative stress in the enhanced activity of ultrafines. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2001; 175:191-9. [PMID: 11559017 DOI: 10.1006/taap.2001.9240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 721] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies into the effects of ultrafine particles in the lung have shown adverse effects considered to be due in part to the particle size. Air pollution particles (PM(10)) are associated with exacerbations of respiratory disease and deaths from cardiovascular causes in epidemiological studies and the ultrafine fraction of PM(10) has been hypothesized to play an important role. The aim of the present study was to investigate proinflammatory responses to various sizes of polystyrene particles as a simple model of particles of varying size including ultrafine. In the animal model, we demonstrated that there was a significantly greater neutrophil influx into the rat lung after instillation of 64-nm polystyrene particles compared with 202- and 535-nm particles and this was mirrored in other parameters of lung inflammation, such as increased protein and lactate dehydrogenase in bronchoalveolar lavage. When surface area instilled was plotted against inflammation, these two variables were directly proportional and the line passed through zero. This suggests that surface area drives inflammation in the short term and that ultrafine particles cause a greater inflammatory response because of the greater surface area they possess. In vitro, we measured the changes in intracellular calcium concentration in mono mac 6 cells in view of the potential role of calcium as a signaling molecule. Calcium changes after particle exposure may be important in leading to proinflammatory gene expression such as chemokines. We demonstrated that only ultrafine polystyrene particles induced a significant increase in cytosolic calcium ion concentration. Experiments using dichlorofluorescin diacetate demonstrated greater oxidant activity of the ultrafine particles, which may explain their activity in these assays. There were significant increases in IL-8 gene expression in A549 epithelial cells after treatment with the ultrafine particles but not particles of other sizes. These findings suggest that ultrafine particles composed of low-toxicity material such as polystyrene have proinflammatory activity as a consequence of their large surface area. This supports a role for such particles in the adverse health effects of PM(10).
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- School of Life Sciences, Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, Scotland
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Abstract
The purpose of this report is to review the available literature on the presentation, pathology, and treatment of central nervous system (CNS) neurocytomas. A case report of an extraventricular neurocytoma is presented along with a comprehensive literature search of patients with a diagnosis of CNS neurocytoma. CNS neurocytomas are rare neoplasms, with fewer than 240 cases reported in the literature. The majority of neurocytomas are found in the ventricular system of the brain. Immunohistochemistry is frequently used to help distinguish this tumor from other CNS neoplasms. MIB-1 proliferation index is commonly used in an attempt to predict biologic behavior. Little is known about the management of patients with this tumor, because most reports are from the pathologic literature and contain sparse information regarding clinical management. Neurocytomas are rare CNS tumors with varied biologic behavior. MIB-1 index may help direct adjuvant therapy. An excellent prognosis can be expected if a gross total resection is achieved. Postoperative radiation therapy (RT) may be considered after subtotal resection. Otherwise, RT is an option for medically inoperable or recurrent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gerber S, Lane C, Brown DM, Lord E, DiLorenzo M, Clements JD, Rybicki E, Williamson AL, Rose RC. Human papillomavirus virus-like particles are efficient oral immunogens when coadministered with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin mutant R192G or CpG DNA. J Virol 2001; 75:4752-60. [PMID: 11312347 PMCID: PMC114230 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.10.4752-4760.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain human papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause most cervical cancer, which remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality among women worldwide. HPV recombinant virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine candidates for controlling anogenital HPV disease and are now being evaluated as a parenteral vaccine modality in human subjects. Vaccines formulated for injection generally are more costly, more difficult to administer, and less acceptable to recipients than are mucosally administered vaccines. Since oral delivery represents an attractive alternative to parenteral injection for large-scale human vaccination, the oral immunogenicity of HPV type 11 (HPV-11) VLPs in mice was previously investigated; it was found that a modest systemic neutralizing antibody response was induced (R. C. Rose, C. Lane, S. Wilson, J. A. Suzich, E. Rybicki, and A. L. Williamson, Vaccine 17:2129-2135, 1999). Here we examine whether VLPs of other genotypes may also be immunogenic when administered orally and whether mucosal adjuvants can be used to enhance VLP oral immunogenicity. We show that HPV-16 and HPV-18 VLPs are immunogenic when administered orally and that oral coadministration of these antigens with Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) mutant R192G (LT R192G) or CpG DNA can significantly improve anti-VLP humoral responses in peripheral blood and in genital mucosal secretions. Our results also suggest that LT R192G may be superior to CpG DNA in this ability. These findings support the concept of oral immunization against anogenital HPV disease and suggest that clinical studies involving this approach may be warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gerber
- University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Abstract
Tumour cells transfected with cDNAs encoding non-self proteins were used to investigate the ability of the immune system to respond to immunogenic antigens expressed by tumours. Secreted, intracellular and surface proteins were used as model antigens, as these reflect the potential forms of tumour antigens. Syngeneic BALB/c mice injected with viable line 1 lung carcinoma or EMT6 mammary tumour cells secreting ovalbumin (OVA) or prostate-specific antigen (PSA) produced very high immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody titres, equivalent to those of mice injected with protein in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Secretion of the antigens was not necessary as tumour cells expressing a cell-surface antigen (HER-2/Neu) or an intracellular antigen - green fluorescence protein (GFP) - also generated high-titre antigen-specific IgG antibodies. In interleukin-4 (IL-4)-deficient mice, both IgG1 and IgG2a were produced in response to OVA administered in FCA, whereas in response to tumour-produced antigen, the antibodies switched from predominantly IgG1 to IgG2a, indicating that the mechanisms responsible for antibody induction differed between these forms of immunization. In contrast to the line 1 and EMT6 tumours, which are of BALB/c origin, OVA- or PSA-producing B16 melanoma cells, which are of C57BL/6 origin, failed to elicit antibody production. This was not the result of strain differences, as a similar finding was observed when the tumours were grown in (BALB/c x C57BL/6)F1 mice, but appeared to be caused by intrinsic differences in the tumours. Furthermore, co-injection of both B16/OVA and line 1 tumours resulted in production of anti-OVA antibody, indicating that B16 tumours were not immunosuppressive, but instead line 1 tumours appear to exert an adjuvant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Brown
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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Teterina NL, Egger D, Bienz K, Brown DM, Semler BL, Ehrenfeld E. Requirements for assembly of poliovirus replication complexes and negative-strand RNA synthesis. J Virol 2001; 75:3841-50. [PMID: 11264373 PMCID: PMC114875 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.8.3841-3850.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
HeLa cells were transfected with several plasmids that encoded all poliovirus (PV) nonstructural proteins. Viral RNAs were transcribed by T7 RNA polymerase expressed from recombinant vaccinia virus. All plasmids produced similar amounts of viral proteins that were processed identically; however, RNAs were designed either to serve as templates for replication or to contain mutations predicted to prevent RNA replication. The mutations included substitution of the entire PV 5' noncoding region (NCR) with the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) internal ribosomal entry site, thereby deleting the 5'-terminal cloverleaf-like structure, or insertion of three nucleotides in the 3Dpol coding sequence. Production of viral proteins was sufficient to induce the characteristic reorganization of intracellular membranes into heterogeneous-sized vesicles, independent of RNA replication. The vesicles were stably associated with viral RNA only when RNA replication could occur. Nonreplicating RNAs localized to distinct, nonoverlapping regions in the cell, excluded from the viral protein-membrane complexes. The absence of accumulation of positive-strand RNA from both mutated RNAs in transfected cells was documented. In addition, no minus-strand RNA was produced from the EMCV chimeric template RNA in vitro. These data show that the 5'-terminal sequences of PV RNA are essential for initiation of minus-strand RNA synthesis at its 3' end.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Teterina
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Liebman M, Cameron BA, Carson DK, Brown DM, Meyer SS. Dietary fat reduction behaviors in college students: relationship to dieting status, gender and key psychosocial variables. Appetite 2001; 36:51-6. [PMID: 11161345 DOI: 10.1006/appe.2000.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The primary objectives were to assess dietary fat reduction/avoidance behaviors within a sample of college students, and to assess the strength of the relationship between self reported fat avoidance and a number of variables including body mass index (BMI), self-esteem, and responses to the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) and Eating Attitudes Test (EAT). A total of 210 female and 114 male undergraduate students were administered a food habits questionnaire (which assessed four dietary fat reduction behaviors), the EDI, the dieting subscale of the EAT, and the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory. Measured heights and weights were used to compute BMI. Thirty-eight percent of the females and 13% of the males reported that they had dieted with the express purpose of losing weight in the past 12 months. The finding that females in general and female dieters in particular, scored higher on the EAT dieting subscale, and relied on three of the four dietary fat reduction behaviors to a greater extent than did males, supports the assertion that women rely heavily on dietary fat avoidance as a method to reduce caloric intakes. In females, the finding that a greater degree of fat avoidance was associated with significantly lower levels of self-esteem and higher scores on the EAT and on six of the eight EDI subscales suggested that fat avoidance may be a predictor of eating pathology and/or psychosocial problems in college-aged women.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liebman
- Department of Family and Consumer Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071-3354, USA
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Brown DM. Does abnormal branching of inputs to motor neurones explain abnormal muscle cocontraction in cerebral palsy? Pediatr Phys Ther 2001; 13:48-50. [PMID: 17053650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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50
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Brown DM. Brussels' palace of glass and greenery. Smithsonian 2001; 31:110-122. [PMID: 18574912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
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