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Pereira HM, Martins IS, Rosa IMD, Kim H, Leadley P, Popp A, van Vuuren DP, Hurtt G, Quoss L, Arneth A, Baisero D, Bakkenes M, Chaplin-Kramer R, Chini L, Di Marco M, Ferrier S, Fujimori S, Guerra CA, Harfoot M, Harwood TD, Hasegawa T, Haverd V, Havlík P, Hellweg S, Hilbers JP, Hill SLL, Hirata A, Hoskins AJ, Humpenöder F, Janse JH, Jetz W, Johnson JA, Krause A, Leclère D, Matsui T, Meijer JR, Merow C, Obersteiner M, Ohashi H, De Palma A, Poulter B, Purvis A, Quesada B, Rondinini C, Schipper AM, Settele J, Sharp R, Stehfest E, Strassburg BBN, Takahashi K, Talluto MV, Thuiller W, Titeux N, Visconti P, Ware C, Wolf F, Alkemade R. Global trends and scenarios for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem services from 1900 to 2050. Science 2024; 384:458-465. [PMID: 38662818 DOI: 10.1126/science.adn3441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Based on an extensive model intercomparison, we assessed trends in biodiversity and ecosystem services from historical reconstructions and future scenarios of land-use and climate change. During the 20th century, biodiversity declined globally by 2 to 11%, as estimated by a range of indicators. Provisioning ecosystem services increased several fold, and regulating services decreased moderately. Going forward, policies toward sustainability have the potential to slow biodiversity loss resulting from land-use change and the demand for provisioning services while reducing or reversing declines in regulating services. However, negative impacts on biodiversity due to climate change appear poised to increase, particularly in the higher-emissions scenarios. Our assessment identifies remaining modeling uncertainties but also robustly shows that renewed policy efforts are needed to meet the goals of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique M Pereira
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
- BIOPOLIS, CIBIO/InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Vairão 4485-661, Portugal
| | - Inês S Martins
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
- Leverhulme Centre for Anthropocene Biodiversity, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Isabel M D Rosa
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
- Kenvue Portugal, JNTL Consumer Health Ltd, Porto Salvo 2740-262, Portugal
| | - HyeJin Kim
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Paul Leadley
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Gif-sur-Yvette 91190, France
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam 14473, Germany
- Faculty of Organic Agricultural Sciences, University of Kassel, Witzenhausen D-37213, Germany
| | - Detlef P van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3584 CB, Netherlands
| | - George Hurtt
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Luise Quoss
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
| | - Almut Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Meteorology and Climate/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Daniele Baisero
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome I-00185, Italy
- KBA Secretariat, BirdLife International, Cambridge CB2 3QZ, UK
| | - Michel Bakkenes
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
| | - Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer
- Global Science, World Wildlife Fund, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
- Institute on the Environment, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Louise Chini
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Moreno Di Marco
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | | | - Shinichiro Fujimori
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Katsura Campus, Kyoto University, Kyoto-city 615-8540, Japan
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Carlos A Guerra
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Universidade de Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-530, Portugal
| | - Michael Harfoot
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
| | - Thomas D Harwood
- CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Tomoko Hasegawa
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
- Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | | | - Petr Havlík
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Stefanie Hellweg
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Jelle P Hilbers
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
- Radboud University, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Nijmegen 6500 GL, Netherlands
| | - Samantha L L Hill
- United Nations Environment Programme, World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge CB3 0DL, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Akiko Hirata
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Andrew J Hoskins
- CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
- James Cook University, Townsville, 4811 Queensland, Australia
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam 14473, Germany
| | - Jan H Janse
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology NIOO-KNAW, Wageningen 6700AB, Netherlands
| | - Walter Jetz
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
- Center for Biodiversity and Global Change, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Justin A Johnson
- Department of Applied Economics, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Andreas Krause
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Meteorology and Climate/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - David Leclère
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Tetsuya Matsui
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Johan R Meijer
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
| | - Cory Merow
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
| | - Michael Obersteiner
- Environmental Change Institute, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
| | - Haruka Ohashi
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Forest Research and Management Organization, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
| | - Adriana De Palma
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Andy Purvis
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
| | - Benjamin Quesada
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Department of Meteorology and Climate/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
- "Interactions Climate-Ecosystems (ICE)" Research Group, Earth System Science Program, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá DC 63B-48, Colombia
| | - Carlo Rondinini
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome I-00185, Italy
| | - Aafke M Schipper
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
- Radboud University, Radboud Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Nijmegen 6500 GL, Netherlands
| | - Josef Settele
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Conservation Biology and Social-Ecological Systems, Halle 06210, Germany
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of the Philippines, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Richard Sharp
- Global Science, World Wildlife Fund, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
| | - Elke Stehfest
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
| | - Bernardo B N Strassburg
- re.green, Rio de Janeiro 22470-060, Brazil
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Kiyoshi Takahashi
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki 305-8506, Japan
| | - Matthew V Talluto
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Wilfried Thuiller
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, LECA, Laboratoire d'Écologie Alpine, Grenoble F-38000, France
| | - Nicolas Titeux
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Conservation Biology and Social-Ecological Systems, Halle 06210, Germany
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Observatory for Climate, Environment and Biodiversity, Belvaux 4422, Luxembourg
| | - Piero Visconti
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
- Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Environmental Research and Innovation Department, Observatory for Climate, Environment and Biodiversity, Belvaux 4422, Luxembourg
- Centre for Biodiversity and Environment Research, University College London, London C1E6BT, UK
| | | | - Florian Wolf
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig 04103, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale) 06108, Germany
| | - Rob Alkemade
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Hague 2500 GH, Netherlands
- Earth System and Global Change Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6708PB Netherlands
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Bennett AC, Knauer J, Bennett LT, Haverd V, Arndt SK. Variable influence of photosynthetic thermal acclimation on future carbon uptake in Australian wooded ecosystems under climate change. Glob Chang Biol 2024; 30:e17021. [PMID: 37962105 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate change will impact gross primary productivity (GPP), net primary productivity (NPP), and carbon storage in wooded ecosystems. The extent of change will be influenced by thermal acclimation of photosynthesis-the ability of plants to adjust net photosynthetic rates in response to growth temperatures-yet regional differences in acclimation effects among wooded ecosystems is currently unknown. We examined the effects of changing climate on 17 Australian wooded ecosystems with and without the effects of thermal acclimation of C3 photosynthesis. Ecosystems were drawn from five ecoregions (tropical savanna, tropical forest, Mediterranean woodlands, temperate woodlands, and temperate forests) that span Australia's climatic range. We used the CABLE-POP land surface model adapted with thermal acclimation functions and forced with HadGEM2-ES climate projections from RCP8.5. For each site and ecoregion we examined (a) effects of climate change on GPP, NPP, and live tree carbon storage; and (b) impacts of thermal acclimation of photosynthesis on simulated changes. Between the end of the historical (1976-2005) and projected (2070-2099) periods simulated annual carbon uptake increased in the majority of ecosystems by 26.1%-63.3% for GPP and 15%-61.5% for NPP. Thermal acclimation of photosynthesis further increased GPP and NPP in tropical savannas by 27.2% and 22.4% and by 11% and 10.1% in tropical forests with positive effects concentrated in the wet season (tropical savannas) and the warmer months (tropical forests). We predicted minimal effects of thermal acclimation of photosynthesis on GPP, NPP, and carbon storage in Mediterranean woodlands, temperate woodlands, and temperate forests. Overall, positive effects were strongly enhanced by increasing CO2 concentrations under RCP8.5. We conclude that the direct effects of climate change will enhance carbon uptake and storage in Australian wooded ecosystems (likely due to CO2 enrichment) and that benefits of thermal acclimation of photosynthesis will be restricted to tropical ecoregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Bennett
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
- CSIRO, Environment, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jürgen Knauer
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lauren T Bennett
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Agriculture, Food and Ecosystem Sciences, University of Melbourne, Richmond, Victoria, Australia
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3
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Knauer J, Cuntz M, Smith B, Canadell JG, Medlyn BE, Bennett AC, Caldararu S, Haverd V. Higher global gross primary productivity under future climate with more advanced representations of photosynthesis. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadh9444. [PMID: 37976364 PMCID: PMC10656065 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh9444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Gross primary productivity (GPP) is the key determinant of land carbon uptake, but its representation in terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs) does not reflect our latest physiological understanding. We implemented three empirically well supported but often omitted mechanisms into the TBM CABLE-POP: photosynthetic temperature acclimation, explicit mesophyll conductance, and photosynthetic optimization through redistribution of leaf nitrogen. We used the RCP8.5 climate scenario to conduct factorial model simulations characterizing the individual and combined effects of the three mechanisms on projections of GPP. Simulated global GPP increased more strongly (up to 20% by 2070-2099) in more comprehensive representations of photosynthesis compared to the model lacking the three mechanisms. The experiments revealed non-additive interactions among the mechanisms as combined effects were stronger than the sum of the individual effects. The modeled responses are explained by changes in the photosynthetic sensitivity to temperature and CO2 caused by the added mechanisms. Our results suggest that current TBMs underestimate GPP responses to future CO2 and climate conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Knauer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- CSIRO Environment, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Université de Lorraine, AgroParisTech, INRAE, UMR Silva, Nancy, France
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Belinda E. Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison C. Bennett
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Science, University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC, Australia
| | - Silvia Caldararu
- Botany, School of Natural Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- iCRAG SFI Research Centre in Applied Geosciences
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4
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Canadell JG, Meyer CP(M, Cook GD, Dowdy A, Briggs PR, Knauer J, Pepler A, Haverd V. Multi-decadal increase of forest burned area in Australia is linked to climate change. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6921. [PMID: 34836974 PMCID: PMC8626427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire activity in Australia is strongly affected by high inter-annual climate variability and extremes. Through changes in the climate, anthropogenic climate change has the potential to alter fire dynamics. Here we compile satellite (19 and 32 years) and ground-based (90 years) burned area datasets, climate and weather observations, and simulated fuel loads for Australian forests. Burned area in Australia's forests shows a linear positive annual trend but an exponential increase during autumn and winter. The mean number of years since the last fire has decreased consecutively in each of the past four decades, while the frequency of forest megafire years (>1 Mha burned) has markedly increased since 2000. The increase in forest burned area is consistent with increasingly more dangerous fire weather conditions, increased risk factors associated with pyroconvection, including fire-generated thunderstorms, and increased ignitions from dry lightning, all associated to varying degrees with anthropogenic climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep G. Canadell
- grid.492990.f0000 0004 0402 7163Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - C. P. (Mick) Meyer
- grid.492990.f0000 0004 0402 7163Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, VIC 3195 Australia
| | - Garry D. Cook
- grid.469914.70000 0004 0385 5215CSIRO Land and Water, CSIRO Land and Water, PMB 44, Winnellie, NT 0822 Australia
| | - Andrew Dowdy
- grid.1527.1000000011086859XBureau of Meteorology, Climate Research Section, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Peter R. Briggs
- grid.492990.f0000 0004 0402 7163Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Jürgen Knauer
- grid.492990.f0000 0004 0402 7163Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Acacia Pepler
- grid.1527.1000000011086859XBureau of Meteorology, Climate Research Section, Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- grid.492990.f0000 0004 0402 7163Climate Science Centre, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601 Australia
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Bennett AC, Arndt SK, Bennett LT, Knauer J, Beringer J, Griebel A, Hinko-Najera N, Liddell MJ, Metzen D, Pendall E, Silberstein RP, Wardlaw TJ, Woodgate W, Haverd V. Thermal optima of gross primary productivity are closely aligned with mean air temperatures across Australian wooded ecosystems. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:4727-4744. [PMID: 34165839 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gross primary productivity (GPP) of wooded ecosystems (forests and savannas) is central to the global carbon cycle, comprising 67%-75% of total global terrestrial GPP. Climate change may alter this flux by increasing the frequency of temperatures beyond the thermal optimum of GPP (Topt ). We examined the relationship between GPP and air temperature (Ta) in 17 wooded ecosystems dominated by a single plant functional type (broadleaf evergreen trees) occurring over a broad climatic gradient encompassing five ecoregions across Australia ranging from tropical in the north to Mediterranean and temperate in the south. We applied a novel boundary-line analysis to eddy covariance flux observations to (a) derive ecosystem GPP-Ta relationships and Topt (including seasonal analyses for five tropical savannas); (b) quantitatively and qualitatively assess GPP-Ta relationships within and among ecoregions; (c) examine the relationship between Topt and mean daytime air temperature (MDTa) across all ecosystems; and (d) examine how down-welling short-wave radiation (Fsd) and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) influence the GPP-Ta relationship. GPP-Ta relationships were convex parabolas with narrow curves in tropical forests, tropical savannas (wet season), and temperate forests, and wider curves in temperate woodlands, Mediterranean woodlands, and tropical savannas (dry season). Ecosystem Topt ranged from 15℃ (temperate forest) to 32℃ (tropical savanna-wet and dry seasons). The shape of GPP-Ta curves was largely determined by daytime Ta range, MDTa, and maximum GPP with the upslope influenced by Fsd and the downslope influenced by VPD. Across all ecosystems, there was a strong positive linear relationship between Topt and MDTa (Adjusted R2 : 0.81; Slope: 1.08) with Topt exceeding MDTa by >1℃ at all but two sites. We conclude that ecosystem GPP has adjusted to local MDTa within Australian broadleaf evergreen forests and that GPP is buffered against small Ta increases in the majority of these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison C Bennett
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Science, University of Melbourne, Richmond, Vic., Australia
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Science, University of Melbourne, Richmond, Vic., Australia
| | - Lauren T Bennett
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Science, University of Melbourne, Creswick, Vic., Australia
| | - Jürgen Knauer
- CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Jason Beringer
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Anne Griebel
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Nina Hinko-Najera
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Science, University of Melbourne, Creswick, Vic., Australia
| | - Michael J Liddell
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Qld, Australia
| | - Daniel Metzen
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Elise Pendall
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard P Silberstein
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Centre for Ecosystem Management, School of Science, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Timothy J Wardlaw
- ARC Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - William Woodgate
- CSIRO, Land and Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
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6
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Walker AP, De Kauwe MG, Bastos A, Belmecheri S, Georgiou K, Keeling RF, McMahon SM, Medlyn BE, Moore DJP, Norby RJ, Zaehle S, Anderson-Teixeira KJ, Battipaglia G, Brienen RJW, Cabugao KG, Cailleret M, Campbell E, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Craig ME, Ellsworth DS, Farquhar GD, Fatichi S, Fisher JB, Frank DC, Graven H, Gu L, Haverd V, Heilman K, Heimann M, Hungate BA, Iversen CM, Joos F, Jiang M, Keenan TF, Knauer J, Körner C, Leshyk VO, Leuzinger S, Liu Y, MacBean N, Malhi Y, McVicar TR, Penuelas J, Pongratz J, Powell AS, Riutta T, Sabot MEB, Schleucher J, Sitch S, Smith WK, Sulman B, Taylor B, Terrer C, Torn MS, Treseder KK, Trugman AT, Trumbore SE, van Mantgem PJ, Voelker SL, Whelan ME, Zuidema PA. Integrating the evidence for a terrestrial carbon sink caused by increasing atmospheric CO 2. New Phytol 2021; 229:2413-2445. [PMID: 32789857 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration ([CO2 ]) is increasing, which increases leaf-scale photosynthesis and intrinsic water-use efficiency. These direct responses have the potential to increase plant growth, vegetation biomass, and soil organic matter; transferring carbon from the atmosphere into terrestrial ecosystems (a carbon sink). A substantial global terrestrial carbon sink would slow the rate of [CO2 ] increase and thus climate change. However, ecosystem CO2 responses are complex or confounded by concurrent changes in multiple agents of global change and evidence for a [CO2 ]-driven terrestrial carbon sink can appear contradictory. Here we synthesize theory and broad, multidisciplinary evidence for the effects of increasing [CO2 ] (iCO2 ) on the global terrestrial carbon sink. Evidence suggests a substantial increase in global photosynthesis since pre-industrial times. Established theory, supported by experiments, indicates that iCO2 is likely responsible for about half of the increase. Global carbon budgeting, atmospheric data, and forest inventories indicate a historical carbon sink, and these apparent iCO2 responses are high in comparison to experiments and predictions from theory. Plant mortality and soil carbon iCO2 responses are highly uncertain. In conclusion, a range of evidence supports a positive terrestrial carbon sink in response to iCO2 , albeit with uncertain magnitude and strong suggestion of a role for additional agents of global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Ana Bastos
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Luisenstr. 37, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Soumaya Belmecheri
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Katerina Georgiou
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ralph F Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, UC San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Sean M McMahon
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - Belinda E Medlyn
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - David J P Moore
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Richard J Norby
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Kristina J Anderson-Teixeira
- Conservation Ecology Center, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, MRC 5535, Front Royal, VA, 22630, USA
- Center for Tropical Forest Science-Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Giovanna Battipaglia
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Università della Campania, Caserta, 81100, Italy
| | | | - Kristine G Cabugao
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- INRAE, UMR RECOVER, Aix-Marseille Université, 3275 route de Cézanne, Aix-en-Provence Cedex 5, 13182, France
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Zürcherstrasse 111, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Elliott Campbell
- Department of Geography, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Josep G Canadell
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, F-91191, France
| | - Matthew E Craig
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - David S Ellsworth
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Graham D Farquhar
- Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Simone Fatichi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 1 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore, 117576, Singapore
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zurich, Stefano-Franscini Platz 5, Zurich, 8093, Switzerland
| | - Joshua B Fisher
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, CA, 91109, USA
| | - David C Frank
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Heather Graven
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Lianhong Gu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kelly Heilman
- Laboratory of Tree Ring Research, University of Arizona, 1215 E Lowell St, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Martin Heimann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Colleen M Iversen
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Fortunat Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Sidlerstr. 5, Bern, CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Mingkai Jiang
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia
| | - Trevor F Keenan
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Jürgen Knauer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Christian Körner
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Botany, University of Basel, Basel, 4056, Switzerland
| | - Victor O Leshyk
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, 86011, USA
| | - Sebastian Leuzinger
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Yao Liu
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Natasha MacBean
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Yadvinder Malhi
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Tim R McVicar
- CSIRO Land and Water, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, 142 Mills Rd, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Luisenstr. 37, Munich, 80333, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Bundesstr. 53, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A Shafer Powell
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Terhi Riutta
- School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK
| | - Manon E B Sabot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Juergen Schleucher
- Department of Medical Biochemistry & Biophysics, Umeå University, Umea, 901 87, Sweden
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, Laver Building, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - William K Smith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, 1064 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Benjamin Sulman
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Benton Taylor
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD, 21037, USA
| | - César Terrer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Margaret S Torn
- Earth and Environmental Sciences Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Lab., Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Kathleen K Treseder
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Anna T Trugman
- Department of Geography, 1832 Ellison Hall, Santa Barbara, CA, 93016, USA
| | - Susan E Trumbore
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Hans-Knöll-Str. 10, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | | | - Steve L Voelker
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology, State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Mary E Whelan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, 14 College Farm Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Pieter A Zuidema
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management group, Wageningen University, PO Box 47, Wageningen, 6700 AA, the Netherlands
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7
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Wang S, Zhang Y, Ju W, Chen JM, Ciais P, Cescatti A, Sardans J, Janssens IA, Wu M, Berry JA, Campbell E, Fernández-Martínez M, Alkama R, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Smith WK, Yuan W, He W, Lombardozzi D, Kautz M, Zhu D, Lienert S, Kato E, Poulter B, Sanders TGM, Krüger I, Wang R, Zeng N, Tian H, Vuichard N, Jain AK, Wiltshire A, Haverd V, Goll DS, Peñuelas J. Recent global decline of CO
2
fertilization effects on vegetation photosynthesis. Science 2020; 370:1295-1300. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abb7772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Songhan Wang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Yongguang Zhang
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Huangshan Park Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education, Huangshan, China
| | - Weimin Ju
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Jing M. Chen
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Mousong Wu
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Joseph A. Berry
- Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Elliott Campbell
- Sierra Nevada Research Institute, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA
| | - Marcos Fernández-Martínez
- Department of Biology, Centre of Excellence PLECO (Plant and Vegetation Ecology), University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Ramdane Alkama
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - William K. Smith
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Wenping Yuan
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Center for Monsoon and Environment Research, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei He
- International Institute for Earth System Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Technology, Key Laboratory for Land Satellite Remote Sensing Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Terrestrial Sciences Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Markus Kautz
- Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute, and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Tanja G. M. Sanders
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Inken Krüger
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Str. 1, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ning Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- LASG, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Atul K. Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, 105 South Gregory Street, Urbana, IL 61801-3070, USA
| | - Andy Wiltshire
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Daniel S. Goll
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institute of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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8
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O'Sullivan M, Smith WK, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Arora VK, Haverd V, Jain AK, Kato E, Kautz M, Lombardozzi D, Nabel JEMS, Tian H, Vuichard N, Wiltshire A, Zhu D, Buermann W. Climate-Driven Variability and Trends in Plant Productivity Over Recent Decades Based on Three Global Products. Global Biogeochem Cycles 2020; 34:e2020GB006613. [PMID: 33380772 PMCID: PMC7757257 DOI: 10.1029/2020gb006613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Variability in climate exerts a strong influence on vegetation productivity (gross primary productivity; GPP), and therefore has a large impact on the land carbon sink. However, no direct observations of global GPP exist, and estimates rely on models that are constrained by observations at various spatial and temporal scales. Here, we assess the consistency in GPP from global products which extend for more than three decades; two observation-based approaches, the upscaling of FLUXNET site observations (FLUXCOM) and a remote sensing derived light use efficiency model (RS-LUE), and from a suite of terrestrial biosphere models (TRENDYv6). At local scales, we find high correlations in annual GPP among the products, with exceptions in tropical and high northern latitudes. On longer time scales, the products agree on the direction of trends over 58% of the land, with large increases across northern latitudes driven by warming trends. Further, tropical regions exhibit the largest interannual variability in GPP, with both rainforests and savannas contributing substantially. Variability in savanna GPP is likely predominantly driven by water availability, although temperature could play a role via soil moisture-atmosphere feedbacks. There is, however, no consensus on the magnitude and driver of variability of tropical forests, which suggest uncertainties in process representations and underlying observations remain. These results emphasize the need for more direct long-term observations of GPP along with an extension of in situ networks in underrepresented regions (e.g., tropical forests). Such capabilities would support efforts to better validate relevant processes in models, to more accurately estimate GPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael O'Sullivan
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - William K. Smith
- School of Natural Resources and the EnvironmentUniversity of ArizonaTucsonAZUSA
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- LMD/IPSL, ENS, PSL Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRSParisFrance
| | - Vivek K. Arora
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change CanadaUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | - Atul K. Jain
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaILUSA
| | | | - Markus Kautz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research – Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK‐IFU)Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)Garmisch‐PartenkirchenGermany
- Forest Research Institute Baden‐WürttembergFreiburgGermany
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics DivisionNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderCOUSA
| | | | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnALUSA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR8212 CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQ, Université Paris‐Saclay, IPSLGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | | | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR8212 CEA‐CNRS‐UVSQ, Université Paris‐Saclay, IPSLGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Wolfgang Buermann
- Institute of GeographyAugsburg UniversityAugsburgGermany
- Institute of the Environment and SustainabilityUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
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9
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Collalti A, Ibrom A, Stockmarr A, Cescatti A, Alkama R, Fernández-Martínez M, Matteucci G, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Ciais P, Goll DS, Nabel JEMS, Pongratz J, Arneth A, Haverd V, Prentice IC. Forest production efficiency increases with growth temperature. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5322. [PMID: 33087724 PMCID: PMC7578801 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19187-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Forest production efficiency (FPE) metric describes how efficiently the assimilated carbon is partitioned into plants organs (biomass production, BP) or-more generally-for the production of organic matter (net primary production, NPP). We present a global analysis of the relationship of FPE to stand-age and climate, based on a large compilation of data on gross primary production and either BP or NPP. FPE is important for both forest production and atmospheric carbon dioxide uptake. We find that FPE increases with absolute latitude, precipitation and (all else equal) with temperature. Earlier findings-FPE declining with age-are also supported by this analysis. However, the temperature effect is opposite to what would be expected based on the short-term physiological response of respiration rates to temperature, implying a top-down regulation of carbon loss, perhaps reflecting the higher carbon costs of nutrient acquisition in colder climates. Current ecosystem models do not reproduce this phenomenon. They consistently predict lower FPE in warmer climates, and are therefore likely to overestimate carbon losses in a warming climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Collalti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Agriculture and Forestry Systems in the Mediterranean (ISAFOM), 06128, Perugia (PG), Italy
- University of Tuscia, Department of Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest Systems (DIBAF), 01100, Viterbo, Italy
| | - A Ibrom
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Environmental Engineering, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - A Stockmarr
- Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Department of Applied Mathematics and Computer Science, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - A Cescatti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, Ispra, Italy
| | - R Alkama
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, Ispra, Italy
| | - M Fernández-Martínez
- Research group PLECO (Plants and Ecosystems), Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - G Matteucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - S Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - P Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - P Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et del'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91191, France
| | - D S Goll
- Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - J E M S Nabel
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Pongratz
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, Germany
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Luisenstr 37, 80333, Munich, Germany
| | - A Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - V Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - I C Prentice
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, London, Ascot SL5 7PY, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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10
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Bastos A, Fu Z, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Sitch S, Pongratz J, Weber U, Reichstein M, Anthoni P, Arneth A, Haverd V, Jain A, Joetzjer E, Knauer J, Lienert S, Loughran T, McGuire PC, Obermeier W, Padrón RS, Shi H, Tian H, Viovy N, Zaehle S. Impacts of extreme summers on European ecosystems: a comparative analysis of 2003, 2010 and 2018. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190507. [PMID: 32892728 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Europe, three widespread extreme summer drought and heat (DH) events have occurred in 2003, 2010 and 2018. These events were comparable in magnitude but varied in their geographical distribution and biomes affected. In this study, we perform a comparative analysis of the impact of the DH events on ecosystem CO2 fluxes over Europe based on an ensemble of 11 dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs), and the observation-based FLUXCOM product. We find that all DH events were associated with decreases in net ecosystem productivity (NEP), but the gross summer flux anomalies differ between DGVMs and FLUXCOM. At the annual scale, FLUXCOM and DGVMs indicate close to neutral or above-average land CO2 uptake in DH2003 and DH2018, due to increased productivity in spring and reduced respiration in autumn and winter compensating for less photosynthetic uptake in summer. Most DGVMs estimate lower gross primary production (GPP) sensitivity to soil moisture during extreme summers than FLUXCOM. Finally, we show that the different impacts of the DH events at continental-scale GPP are in part related to differences in vegetation composition of the regions affected and to regional compensating or offsetting effects from climate anomalies beyond the DH centres. This article is part of the theme issue 'Impacts of the 2018 severe drought and heatwave in Europe: from site to continental scale'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Z Fu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - S Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - J Pongratz
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - U Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M Reichstein
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - P Anthoni
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research / Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - A Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research / Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - V Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - A Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - E Joetzjer
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversite Biologique UMR 5174, CNRS Universite Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - J Knauer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra 2601, Australia
| | - S Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - T Loughran
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - P C McGuire
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6BB, UK
| | - W Obermeier
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians Universität, Luisenstrasse 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - R S Padrón
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H Shi
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - H Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - N Viovy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
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11
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Wang K, Wang Y, Wang X, He Y, Li X, Keeling RF, Ciais P, Heimann M, Peng S, Chevallier F, Friedlingstein P, Sitch S, Buermann W, Arora VK, Haverd V, Jain AK, Kato E, Lienert S, Lombardozzi D, Nabel JEMS, Poulter B, Vuichard N, Wiltshire A, Zeng N, Zhu D, Piao S. Causes of slowing-down seasonal CO 2 amplitude at Mauna Loa. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:4462-4477. [PMID: 32415896 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Changing amplitude of the seasonal cycle of atmospheric CO2 (SCA) in the northern hemisphere is an emerging carbon cycle property. Mauna Loa (MLO) station (20°N, 156°W), which has the longest continuous northern hemisphere CO2 record, shows an increasing SCA before the 1980s (p < .01), followed by no significant change thereafter. We analyzed the potential driving factors of SCA slowing-down, with an ensemble of dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs) coupled with an atmospheric transport model. We found that slowing-down of SCA at MLO is primarily explained by response of net biome productivity (NBP) to climate change, and by changes in atmospheric circulations. Through NBP, climate change increases SCA at MLO before the 1980s and decreases it afterwards. The effect of climate change on the slowing-down of SCA at MLO is mainly exerted by intensified drought stress acting to offset the acceleration driven by CO2 fertilization. This challenges the view that CO2 fertilization is the dominant cause of emergent SCA trends at northern sites south of 40°N. The contribution of agricultural intensification on the deceleration of SCA at MLO was elusive according to land-atmosphere CO2 flux estimated by DGVMs and atmospheric inversions. Our results also show the necessity to adequately account for changing circulation patterns in understanding carbon cycle dynamics observed from atmospheric observations and in using these observations to benchmark DGVMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yilong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue He
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ralph F Keeling
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Martin Heimann
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Frédéric Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Wolfgang Buermann
- Institute of Geography, Augsburg University, Augsburg, Germany
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Vivek K Arora
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Atul K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Climate and Global Dynamics, Terrestrial Sciences Section, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Poulter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Ning Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA CNRS UVSQ, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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12
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Ciais P, Yao Y, Gasser T, Baccini A, Wang Y, Lauerwald R, Peng S, Bastos A, Li W, Raymond PA, Canadell JG, Peters GP, Andres RJ, Chang J, Yue C, Dolman AJ, Haverd V, Hartmann J, Laruelle G, Konings AG, King AW, Liu Y, Luyssaert S, Maignan F, Patra PK, Peregon A, Regnier P, Pongratz J, Poulter B, Shvidenko A, Valentini R, Wang R, Broquet G, Yin Y, Zscheischler J, Guenet B, Goll DS, Ballantyne AP, Yang H, Qiu C, Zhu D. Empirical estimates of regional carbon budgets imply reduced global soil heterotrophic respiration. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 8:nwaa145. [PMID: 34691569 PMCID: PMC8288404 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resolving regional carbon budgets is critical for informing land-based mitigation policy. For nine regions covering nearly the whole globe, we collected inventory estimates of carbon-stock changes complemented by satellite estimates of biomass changes where inventory data are missing. The net land–atmospheric carbon exchange (NEE) was calculated by taking the sum of the carbon-stock change and lateral carbon fluxes from crop and wood trade, and riverine-carbon export to the ocean. Summing up NEE from all regions, we obtained a global ‘bottom-up’ NEE for net land anthropogenic CO2 uptake of –2.2 ± 0.6 PgC yr−1 consistent with the independent top-down NEE from the global atmospheric carbon budget during 2000–2009. This estimate is so far the most comprehensive global bottom-up carbon budget accounting, which set up an important milestone for global carbon-cycle studies. By decomposing NEE into component fluxes, we found that global soil heterotrophic respiration amounts to a source of CO2 of 39 PgC yr−1 with an interquartile of 33–46 PgC yr−1—a much smaller portion of net primary productivity than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yitong Yao
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Thomas Gasser
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | | | - Yilong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Land Surface Pattern and Simulation, Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ronny Lauerwald
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
- Department Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ana Bastos
- Department für Geographie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München D-80333, Germany
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peter A Raymond
- Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Glen P Peters
- CICERO Center for International Climate Research, Oslo 0349, Norway
| | - Rob J Andres
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jinfeng Chang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Chao Yue
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - A Johannes Dolman
- Department of Earth Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam HV 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Jens Hartmann
- Institute for Geology, CEN—Center for Earth System Research and Sustainability, University of Hamburg, Hamburg D-20146, Germany
| | - Goulven Laruelle
- Department Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Alexandra G Konings
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Anthony W King
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Geographical Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Sebastiaan Luyssaert
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam HV 1081, The Netherlands
| | - Fabienne Maignan
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Prabir K Patra
- Research Institute for Global Change, JAMSTEC, Kanagawa 236-0001, Japan
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba 263–8522, Japan
| | - Anna Peregon
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
- Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS), Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Tuva State University, Republic of Tuva, 667000, Russian
| | - Pierre Regnier
- Department Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
| | - Julia Pongratz
- Department Geoscience, Environment & Society, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles 1050, Belgium
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Lab., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA
| | - Anatoly Shvidenko
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Riccardo Valentini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems (DIBAF), University of Tuscia, Viterbo 01100, Italy
- RUDN University, Moscow 117198, Russia
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Grégoire Broquet
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Yi Yin
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jakob Zscheischler
- Climate and Environmental Physics and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Bertrand Guenet
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Daniel S Goll
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Ashley-P Ballantyne
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59801, USA
| | - Hui Yang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Chunjing Qiu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ-UPSACLAY, Gif sur Yvette 91191, France
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13
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Yun J, Jeong S, Ho CH, Park H, Liu J, Lee H, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Lienert S, Lombardozzi D, Haverd V, Jain A, Zaehle S, Kato E, Tian H, Vuichard N, Wiltshire A, Zeng N. Enhanced regional terrestrial carbon uptake over Korea revealed by atmospheric CO 2 measurements from 1999 to 2017. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:3368-3383. [PMID: 32125754 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding changes in terrestrial carbon balance is important to improve our knowledge of the regional carbon cycle and climate change. However, evaluating regional changes in the terrestrial carbon balance is challenging due to the lack of surface flux measurements. This study reveals that the terrestrial carbon uptake over the Republic of Korea has been enhanced from 1999 to 2017 by analyzing long-term atmospheric CO2 concentration measurements at the Anmyeondo Station (36.53°N, 126.32°E) located in the western coast. The influence of terrestrial carbon flux on atmospheric CO2 concentrations (ΔCO2 ) is estimated from the difference of CO2 concentrations that were influenced by the land sector (through easterly winds) and the Yellow Sea sector (through westerly winds). We find a significant trend in ΔCO2 of -4.75 ppm per decade (p < .05) during the vegetation growing season (May through October), suggesting that the regional terrestrial carbon uptake has increased relative to the surrounding ocean areas. Combined analysis with satellite measured normalized difference vegetation index and gross primary production shows that the enhanced carbon uptake is associated with significant nationwide increases in vegetation and its production. Process-based terrestrial model and inverse model simulations estimate that regional terrestrial carbon uptake increases by up to 18.9 and 8.0 Tg C for the study period, accounting for 13.4% and 5.7% of the average annual domestic carbon emissions, respectively. Atmospheric chemical transport model simulations indicate that the enhanced terrestrial carbon sink is the primary reason for the observed ΔCO2 trend rather than anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric circulation changes. Our results highlight the fact that atmospheric CO2 measurements could open up the possibility of detecting regional changes in the terrestrial carbon cycle even where anthropogenic emissions are not negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Yun
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujong Jeong
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Hoi Ho
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoonyoung Park
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junjie Liu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Haeyoung Lee
- Environmental Meteorology Research Division, National Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics, Terrestrial Sciences Section, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Atual Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Biogeochemical Integration Department, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
| | - Etsushi Kato
- Research & Development Division, Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hanqin Tian
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, CE Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette CEDEX, France
| | | | - Ning Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Earth System Science, Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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14
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Bastos A, Ciais P, Friedlingstein P, Sitch S, Pongratz J, Fan L, Wigneron JP, Weber U, Reichstein M, Fu Z, Anthoni P, Arneth A, Haverd V, Jain AK, Joetzjer E, Knauer J, Lienert S, Loughran T, McGuire PC, Tian H, Viovy N, Zaehle S. Direct and seasonal legacy effects of the 2018 heat wave and drought on European ecosystem productivity. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaba2724. [PMID: 32577519 PMCID: PMC7286671 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba2724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In summer 2018, central and northern Europe were stricken by extreme drought and heat (DH2018). The DH2018 differed from previous events in being preceded by extreme spring warming and brightening, but moderate rainfall deficits, yet registering the fastest transition between wet winter conditions and extreme summer drought. Using 11 vegetation models, we show that spring conditions promoted increased vegetation growth, which, in turn, contributed to fast soil moisture depletion, amplifying the summer drought. We find regional asymmetries in summer ecosystem carbon fluxes: increased (reduced) sink in the northern (southern) areas affected by drought. These asymmetries can be explained by distinct legacy effects of spring growth and of water-use efficiency dynamics mediated by vegetation composition, rather than by distinct ecosystem responses to summer heat/drought. The asymmetries in carbon and water exchanges during spring and summer 2018 suggest that future land-management strategies could influence patterns of summer heat waves and droughts under long-term warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - P. Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P. Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
- LMD/IPSL, ENS, PSL Université, École Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - S. Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - J. Pongratz
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - L. Fan
- ISPA, UMR 1391, INRA Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Grande Ferrage, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - J. P. Wigneron
- ISPA, UMR 1391, INRA Nouvelle-Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Grande Ferrage, Villenave d’Ornon, France
| | - U. Weber
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - M. Reichstein
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Z. Fu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - P. Anthoni
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - A. Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - V. Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - A. K. Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - E. Joetzjer
- CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - J. Knauer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - S. Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - T. Loughran
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Luisenstr. 37, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - P. C. McGuire
- Department of Meteorology, Department of Geography & Environmental Science, and National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Reading, Earley Gate, RG66BB Reading, UK
| | - H. Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - N. Viovy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - S. Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
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15
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Liu N, Kala J, Liu S, Haverd V, Dell B, Smettem KRJ, Harper RJ. Drought can offset potential water use efficiency of forest ecosystems from rising atmospheric CO 2. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 90:262-274. [PMID: 32081322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric CO2 is both leading to climate change and providing a potential fertilisation effect on plant growth. However, southern Australia has also experienced a significant decline in rainfall over the last 30 years, resulting in increased vegetative water stress. To better understand the dynamics and responses of Australian forest ecosystems to drought and elevated CO2, the magnitude and trend in water use efficiency (WUE) of forests, and their response to drought and elevated CO2 from 1982 to 2014 were analysed, using the best available model estimates constrained by observed fluxes from simulations with fixed and time-varying CO2. The ratio of gross primary productivity (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET) (WUEe) was used to identify the ecosystem scale WUE, while the ratio of GPP to transpiration (Tr) (WUEc) was used as a measure of canopy scale WUE. WUE increased significantly in northern Australia (p < 0.001) for woody savannas (WSA), whereas there was a slight decline in the WUE of evergreen broadleaf forests (EBF) in the southeast and southwest of Australia. The lag of WUEc to drought was consistent and relatively short and stable between biomes (≤3 months), but notably varied for WUEe, with a long time-lag (mean of 10 months). The dissimilar responses of WUEe and WUEc to climate change for different geographical areas result from the different proportion of Tr in ET. CO2 fertilization and a wetter climate enhanced WUE in northern Australia, whereas drought offset the CO2 fertilization effect in southern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia; Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 10091 China.
| | - Jatin Kala
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Shirong Liu
- Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 10091 China
| | | | - Bernard Dell
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia; Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 10091 China
| | - Keith R J Smettem
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia
| | - Richard J Harper
- Environmental and Conservation Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150 Australia; Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 10091 China.
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16
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Haverd V, Smith B, Canadell JG, Cuntz M, Mikaloff‐Fletcher S, Farquhar G, Woodgate W, Briggs PR, Trudinger CM. Higher than expected CO 2 fertilization inferred from leaf to global observations. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:2390-2402. [PMID: 32017317 PMCID: PMC7154678 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence point to an increase in the activity of the terrestrial biosphere over recent decades, impacting the global net land carbon sink (NLS) and its control on the growth of atmospheric carbon dioxide (ca ). Global terrestrial gross primary production (GPP)-the rate of carbon fixation by photosynthesis-is estimated to have risen by (31 ± 5)% since 1900, but the relative contributions of different putative drivers to this increase are not well known. Here we identify the rising atmospheric CO2 concentration as the dominant driver. We reconcile leaf-level and global atmospheric constraints on trends in modeled biospheric activity to reveal a global CO2 fertilization effect on photosynthesis of 30% since 1900, or 47% for a doubling of ca above the pre-industrial level. Our historic value is nearly twice as high as current estimates (17 ± 4)% that do not use the full range of available constraints. Consequently, under a future low-emission scenario, we project a land carbon sink (174 PgC, 2006-2099) that is 57 PgC larger than if a lower CO2 fertilization effect comparable with current estimates is assumed. These findings suggest a larger beneficial role of the land carbon sink in modulating future excess anthropogenic CO2 consistent with the target of the Paris Agreement to stay below 2°C warming, and underscore the importance of preserving terrestrial carbon sinks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Smith
- CSIRO Oceans and AtmosphereCanberraACTAustralia
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem ScienceLund UniversityLundSweden
- Hawkesbury Institute for the EnvironmentWestern Sydney UniversityPenrithNSWAustralia
| | | | - Matthias Cuntz
- AgroParisTechUniversité de LorraineINRAUMR SilvaNancyFrance
| | | | - Graham Farquhar
- Research School of BiologyThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
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Kondo M, Patra PK, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Poulter B, Chevallier F, Ciais P, Canadell JG, Bastos A, Lauerwald R, Calle L, Ichii K, Anthoni P, Arneth A, Haverd V, Jain AK, Kato E, Kautz M, Law RM, Lienert S, Lombardozzi D, Maki T, Nakamura T, Peylin P, Rödenbeck C, Zhuravlev R, Saeki T, Tian H, Zhu D, Ziehn T. State of the science in reconciling top-down and bottom-up approaches for terrestrial CO 2 budget. Glob Chang Biol 2020; 26:1068-1084. [PMID: 31828914 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Robust estimates of CO2 budget, CO2 exchanged between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere, are necessary to better understand the role of the terrestrial biosphere in mitigating anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Over the past decade, this field of research has advanced through understanding of the differences and similarities of two fundamentally different approaches: "top-down" atmospheric inversions and "bottom-up" biosphere models. Since the first studies were undertaken, these approaches have shown an increasing level of agreement, but disagreements in some regions still persist, in part because they do not estimate the same quantity of atmosphere-biosphere CO2 exchange. Here, we conducted a thorough comparison of CO2 budgets at multiple scales and from multiple methods to assess the current state of the science in estimating CO2 budgets. Our set of atmospheric inversions and biosphere models, which were adjusted for a consistent flux definition, showed a high level of agreement for global and hemispheric CO2 budgets in the 2000s. Regionally, improved agreement in CO2 budgets was notable for North America and Southeast Asia. However, large gaps between the two methods remained in East Asia and South America. In other regions, Europe, boreal Asia, Africa, South Asia, and Oceania, it was difficult to determine whether those regions act as a net sink or source because of the large spread in estimates from atmospheric inversions. These results highlight two research directions to improve the robustness of CO2 budgets: (a) to increase representation of processes in biosphere models that could contribute to fill the budget gaps, such as forest regrowth and forest degradation; and (b) to reduce sink-source compensation between regions (dipoles) in atmospheric inversion so that their estimates become more comparable. Advancements on both research areas will increase the level of agreement between the top-down and bottom-up approaches and yield more robust knowledge of regional CO2 budgets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kondo
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Prabir K Patra
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Department of Environmental Geochemical Cycle Research, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics, and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- Biospheric Science Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Frederic Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Ana Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Leonardo Calle
- W.A. Franke College of Forestry & Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Kazuhito Ichii
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Peter Anthoni
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Almut Arneth
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Atul K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Markus Kautz
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
- Department of Forest Health, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rachel M Law
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
| | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Takashi Maki
- Meteorological Research Institute, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Philippe Peylin
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Ruslan Zhuravlev
- Central Aerological Observatory of Russian Hydromet Service, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tazu Saeki
- Center for Global Environmental Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tilo Ziehn
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation-Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Vic., Australia
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Knauer J, Zaehle S, De Kauwe MG, Haverd V, Reichstein M, Sun Y. Mesophyll conductance in land surface models: effects on photosynthesis and transpiration. Plant J 2020; 101:858-873. [PMID: 31659806 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The CO2 transfer conductance within plant leaves (mesophyll conductance, gm ) is currently not considered explicitly in most land surface models (LSMs), but instead treated implicitly as an intrinsic property of the photosynthetic machinery. Here, we review approaches to overcome this model deficiency by explicitly accounting for gm , which comprises the re-adjustment of photosynthetic parameters and a model describing the variation of gm in dependence of environmental conditions. An explicit representation of gm causes changes in the response of photosynthesis to environmental factors, foremost leaf temperature, and ambient CO2 concentration, which are most pronounced when gm is small. These changes in leaf-level photosynthesis translate into a stronger climate and CO2 response of gross primary productivity (GPP) and transpiration at the global scale. The results from two independent studies show consistent latitudinal patterns of these effects with biggest differences in GPP in the boreal zone (up to ~15%). Transpiration and evapotranspiration show spatially similar, but attenuated, changes compared with GPP. These changes are indirect effects of gm caused by the assumed strong coupling between stomatal conductance and photosynthesis in current LSMs. Key uncertainties in these simulations are the variation of gm with light and the robustness of its temperature response across plant types and growth conditions. Future research activities focusing on the response of gm to environmental factors and its relation to other plant traits have the potential to improve the representation of photosynthesis in LSMs and to better understand its present and future role in the Earth system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Knauer
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Michael-Stifel Center Jena for Data-Driven and Simulation Science, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin G De Kauwe
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes and the Climate Change Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Markus Reichstein
- Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745, Jena, Germany
- Michael-Stifel Center Jena for Data-Driven and Simulation Science, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Soil and Crop Sciences Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
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Cernusak LA, Haverd V, Brendel O, Le Thiec D, Guehl JM, Cuntz M. Robust Response of Terrestrial Plants to Rising CO 2. Trends Plant Sci 2019; 24:578-586. [PMID: 31104852 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human-caused CO2 emissions over the past century have caused the climate of the Earth to warm and have directly impacted on the functioning of terrestrial plants. We examine the global response of terrestrial gross primary production (GPP) to the historic change in atmospheric CO2. The GPP of the terrestrial biosphere has increased steadily, keeping pace remarkably in proportion to the rise in atmospheric CO2. Water-use efficiency, namely the ratio of CO2 uptake by photosynthesis to water loss by transpiration, has increased as a direct leaf-level effect of rising CO2. This has allowed an increase in global leaf area, which has conspired with stimulation of photosynthesis per unit leaf area to produce a maximal response of the terrestrial biosphere to rising atmospheric CO2 and contemporary climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A Cernusak
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD 4879, Australia.
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Oliver Brendel
- Université de Lorraine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Didier Le Thiec
- Université de Lorraine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Jean-Marc Guehl
- Université de Lorraine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Matthias Cuntz
- Université de Lorraine, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), AgroParisTech, Unité Mixte de Recherche Silva, 54000 Nancy, France
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20
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Bastos A, Friedlingstein P, Sitch S, Chen C, Mialon A, Wigneron JP, Arora VK, Briggs PR, Canadell JG, Ciais P, Chevallier F, Cheng L, Delire C, Haverd V, Jain AK, Joos F, Kato E, Lienert S, Lombardozzi D, Melton JR, Myneni R, Nabel JEMS, Pongratz J, Poulter B, Rödenbeck C, Séférian R, Tian H, van Eck C, Viovy N, Vuichard N, Walker AP, Wiltshire A, Yang J, Zaehle S, Zeng N, Zhu D. Impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial carbon cycle constrained by bottom-up and top-down approaches. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0304. [PMID: 30297465 PMCID: PMC6178442 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the response of the land carbon sink to the anomalies in temperature and drought imposed by El Niño events provides insights into the present-day carbon cycle and its climate-driven variability. It is also a necessary step to build confidence in terrestrial ecosystems models' response to the warming and drying stresses expected in the future over many continents, and particularly in the tropics. Here we present an in-depth analysis of the response of the terrestrial carbon cycle to the 2015/2016 El Niño that imposed extreme warming and dry conditions in the tropics and other sensitive regions. First, we provide a synthesis of the spatio-temporal evolution of anomalies in net land–atmosphere CO2 fluxes estimated by two in situ measurements based on atmospheric inversions and 16 land-surface models (LSMs) from TRENDYv6. Simulated changes in ecosystem productivity, decomposition rates and fire emissions are also investigated. Inversions and LSMs generally agree on the decrease and subsequent recovery of the land sink in response to the onset, peak and demise of El Niño conditions and point to the decreased strength of the land carbon sink: by 0.4–0.7 PgC yr−1 (inversions) and by 1.0 PgC yr−1 (LSMs) during 2015/2016. LSM simulations indicate that a decrease in productivity, rather than increase in respiration, dominated the net biome productivity anomalies in response to ENSO throughout the tropics, mainly associated with prolonged drought conditions. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The impact of the 2015/2016 El Niño on the terrestrial tropical carbon cycle: patterns, mechanisms and implications’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Bastos
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Luisenstr. 37, Munich D-80333, Germany .,Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Pierre Friedlingstein
- College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Stephen Sitch
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Chi Chen
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Arnaud Mialon
- CESBIO, Université de Toulouse, CNES/CNRS/IRD/UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Vivek K Arora
- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis, Environment and Climate Change Canada, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W2Y2
| | - Peter R Briggs
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Josep G Canadell
- Global Carbon Project, CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Frédéric Chevallier
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Christine Delire
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, CNRM, Unité 3589 CNRS/Meteo-France/Université Fédérale de Toulouse, Av G Coriolis, Toulouse 31057, France
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Atul K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Fortunat Joos
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Etsushi Kato
- Institute of Applied Energy (IAE), Minato, Tokyo 105-0003, Japan
| | - Sebastian Lienert
- Climate and Environmental Physics, Physics Institute and Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research, University of Bern, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - Danica Lombardozzi
- Climate and Global Dynamics Division, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Joe R Melton
- Climate Processes Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Downsview, Ontario, Canada V8W2Y2
| | - Ranga Myneni
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - Julia Pongratz
- Department of Geography, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Luisenstr. 37, Munich D-80333, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg 20146, Germany
| | - Benjamin Poulter
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Biospheric Sciences Lab, Greenbelt, MD 20816, USA
| | | | - Roland Séférian
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques, CNRM, Unité 3589 CNRS/Meteo-France/Université Fédérale de Toulouse, Av G Coriolis, Toulouse 31057, France
| | - Hanqin Tian
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Christel van Eck
- Department of Geoscience, Environment and Society, CP 160/02, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels 1050, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Viovy
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Anthony P Walker
- Environmental Sciences Division and Climate Change Science Institute, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | | | - Jia Yang
- International Center for Climate and Global Change Research, School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, 602 Duncan Drive, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sönke Zaehle
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Ning Zeng
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 100029, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modelling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Beijing 20740, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement (LSCE), CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, UMR8212, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
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21
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Buermann W, Forkel M, O’Sullivan M, Sitch S, Friedlingstein P, Haverd V, Jain AK, Kato E, Kautz M, Lienert S, Lombardozzi D, Nabel JEMS, Tian H, Wiltshire AJ, Zhu D, Smith WK, Richardson AD. Widespread seasonal compensation effects of spring warming on northern plant productivity. Nature 2018; 562:110-114. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0555-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Volkova L, Meyer CPM, Haverd V, Weston CJ. A data - Model fusion methodology for mapping bushfire fuels for smoke emissions forecasting in forested landscapes of south-eastern Australia. J Environ Manage 2018; 222:21-29. [PMID: 29800860 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The increasing regional and global impact of wildfires on the environment, and particularly on the human population, is becoming a focus of the research community. Both fire behaviour and smoke dispersion models are now underpinning strategic and tactical fire management by many government agencies and therefore model accuracy at regional and local scales is increasingly important. This demands accuracy of all the components of the model systems, biomass fuel loads being among the more significant. Validation of spatial fuels maps at a regional scale is uncommon; in part due to the limited availability of independent observations of fuel loads, and in part due to a focus on the impact of model outputs. In this study we evaluate two approaches for estimating fuel loads at a regional scale and test their accuracy against an extensive set of field observations for the State of Victoria, Australia. The first approach, which assumes that fuel accumulation is an attribute of the vegetation class, was developed for the fire behaviour model Phoenix Rapid-Fire, with apparent success; the second approach applies the Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) process-based terrestrial biosphere model, implemented at high resolution across the Australian continent. We show that while neither model is accurate over the full range of fine and coarse fuel loads, CABLE biases can be corrected for the full regional domain with a single linear correction, however the classification based Phoenix requires a matrix of factors to correct its bias. We conclude that these examples illustrate that the benefits of simplicity and resolution inherent in classification-based models do not compensate for their lack of accuracy, and that lower resolution but inherently more accurate carbon-cycle models may be preferable for estimating fuel loads for input into smoke dispersion models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liubov Volkova
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, 3363, Australia.
| | - C P Mick Meyer
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, 3363, Australia; CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Victoria, 3195, Australia
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Christopher J Weston
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Creswick, Victoria, 3363, Australia
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23
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Haverd V, Ahlström A, Smith B, Canadell JG. Carbon cycle responses of semi-arid ecosystems to positive asymmetry in rainfall. Glob Chang Biol 2017; 23:793-800. [PMID: 27392297 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence shows that warm semi-arid ecosystems are playing a disproportionate role in the interannual variability and greening trend of the global carbon cycle given their mean lower productivity when compared with other biomes (Ahlström et al. 2015 Science, 348, 895). Using multiple observations (land-atmosphere fluxes, biomass, streamflow and remotely sensed vegetation cover) and two state-of-the-art biospheric models, we show that climate variability and extremes lead to positive or negative responses in the biosphere, depending on vegetation type. We find Australia to be a global hot spot for variability, with semi-arid ecosystems in that country exhibiting increased carbon uptake due to both asymmetry in the interannual distribution of rainfall (extrinsic forcing), and asymmetry in the response of gross primary production (GPP) to rainfall change (intrinsic response). The latter is attributable to the pulse-response behaviour of the drought-adapted biota of these systems, a response that is estimated to be as much as half of that from the CO2 fertilization effect during 1990-2013. Mesic ecosystems, lacking drought-adapted species, did not show an intrinsic asymmetric response. Our findings suggest that a future more variable climate will induce large but contrasting ecosystem responses, differing among biomes globally, independent of changes in mean precipitation alone. The most significant changes are occurring in the extensive arid and semi-arid regions, and we suggest that the reported increased carbon uptake in response to asymmetric responses might be contributing to the observed greening trends there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Anders Ahlström
- Department of Earth System Science, School of Earth, Energy and Environmental Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Lund, 223 62, Sweden
| | - Josep G Canadell
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
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Pugh TAM, Müller C, Arneth A, Haverd V, Smith B. Key knowledge and data gaps in modelling the influence of CO 2 concentration on the terrestrial carbon sink. J Plant Physiol 2016; 203:3-15. [PMID: 27233774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Primary productivity of terrestrial vegetation is expected to increase under the influence of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]). Depending on the fate of such additionally fixed carbon, this could lead to an increase in terrestrial carbon storage, and thus a net terrestrial sink of atmospheric carbon. Such a mechanism is generally believed to be the primary global driver behind the observed large net uptake of anthropogenic CO2 emissions by the biosphere. Mechanisms driving CO2 uptake in the Terrestrial Biosphere Models (TBMs) used to attribute and project terrestrial carbon sinks, including that from increased [CO2], remain in large parts unchanged since those models were conceived two decades ago. However, there exists a large body of new data and understanding providing an opportunity to update these models, and directing towards important topics for further research. In this review we highlight recent developments in understanding of the effects of elevated [CO2] on photosynthesis, and in particular on the fate of additionally fixed carbon within the plant with its implications for carbon turnover rates, on the regulation of photosynthesis in response to environmental limitations on in-plant carbon sinks, and on emergent ecosystem responses. We recommend possible avenues for model improvement and identify requirements for better data on core processes relevant to the understanding and modelling of the effect of increasing [CO2] on the global terrestrial carbon sink.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A M Pugh
- School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences and Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
| | - C Müller
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, Germany
| | - A Arneth
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research-Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstraße 19, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - V Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, P.O. Box 3023, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - B Smith
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
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25
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Haverd V, Smith B, Trudinger C. Dryland vegetation response to wet episode, not inherent shift in sensitivity to rainfall, behind Australia's role in 2011 global carbon sink anomaly. Glob Chang Biol 2016; 22:2315-2316. [PMID: 26700567 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Benjamin Smith
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, 22362, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cathy Trudinger
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, PMB 1, Aspendale, Vic, 3195, Australia
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Haughton N, Abramowitz G, Pitman AJ, Or D, Best MJ, Johnson HR, Balsamo G, Boone A, Cuntz M, Decharme B, Dirmeyer PA, Dong J, Ek M, Guo Z, Haverd V, van den Hurk BJJ, Nearing GS, Pak B, Santanello JA, Stevens LE, Vuichard N. The plumbing of land surface models: is poor performance a result of methodology or data quality? J Hydrometeorol 2016; 17:1705-1723. [PMID: 29630073 PMCID: PMC5884676 DOI: 10.1175/jhm-d-15-0171.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The PALS Land sUrface Model Benchmarking Evaluation pRoject (PLUMBER) illustrated the value of prescribing a priori performance targets in model intercomparisons. It showed that the performance of turbulent energy flux predictions from different land surface models, at a broad range of flux tower sites using common evaluation metrics, was on average worse than relatively simple empirical models. For sensible heat fluxes, all land surface models were outperformed by a linear regression against downward shortwave radiation. For latent heat flux, all land surface models were outperformed by a regression against downward shortwave, surface air temperature and relative humidity. These results are explored here in greater detail and possible causes are investigated. We examine whether particular metrics or sites unduly influence the collated results, whether results change according to time-scale aggregation and whether a lack of energy conservation in flux tower data gives the empirical models an unfair advantage in the intercomparison. We demonstrate that energy conservation in the observational data is not responsible for these results. We also show that the partitioning between sensible and latent heat fluxes in LSMs, rather than the calculation of available energy, is the cause of the original findings. Finally, we present evidence suggesting that the nature of this partitioning problem is likely shared among all contributing LSMs. While we do not find a single candidate explanation for why land surface models perform poorly relative to empirical benchmarks in PLUMBER, we do exclude multiple possible explanations and provide guidance on where future research should focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ned Haughton
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Systems Science, Australia
| | - Gab Abramowitz
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Systems Science, Australia
| | - Andy J Pitman
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Systems Science, Australia
| | - Dani Or
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology - ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Matthias Cuntz
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Paul A Dirmeyer
- Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS6C5, Fairfax Virginia, 22030 USA
| | - Jairui Dong
- NOAA/NCEP/EMC, College Park, Maryland, 20740
| | - Michael Ek
- NOAA/NCEP/EMC, College Park, Maryland, 20740
| | - Zichang Guo
- Center for Ocean-Land-Atmosphere Studies, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive, MS6C5, Fairfax Virginia, 22030 USA
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | - Grey S Nearing
- NASA/GSFC, Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, Code 617, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernard Pak
- CSIRO Ocean and Atmosphere, Aspendale VIC 3195, Australia
| | - Joe A Santanello
- NASA/GSFC, Hydrological Sciences Laboratory, Code 617, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Nicolas Vuichard
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212, IPSL-LSCE, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Beringer J, Hutley LB, Abramson D, Arndt SK, Briggs P, Bristow M, Canadell JG, Cernusak LA, Eamus D, Edwards AC, Evans BJ, Fest B, Goergen K, Grover SP, Hacker J, Haverd V, Kanniah K, Livesley SJ, Lynch A, Maier S, Moore C, Raupach M, Russell-Smith J, Scheiter S, Tapper NJ, Uotila P. Fire in Australian savannas: from leaf to landscape. Glob Chang Biol 2015; 21:62-81. [PMID: 25044767 PMCID: PMC4310295 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Savanna ecosystems comprise 22% of the global terrestrial surface and 25% of Australia (almost 1.9 million km2) and provide significant ecosystem services through carbon and water cycles and the maintenance of biodiversity. The current structure, composition and distribution of Australian savannas have coevolved with fire, yet remain driven by the dynamic constraints of their bioclimatic niche. Fire in Australian savannas influences both the biophysical and biogeochemical processes at multiple scales from leaf to landscape. Here, we present the latest emission estimates from Australian savanna biomass burning and their contribution to global greenhouse gas budgets. We then review our understanding of the impacts of fire on ecosystem function and local surface water and heat balances, which in turn influence regional climate. We show how savanna fires are coupled to the global climate through the carbon cycle and fire regimes. We present new research that climate change is likely to alter the structure and function of savannas through shifts in moisture availability and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide, in turn altering fire regimes with further feedbacks to climate. We explore opportunities to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions from savanna ecosystems through changes in savanna fire management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Beringer
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Monash UniversityMelbourne, Vic., 3800, Australia
| | - Lindsay B Hutley
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - David Abramson
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Stefan K Arndt
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, Vic., 3121, Australia
| | - Peter Briggs
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mila Bristow
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Josep G Canadell
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Lucas A Cernusak
- School of Marine and Tropical Biology, James Cook UniversityCairns, Qld, 4878, Australia
| | - Derek Eamus
- School of the Environment, University of TechnologySydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Andrew C Edwards
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Bradley J Evans
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, 2113, Australia
| | - Benedikt Fest
- Department of Forest and Ecosystem Science, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, Vic., 3121, Australia
| | - Klaus Goergen
- Meteorological Institute, University of BonnBonn, D-53121, Germany
- Juelich Supercomputing Centre, Research Centre JuelichJuelich, 52425, Germany
- Centre for High Performance Scientific Computing in Terrestrial Systems, Research Centre JuelichJuelich, 52425, Germany
| | - Samantha P Grover
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Jorg Hacker
- Airborne Research Australia/Flinders UniversitySalisbury South, SA, 5106, Australia
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Kasturi Kanniah
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Faculty of Geoinformation & Real Estate, Department of Geoinformation, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia81310 UTM, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Stephen J Livesley
- Department of Resource Management and Geography, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, Vic., 3121, Australia
| | - Amanda Lynch
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Geological Sciences, Brown UniversityProvidence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Stefan Maier
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Caitlin Moore
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Michael Raupach
- CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric ResearchGPO Box 3023, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Jeremy Russell-Smith
- School of Environment, Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin UniversityDarwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Simon Scheiter
- Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (LOEWE BiK-F), Senckenberg Gesellschaft für NaturforschungSenckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Nigel J Tapper
- School of Earth and Environment, The University of Western AustraliaCrawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Petteri Uotila
- Finnish Meteorological InstituteHelsinki, FI-00101, Finland
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Griffith DWT, Parkes SD, Haverd V, Paton-Walsh C, Wilson SR. Absolute Calibration of the Intramolecular Site Preference of 15N Fractionation in Tropospheric N2O by FT-IR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2009; 81:2227-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac802371c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David W. T. Griffith
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen D. Parkes
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Vanessa Haverd
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Clare Paton-Walsh
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Stephen R. Wilson
- School of Chemistry, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
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Paton-Walsh C, Jones NB, Wilson SR, Haverd V, Meier A, Griffith DWT, Rinsland CP. Measurements of trace gas emissions from Australian forest fires and correlations with coincident measurements of aerosol optical depth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Hancock G, Haverd V. A time-resolved FTIR emission study of the gas phase removal processes of CH2(X̃3B1) and CH2(ã1A1) in collisions with O2. Chem Phys Lett 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(03)00385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Hancock G, Haverd V. Time resolved FTIR emission measurements of the internal energies of NO formed in the O(1D) + N2O reaction, and energy transfer processes to N2O. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b300163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Hancock G, Haverd V, Morrison M. Infrared emission accompanying the gas phase recombination of alkyl radicalsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Appendix: Model for emission from the C2H6 recombination product of CH3 radicals. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cp/b3/b303780k/. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1039/b303780k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Morrell C, Breheny C, Haverd V, Cawley A, Hancock G. The 248 nm photolysis of NO2/N2O4: Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared emission from NO and NO2, and quenching of NO (v=5–8). J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1521724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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