Recent Molecular Characterization of Porcine Rotaviruses Detected in China and Their Phylogenetic Relationships with Human Rotaviruses

Porcine rotavirus A (PoRVA) is an enteric pathogen capable of causing severe diarrhea in suckling piglets. Investigating the prevalence and molecular characteristics of PoRVA in the world, including China, is of significance for disease prevention. In 2022, a total of 25,768 samples were collected from 230 farms across China, undergoing porcine RVA positivity testing. The results showed that 86.52% of the pig farms tested positive for porcine RVA, with an overall positive rate of 51.15%. Through the genetic evolution analysis of VP7, VP4 and VP6 genes, it was revealed that G9 is the predominant genotype within the VP7 segment, constituting 56.55%. VP4 genotypes were identified as P[13] (42.22%), P[23] (25.56%) and P[7] (22.22%). VP6 exhibited only two genotypes, namely I5 (88.81%) and I1 (11.19%). The prevailing genotype combination for RVA was determined as G9P[23]I5. Additionally, some RVA strains demonstrated significant homology between VP7, VP4 and VP6 genes and human RV strains, indicating the potential for human RV infection in pigs. Based on complete genome sequencing analysis, a special PoRVA strain, CHN/SD/LYXH2/2022/G4P[6]I1, had high homology with human RV strains, revealing genetic reassortment between human and porcine RV strains in vivo. Our data indicate the high prevalence, major genotypes, and cross-species transmission of porcine RVA in China. Therefore, the continuous monitoring of porcine RVA prevalence is essential, providing valuable insights for virus prevention and control, and supporting the development of candidate vaccines against porcine RVA.

Comparing the osteogenesis outcomes of different lumbar interbody fusions (A/O/X/T/PLIF) by evaluating their mechano-driven fusion processes

BACKGROUND

In lumbar interbody fusion (LIF), achieving proper fusion status requires osteogenesis to occur in the disc space. Current LIF techniques, including anterior, oblique, lateral, transforaminal, and posterior LIF (A/O/X/T/PLIF), may result in varying osteogenesis outcomes due to differences in biomechanical characteristics.

METHODS

A mechano-regulation algorithm was developed to predict the fusion processes of A/O/X/T/PLIF based on finite element modeling and iterative evaluations of the mechanobiological activities of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their differentiated cells (osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and fibroblasts). Fusion occurred in the grafting region, and each differentiated cell type generated the corresponding tissue proportional to its concentration. The corresponding osteogenesis volume was calculated by multiplying the osteoblast concentration by the grafting volume.

RESULTS

TLIF and ALIF achieved markedly greater osteogenesis volumes than did PLIF and O/XLIF (5.46, 5.12, 4.26, and 3.15 cm3, respectively). Grafting volume and cage size were the main factors influencing the osteogenesis outcome in patients treated with LIF. A large grafting volume allowed more osteoblasts (bone tissues) to be accommodated in the disc space. A small cage size reduced the cage/endplate ratio and therefore decreased the stiffness of the LIF. This led to a larger osteogenesis region to promote osteoblastic differentiation of MSCs and osteoblast proliferation (bone regeneration), which subsequently increased the bone fraction in the grafting space.

CONCLUSION

TLIF and ALIF produced more favorable biomechanical environments for osteogenesis than did PLIF and O/XLIF. A small cage and a large grafting volume improve osteogenesis by facilitating osteogenesis-related cell activities driven by mechanical forces.

Application of propidium monoazide quantitative PCR to discriminate of infectious African swine fever viruses

Introduction

The detection of African swine fever virus (ASFV) is commonly performed using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), a widely used virological method known for its high sensitivity and specificity. However, qPCR has a limitation in distinguishing between infectious and inactivated virus, which can lead to an overestimation of viral targets.

Methods

To provide insights into ASFV infectivity, we evaluated the suitability of PMAxx, an improved version of propidium monoazide (PMA), as a means to differentiate between infectious and non-infectious ASFV. Pre-treatment with 50 μM PMAxx for 15 min significantly reduced the qPCR signal of ASFV in the live vaccine. Additionally, thermal treatment at 85°C for 5 min effectively inactivated the live ASFV in the vaccine. Based on a standard curve, the sensitivity of the PMAxx-qPCR assay was estimated to be approximately 10 copies/μL. Furthermore, we observed a strong agreement between the results obtained from PMAxx-qPCR and pig challenge experiments. Moreover, we utilized the PMAxx-qPCR assay to investigate the persistence of ASFV, revealing a close relationship between viral persistence and factors such as temperature and type of piggery materials.

Conclusion

The findings of this study suggest that pre-treating viruses with PMAxx prior to qPCR is a reliable method for distinguishing between infectious and non-infectious ASFV. Thus, integrating of PMAxx-qPCR into routine diagnostic protocols holds potential for improving the interpretation of positive ASFV results obtained through qPCR.

Dynein axonemal heavy chain 10 deficiency causes primary ciliary dyskinesia in humans and mice

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a congenital, motile ciliopathy with pleiotropic symptoms. Although nearly 50 causative genes have been identified, they only account for approximately 70% of definitive PCD cases. Dynein axonemal heavy chain 10 (DNAH10) encodes a subunit of the inner arm dynein heavy chain in motile cilia and sperm flagella. Based on the common axoneme structure of motile cilia and sperm flagella, DNAH10 variants are likely to cause PCD. Using exome sequencing, we identified a novel DNAH10 homozygous variant (c.589C > T, p.R197W) in a patient with PCD from a consanguineous family. The patient manifested sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inversus, and asthenoteratozoospermia. Immunostaining analysis showed the absence of DNAH10 and DNALI1 in the respiratory cilia, and transmission electron microscopy revealed strikingly disordered axoneme 9+2 architecture and inner dynein arm defects in the respiratory cilia and sperm flagella. Subsequently, animal models of Dnah10-knockin mice harboring missense variants and Dnah10-knockout mice recapitulated the phenotypes of PCD, including chronic respiratory infection, male infertility, and hydrocephalus. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to report DNAH10 deficiency related to PCD in human and mouse models, which suggests that DNAH10 recessive mutation is causative of PCD.

Investigation and analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea cases and evaluation of different immunization strategies in the large-scale swine farming system

BACKGROUND

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a contagious intestinal disease caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and dehydration, which has caused huge economic losses around the world. However, it is very hard to find completely valid approaches to control the transmission of PEDV. At present, vaccine immunity remains the most effective method. To better control the spread of PED and evaluate the validity of different immunization strategies, 240 PED outbreak cases from 577 swine breeding farms were collected and analyzed. The objective of the present study was to analyze the epidemic regularity of PEDV and evaluate two kinds of different immunization strategies for controlling PED.

RESULTS

The results showed that the main reasons which led to the outbreak of PED were the movement of pig herds between different pig farms (41.7%) and delaying piglets from the normal production flow (15.8%). The prevalence of PEDV in the hot season (May to October) was obviously higher than that in the cold season (January to April, November to December). Results of different vaccine immunity cases showed that immunization with the highly virulent live vaccine (NH-TA2020 strain) and the commercial inactivated vaccine could significantly decrease the frequency of swine breeding farms (5.9%), the duration of PED epidemic (1.70 weeks), and the week batches of dead piglets (0.48 weeks weaned piglets), compared with immunization with commercial attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccine of PED. Meanwhile, immunization with the highly virulent live vaccine and the commercial inactivated vaccine could bring us more cash flows of Y̶275,274 per year than immunization with commercial live attenuated vaccine and inactivated vaccine in one 3000 sow pig farm within one year.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, immunization with highly virulent live vaccine and inactivated vaccine of PED is more effective and economical in the prevention and control of PED in the large-scale swine farming system.

Targeting endothelial coagulation signaling ameliorates liver obstructive cholestasis and dysfunctional angiogenesis

Cholestatic fibrogenesis is a pathobiological process in which cumulative injury to the bile ducts coincides with progressive liver fibrosis. The pathobiologic mechanisms underlying fibrogenesis and disease progression remain poorly understood. Currently, there is no effective treatment for liver fibrosis. In this study, we discovered that components of the coagulation cascade were associated with the advanced progression of obstructive cholestasis, and anticoagulant therapy could improve liver cholestasis-induced fibrosis. In a mouse model of common bile duct ligation (BDL), which mimics cholestatic liver injury, RNA sequencing analysis revealed an increased expression of coagulation factors in endothelial cells. Pharmacological targeting of the coagulation signaling by hirudin, an anticoagulatory antagonist of thrombin, ameliorated obstructive cholestasis, and attenuated liver fibrosis symptoms. Hirudin attenuated fibrosis-associated angiogenesis, endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), and tissue hypoxia and reduced liver inflammation after BDL. Furthermore, hirudin suppressed YAP (Yes-associated protein) signaling and its downstream effectors in vascular endothelial cells, which are considered with profibrotic characteristics. In conclusion, we demonstrated that pharmacological targeting of coagulation signaling by hirudin has the potential to alleviate liver obstructive cholestasis and fibrosis.

Dexmedetomidine alleviates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by down-regulating miR-34b-3p to activate the Jagged1/Notch signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a fatal event that usually occurs after reperfusion therapy for myocardial infarction. Dexmedetomidine (Dex) has been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of myocardial infarction, however, its underlying mechanism for regulating I/R injury is unclear.

METHODS

H9c2 cell and rat models of I/R injury were established via oxygen-glucose deprivation reoxygenation (OGD/R) and occlusion of the left anterior descending branch of coronary artery, respectively. Flow cytometry, MTT, or DHE assay detected cell activity, ROS, or apoptosis, respectively. The expression levels of miR-34b-3p and related mRNAs were determined using qRT-PCR. Related protein expression levels were detected by Western blotting and ELISA test. The interaction between miR-34b-3p and Jagged1 was assessed by dual luciferase reporter and RIP assays. The morphology of cardiac tissue was examined by TTC, HE, and TUNEL labeling.

RESULTS

Dex markedly inhibited the inflammatory damage and apoptosis caused by OGD/R in H9c2 cells. MiR-34b-3p and Jagged1 levels were increased and decreased in myocardial I/R injury model, respectively, while Dex reversed this effect. Moreover, miR-34b-3p was firstly reported to directly bind and decrease Jagged1 expression, thereby inhibiting Notch signaling pathway. Transfection of agomiR-34b-3p or Jagged1 silencing eliminated Dex's defensive impact on OGD/R-induced cardiomyocytes damage. Dex relieved the myocardial I/R injury of rats via inhibiting miR-34b-3p and further activating Notch signaling pathway.

CONCLUSION

Dex protected myocardium from I/R injury via suppressing miR-34b-3p to activate Jagged1-mediated Notch signaling pathway. Our findings revealed a novel mechanism underlying of Dex on myocardial I/R injury.

Impact of Low-Head Dam Removal on River Morphology and Habitat Suitability in Mountainous Rivers

Dam removal is considered an effective measure to solve the adverse ecological effects caused by dam construction and has started to be considered in China. The sediment migration and habitat restoration of river ecosystems after dam removal have been extensively studied abroad but are still in the exploratory stage in China. However, there are few studies on the ecological response of fishes at different growth stages. Considering the different habitat preferences of Schizothorax prenanti (S. prenanti) in the spawning and juvenile periods, this study coupled field survey data and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model to explore the changes in river morphology at different scales and the impact of changes in hydrodynamic conditions on fish habitat suitability in the short term. The results show that after the dam is removed, in the upstream of the dam, the riverbed is eroded and cut down and the riverbed material coarsens. With the increase in flow velocity and the decrease in flow area, the weighted usable area (WUA) in the spawning and juvenile periods decreases by 5.52% and 16.36%, respectively. In the downstream of the dam, the riverbed is markedly silted and the bottom material becomes fine. With the increase in water depth and flow velocity, the WUA increases by 79.91% in the spawning period and decreases by 67.90% in the juvenile period, which is conducive to adult fish spawning but not to juvenile fish growth. The changes in physical habitat structure over a short time period caused by dam removal have different effects on different fish development periods, which are not all positive. The restoration of stream continuity increases adult fish spawning potential while limiting juvenile growth. Thus, although fish can spawn successfully, self-recruitment of fish stocks can still be affected if juvenile fish do not grow successfully. This study provides a research basis for habitat assessment after dam removal and a new perspective for the subsequent adaptive management strategy of the project.

Pharmacological targeting of cGAS/STING-YAP axis suppresses pathological angiogenesis and ameliorates organ fibrosis

Organ fibrosis is accompanied by pathological angiogenesis. Discovering new ways to ameliorate pathological angiogenesis may bypass organ fibrosis. The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway has been implicated in organ injuries and its activation inhibits endothelial proliferation. Currently, a controversy exists as to whether cGAS/STING activation exacerbates inflammation and tissue injury or mitigates damage, and whether one of these effects predominates under specific context. This study unveiled a new antifibrotic cGAS/STING signaling pathway that suppresses pathological angiogenesis in liver and kidney fibrosis. We showed that cGAS expression was induced in fibrotic liver and kidney, but suppressed in endothelial cells. cGAS genetic deletion promoted liver and kidney fibrosis and pathological angiogenesis, including occurrence of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Meanwhile, cGAS deletion upregulated profibrotic Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling in endothelial cells, which was evidenced by the attenuation of organ fibrosis in mice specifically lacking endothelial YAP. Pharmacological targeting of cGAS/STING-YAP signaling by both a small-molecule STING agonist, SR-717, and a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-based antagonist that blocks the profibrotic activity of endothelial YAP, attenuated liver and kidney fibrosis. Together, our data support that activation of cGAS/STING signaling mitigates organ fibrosis and suppresses pathological angiogenesis. Further, pharmacological targeting of cGAS/STING-YAP axis exhibits the potential to alleviate liver and kidney fibrosis.

Isolation and oral immunogenicity assessment of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus NH-TA2020 strain: One of the predominant strains circulating in China from 2017 to 2021

Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is one of the most devastating diseases in the global pig industry due to its high mortality rate in piglets. Maternal vaccines can effectively enhance the gut-mammary gland-secretory IgA axis to boost lactogenic immunity and passive protection of nursing piglets against PEDV challenge. From 2017 to 2021, we collected 882 diarrhea samples from 303 farms in China to investigate the epidemiology of PEDV. The result showed that about 52.15% (158/303) of the farms were positive for PEDV with an overall detection rate of 63.95% (564/882) of the samples. The S1 fragments of S gene from 104 strains were sequenced for the phylogenetic analysis. A total of 71 PEDV strains (68.27%) sequenced in this study were clustered into the predominant G2c subgroup, while the newly-defined G2d strains (9.62%) were identified in three provinces of China. The NH-TA2020 strain of G2c subgroup was isolated and cultured, and its infection to piglets caused watery diarrhea within 24 ​h, indicating its strong pathogenicity. Oral administration of NH-TA2020 strain to pregnant gilts stimulated high levels of IgA antibody in colostrum. The piglets fed by the gilts above were challenged with NH-TA2020 strain or CH–HeB-RY-2020 strain from G2d subgroup, and the clinical symptoms and virus shedding were significantly reduced compared to the mock group. Our findings suggest that G2c subgroup is the predominant branch circulating in China from 2017 to 2021. Oral administration of NH-TA2020 enhances maternal IgA and lactogenic immune responses, which confer protection against the homologous and emerging G2d PEDV strains challenges in neonates.

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From 2017 to 2021, PEDV positive rate of Chinese farms and samples tested in this study was 52.15% and 63.95%, respectively.

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A total of 71 sequenced PEDV strains (68.27%) were clustered into the predominant G2c subgroup.

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The newly-defined G2d strains (9.62%) were identified in three provinces of China.

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NH-TA2020 strain belonging to the G2c subgroup was isolated and its strong pathogenicity was confirmed.

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The milk containing high levels of IgA antibody induced by NH-TA2020 strain could protect piglets against PEDV challenge.

Research on coupled cavity mechanical tuning extended interaction oscillator with broad tuning range

This paper proposes a new way to improve the tuning range of the extended interaction oscillator (EIO). Compared with the conventional EIO structure, the fundamental wave changes from the forward wave to the backward wave when the circuit structure changes from the strong-coupling characteristic of the grating to the weak-coupling characteristic. Simultaneously, the tuning range of the EIO can be greatly enhanced by mechanically tuning the coupling cavity. The results show that, compared with the strong-coupling structure of the grating, the extended interaction oscillation circuit has stronger dispersion sensitivity and greater frequency tuning characteristics under the weak-coupling characteristics of the grating. By mechanically tuning the width of the coupling cavity by 0.8 mm, its center frequency can be varied by 9.5 GHz. This paper also studies and compares the electronic displacement jump phenomenon that occurs in the mechanical tuning process. Similar to the electronic voltage tuning, the output dips suddenly at the operating point of the coupling mismatch. The effective output can be obtained by changing the operating mode in conjunction with electronic tuning. This article provides a new reference method for expanding the tuning range of the extended interaction oscillator.

Dopamine receptor D2 antagonism normalizes profibrotic macrophage-endothelial crosstalk in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Currently there is no effective treatment for liver fibrosis, which is one of the main histological determinants of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). While Hippo/YAP (Yes-associated protein) signaling is essential for liver regeneration, its aberrant activation frequently leads to fibrosis and tumorigenesis. Unravelling "context-specific" contributions of YAP in liver repair might help selectively bypass fibrosis and preserve the pro-regenerative YAP function in hepatic diseases.

METHODS

We used murine liver fibrosis and minipig NASH models, and liver biopsies from patients with cirrhosis. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-Seq) was performed, and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand screening system was used to identify cell-selective YAP inhibitors.

RESULTS

YAP levels in macrophages are increased in the livers of humans and mice with liver fibrosis. The increase in type I interferon and attenuation of hepatic fibrosis observed in mice specifically lacking Yap1 in myeloid cells provided further evidence for the fibrogenic role of macrophage YAP. ScRNA-Seq further showed that defective YAP pathway signaling in macrophages diminished a fibrogenic vascular endothelial cell subset that exhibited profibrotic molecular signatures such as angiocrine CTGF and VCAM1 expression. To specifically target fibrogenic YAP in macrophages, we utilized a GPCR ligand screening system and identified a dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) antagonist that selectively blocked YAP in macrophages but not hepatocytes. Genetic and pharmacological targeting of macrophage DRD2 attenuated liver fibrosis. In a large animal (minipig) NASH model recapitulating human pathology, the DRD2 antagonist blocked fibrosis and restored hepatic architecture.

CONCLUSIONS

DRD2 antagonism selectively targets YAP-dependent fibrogenic crosstalk between macrophages and CTGF⁺VCAM1⁺ vascular niche, promoting liver regeneration over fibrosis in both rodent and large animal models.

LAY SUMMARY

Fibrosis in the liver is one of the main histological determinants of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), a disease paralleling a worldwide surge in metabolic syndromes. Our study demonstrates that a macrophage-specific deficiency in Yes-associated protein (YAP) attenuates liver fibrosis. Dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) antagonism selectively blocks YAP in macrophages and thwarts liver fibrosis in both rodent and large animal models, and thus holds potential for the treatment of NASH.

Neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 by dimeric side chain-to-side chain cross-linked ACE2 peptide mimetics

We present the finding of a dimeric ACE2 peptide mimetic designed through side chain cross-linking and covalent dimerization. It has a binding affinity of 16 nM for the SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD, and effectively inhibits the SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in Huh7-hACE2 cells with an IC₅₀ of 190 nM and neutralizes the authentic SARS-CoV-2 in Caco2 cells with an IC₅₀ of 2.4 μM. Our study should provide a new insight for the optimization of peptide-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors.

Stapled Peptides Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein HR1 Inhibit the Fusion of Virus to Its Cell Receptor

The pandemic of acute respiratory disease in 2019 caused by highly pathogenic and infectious SARS-CoV-2 has seriously endangered human public safety. The 6-HB (HR1-HR2 complex) formation occurring in the process of spike protein-mediated membrane fusion could serve as a conserved and potential target for the design of fusion inhibitors. Based on the HR2 domain of 6-HB, we designed and synthesized 32 stapled peptides using an all-hydrocarbon peptide stapling strategy. Owing to the improved proteolytic stability and higher helical contents, the optimized stapled peptides termed SCH2-1-20 and SCH2-1-27 showed better inhibitory activities against pseudo and authentic SARS-CoV-2 compared to the linear counterpart. Of note, SCH2-1-20 and SCH2-1-27 were proved to interfere with S protein-mediated membrane fusion. Structural modeling indicated similar binding modes between SCH2-1-20 and the linear peptide. These optimized stapled peptides could serve as potent fusion inhibitors in treating and preventing SARS-CoV-2, and the corresponding SAR could facilitate further optimization.

Incorporating the life stages of fish into habitat assessment frameworks: A case study in the Baihetan Reservoir

Although it is widely accepted that the construction of dams may alter fish habitats, few studies have followed the life cycles of fish and combined the environmental conditions with the ecological behaviors and habit preferences of fish during reproductive processes to assess its effects of dam construction. In this study, we call for more sophisticated and holistic assessment framework, including effectiveness of technologies intended to mitigate environmental impacts in different life stages. An assessment framework that considers the swimming ability, perception ability of water flow and environmental preference of different fish species during migration, spawning and hatching was proposed. We used the Baihetan Reservoir as an example environment to assess the impoundment effect on the habitat of a tributary upstream of the reservoir. We observed shifts in the habitats of target fish in different life stages which is dominated by reservoir operation of the Baihetan Dam. Combined with the response of fish activities to impoundment, the selection of suitable positions for artificial breeding and release projects and the outlet of the fish transportation system were recommended measures to improve the migration possibilities. Our reassessment results also demonstrated the theoretical possibility and feasibility of joint improvements in spawning and hatching periods using instream structures. Our framework provides a complete set of "assessment-solution" processes for developers and managers to address the aquatic ecological degradation caused by resource development, and its use is strongly recommended for assessments or assessments of damming effects in other regions and on other fish species.

Efficiency and Safety of the Selective Relaxant Binding Agent Adamgammadex Sodium for Reversing Rocuronium-Induced Deep Neuromuscular Block: A Single-Center, Open-Label, Dose-Finding, and Phase IIa Study

Background: Rapid reversal of neuromuscular block after surgery and anesthesia is often necessary. Here, we reported the primary efficacy and safety data from a phase IIa study on adamgammadex sodium, a newly developed modified γ-cyclodextrin derivative.

Methods: This was a phase IIa, single-center, randomized, open-label, and dose-finding study that enrolled 35 patients under general anesthesia who received the neuromuscular blocking agent rocuronium for induction and maintenance of neuromuscular blockade. The subjects were randomized to one of the five adamgammadex dose groups (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 mg kg⁻¹) and to the 4 mg kg⁻¹ sugammadex group. Pharmacological efficacy was the recovery time from the start of adamgammadex or sugammadex administration to train-of-four (TOF) ratio ≥0.9, 0.8, and 0.7 among the different dose groups. Adverse events were recorded throughout the study.

Results: The efficacy in reversing deep neuromuscular block was the same between 4 mg kg⁻¹ sugammadex and adamgammadex. However, in the lowest dose groups of 2 and 4 mg kg⁻¹ adamgammadex, adequate reversal could not be achieved in all subjects. The recovery time of TOF ratio to 0.9, 0.8, and 0.7 was shorter in the adamgammadex 10 mg kg⁻¹ group than in the sugammadex 4 mg kg⁻¹ group. The average values of the TOF ratio after 3 min of administration of adamgammadex 8 and 10 mg kg⁻¹ and sugammadex 4 mg kg⁻¹ were >90%. There were no serious adverse events after the use of adamgammadex, and no subjects had to be withdrawn from the trial.

Conclusions: Adamgammadex enabled quick, predictable, and tolerable reversion of rocuronium-induced deep neuromuscular block in a dose-dependent manner. Adamgammadex doses of 6–10 mg kg⁻¹ might be the recommended dose range for further exploration of efficacy. Clinical Trial Registration: This study was registered at chictr.org.cn, identifier: ChiCTR2000038391.

Selective Targeting of Vascular Endothelial YAP Activity Blocks EndMT and Ameliorates Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction-Induced Kidney Fibrosis

Kidney fibrosis is accompanied by vascular dysfunction. Discovering new ways to ameliorate dysfunctional angiogenesis may bypass kidney fibrosis. YAP (Yes-associated protein) plays a multifaceted role during angiogenesis. Here, we found that selectively targeting YAP signaling in the endothelium ameliorates unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced kidney fibrosis. Genetic deletion of Yap1, encoding YAP protein, in VE-cadherin⁺ endothelial cells inhibited endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) and dysfunctional angiogenesis and improved obstructive nephropathy and kidney fibrosis. Treatment with the systemic YAP inhibitor verteporfin worsened kidney fibrosis symptoms because of its lack of cell specificity. In an attempt to identify endothelial-specific YAP modulators, we found that G-protein-coupled receptor coagulation factor II receptor-like 1 (F2RL1) was highly expressed in vessels after UUO-induced kidney fibrosis. The F2RL1 peptide antagonist FSLLRY-NH2 selectively blocked YAP activity in endothelial cells and ameliorated kidney fibrosis. Thus, selective antagonization of endothelial YAP activity might bypass kidney fibrosis and provide new avenues for the design of antifibrotic therapies.

Case Report: Identification of a Novel ODAD3 Variant in a Patient With Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Background: ODAD3 encodes a protein of 595 amino acids and contain three highly conserved coiled-coil domains, which is essential for cilia axoneme dynein arm assembly and docking. Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) of ODAD3 deficiency are rarely reported. Female infertility in PCD related to ODAD3 variants has not been reported. Methods: Whole-exome and Sanger sequencing were used to identify the disease-related gene of the patient with PCD in a consanguineous Chinese family. Domain analysis was applied to predict the impact of the variant on ODAD3 protein. Results: The 35 year-old female patient exhibited chronic sinusitis, diffuse bronchiectasis, dextrocardia and infertility. We identified a novel homozygous variant in ODAD3, c.1166_1169dupAGAC, p.(Leu391Aspfs^*105) in the PCD patient by exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing. This frameshift variant was predicted to be disease causing by bioinformatics analysis and was also not presented in the current authorized large genetic databases. Conclusions: Our study enriches the genetic spectrum and clinical phenotypes of ODAD3 variants in PCD and provide more evidence for future genetic counseling and gene-targeted therapy for this disease.

Identification of Interferon Receptor IFNAR2 As a Novel HCV Entry Factor by Using Chemical Probes

Upon sensing pathogen-associated patterns and secreting interferons (IFNs) into the environment, host cells perceive extracellular type I IFNs by the IFNα/β receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 to stimulate downstream innate immune signaling cascades. Through the use of chemical probes, we demonstrated that IFNAR2 facilitates hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry. Silencing of IFNAR2 significantly attenuated HCV proliferation. IFNAR2 binds infectious HCV virions through a direct interaction of its D2 domain with the C-terminal end of apolipoprotein E (apoE) on the viral envelope and facilitates virus entry into host cells. The antibody against the IFNAR2 D2 domain attenuates IFNAR2-apoE interaction and impairs HCV infection. The recombinant IFNAR2 protein and the chemical probe potently inhibit major HCV genotypes in various human liver cells in vitro. Moreover, the impact of a chemical probe on HCV genotype 2a is also documented in immune-compromised humanized transgenic mice. Our results not only expand the understanding of the biology of HCV entry and the virus-host relationship but also reveal a new target for the development of anti-HCV entry inhibitors.

Hippo/YAP Pathway Plays a Critical Role in Effect of GDNF Against Aβ-Induced Inflammation in Microglial Cells

Neuroinflammation is a critical mechanism responsible for the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies reveal that Hippo/Yes-associated protein (YAP) signaling pathway is highly associated with a series of inflammation-related disorders. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), with its neurotrophic and anti-apoptotic functions for nervous system, has been demonstrated to decrease the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Here we investigated whether Hippo/YAP signaling may affect amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced proinflammatory cytokine production in microglial cells and explored its relationship with the anti-inflammation function of GDNF. The results showed that Aβ induced a decrease in the expression of YAP in microglia cells. YAP agonist XMU-MP-1 or its overexpression in microglial cells caused decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines, whereas YAP antagonist Verteporfin or knockdown of YAP had the opposite effect. Treatment with GDNF resulted in upregulation of YAP expression and reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile YAP knockdown weakened the function of GDNF in microglial cells. In conclusion, Hippo/YAP pathway plays a critical role in effect of GDNF against Aβ-induced inflammatory response in microglia. Targeting GDNF or Hippo/YAP signaling may be promising therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD.

GP205, a new hepatitis C virus NS3/4A protease inhibitor, displays higher metabolic stability in vitro and drug exposure in vivo

NS3/4A serine protease is a prime target for direct-acting antiviral therapies against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Several NS3/4A inhibitors have been widely used in clinic, while new inhibitors with better characteristics are still urgently needed. GP205 is a new macrocyclic inhibitor of NS3/4A with low nanomolar activities against HCV replicons of genotypes 1b, 2a, 4a, and 5a, with EC₅₀ values ranging from 1.5 to 12.8 nmol/L. In resistance selection study in vitro, we found resistance-associated substitutions on D168: The activity of GP205 was significantly attenuated against 1b replicon with D168V or D168A mutation, similar as simeprevir. No cross resistance of GP205 with NS5B or NS5A inhibitor was observed. Combination of GP205 with sofosbuvir or daclatasvir displayed additive or synergistic efficacy. The pharmacokinetic profile of GP205 was characterized in rats and dogs after oral administration, which revealed good drug exposure both in plasma and in liver and long plasma half-life. The in vitro stability test showed ideal microsomal and hepatic cells stability of GP205. The preclinical profiles of GP205 support further research on this NS3/4A inhibitor to expand the existing HCV infection therapies.

Outcomes of the six-strand M-Tang repair for zone 2 primary flexor tendon repair in 54 fingers

We repaired complete divisions of flexor tendons in zone 2 in 54 fingers using a six-strand core M-Tang repair method. Partial active digital motion started with early passive digital motion carried out first in the first 3-4 weeks after surgery and full range of active motion in later weeks. The patients were followed for 4-27 months. According to Strickland criteria or Tang criteria, 24 (83%) had excellent or good, four fair and one poor results in 28 fingers with follow-up of more than one year. In the other 25 fingers which were followed for less than 12 months, 19 (76%) had excellent and good, four fair and two poor results. There were no repair ruptures. We analysed outcomes against ages, gender, pulley integrity, accompanied injuries and follow-up times. The patients younger than 37 years old, male patients and with their A2 pulley(s) vented there were significantly better outcomes. The patients with longer than one year follow-up had significantly smaller extension deficits than those with less than one year follow-up.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV.

Screening of deafness-causing DNA variants that are common in patients of European ancestry using a microarray-based approach

The unparalleled heterogeneity in genetic causes of hearing loss along with remarkable differences in prevalence of causative variants among ethnic groups makes single gene tests technically inefficient. Although hundreds of genes have been reported to be associated with nonsyndromic hearing loss (NSHL), GJB2, GJB6, SLC26A4, and mitochondrial (mt) MT-RNR1 and MTTS are the major contributors. In order to provide a faster, more comprehensive and cost effective assay, we constructed a DNA fluidic array, CapitalBioMiamiOtoArray, for the detection of sequence variants in five genes that are common in most populations of European descent. They consist of c.35delG, p.W44C, p.L90P, c.167delT (GJB2); 309kb deletion (GJB6); p.L236P, p.T416P (SLC26A4); and m.1555A>G, m.7444G>A (mtDNA). We have validated our hearing loss array by analyzing a total of 160 DNAs samples. Our results show 100% concordance between the fluidic array biochip-based approach and the established Sanger sequencing method, thus proving its robustness and reliability at a relatively low cost.

Discovery of Novel Hepatitis C Virus NS5B Polymerase Inhibitors by Combining Random Forest, Multiple e-Pharmacophore Modeling and Docking

The NS5B polymerase is one of the most attractive targets for developing new drugs to block Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We describe the discovery of novel potent HCV NS5B polymerase inhibitors by employing a virtual screening (VS) approach, which is based on random forest (RB-VS), e-pharmacophore (PB-VS), and docking (DB-VS) methods. In the RB-VS stage, after feature selection, a model with 16 descriptors was used. In the PB-VS stage, six energy-based pharmacophore (e-pharmacophore) models from different crystal structures of the NS5B polymerase with ligands binding at the palm I, thumb I and thumb II regions were used. In the DB-VS stage, the Glide SP and XP docking protocols with default parameters were employed. In the virtual screening approach, the RB-VS, PB-VS and DB-VS methods were applied in increasing order of complexity to screen the InterBioScreen database. From the final hits, we selected 5 compounds for further anti-HCV activity and cellular cytotoxicity assay. All 5 compounds were found to inhibit NS5B polymerase with IC50 values of 2.01-23.84 μM and displayed anti-HCV activities with EC50 values ranging from 1.61 to 21.88 μM, and all compounds displayed no cellular cytotoxicity (CC50 > 100 μM) except compound N2, which displayed weak cytotoxicity with a CC50 value of 51.3 μM. The hit compound N2 had the best antiviral activity against HCV, with a selective index of 32.1. The 5 hit compounds with new scaffolds could potentially serve as NS5B polymerase inhibitors through further optimization and development.

Resistance analysis and characterization of NITD008 as an adenosine analog inhibitor against hepatitis C virus

Hepatitis disease caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a severe threat to global public health, affecting approximately 3% of the world's population. Sofosbuvir (PSI-7977), a uridine nucleotide analog inhibitor targeting the HCV NS5B polymerase, was approved by FDA at the end of 2013 and represents a key step towards a new era in the management of HCV infection. Previous study identified NITD008, an adenosine nucleoside analog, as the specific inhibitor against dengue virus and showed good antiviral effect on other flaviviruses or enteroviruses. In this report, we systematically analyzed the anti-HCV profile of NITD008, which was discovered to effectively suppress the replication of different strains of HCV in human hepatoma cells with a low nanomolar activity. On genotype 2a virus, or 2a, 1a, and 1b replicon cells, EC50 values were 8.7 nM, 93.3 nM, 60.0 nM and 67.2 nM, and selective index values were >2298.9, >214.4, >333.3, >298.5 respectively. We demonstrated that resistance to NITD008 was conferred by mutation in NS5B (S282T) in the HCV infectious virus genotype 2a (JFH-1). Then, we compared the resistant profiles of NITD008 and PSI-7977, and found that the folds change of EC50 of NITD008 to full replicon cells containing mutation S282T was much bigger than PSI-7977(folds 76.50 vs. 4.52). Analysis of NITD008 cross-resistance against previously reported NS5B drug-selected mutations showed that the resistance pattern of NITD008 was not completely similar to PSI-7977, and meanwhile, S282T resistant mutation to NITD008 emerge more easily in cell culture than PSI-7977. Interestingly, NITD008 displayed significant synergistic effects with the NS5B polymerase inhibitor PSI-7977, however, only additive effects with alpha interferon (IFNα-2b), ribavirin, and an NS3 protease inhibitor. These results verify that NITD008 is an effective analog inhibitor against hepatitis C virus and a good research tool as a supplement to other types of nucleoside analogs.

The role of transcription factors of neurosensory cells in non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss with or without inner ear malformation

CONCLUSIONS

Previous studies have stated the roles and correlation of the four TFs (Sox2, Atoh1, Neurog1, and Neurod1) in the development of neurosensory cells. but whether they are inherited pathogenic factors to cause non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss is unknown so far. This is the first time for screening the Sox2, Atoh1, Neurog1, and Neurod1 genes in children with NSHL. The c.133A > G in Neurod1 gene is a polymorphism, which is not associated with NSHL. Although these genes are the recognized TFs for modulating the development and transformation of NSCs, they may not be the inherited pathogenic factors to cause congenital severe or profound NSHL directly.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of the transcription factors (TFs) for the development of neurosensory cells (NSCs) and to explore the genetic etiology of congenital profound non-syndromic sensorineural hearing loss (NSHL).

METHODS

Children with NSHL, from multi-national and regional group, and control group were recruited to screen for the most common mutations for non-syndromic deafness among East Asian (mtDNA 12S rRNA: 1555A > G, 1494C > T; SLC26A4: IVS7-2 A > G, 2168 C > T). And mutational analysis of the coding regions in Sox2, Atoh1 and Neurog1, Neurod1 genes were performed.

RESULTS

Only the c.133A > G (p. Ala45Thr) in the Neurod1 gene was detected in this study. The allele frequencies of this variant were 88.00% and 84.88% in the inner ear malformation group and the normal inner ear group, respectively, while 90.85% of children in the control group carried c.133A > G. This variant existed in every group commonly and had no significant difference among them. No variant in the other two TFs was detected in this cohort.

Identification, synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel anti-EV71 agents via cyclophilin A inhibition

In this work, the relationship between cyclophilin A (CypA) and EV71 prompted us to screen a series of small molecular CypA inhibitors which were previously reported by our group. Among them, compounds 1 and 2 were discovered as non-immunosuppressive anti-EV71 agents with an EC50 values of 1.07±0.17μM and 3.36±0.45μM in virus assay, respectively, which were desirably for the further study. The subsequent chemical modifications derived a novel class of molecules, among which compound 11 demonstrated the most potent anti-EV71 activity in virus assay (EC50=0.37±0.17μM), and low cytotoxicity (CC50>25μM). The following CypA enzyme inhibition studies indicated that there was not only the enzyme inhibition activity, undoubtedly important, functioning in the antiviral process, but also some unknown mechanisms worked in combination, and the further study is underway in our laboratory. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, compound 11 was probably the most potent small molecular anti-EV71 agent via CypA inhibitory mechanism to date. Consequently, our study provided a new potential small molecule for curing EV71 infection.

Prevalence of mutations in GJB2, SLC26A4, and mtDNA in children with severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss in southwestern China

AIM

To study the distribution characteristics of common mutations in the GJB2, SLC26A4, and mtDNA genes in children with severe or profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in southwestern China.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 1,164 individuals were recruited to screen for the common GJB2, SLC26A4, and mtDNA mutations by microarrays. Subsequencing for the coding region of the GJB2 gene in the samples without the GJB2 hotspot mutations as well as subsequencing for the exon 1 of the TRMU gene in those samples with the mtDNA hotspot mutations was performed by Sanger sequencing. All mutations were analyzed in association with medical imaging.

RESULTS

In this study, 28.43% of all subjects carried mutations. The mutation frequencies in the GJB2, SLC26A4, and mtDNA genes were 17.27%, 7.04%, and 4.12%, respectively. No TRMU mutation was found in the study. The frequency of the mtDNA mutations in the multiethnic minorities was six times that in the Han (11.23% vs. 1.91%; p approaches 0.000) and in the urban group was one-third of that in the suburban group(1.49% vs. 4.47%; p=0.047). The frequency of the GJB2 mutations in urban and suburban groups was 23.38% and 15.99%, respectively (p=0.012). The enlarged vestibular aqueduct (EVA) was the most common inner ear malformation and ∼79.10% of EVA cases were associated with the SLC26A4 mutations.

CONCLUSIONS

More than one-fourth of children with severe or profound SNHL carried the common deafness mutations. The proportions of ethnic minorities and urban subjects could impact the frequency of the GJB2 and mtDNA mutations. The SLC26A4 hotspot mutations are prevalent and correlate strongly with EVA.

Discovery of Imidazo[1,2-α][1,8]naphthyridine Derivatives as Potential HCV Entry Inhibitor

RO8191 represents a newly discovered small-molecule IFN-like agent that displays potent anti-HCV activity. With it as lead, a series of compounds bearing an imidazo[1,2-α][1,8]naphthyridine core and an amide bond-linked side chain were designed and synthesized. These compounds were evaluated on HCV cell culture system (HCVcc-hRluc-JFH1), and some of them exhibited remarkable anti-HCV activity (EC50 = 0.017-0.159 μM) and low toxicity (CC50 > 25 μM). Moreover, it was revealed that these newly identified anti-HCV agents exert their antiviral effect through a distinct mechanism of action from that of RO8191 by targeting the viral entry process. Thus, our study provides a starting point for the development of potential HCV entry inhibitor.

[Posterior spinal transpedicular wedge osteotomy for kyphosis due to delayed osteoporotic vertebral fracture in elderly]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the clinical effects of posterior spinal transpedicular wedge osteotomy for kyphosis due to delayed osteoporotic vertebral fracture in elderly.

METHODS

From July 2009 to February 2014,26 patients with kyphosis caused by delayed osteoporotic vertebral fracture were treated with transpedicular wedge osteotomy. There were 10 males and 16 females,aged from 55 to 75 years old with an average of 67 years. There were 1 osteotomy in thoracic vertebra,21 osteotomies in thoracolumbar vertebrae and 4 in lumbar vertebrae. Total 29 vertebrae were involved, 23 cases with single vertebral fracture and 3 cases with double vertebral fractures. Preoperative Cobb angles were 32°~51° with the mean of (42.00 ± 4.75) ° and VAS scores were 6 to 9 points with an average of (8.40 ± 0.75) points. According to the Frankel grade of spinal cord function, 4 cases were grade D and 22 cases were grade E. Intraoperative bleeding, operation time and perioperative complications were recorded, and improvements of Cobb angle were evaluated by X-rays. VAS score and Frankel grade were respectively used to evaluate the pain and nerve function.

RESULTS

The average operation time were 155 min (ranged, 120 to 175) and the mean intraoperative bleeding were 1 100 ml (ranged,800 to 1 500). Postoperative at 2 days, Cobb angle and VAS score were (9.60 ± 2.50) ° and (4.00 ± 1.00) points, respectively, ranged from 5° to 15° and 1 to 5 points. VAS score and Cobb angle improved obviously compared with preoperative (P < 0.05), and the improvement rate of Cobb angle was 76%. Frankel grade of 1 case changed from grade E to C, and the others did not become worse. The follow-up period ranged from 3 to 24 months with an average of 16.4 months. At the final follow-up, Cobb angles and VAS score were (11.00 ± 3.50)° and (4.40 ± 1.25) points, respectively, ranged from 5° to 19° and 1 to 6 points. The patient whose Frankel grade E changed to C at 2 days after surgery and changed to grade D at the latest follow-up. Vertebral body fracture below the fusion level happened in 1 case at 3 months after surgery, vertebral body fracture above the fusion level happened in 1 case at 5 months after surgery, and their chest pain symptoms were relieved after symptomatic treatment and anti osteoporosis treatment. All osteotomy levels obtained fusion which confirmed by X-ray and no internal fixation loosening and breakage were found.

CONCLUSION

The clinical effect of posterior transpedicular wedge osteotomy for kyphosis due to delayed osteoporotic vertebral fracture was satisfactory, but manipulation during the operation should be cautious and prevent adjacent vertebral body fracture should be pay attention to prevent.

The Genetic Basis of Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss in Indian and Pakistani Populations

Deafness encompasses a series of etiologically heterogeneous disorders with mutations in more than 400 independent genes. However, several studies indicate that a large proportion of both syndromic and nonsyndromic forms of deafness in the racially diverse Indian and Pakistani populations are caused by defects in just a few genes. In these countries, there is a strong cultural preference for consanguineous marriage and an associated relatively high prevalence of genetic disorders. The current Indian population is approximately 1.2 billion and it is estimated that 30,000 infants are born with congenital sensorineural hearing loss (HL) each year. The estimated rate of profound bilateral HL is 1.6 per 1000 in Pakistan and 70% of this HL arises in consanguineous families. Knowledge of the genetic cause of deafness within a distinct population is important for accurate genetic counseling and early diagnosis for timely intervention and treatment options. Many sources and technologies are now available for the testing of hearing efficiency. Population-based screening has been proposed as one of the major strategies for translating genetic and genomic advances into population health gains. This review of the genetics of deafness in Indian and Pakistani populations deals with the major causes of deafness in these countries and prospectives for reducing the incidence of inherited deafness.

Discovery of Novel Small Molecule Anti-HCV Agents via the CypA Inhibitory Mechanism Using O-Acylation-Directed Lead Optimization

In this work, the relationship between cyclophilin A (CypA) and HCV prompted us to screen a series of small molecule CypA inhibitors which were previously reported by our group. Among them, compound 1, discovered as a non-immunosuppressive anti-HCV agent with an EC₅₀ value of 0.67 μM in a virus assay, was selected for further study. Subsequent chemical modification by O-acylation led to a novel class of molecules, among which compound 25 demonstrated the most potent anti-HCV activity in the virus assay (EC₅₀ = 0.19 μM), but low cytotoxicity and hERG cardiac toxicity. The following studies (a solution stability assay and a simple pharmacokinetic test together with a CypA enzyme inhibition assay) preliminarily indicated that 25 was a prodrug of 1. To the best of our knowledge, 25 is probably the most potent currently reported small molecule anti-HCV agent acting via the CypA inhibitory mechanism. Consequently, our study has provided a new potential small molecule for curing HCV infection.

Imaging assessment of profound sensorineural deafness with inner ear anatomical abnormalities

OBJECTIVE

To explore the value of a combined computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in evaluating profound sensorineural deafness patients before cochlear implant (CI) surgery.

METHODS

A retrospective analysis of 1012 cases of profound sensorineural deafness that received CI was performed.

RESULTS

A total of 96 cases were diagnosed with inner ear abnormalities including large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS, n = 61), Michel deformity (n = 3), cochlear incomplete partition I (n = 2), cochlear incomplete partition II (n = 6), cochlear hypoplasia with vestibular malformation (n = 3), cochlear ossification (n = 3), bilateral internal auditory canal obstruction (n = 5) and internal auditory canal stenosis (n = 2).

CONCLUSION

High resolution CT (HRCT) can display bony structures while MRI can image the membranous labyrinth in preoperative evaluation for cochlear implantation. The combination of these two modalities provides reliable anatomical information regarding the bony and membranous labyrinths, as well as the auditory nerve.

Exome sequencing identifies a novel CEACAM16 mutation associated with autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss DFNA4B in a Chinese family

Autosomal dominant nonsyndromic hearing loss (ADNSHL/DFNA) is a highly genetically heterogeneous disorder. Hitherto only about 30 ADNSHL-causing genes have been identified and many unknown genes remain to be discovered. In this research, genome-wide linkage analysis mapped the disease locus to a 4.3 Mb region on chromosome 19q13 in SY-026, a five-generation nonconsanguineous Chinese family affected by late-onset and progressive ADNSHL. This linkage region showed partial overlap with the previously reported DFNA4. Simultaneously, probands were analyzed using exome capture followed by next generation sequencing. Encouragingly, a heterozygous missense mutation, c.505G>A (p.G169R) in exon 3 of the CEACAM16 gene (carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 16), was identified via this combined strategy. Sanger sequencing verified that the mutation co-segregated with hearing loss in the family and that it was not present in 200 unrelated control subjects with matched ancestry. This is the second report in the literature of a family with ADNSHL caused by CEACAM16 mutation. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blots also prove CEACAM16 to be a secreted protein. Furthermore, our studies in transfected HEK293T cells show that the secretion efficacy of the mutant CEACAM16 is much lower than that of the wild-type, suggesting a deleterious effect of the sequence variant.

Design and synthesis of imidazo[1,2-α][1,8]naphthyridine derivatives as anti-HCV agents via direct C-H arylation

RO8191 represents a newly identified small-molecule IFN-α-substitute, which displays potent anti-HCV activity. In this communication, we reported the design and synthesis of two series of imidazo[1,2-α][1,8]naphthyridine derivatives, as RO8191 analogues, via a direct C-H arylation approach. Notably, by adjusting the reaction conditions, we could achieve the two series of analogues via regioselective single- and double-arylations, respectively. The anti-HCV activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated within the HCV cell culture system, and the preliminary results showed that some of them displayed promising anti-HCV activities.

An adenosine nucleoside analogue NITD008 inhibits EV71 proliferation

Enterovirus 71 (EV71), one of the major causative agents of Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease (HFMD), causes severe pandemics and hundreds of deaths in the Asia-Pacific region annually and is an enormous public health threat. However, effective therapeutic antiviral drugs against EV71 are rare. Nucleoside analogues have been successfully used in the clinic for the treatment of various viral infections. We evaluated a total of 27 nucleoside analogues and discovered that an adenosine nucleoside analogue NITD008, which has been reported to be an antiviral reagent that specifically inhibits flaviviruses, effectively suppressed the propagation of different strains of EV71 in RD, 293T and Vero cells with a relatively high selectivity index. Triphosphorylated NITD008 (ppp-NITD008) functions as a chain terminator to directly inhibit the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity of EV71, and it does not affect the EV71 VPg uridylylation process. A significant synergistic anti-EV71 effect of NITD008 with rupintrivir (AG7088) (a protease inhibitor) was documented, supporting the potential combination therapy of NITD008 with other inhibitors for the treatment of EV71 infections.

Whole-exome sequencing to decipher the genetic heterogeneity of hearing loss in a Chinese family with deaf by deaf mating

Inherited deafness has been shown to have high genetic heterogeneity. For many decades, linkage analysis and candidate gene approaches have been the main tools to elucidate the genetics of hearing loss. However, this associated study design is costly, time-consuming, and unsuitable for small families. This is mainly due to the inadequate numbers of available affected individuals, locus heterogeneity, and assortative mating. Exome sequencing has now become technically feasible and a cost-effective method for detection of disease variants underlying Mendelian disorders due to the recent advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies. In the present study, we have combined both the Deafness Gene Mutation Detection Array and exome sequencing to identify deafness causative variants in a large Chinese composite family with deaf by deaf mating. The simultaneous screening of the 9 common deafness mutations using the allele-specific PCR based universal array, resulted in the identification of the 1555A>G in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) 12S rRNA in affected individuals in one branch of the family. We then subjected the mutation-negative cases to exome sequencing and identified novel causative variants in the MYH14 and WFS1 genes. This report confirms the effective use of a NGS technique to detect pathogenic mutations in affected individuals who were not candidates for classical genetic studies.

Cyclophilin A associates with enterovirus-71 virus capsid and plays an essential role in viral infection as an uncoating regulator

Viruses utilize host factors for their efficient proliferation. By evaluating the inhibitory effects of compounds in our library, we identified inhibitors of cyclophilin A (CypA), a known immunosuppressor with peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity, can significantly attenuate EV71 proliferation. We demonstrated that CypA played an essential role in EV71 entry and that the RNA interference-mediated reduction of endogenous CypA expression led to decreased EV71 multiplication. We further revealed that CypA directly interacted with and modified the conformation of H-I loop of the VP1 protein in EV71 capsid, and thus regulated the uncoating process of EV71 entry step in a pH-dependent manner. Our results aid in the understanding of how host factors influence EV71 life cycle and provide new potential targets for developing antiviral agents against EV71 infection.

Combinatorial library-based profiling of the antibody response against hepatitis C virus in humans

The antibody response plays a crucial role against hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, and our understanding of this intricate progress in vivo is far from complete. We previously reported a novel and robust technique based on a large combinatorial viral antigen library displayed on the surface of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, allowing comprehensive profiling of polyclonal antibody responses in vivo in both qualitative and quantitative terms. Here, we report the generation and application of a combinatorial library of HCV strain JFH1 envelope glycoprotein to profile the antibody response in four HCV chronically infected individuals. By systematic analysis of the location and frequency of antigenic fragments along the JFH1 envelope glycoprotein, we showed that the major binding antibody response was targeted to E2 (80.9-99.8 %), whilst that against E1 was relatively small (0.3-19.0 %). A total of five major antigenic domains (D1-D5) were identified: one was within E1 and an additional four within E2, despite substantial variability among the different individuals. However, serum absorption with the yeast clones containing the antigenic domain D1 resulted in more reduction in neutralizing antibody activity against pseudotyped HCV than those in E2, suggesting that E1 contains additional neutralizing epitopes. Our results have provided additional insights into the HCV-specific antibody response in humans and should assist in a better understanding of protective antibody immunity and in guiding the development of effective vaccines and therapeutics against HCV infection.

[Mutation screening in taperin gene in Chinese with prelingual nonsyndromic hearing impairment]

OBJECTIVE

To screen and identify the frequency and characteristic of mutation in stereocilium-related gene Taperin of Chinese prelingual nonsyndromic hearing impairment with DNA microarray combined with PCR.

METHOD

One hundred and thirty-four patients of prelingual nonsyndromic deafness and one hundred health individuals in China were investigated in this study. Genomic DNA was extracted from the patients and was subjected to DNA microarray to screen mutations in 4 most common genes. The samples that carried none of the common mutant alleles were subjected to PCR and sequenced to detect mutations in Taperin gene.

RESULT

Ninteen out of one hundred and thirty-four patients of prelingual nonsyndromic deafness were detected carring common deafness gene with DNA microarray. Taperin gene were detected in one hundred and fifteen patients with PCR. A187S was detected in Taperin as hetrozygous state in 2 patients and their unaffected members of their family. It occurred at the evolutionary conservation of the amino acids of taperin according to alignment analysis. Two polymorphism, 157C>T and 318C>T, were found in the patients and the control group.

CONCLUSION

A novel Taperin mutation, A187S was detected in Chinese patients with prelingual nonsyndromic hearing loss, which may be relevant to hearing loss. Two polymorphism, 157C>T and 318C>T, were found in Chinese in our research. The carrier frequency for Taperin mutation is about 1.74% of prelingual nonsyndromic deafness in Chinese patients.

Suramin inhibits EV71 infection

Enterovirus-71 (EV71) is one of the major causative reagents for hand-foot-and-mouth disease. In particular, EV71 causes severe central nervous system infections and leads to numerous dead cases. Although several inactivated whole-virus vaccines have entered in clinical trials, no antiviral agent has been provided for clinical therapy. In the present work, we screened our compound library and identified that suramin, which has been clinically used to treat variable diseases, could inhibit EV71 proliferation with an IC50 value of 40 μM. We further revealed that suramin could block the attachment of EV71 to host cells to regulate the early stage of EV71 infection, as well as affected other steps of EV71 life cycle. Our results are helpful to understand the mechanism for EV71 life cycle and provide a potential for the usage of an approved drug, suramin, as the antiviral against EV71 infection.

Serum prolactin and smoking status in chronic antipsychotic-treated male patients with schizophrenia

We investigated the effects of smoking status on the serum prolactin levels in schizophrenia. The serum prolactin concentration was significantly higher in nonsmokers compared with smokers. Moreover, smoking was an independent predictor of prolactin concentration. These findings suggest that smoking has an impact on prolactin concentration in male schizophrenic patients.

Stapled peptide-based membrane fusion inhibitors of hepatitis C virus

The strategy of peptide stapling was used to develop new molecules to inhibit the hepatitis C virus infection via disrupting the binding of HCV envelope glycoprotein E2 with human cell surface protein CD81. The peptide sequence was designed based on the large extra-cellular loop of CD81 with known importance in the HCV E2 binding interaction. Our results showed that the stapled peptides exhibited significantly higher α-helicity and proteolytic stability as compared to their linear peptide counterpart. The optimal compound was found to have an EC50 value of ca. 17-39μM against different HCV subtypes and represented a new HCV membrane fusion inhibitor.

Targeting FGF19 inhibits tumor growth in colon cancer xenograft and FGF19 transgenic hepatocellular carcinoma models

Although fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) can promote liver carcinogenesis in mice its involvement in human cancer is not well characterized. Here we report that FGF19 and its cognate receptor FGF receptor 4 (FGFR4) are coexpressed in primary human liver, lung and colon tumors and in a subset of human colon cancer cell lines. To test the importance of FGF19 for tumor growth, we developed an anti-FGF19 monoclonal antibody that selectively blocks the interaction of FGF19 with FGFR4. This antibody abolished FGF19-mediated activity in vitro and inhibited growth of colon tumor xenografts in vivo and effectively prevented hepatocellular carcinomas in FGF19 transgenic mice. The efficacy of the antibody in these models was linked to inhibition of FGF19-dependent activation of FGFR4, FRS2, ERK and beta-catenin. These findings suggest that the inactivation of FGF19 could be beneficial for the treatment of colon cancer, liver cancer and other malignancies involving interaction of FGF19 and FGFR4.

Expression of rainbow trout growth hormone cDNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Rainbow trout growth hormone cDNA was modified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The modified cDNA was subcloned into the E. coli-yeast shuttle vector pMA91 under the yeast PGK promoter, and transformed into Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y33 to construct an expression strain Y33 (pMArGH16). The recombinant gene could express the growth hormone peptide (about 3% of the total yeast proteins) in Y33 (pMArGH16). The expression product was used as a supplement to feed Tilapia fingerlings. The result showed that the recombinant fish GH could significantly enhance the growth of Tilapia fingerlings.

Structural and functional characterization of the transforming growth factor-beta -induced Smad3/c-Jun transcriptional cooperativity

Smads are intracellular proteins that act as central effectors for transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and related proteins from the activated receptor into the nucleus, where they regulate ligand-induced gene expression. AP-1 binding sites have been functionally linked to the transcriptional activation of various genes in response to TGF-beta. Accordingly, we have previously shown that the heteromeric complex of Smad3 and Smad4 synergizes with c-Jun/c-Fos at the AP-1 binding site of the collagenase I promoter to induce transcriptional activation in response to TGF-beta. Using the collagenase I promoter as model system, we have now investigated the role of the c-Jun and Smad3 interactions with the promoter DNA and have further characterized the physical basis of the c-Jun/Smad3 interaction in the transcriptional response. Mutational analyses of the c-Jun protein and the AP-1 binding site in the promoter revealed that the interaction of c-Jun with DNA is necessary for transcriptional activation by TGF-beta and Smad3. Similar analyses of Smad3 and the Smad binding sites revealed that binding of Smad3 to DNA is also required, but that its DNA sequence-specific recognition is not essential. We also found that the basic leucine zipper domain of c-Jun and a short sequence close to the N terminus of Smad3 mediate their physical interaction, and that these regions are critical for their DNA-binding function. Our studies provide a basis for understanding the functional cooperativity of Smads with the diversity of transcription factors, which underlies the Smad-induced transcriptional activation in response to TGF-beta and related factors.