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Walter S, Baumgärtner J, Hagen G, Schönauer-Kamin D, Kita J, Moos R. Dielectric Properties of Materials Used for Microwave-Based NO x Gas Dosimeters. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:2951. [PMID: 38733056 PMCID: PMC11086103 DOI: 10.3390/s24092951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen oxides (NOx), primarily generated from combustion processes, pose significant health and environmental risks. To improve the coordination of measures against excessive NOx emissions, it is necessary to effectively monitor ambient NOx concentrations, which requires the development of precise and cost-efficient detection methods. This study focuses on developing a microwave- or radio frequency (RF)-based gas dosimeter for NOx detection and addresses the optimization of the dosimeter design by examining the dielectric properties of LTCC-based (Low-Temperature Co-fired Ceramics) sensor substrates and barium-based NOx storage materials. The measurements taken utilizing the Microwave Cavity Perturbation (MCP) method revealed that these materials exhibit more pronounced changes in dielectric losses when storing NOx at elevated temperatures. Consequently, operating such a dosimeter at high temperatures (above 300 °C) is recommended to maximize the sensor signal. To evaluate their high-temperature applicability, LTCC substrates were analyzed by measuring their dielectric losses at temperatures up to 600 °C. In terms of NOx storage materials, coating barium on high-surface-area alumina resolved issues related to limited NOx adsorption in pure barium carbonate powders. Additionally, the adsorption of both NO and NO2 was enabled by the application of a platinum catalyst. The change in dielectric losses, which provides the main signal for an RF-based gas dosimeter, only depends on the stored amount of NOx and not on the specific type of nitrogen oxide. Although the change in dielectric losses increases with the temperature, the maximum storage capacity of the material decreases significantly. In addition, at temperatures above 350 °C, NOx is mostly weakly bound, so it will desorb in the absence of NOx. Therefore, in the future development of a reliable RF-based NOx dosimeter, the trade-off between the sensor signal strength and adsorption behavior must be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Walter
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Johanna Baumgärtner
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gunter Hagen
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | | | - Jaroslaw Kita
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ralf Moos
- Department of Functional Materials, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Liu C, Liang L, Xu W, Ma Q. A review of indoor nitrous acid (HONO) pollution: Measurement techniques, pollution characteristics, sources, and sinks. Sci Total Environ 2024; 921:171100. [PMID: 38387565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Indoor air quality is of major concern for human health and well-being. Nitrous acid (HONO) is an emerging indoor pollutant, and its indoor mixing ratios are usually higher than outdoor levels, ranging from a few to tens of parts per billion (ppb). HONO exhibits adverse effects to human health due to its respiratory toxicity and mutagenicity. Additionally, HONO can easily undergo photodissociation by ultraviolet light to produce hydroxyl radicals (OH•), which in turn trigger a series of further photochemical oxidation reactions of primary or secondary pollutants. The accumulation of indoor HONO can be attributed to both direct emissions from combustion sources, such as cooking, and secondary formation resulting from enhanced heterogeneous reactions of NOx on indoor surfaces. During the day, the primary sink of indoor HONO is photolysis to OH• and NO. Moreover, adsorption and/or reaction on indoor surfaces, and diffusion to the outside atmosphere contribute to HONO loss both during the day and at night. The level of indoor HONO is also affected by human occupancy, which can influence household factors such as temperature, humidity, light irradiation, and indoor surfaces. This comprehensive review article summarized the research progress on indoor HONO pollution based on indoor air measurements, laboratory studies, and model simulations. The environmental and health effects were highlighted, measurement techniques were summarized, pollution levels, sources and sinks, and household influencing factors were discussed, and the prospects in the future were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanyun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of China Meteorological Administration, State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Chen T, Ren Y, Zhang Y, Ma Q, Chu B, Liu P, Zhang P, Zhang C, Ge Y, Mellouki A, Mu Y, He H. Additional HONO and OH Generation from Photoexcited Phenyl Organic Nitrates in the Photoreaction of Aromatics and NO x. Environ Sci Technol 2024; 58:5911-5920. [PMID: 38437592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
HONO acts as a major OH source, playing a vital role in secondary pollutant formation to deteriorate regional air quality. Strong unknown sources of daytime HONO have been widely reported, which significantly limit our understanding of radical cycling and atmospheric oxidation capacity. Here, we identify a potential daytime HONO and OH source originating from photoexcited phenyl organic nitrates formed during the photoreaction of aromatics and NOx. Significant HONO (1.56-4.52 ppb) and OH production is observed during the photoreaction of different kinds of aromatics with NOx (18.1-242.3 ppb). We propose an additional mechanism involving photoexcited phenyl organic nitrates (RONO2) reacting with water vapor to account for the higher levels of measured HONO and OH than the model prediction. The proposed HONO formation mechanism was evidenced directly by photolysis experiments using typical RONO2 under UV irradiation conditions, during which HONO formation was enhanced by relative humidity. The 0-D box model incorporated in this mechanism accurately reproduced the evolution of HONO and aromatic. The proposed mechanism contributes 5.9-36.6% of HONO formation as the NOx concentration increased in the photoreaction of aromatics and NOx. Our study implies that photoexcited phenyl organic nitrates are an important source of atmospheric HONO and OH that contributes significantly to atmospheric oxidation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yangang Ren
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengfei Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanli Ge
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), CNRS/OSUC, Orléans 45071, France
| | - Yujing Mu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Hammer L, Heazell AEP, Povey A, Myers JE, Thompson JMD, Johnstone ED. Assessment of the association between ambient air pollution and stillbirth in the UK: Results from a secondary analysis of the MiNESS case-control study. BJOG 2024; 131:598-609. [PMID: 37880925 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.17696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined whether the risk of stillbirth was related to ambient air pollution in a UK population. DESIGN Prospective case-control study. SETTING Forty-one maternity units in the UK. POPULATION Women who had a stillbirth ≥28 weeks' gestation (n = 238) and women with an ongoing pregnancy at the time of interview (n = 597). METHODS Secondary analysis of data from the Midlands and North of England Stillbirth case-control study only including participants domiciled within 20 km of fixed air pollution monitoring stations. Pollution exposure was calculated using pollution climate modelling data for NO2 , NOx and PM2.5 . The association between air pollution exposure and stillbirth risk was assessed using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for household income, maternal body mass index (BMI), maternal smoking, Index of Multiple Deprivation quintile and household smoking and parity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Stillbirth. RESULTS There was no association with whole pregnancy ambient air pollution exposure and stillbirth risk, but there was an association with preconceptual NO2 exposure (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.08 per microg/m3 ). Risk of stillbirth was associated with maternal smoking (aOR 2.54, 95% CI 1.38-4.71), nulliparity (aOR 2.16, 95% CI 1.55-3.00), maternal BMI (aOR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01-1.08) and placental abnormalities (aOR 4.07, 95% CI 2.57-6.43). CONCLUSIONS Levels of ambient air pollution exposure during pregnancy in the UK, all of were beneath recommended thresholds, are not associated with an increased risk of stillbirth. Periconceptual exposure to NO2 may be associated with increased risk but further work is required to investigate this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Hammer
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander E P Heazell
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew Povey
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jenny E Myers
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - John M D Thompson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- Department of Paediatrics: Child Health and Youth Health, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Edward D Johnstone
- Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Saint Mary's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Silva BD, Viero FT, Rodrigues P, Trevisan G. Nitric oxide involvement in the disability and active disease of multiple sclerosis: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Nitric Oxide 2024; 145:8-20. [PMID: 38331311 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and immune-mediated disease of unknown etiology and leading to a physical and cognitive disability. Different studies suggest that nitrosative stress may play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and disability in MS. Besides, reports evaluated NO and their metabolites, expressed by nitrite and nitrate (NOx) levels of MS patients compared with other pathologies, but did not evaluate disability and relapse/remission phases. OBJECTIVE Thus, this study aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of NOx levels in MS patients in relapse/remission phases and its involvement in patient disability. METHODS The protocol was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022327161). We used GRADE to estimate the articles' quality and evaluated the publication bias using Egger's and Begg's tests. RESULTS Here, through a search in the Pubmed, Scopus, and EMBASE databases, 5.276 studies were found, and after the selection process, 20 studies were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. The studies included data from 1.474 MS patients and 1.717 healthy controls, 1.010 RRMS and 221 primary progressive MS (PPMS). CONCLUSION NOx levels are increased in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients in the relapse phase. Also, NOx levels were increased in MS patients with higher disability. However, further studies are still needed to control lifestyle habits, pain, and MS treatment effects in biased NOx levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda da Silva
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Tibolla Viero
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Kuppusamy M, Kim SW, Lee KP, Jo YJ, Kim WJ. Development of TiO 2-CaCO 3 Based Composites as an Affordable Building Material for the Photocatalytic Abatement of Hazardous NO x from the Environment. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2024; 14:136. [PMID: 38251101 PMCID: PMC10819092 DOI: 10.3390/nano14020136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
This study explores the depollution activity of a photocatalytic cementitious composite comprising various compositions of n-TiO2 and CaCO3. The photocatalytic activity of the CaCO3-TiO2 composite material is assessed for the aqueous photodegradation efficiency of MB dye solution and NOx under UV light exposure. The catalyst CaCO3-TiO2 exhibits the importance of an optimal balance between CaCO3 and n-TiO2 for the highest NOx removal of 60% and MB dye removal of 74.6%. The observed trends in the photodegradation of NOx removal efficiencies suggest a complex interplay between CaCO3 and TiO2 content in the CaCO3-n-TiO2 composite catalysts. This pollutant removal efficiency is attributed to the synergistic effect between CaCO3 and n-TiO2, where a higher percentage of n-TiO2 appeared to enhance the photocatalytic activity. It is recommended that CaCO3-TiO2 photocatalysts are effectiveness in water and air purification, as well as for being cost-effective construction materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhan Kuppusamy
- GOONWORLD Corporate Research Institute, Dong-gu, Daegu 41065, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (K.-P.L.)
| | - Sun-Woo Kim
- Department of Chemistry Education, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea;
| | - Kwang-Pill Lee
- GOONWORLD Corporate Research Institute, Dong-gu, Daegu 41065, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (K.-P.L.)
| | - Young Jin Jo
- Korea Conformity Laboratories, Daegu 42994, Republic of Korea;
| | - Wha-Jung Kim
- GOONWORLD Corporate Research Institute, Dong-gu, Daegu 41065, Republic of Korea; (M.K.); (K.-P.L.)
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Joo BC, Kim HJ. Evaluation of the NO x Reduction Performance of Mortars Containing Zeolite/Activated Red Clay Coated with a TiO 2 Photocatalyst. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:80. [PMID: 38203934 PMCID: PMC10780119 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Globally, there is a growing concern about air pollution due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. Therefore, in this study, an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the performance of reducing nitrogen oxides, a precursor to fine dust, in mortars coated with a titanium dioxide (TiO2) photocatalyst, which has the effect of decomposing pollutants. In particular, in this study, zeolite and activated red clay were used as cement substitutes to improve the fine dust reduction performance of the TiO2 photocatalyst. A total of 14 different mixtures were designed, considering the substitution rates of zeolite and activated red clay (30%, 40%, and 50%) and the cement-fine aggregate ratio (1:2 and 1:3) as experimental variables. A TiO2 photocatalyst was employed in this study to evaluate the NOx reduction performance. As zeolite and activated red clay were added, the compressive strength and flexural strength of the mortars decreased by 15% to 60%, while the absorption rate increased by 5% to 16%. The NOx reduction efficiency of up to 67.4% was confirmed in the H50-3 specimen with the TiO2 catalyst. The NOx reduction performance of mortars with the TiO2 photocatalyst sprayed on their surface improved as the substitution ratio of zeolite and activated red clay increased. Additionally, it was confirmed that the NOx reduction effect of specimens using activated red clay was superior to those using zeolite. Therefore, through this study, it was confirmed that the NOx reduction performance of the TiO2 photocatalyst can be improved when zeolite and activated red clay are used as cement substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong-chul Joo
- Department of Structural Research Modular Construction Research Cluster, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering & Building Technology, 283 Goyangdae-ro, Goyang-si 10223, Republic of Korea;
| | - Hyeok-Jung Kim
- Industry Academic Cooperation Foundation, Hankyong National University, 327 Jungang-ro, Anseong-si 17579, Republic of Korea
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Liu Z, Wang Z, Yang X. Emission characteristics of cellulosic jet biofuel blend under laminar and turbulent combustion. Biotechnol Biofuels Bioprod 2023; 16:196. [PMID: 38115048 PMCID: PMC10731788 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Alternative biofuels have the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and particulate matter due to free of aromatics compared to traditional petroleum-based aviation fuel. The potential mitigating emission of hydrothermal-condensation-hydrotreating jet biofuel (HCHJ) derived from agriculture residue was investigated. The effects of aviation biofuel components, blend ratio and equivalent ratio on emission characteristics were conducted by Premixed Pre-evaporated Bunsen burner (PPBB) for laminar combustion and ZF850 jet engine for turbulent combustion. In compositions, HCHJ had a higher concentration of cycloparaffins (mostly in C8-C10) while petroleum-based aviation fuel (RP-3) had a higher concentration of alkylbenzenes (mostly in C8-C11). In laminar combustion, HCHJ and both 50% blend HCHJ appear no unburned hydrocarbon (UHC) due to low aromatics content and no sulfur in the biofuel. Moreover, there were no significant differences in NO and NO2 concentration for HCHJ and HCHJ blends. In turbulent combustion, HCHJ blends and RP-3 were compared engine emissions at various state points. Considering all complex effects of fuel and combustion environment, HCHJ blend had a noticeable reduction in PM2.5 emissions in comparison with RP-3 due to their lower aromatics and sulfur content. As HCHJ is similar to RP-3 in C/H ratio, density and heat value and the different aromatics contents have different tendencies to generate PM2.5 at different condition, PM2.5 emission is not only related with the total aromatic content and individual aromatic structure but also the combustion environment at thrust setting and coexisting pollutants including NOx and UHC emissions. CO and NOx emission indicated that both of turbulent state and fuel type influence emissions. HCHJ blend can be benefit for PM2.5 reduction and combustion efficiency growth. PM2.5 reduction can be obtained 77.5% at 10% HCHJ blend and 9.5% at 5% HCHJ blend while combustion efficiency can be obtained 0.05% at 5% HCHJ blend and 0.36% at 10% HCHJ blend through all thrust output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
- School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Rd, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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Babu RK, Jayabal R, Devarajan Y. Mitigating carcinogenic smoke opacity in a light-duty diesel engine by utilizing cyclohexanol, polyethylene glycol, and 2-methoxyethanol. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:125066-125076. [PMID: 36826774 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26020-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Diesel fuel reformulation is an attractive method to reduce hazardous smoke emissions because it does not require modifications to the existing engine infrastructure. As the concerns about global warming and air pollution are mounting, high-efficiency diesel engines with low smoke emissions have become more attractive. This study demonstrates that three alcohols, viz. cyclohexanol, polyethylene glycol, and 2-methoxyethanol, can be added to fossil diesel up to 3% by vol. to reduce carcinogenic smoke emissions in a one-cylinder, common rail direct injection (CRDI) diesel engine. The experimental investigations revealed that smoke could be reduced by up to 66.2%, 39.6% and 14% using 3% by vol. addition of cyclohexanol, polyethylene glycol, and 2-methoxyethanol to diesel, respectively, when compared to pure diesel operation. 1% addition by vol. of cyclohexanol and 2-methoxyethanol could reduce NOx and smoke emissions under all load conditions. CO emissions are slightly higher for all alcohol at high load conditions. HC emissions for the test fuels are lower than pure diesel operation at low load conditions, increasing at high loads. These emissions, however, can be reduced by using suitable after-treatment devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Babu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeppiaar Institute of Technology, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ravikumar Jayabal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jeppiaar Institute of Technology, Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Yuvarajan Devarajan
- Department of Thermal Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Morgade CIN, Schvval AB, García G, Cabeza GF. Band edges positions prediction of the of Ag nanocluster-decorated titania surfaces and their relationship to NO and NO 2 interaction from first-principles calculations. J Mol Graph Model 2023; 124:108531. [PMID: 37311332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2023.108531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters deposited on oxides have been widely used in photocatalysis playing an important role in the design of model catalysts with applications in heterogeneous catalysis. In particular, we are interested in the potential activity of these cluster-supported systems for the removal of nitrogen oxides either by possible catalytic reduction and/or by their adsorption. In this work, using first-principles methods, we evaluate the main characteristics of Agn (n = 1-4) nanoclusters isolated and deposited on anatase TiO2(101) and rutile TiO2(110) surfaces. Our results indicate that they are preferably adsorbed on rutile surface. The different formation energy at each surface can be explained using a Bader charge analysis. Particularly for Ag4 the lowest formation energy is obtained for tetrahedral geometry while the isolated Ag4 geometry is planar. Small silver deposits placed superficially on titania surfaces modify its electronic structures and improve the conduction band edges positions for possible NO reduction. Band edges positions with respect to the vacuum potential have been studied. The comparison of the conduction band minimum with the reduction potentials of NO/N2O and N2O/N2 shows that they are higher, being Ag3 on rutile and Ag1, Ag2 and Ag4P on anatase better for NO reduction. To complete the analysis, the calculation of work function, energy gap, ionization energy and electron affinity are relevant since they allow the location of semiconductor band edges at point of zero charge. Finally, the adsorption of nitrogen oxides is studied where the NO2 adsorption is favored over NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia I N Morgade
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR), CONICET- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Argentina; Universidad Tecnológica Nacional, FRBB, 11 de abril 461, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Ana B Schvval
- Instituto de Química (INQUISUR) CONICET- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Griselda García
- Instituto de Física, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 7820436, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6904411, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gabriela F Cabeza
- Instituto de Física del Sur (IFISUR), CONICET- Departamento de Física, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Av. Alem 1253, Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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Chaudhary A, Prakash C, Sharma SK, Mor S, Ravindra K, Krishnan P. Health risk assessment of aerosol particles (PM 2.5 and PM 10) during winter crop at the agricultural site of Delhi, India. Environ Monit Assess 2023; 195:1297. [PMID: 37828346 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
For the last few decades, air pollution in developing country like India is increasing, and it is a matter of huge concern due to its associated human health impacts. In this region, the burgeoning population, escalating urbanization and industrialization, has been cited as the major reason for such a high air pollution. The present study was carried out for health risk assessment of aerosol particles (PM10 and PM2.5) and its associated heavy metals of an agriculture farm site at Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) considered to be green urban area in Delhi, India. The concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 varied significantly from 136 to 177 µg/m3 and 56 to 162 µg/m3, respectively at the site. In the present case, the highest PM10 and PM2.5 levels were reported in January, followed by December. The levels of ambient PM10 and PM2.5 are influenced by wind prevailing meteorology. These levels of PM10 and PM2.5 are more than the permissible limits of WHO guidelines of 15 and 5 µg/m3, respectively, thereby leading to high aerosol loadings specifically in winters. The PM concentration of the atmosphere was found to be negatively correlated with temperature during the sampling period. The concentrations of surface ozone O3 and NOx in the present study were observed to be high in February and March, respectively. The increasing air pollution in the city of Delhi poses a great risk to the human health, as the particulate matter loaded with heavy metals can enter humans via different pathways, viz., ingestion, inhalation, and absorption through skin. The mean hazard index for metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Cr, and Ni) was observed within the acceptable limit (HI < 1), thereby indicating negligible non-carcinogenic effects to residing population. The carcinogenic risk assessment was conducted for Cd, Pb, and As only, as the concentrations for other metals were found to be quite low. The carcinogenic risk values were also within the limits of USEPA standards, indicating no carcinogenic risks to the health of children and adults residing near the site. This information about the PM pollution at the agricultural site and health risk assessment will serve as a baseline data in assessment of human health impacts due to air pollution at the local scale and can be used for development of mitigation strategies for tackling air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Chaudhary
- Division of Environment Sciences, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110 012, India.
| | - Chandra Prakash
- Division of Environment Sciences, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110 012, India
| | - Sudhir Kumar Sharma
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, Dr. K.S. Krishnan Road, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Suman Mor
- Department of Environment Studies, Panjab University, Chandigarh, 160014, India
| | - Khaiwal Ravindra
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, PGIMER, Chandigarh, 160015, India
| | - Prameela Krishnan
- Division of Agricultural Physics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, 110 012, India
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Picus CM, Mihai I, Suciu C. Pseudo-Desublimation of AdBlue Microdroplets through Selective Catalytic Reduction System Microchannels and Surfaces. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:1807. [PMID: 37763970 PMCID: PMC10537012 DOI: 10.3390/mi14091807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
In the present paper, the occurrence and development of the pseudo-desublimation process of AdBlue microdroplets in the microchannels and surfaces of catalytic reduction systems (SCR) are reported. In order to understand how the pseudo-desublimation process develops, the influence of heat flux values on the heat transfer of AdBlue injection was analysed, taking into account the structure of the microchannels inside the SCR and the overall configuration of the installation. The evolution of the AdBlue vapour flow in the SCR system was simulated, as well as the temperature variation along an SCR microchannel through which the mixture flows. An experimental set-up was designed in order to visualise and interpret the processes at the onset of pseudo-desublimation. The results described in this paper confirm the existence of a pseudo-desublimation process that occurs only under certain temperature conditions when AdBlue is injected into SCR systems. The characteristics of the crystals formed and their growth rate depend on the working temperature, which could be controlled by efficient preheating methods immediately after engine start. A better understanding of the process will allow the development of methods of avoiding solid depositions on SCR system components, which has a direct impact on SCR catalyst performance and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioan Mihai
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive and Robotics, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
| | - Cornel Suciu
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Automotive and Robotics, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania;
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Valverde M, Granados A, Milić M, Ceppi M, Sollano L, Bonassi S, Rojas E. Effect of Air Pollution on the Basal DNA Damage of Mother-Newborn Couples of México City. Toxics 2023; 11:766. [PMID: 37755776 PMCID: PMC10537346 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution of megacities can cause early biological damage such as DNA strand breaks and micronuclei formation. Comet assay tail length (TL) reflects exposure in the uterus to high levels of air pollution, primarily ozone and air particles (PM10), including mothers' smoking habits during pregnancy, conditions which can lead to low birth weight. In this biomonitoring study, we evaluated basal DNA damage in the cord blood cells of newborn children from Mexico City. We found a correlation between DNA damage in mothers and their newborns, including various parameters of environmental exposure and complications during pregnancy, particularly respiratory difficulties, malformations, obstetric trauma, neuropathies, and nutritional deficiencies. Mothers living in the southern part of the city showed double DNA damage compared to those living in the northern part (TL 8.64 μm vs. 4.18 μm, p < 0.05). Additionally, mothers' DNA damage correlates with exposure to NOx (range 0.77-1.52 ppm) and PM10 (range 58.32-75.89 μg/m3), as well maternal age >29. These results highlight the sensitivity of the comet assay in identifying differential in utero exposure for newborns whose mothers were exposed during pregnancy. They also suggest the importance of antioxidants during pregnancy and the role of the placental barrier in protecting the newborn from the DNA-damaging effects of oxidative pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahara Valverde
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, U.N.A.M., Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.V.); (A.G.)
| | - Adriana Granados
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, U.N.A.M., Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.V.); (A.G.)
| | - Mirta Milić
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10 001 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Marcello Ceppi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy;
| | - Leticia Sollano
- Centro Médico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, I.S.S.S.T.E, Mexico City 03229, Mexico;
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele, 00166 Rome, Italy
- Department of Human Sciences and Quality of Life Promotion, San Raffaele University, 00166 Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Rojas
- Laboratorio de Genotoxicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, U.N.A.M., Mexico City 04510, Mexico; (M.V.); (A.G.)
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Ashok A, Gugulothu SK, Reddy RV, Burra B. Influence of fuel injection timing and trade-off study on the RCCI engine characteristics of Jatropha oil-diesel blend under 1-pentanol dual-fuel strategies. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:98848-98857. [PMID: 35857169 PMCID: PMC9298171 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study deals with a reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine working with 1-pentanol as the LRF and JOBD as the HRF. The composition of the pilot fuel includes 20% Jatropha oil and 80% diesel, which nearly matches the heating value and cetane index of petroleum diesel. The research focuses on studying the impact of the pilot fuel injection angle on the engine characteristics at full load conditions, and the pilot fuel injection angle varies from 19, 21, 23, 25, to 27° bTDC at a constant injection pressure of 600 bar. The results revealed that increasing the pilot fuel injection angle increased the engine performance with a 13.36% rise in BTE, a reduction in CO emissions by 11.03%, and a decrease in HC emissions by 9.28% at a pilot fuel injection angle of 25° bTDC at 30% pentanol energy share (BD70P30). On the other hand, NOx emissions rise by 11.07%. The results indicate that the performance of the ternary fuelled RCCI engine can be improved by increasing the fuel injection angle of the pilot fuel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athmakuri Ashok
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Santhosh Kumar Gugulothu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | | | - Bhasker Burra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, GITAM University, Hyderabad, India
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Zhai J, Yu G, Zhang J, Shi S, Yuan Y, Jiang S, Xing C, Cai B, Zeng Y, Wang Y, Zhang A, Zhang Y, Fu TM, Zhu L, Shen H, Ye J, Wang C, Tao S, Li M, Zhang Y, Yang X. Impact of Ship Emissions on Air Quality in the Greater Bay Area in China under the Latest Global Marine Fuel Regulation. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:12341-12350. [PMID: 37552529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
As the main anthropogenic source in open seas and coastal areas, ship emissions impact the climate, air quality, and human health. The latest marine fuel regulation with a sulfur content limit of 0.5% went into effect globally on January 1, 2020. Investigations of ship emissions after fuel switching are necessary. In this study, online field measurements at an urban coastal site and modeling simulations were conducted to detect the impact of ship emissions on air quality in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) in China under new fuel regulation. By utilizing a high mass-resolution single particle mass spectrometer, the vanadium(V) signal was critically identified and was taken as a robust indicator for ship-emitted particles (with relative peak area > 0.1). The considerable number fractions of high-V particles (up to 30-40% during ship plumes) indicated that heavy fuel oils via simple desulfurization or blending processes with low-sulfur fuels were extensively used in the GBA to meet the global 0.5% sulfur cap. Our results showed that ship-emitted particulate matter and NOx contributed up to 21.4% and 39.5% to the ambient, respectively, in the summertime, significantly affecting the air quality in the GBA. The sea-land breeze circulation also played an important role in the transport pattern of ship-emitted pollutants in the GBA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghao Zhai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou, China, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guangyuan Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jingyi Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shao Shi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yupeng Yuan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shenglan Jiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chunbo Xing
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Baohua Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaling Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yixiang Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Antai Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tzung-May Fu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huizhong Shen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), National Observations and Research Station for Wetland Ecosystems of the Yangtze Estuary, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement and Early Warning Technology for Urban Environmental Health Risks, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Coastal Atmosphere and Climate of the Greater Bay Area, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Neculicioiu VS, Colosi IA, Costache C, Toc DA, Sevastre-Berghian A, Colosi HA, Clichici S. Sleep Deprivation-Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Models: A Scoping Systematic Review. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1600. [PMID: 37627596 PMCID: PMC10451248 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation is highly prevalent in the modern world, possibly reaching epidemic proportions. While multiple theories regarding the roles of sleep exist (inactivity, energy conservation, restoration, brain plasticity and antioxidant), multiple unknowns still remain regarding the proposed antioxidant roles of sleep. The existing experimental evidence is often contradicting, with studies pointing both toward and against the presence of oxidative stress after sleep deprivation. The main goals of this review were to analyze the existing experimental data regarding the relationship between sleep deprivation and oxidative stress, to attempt to further clarify multiple aspects surrounding this relationship and to identify current knowledge gaps. Systematic searches were conducted in three major online databases for experimental studies performed on rat models with oxidative stress measurements, published between 2015 and 2022. A total of 54 studies were included in the review. Most results seem to point to changes in oxidative stress parameters after sleep deprivation, further suggesting an antioxidant role of sleep. Alterations in these parameters were observed in both paradoxical and total sleep deprivation protocols and in multiple rat strains. Furthermore, the effects of sleep deprivation seem to extend beyond the central nervous system, affecting multiple other body sites in the periphery. Sleep recovery seems to be characterized by an increased variability, with the presence of both normalizations in some parameters and long-lasting changes after sleep deprivation. Surprisingly, most studies revealed the presence of a stress response following sleep deprivation. However, the origin and the impact of the stress response during sleep deprivation remain somewhat unclear. While a definitive exclusion of the influence of the sleep deprivation protocol on the stress response is not possible, the available data seem to suggest that the observed stress response may be determined by sleep deprivation itself as opposed to the experimental conditions. Due to this fact, the observed oxidative changes could be attributed directly to sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlad Sever Neculicioiu
- Department of Microbiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Alina Colosi
- Department of Microbiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Carmen Costache
- Department of Microbiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dan Alexandru Toc
- Department of Microbiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Sevastre-Berghian
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Horațiu Alexandru Colosi
- Division of Medical Informatics and Biostatistics, Department of Medical Education, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Clichici
- Department of Physiology, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Tornevi A, Olstrup H, Forsberg B. Increase in daily asthma medication sales in association with air pollution levels in Greater Stockholm. Environ Epidemiol 2023; 7:e256. [PMID: 37545814 PMCID: PMC10403006 DOI: 10.1097/ee9.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Daily air pollution levels are known to influence the number of patients with acute asthma. We investigated the short-term effects of air pollution exposure on the daily number of asthma medication purchases in the Greater Stockholm area, Sweden. Methods We conducted a time-series study with data on asthma medication purchases and daily mean values of particulate matter ≤10 µm (PM10), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone during 2018-2019. We used nonlinear distributed lag quasi-Poisson regression models to estimate the associations between air pollution levels and medication purchases, adjusting for meteorological variables, pollen levels, day of the week, and long-term trends. The models established linear relationships between air pollutants and the outcome, and potential delayed effects were smoothed with a spline across a lag period of 2 weeks. We applied separate models for each municipality (n = 21) in Greater Stockholm, and calculated pooled estimates to achieve combined results for the whole region. Results We observed associations between daily levels of air pollution and purchases of asthma medications, most clearly for PM10. The pooled estimates of the relative risks for asthma medication purchases across all 21 municipalities associated with a 10 μg m-3 increase in PM10 the same day (lag 0) was 1.7% [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.2%, 2.1%], a cumulative increase of 4.6% (95% CI: 3.7%, 5.6%) over one week (lag 0-6), and a 6.5% (95% CI: 5%, 8%) increase over 2 weeks (lag 0-13). The corresponding pooled effect per 10 μg m-3 increase in NOx and ozone were 2.8% (95% CI: 1.6%, 4.1%) and 0.7% (95% CI: 0%, 1.4%) over 2 weeks (lag 0-13), respectively. Conclusions Our study revealed short-term associations between air pollution, especially PM10, and purchases of asthma medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Tornevi
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Henrik Olstrup
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Bertil Forsberg
- Section of Sustainable Health, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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Kuo CL, Liu R, Godoy LDC, Pilling LC, Fortinsky RH, Brugge D. Association between Residential Exposure to Air Pollution and Incident Coronary Heart Disease Is Not Mediated by Leukocyte Telomere Length: A UK Biobank Study. Toxics 2023; 11:489. [PMID: 37368589 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Higher air pollution exposure and shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) are both associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), and share plausible mechanisms, including inflammation. LTL may serve as a biomarker of air pollution exposure and may be intervened with to reduce the risk of CHD. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to test the mediation effect of LTL in the relationship between air pollution exposure and incident CHD. Using the UK Biobank (UKB) data (n = 317,601), we conducted a prospective study linking residential air pollution exposure (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, NOx) and LTL to incident CHD during a mean follow-up of 12.6 years. Cox proportional hazards models and generalized additive models with penalized spline functions were used to model the associations of pollutant concentrations and LTL with incident CHD. We found non-linear associations of air pollution exposure with LTL and CHD. Pollutant concentrations in the lower range were decreasingly associated with longer LTL and reduced risk of CHD. The associations between lower pollutant concentrations and reduced risk of CHD, however, were minimally mediated by LTL (<3%). Our findings suggest that air pollution influences CHD through pathways that do not involve LTL. Replication is needed with improved measurements of air pollution that more accurately assesses personal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ling Kuo
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Health Sciences, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield, CT 06825, USA
| | - Lucas da Cunha Godoy
- The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Luke C Pilling
- Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Richard H Fortinsky
- UConn Center on Aging, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Doug Brugge
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
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Woodward H, Schroeder A, de Nazelle A, Pain CC, Stettler MEJ, ApSimon H, Robins A, Linden PF. Do we need high temporal resolution modelling of exposure in urban areas? A test case. Sci Total Environ 2023; 885:163711. [PMID: 37149198 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Roadside concentrations of harmful pollutants such as NOx are highly variable in both space and time. This is rarely considered when assessing pedestrian and cyclist exposures. We aim to fully describe the spatio-temporal variability of exposures of pedestrians and cyclists travelling along a road at high resolution. We evaluate the value added of high spatio-temporal resolution compared to high spatial resolution only. We also compare high resolution vehicle emissions modelling to using a constant volume source. We highlight conditions of peak exposures, and discuss implications for health impact assessments. Using the large eddy simulation code Fluidity we simulate NOx concentrations at a resolution of 2 m and 1 s along a 350 m road segment in a complex real-world street geometry including an intersection and bus stops. We then simulate pedestrian and cyclist journeys for different routes and departure times. For the high spatio-temporal method, the standard deviation in 1 s concentration experienced by pedestrians (50.9 μg.m-3) is nearly three times greater than that predicted by the high-spatial only (17.5 μg.m-3) or constant volume source (17.6 μg.m-3) methods. This exposure is characterised by low concentrations punctuated by short duration, peak exposures which elevate the mean exposure and are not captured by the other two methods. We also find that the mean exposure of cyclists on the road (31.8 μg.m-3) is significantly greater than that of cyclists on a roadside path (25.6 μg.m-3) and that of pedestrians on a sidewalk (17.6 μg.m-3). We conclude that ignoring high resolution temporal air pollution variability experienced at the breathing time scale can lead to a mischaracterization of pedestrian and cyclist exposures, and therefore also potentially the harm caused. High resolution methods reveal that peaks, and hence mean exposures, can be meaningfully reduced by avoiding hyper-local hotspots such as bus stops and junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Woodward
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - A Schroeder
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Clifford Allbutt Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - A de Nazelle
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - C C Pain
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - M E J Stettler
- Centre for Transport Studies, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - H ApSimon
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - A Robins
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - P F Linden
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Anderson A, Kumar M V, Gavurová B, Li H, Xia C, Zhang X. Optimizing engine performance and reducing emissions of greenhouse gases through spirulina microalgae and nano-additive blends. Environ Res 2023:115958. [PMID: 37086880 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The shift in focus towards biofuels has led to the attention towards fourth-generation fuels, particularly microalgae, due to its high oil productivity and simple cultivation processes. The current study aimed to examine the effects of spirulina microalgae blends in a naturally aspirated diesel engine by testing two blend percentages (15% and 30%) and incorporating Fe2O3 nanoparticles (75 ppm). A series of test conducted in a single-cylinder engine with an optimum compression ratio of 17.5. The fuels tested include 100% diesel (D0), diesel with Fe2O3 nanoparticles (DF), diesel with 15% microalgae blends (B15), diesel with 15% microalgae blends and Fe2O3 nanoparticles (B15F), diesel with 30% microalgae blends (B30), and diesel with 30% microalgae blends and Fe2O3 nanoparticles (B30F). The results showed that the addition of microalgae blends led to a marginal increase in engine performance, while the addition of Fe2O3 nanoparticles led to a significant increase in brake thermal efficiency and decreased fuel consumption. The emissions rate was also lower compared to diesel, but the addition of Fe2O3 nanoparticles increased the oxygen content in the fuel, thereby improving the combustion rates. By ensuring the complete combustion the formation of CO2, HC and smoke intensity was also found to be significantly lower compared to diesel fuel. On the contrary, NOx increased due to the cylinder temperatures. This research highlights the potential of using microalgae as a sustainable source of biofuel, and the positive effects of adding Fe2O3 nanoparticles to enhance the fuel's efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anderson
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, India
| | - Vignesh Kumar M
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, India
| | - Beata Gavurová
- Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies, Letná 1/9, 042 00, Košice-Sever, Slovak Republic
| | - Hui Li
- College of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Changlei Xia
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210037, China.
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21
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Tang J, Wang X, Xing L, Liang Y, Li H, Liu M. Effect of Cu loading on the performance and kinetics of Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts for selective catalytic reduction with NH 3. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:64682-64699. [PMID: 37072592 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26957-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
A series of X%Cu/SAPO-34 (X = 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 and 6.0) catalysts were prepared by ultrasonic impregnation method for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with ammonia. The effect of different Cu loadings on the selective catalytic reduction of NO by molecular sieve catalysts was examined on a fixed-bed reactor. Catalyst physicochemical properties were characterized and analyzed using XRD, TEM, NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, and in situ DRIFTS. Catalysts were used in reaction kinetics studies from the perspective of transient and steady-state kinetics. Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst with 4% Cu loading had the best denitrification efficiency and wide activity window. Copper species were highly dispersed on the catalyst surface. Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst with 4% Cu loading had rich acidic sites and excellent redox performance. Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts with 4% Cu loading possess minimal activation energy and were lower than commercial catalysts. According to the results of in situ IR, transient and steady-state analysis, the Cu/SAPO-34 catalyst with 4% Cu loading in the NH3-SCR reaction process was mainly E-R mechanism, and there was L-H mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungang Tang
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
- Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Xuetao Wang
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China.
- Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang, 471000, China.
| | - Lili Xing
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
- Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Yanzheng Liang
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
- Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Haojie Li
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
- Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang, 471000, China
| | - Mengjie Liu
- Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471003, China
- Longmen Laboratory, Luoyang, 471000, China
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22
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Hall-Quinlan DL, He H, Ren X, Canty TP, Salawitch RJ, Stratton P, Dickerson RR. Inferred vehicular emissions at a near-road site: Impacts of COVID-19 restrictions, traffic patterns, and ambient air temperature. Atmos Environ (1994) 2023; 299:119649. [PMID: 36816430 PMCID: PMC9918323 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Vehicles are a major source of anthropogenic emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and black carbon (BC). CO and NOx are known to be harmful to human health and contribute to ozone formation, while BC absorbs solar radiation that contributes to global warming and also has negative impacts on human health and visibility. Travel restrictions implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic provide researchers the opportunity to study the impact of large, on-road traffic reductions on local air quality. Traffic counts collected along Interstate-95, a major eight-lane highway in Maryland (US), reveal a 60% decrease in passenger car totals and an 8.6% (combination-unit) and 21% (single-unit) decrease in truck traffic counts in April 2020 relative to prior Aprils. The decrease in total on-road vehicles led to the near-elimination in stop-and-go traffic and a 14% increase in the mean vehicle speed during April 2020. Ambient near-road (NR) BC, CO, NOx, and carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements were used to determine vehicular emission ratios (ΔBC/ΔCO, ΔBC/ΔCO2, ΔNOx/ΔCO, ΔNOx/ΔCO2, and ΔCO/ΔCO2), with each ratio defined as the slope value of a linear regression performed on the concentrations of two pollutants within an hour. A decrease of up to a factor of two in ΔBC/ΔCO, ΔBC/ΔCO2, ΔNOx/ΔCO2, and in the fraction of on-road diesel vehicles from weekdays to weekends shows diesel vehicles to be the dominant source of BC and NOx emissions at this NR site. We estimate up to a 70% reduction in BC emissions in April 2020 compared to earlier years, and attribute much of this to lower diesel BC emissions resulting from improvements in traffic flow and fewer instances of acceleration and braking. Future efforts to reduce vehicular BC emissions should focus on improving traffic flow or turbocharger lag within diesel engines. Inferred BC emissions from the NR site also depend on ambient temperature, with an increase of 54% in ΔBC/ΔCO from -5 to 20 °C during the cold season, similar to previous studies that reported increasing BC emissions with rising temperature. The default setting of MOVES3, the current version of the mobile emission model used by the US EPA, does not adjust hot-running BC emissions for ambient temperature. Future work will focus on improving the accuracy of mobile emissions in air quality modeling by incorporating the effects of temperature and traffic flow in the system used to generate mobile emissions input for commonly used air quality models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolly L Hall-Quinlan
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hao He
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Xinrong Ren
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Timothy P Canty
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Marine Estuarine Environmental Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Ross J Salawitch
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Phillip Stratton
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Russell R Dickerson
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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23
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Yan P, Fan W, Zhang R. Predicting NOx Distribution in a Micro Rich-Quench-Lean Combustor Using a Variational Autoencoder. Entropy (Basel) 2023; 25:e25040604. [PMID: 37190392 PMCID: PMC10137787 DOI: 10.3390/e25040604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Micro gas turbines are widely used in distributed power generation systems. However, the combustion of gas turbine combustors produces a large amount of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which pollute the environment and endanger human life. To reduce environmental pollution, low-emission combustors have been developed. In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the use of low-heat-value gas fuels, and it is necessary to study the NOx emissions from low heat value gas fuel combustors. Data-driven deep learning methods have been used in many fields in recent years. In this study, a variational autoencoder was introduced for the prediction of NOx production inside the combustor. The combustor used was a micro rich-quench-lean combustor designed by the research group using coal bed gas as a fuel. The internal NO distribution contour was obtained as the dataset using simulation methods, with a size of 60 images. The model architecture parameters were obtained through hyperparameter exploration using the grid search method. The model accurately predicted the distribution of NO inside the combustor. The method can be applied in the prediction of a wider range of parameters and offers a new way of designing combustors for the power industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiliang Yan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weijun Fan
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Rongchun Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Research Institute of Aero-Engine, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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24
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Keshavarzzadeh M, Zahedi R, Eskandarpanah R, Qezelbigloo S, Gitifar S, Farahani ON, Mirzaei AM. Estimation of NOx pollutants in a spark engine fueled by mixed methane and hydrogen using neural networks and genetic algorithm. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15304. [PMID: 37077673 PMCID: PMC10106515 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, due to stricter pollution standards, more attention has been focused on pollutants emitted from cars. As a very dangerous pollutant, NOx has always triggered the sensitivity of the related organizations. In the process of developing and designing the engine, estimating the amount of this pollutant is of great importance to reduce future expenses. Calculating the amount of this pollutant has usually been complicated and prone to error. In the present paper, neural networks have been used to find the coefficients of correcting NOx calculation. The Zeldovich method calculated the value of NOx with 20% error. By applying the progressive neural network and correcting the equation coefficient, this value decreased. The related model has been validated with other fuel equivalence ratios. The neural network model has fitted the experimental points with a convergence ratio of 0.99 and a squared error of 0.0019. Finally, the value of NOx anticipated by the neural network has been calculated and validated according to empirical data by applying maximum genetic algorithm. The maximum point for the fuel composed of 20% hydrogen and 80% methane occurred in the equivalence ratio of 0.9; and the maximum point for the fuel composed of 40% hydrogen occurred in equivalence ratio of 0.92. The consistency of the model findings with the empirical data shows the potential of the neural network in anticipating the amount of NOx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansour Keshavarzzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Science, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Rahim Zahedi
- Department of Renewable Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- Corresponding author.
| | - Reza Eskandarpanah
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sajad Qezelbigloo
- School of Automotive Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Gitifar
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Noudeh Farahani
- Faculty of Computer Engineering and Information Technology, Faran Mehr Danesh University, Tehran, Iran
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25
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Chen J, Shan Y, Sun Y, Ding W, Xue S, Han X, Du J, Yan Z, Yu Y, He H. Hydrothermal Aging Alleviates the Phosphorus Poisoning of Cu-SSZ-39 Catalysts for NH 3-SCR Reaction. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:4113-4121. [PMID: 36811527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a new type of catalyst with the potential for commercial application in NOx removal from diesel engine exhausts, Cu-SSZ-39 catalysts must have excellent resistance to complex and harsh conditions. In this paper, the effects of phosphorus on Cu-SSZ-39 catalysts before and after hydrothermal aging treatment were investigated. Compared with fresh Cu-SSZ-39 catalysts, phosphorus poisoning significantly decreased the low-temperature NH3-SCR catalytic activity. However, such activity loss was alleviated by further hydrothermal aging treatment. To reveal the reason for this interesting result, a variety of characterization techniques including NMR, H2-TPR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, NH3-TPD, and in situ DRIFTS measurements were employed. It was found that Cu-P species produced by phosphorus poisoning decreased the redox ability of active copper species, resulting in the observed low-temperature deactivation. After hydrothermal aging treatment, however, Cu-P species partly decomposed with the formation of active CuOx species and a release of active copper species. As a result, the low-temperature NH3-SCR catalytic activity of Cu-SSZ-39 catalysts was recovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlin Chen
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yulong Shan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yu Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenqing Ding
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Sen Xue
- Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang 261061, China
| | - Xuewang Han
- Weichai Power Co., Ltd., Weifang 261061, China
| | - Jinpeng Du
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Zidi Yan
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China
| | - Yunbo Yu
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- School of Rare Earths, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Ganjiang Innovation Academy, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ganzhou 341119, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Khan MM, Kadian AK, Sharma RP. Attempt to mitigate marine engine emissions with improved performance by the investigation of alcohol inclusion in sunflower biodiesel-sunflower oil-diesel blend. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023; 30:33974-33991. [PMID: 36502484 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24147-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The quaternary blends (diesel-biodiesel-vegetable oil-alcohol) offer enormous potential for reducing fossil fuel usage and mitigating air pollution caused by marine diesel engines. Biodiesel and alcohol are alternate fuels possessing high oxygen content, ensuring clean combustion. Vegetable oil is beneficial in saving diesel contribution and increasing engine lubrication. The objective of the present work was to reduce the dependency on conventional diesel and to come up with cleaner fuel that can also improve engine performance. This experimental work aims to lower exhaust emissions by fueling a single-cylinder, four-stroke direct-injection diesel engine with novel quaternary blends comprising diesel (50%), sunflower biodiesel (25%), sunflower oil (5%), and alcohol (20%). In order to develop cleaner fuel than diesel, different quaternary blends were prepared by varying the length of the carbon chain of alcohols in the blends, namely, DBOEth20, DBOProp20, DBOBut20, DBOHep20, and DBODec20. The performance emissions of quaternary blends were tested at varied engine loads from 5 to 20 Nm (full load), while engine speed was fixed at 1800 rpm. The results indicate that DBOProp20 resulted in the lowest fuel consumption and highest thermal efficiency. DBOProp20 reduced CO2, NOx, and smoke emissions by 19.6%, 9.9%, and 85.7%, as compared to diesel. However, DBODec20 succeed in mitigating CO emission by 41.37% at 100% load. DBOBut20 proved to be most promising in reducing UHC emission by a maximum of 71.69% at 100% load. The highest BTE of 10.98% with lowest BSFC of 13.04% was recorded for DBOProp20 at 100% engine load, in comparison to pure diesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Modassir Khan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
| | - Arun Kumar Kadian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India.
| | - Rabindra Prasad Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi, India
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27
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Velikova V, Dani KGS, Loreto F. Origin, evolution, and future of isoprene and nitric oxide interactions within leaves. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:688-706. [PMID: 36420758 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photolytic generation of nitric oxide (NO), isoprene, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) pre-dated life on Earth (~4 billion years ago). However, isoprene-ROS-NO interactions became relevant to climate chemistry ~50 million years ago, after aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems became dominated by isoprene-emitting diatoms and angiosperms. Today, NO and NO2 (together referred to as NOx) are dangerous biogenic gaseous atmospheric pollutants. In plants, NO, with its multiple sources and sinks, acts as a secondary messenger that regulates development at low doses and induces cell death at high doses. Likewise, biogenic isoprene is a putative antioxidant and hormone 'enabler' that hastens plant (and leaf) growth and reproduction, and improves plant tolerance to transient abiotic stresses. Using examples from controlled-chamber simulation and field studies of isoprene oxidation, we discuss the likely nature and extent of isoprene oxidation within leaves. We argue that isoprene-NO interactions vary greatly among plant species, driven by differences in isoprene emission rate and nitrate assimilation capacity (i.e. NO sink strength), ROS availability, and the within-leaf ratio between free-NO and isoprene. In a warmer and CO2-fertilized future climate, antagonism between isoprene and NO within leaves will probably occur in a NO-rich (relative to present) environment, yielding a greater proportion of isoprene oxidation products, and inducing major changes in NO-mediated growth and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violeta Velikova
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev Str., bl. 21, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Kaidala Ganesha Srikanta Dani
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council of Italy, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Naples, Italy
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28
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Viteri G, Aranda A, de Mera YD, Rodríguez A, Rodríguez D. Air quality assessment in biosphere reserves close to emission sources. The case of the Spanish "Tablas de Daimiel" national park. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159818. [PMID: 36341854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This work shows that biosphere reserves, national parks and other protected natural areas require in situ tools to monitor and detect local and remote air pollution sources which are a threat to flora, fauna water and soil. Industries in surrounding areas, traffic and long-range transport of air pollution, can change with time and meteorology and so each national park should also have a historical database of the air quality in the site. This study reports surface measurements of ozone, NO, NO2, CO, SO2 and PM2.5 acquired from March 2020 to July 2021 in "Las Tablas de Daimiel", a wetland Mediterranean National Park bordered by different cities and new industries in the field of the revalorization of agricultural wastes. Simultaneous data from a background station in a rural area isolated from air pollution are considered as reference. Twelve campaigns of one week duration were also performed to sample air in sorbent tubes to analyse volatile organic compounds from anthropogenic sources. Data are discussed considering meteorology, especially wind speed and direction together with the assessment of back-trajectories of air masses from distant sources. The results show that the effects of pollution from local and faraway sources on air quality in the park were weak. Thus, except for the high levels of ozone, with a mean value of 71 μg.m-3, measured mass loadings for pollutants were low and not in exceedance of the air quality standards. Saharan dust events were frequent and contributed to PM2.5 levels in the site. NOx and SO2 average concentrations (3.2 and 0.4 μg.m-3, respectively) were below the recommended critical levels for vegetation and all the quantified VOCs were found in average concentration levels below 0.5 μg.m-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Viteri
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Aranda
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Y Díaz de Mera
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Avenida Camilo José Cela S/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A Rodríguez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Avenida Carlos III S/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - D Rodríguez
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales y Bioquímica, Avenida Carlos III S/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
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Manoharan M, Govindharaj K, Muthumalai K, Pandian R, Haldorai Y, Rajendra Kumar RT. Highly Selective Room Temperature Detection of NH 3 and NO x Using Oxygen-Deficient W 18O 49-Supported WS 2 Heterojunctions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:4703-4712. [PMID: 36637973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we reported the controlled synthesis of tungsten disulfide/reduced tungsten oxide (WS2/W18O49) heterojunctions for highly efficient room temperature NOx and ammonia (NH3) sensors. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the formation of the oxygen-deficient W18O49 phase along with WS2. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy displayed the formation of WS2 flakes over W18O49 nanorods. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the presence of tungsten in W4+, W5+, and W6+ oxidation states corresponding to WS2 and W18O49, respectively. The WS2/W18O49 heterojunction sensor exhibited sub-ppm level sensitivity to NOx and NH3 at room temperature. The heterojunction sensor detected 0.6 ppm NOx and 0.5 ppm NH3, with a corresponding response of 7.1 and 3.8%, respectively. The limit of detection of the sensor was calculated to be 0.05 and 0.17 ppm for NH3 and NOx, respectively. The cyclic stability test showed that the sensor exhibited high stability even after 24 cycles for the detection of NH3 and 14 cycles for NOx. Compared to pristine WO3 and WS2, the WS2/W18O49 heterojunction showed high selectivity toward NOx and NH3. The results could be useful for the development of room temperature NOx and NH3 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathankumar Manoharan
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu641046, India
| | - Kamaraj Govindharaj
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu641046, India
| | - K Muthumalai
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu641046, India
| | - Ramanathaswamy Pandian
- Surface and Sensors Studies Division, Materials Science Group, Indira Gandhi Centre for Atomic Research, Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu603102, India
| | - Yuvaraj Haldorai
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu641046, India
| | - Ramasamy Thangavelu Rajendra Kumar
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Nanoscience and Technology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu641046, India
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30
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Rickly PS, Coggon MM, Aikin KC, Alvarez RJ, Baidar S, Gilman JB, Gkatzelis GI, Harkins C, He J, Lamplugh A, Langford AO, McDonald BC, Peischl J, Robinson MA, Rollins AW, Schwantes RH, Senff CJ, Warneke C, Brown SS. Influence of Wildfire on Urban Ozone: An Observationally Constrained Box Modeling Study at a Site in the Colorado Front Range. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:1257-1267. [PMID: 36607321 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Increasing trends in biomass burning emissions significantly impact air quality in North America. Enhanced mixing ratios of ozone (O3) in urban areas during smoke-impacted periods occur through transport of O3 produced within the smoke or through mixing of pyrogenic volatile organic compounds (PVOCs) with urban nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) to enhance local O3 production. Here, we analyze a set of detailed chemical measurements, including carbon monoxide (CO), NOx, and speciated volatile organic compounds (VOCs), to evaluate the effects of smoke transported from relatively local and long-range fires on O3 measured at a site in Boulder, Colorado, during summer 2020. Relative to the smoke-free period, CO, background O3, OH reactivity, and total VOCs increased during both the local and long-range smoke periods, but NOx mixing ratios remained approximately constant. These observations are consistent with transport of PVOCs (comprised primarily of oxygenates) but not NOx with the smoke and with the influence of O3 produced within the smoke upwind of the urban area. Box-model calculations show that local O3 production during all three periods was in the NOx-sensitive regime. Consequently, this locally produced O3 was similar in all three periods and was relatively insensitive to the increase in PVOCs. However, calculated NOx sensitivities show that PVOCs substantially increase O3 production in the transition and NOx-saturated (VOC-sensitive) regimes. These results suggest that (1) O3 produced during smoke transport is the main driver for O3 increases in NOx-sensitive urban areas and (2) smoke may cause an additional increase in local O3 production in NOx-saturated (VOC-sensitive) urban areas. Additional detailed VOC and NOx measurements in smoke impacted urban areas are necessary to broadly quantify the effects of wildfire smoke on urban O3 and develop effective mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela S Rickly
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Matthew M Coggon
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Kenneth C Aikin
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Raul J Alvarez
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Sunil Baidar
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Jessica B Gilman
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | | | - Colin Harkins
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Jian He
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Aaron Lamplugh
- Institute of Behavioral Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
| | - Andrew O Langford
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Brian C McDonald
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Jeff Peischl
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Michael A Robinson
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Andrew W Rollins
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | | | - Christoph J Senff
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Carsten Warneke
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
| | - Steven S Brown
- NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado80305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado80309, United States
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31
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Zhang Y, Luo C, Lu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou C, Zhou Z, Wu X, Zheng C, Gao X. Technology development and cost analysis of multiple pollutant abatement for ultra-low emission coal-fired power plants in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2023; 123:270-280. [PMID: 36521989 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of ultra-low emission (ULE) limits (SO2: 35 mg/m3, NOx: 50 mg/m3, PM: 10 mg/m3) promoted the development of flue gas treatment technologies in China. Pollutant control technology development for Chinese coal-fired power plants was summarized and an analysis of the applicability and cost of pollutant control technologies was conducted. Detailed data were collected from 30 ultra-low emission coal-fired units across China. Based on a cost analysis model, the average unit power generation incremental costs were 0.0144 and 0.0095 CNY/(kW·hr) for SO2 and NOx control technologies, respectively. The unit power generation incremental cost of twin spray tower technology was 7.2% higher than that of dual-loop spray tower technology. The effect of key parameters on operating cost was analyzed. The unit power generation incremental cost increased because of increments in the electricity price for SO2 control technology and the price of the reductant in NOx control technology. With high sulfur content or NOx concentration, the unit power generation incremental cost caused by pollutant control increased, whereas the unit pollutant abatement cost decreased. However, the annual operating hours or load increased, thereby leading to a decline in unit power generation incremental cost and unit pollutant abatement cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxin Zhang
- State Key Lab of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Cong Luo
- State Key Lab of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yan Lu
- State Key Lab of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - You Zhang
- Zhejiang University Energy Engineering Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Can Zhou
- State Key Lab of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhiying Zhou
- Zhejiang University Energy Engineering Design and Research Institute Co. Ltd., Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xuecheng Wu
- State Key Lab of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chenghang Zheng
- State Key Lab of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China.
| | - Xiang Gao
- State Key Lab of Clean Energy Utilization, State Environmental Protection Engineering Center for Coal-Fired Air Pollution Control, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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Wang F, Lv S, Liu X, Lei Y, Wu C, Chen Y, Zhang F, Wang G. Investigation into the differences and relationships between gasSOA and aqSOA in winter haze pollution on Chongming Island, Shanghai, based on VOCs observation. Environ Pollut 2023; 316:120684. [PMID: 36400138 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) under current atmospheric conditions, we conducted a field observation of SOA precursors in the downwind region of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) in winter 2019 using a variety of offline and online instruments. During the entire observation period, the averaged fine particulate SOA was 7.9 ± 2.3 μg m-3, with precursor concentrations of 31 ± 11 ppbv for the measured volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and 16 ± 12 ppbv for NOx. Compared to those on the clean days, SOA on the haze days increased by a factor of 1.6, while the VOC and NOx increased by a factor of 1.3 and 2.0, respectively. Aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) and oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs, including acetaldehyde, formic acid, acetone, acetic acid, methyl ethyl ketone, and methylglyoxal) relationships suggested that the gasSOA and aqSOA occurred simultaneously on Chongming Island in winter. The gasSOA was primarily formed by the oxidation of aromatics and NOx at low RH (RH < 80%) conditions. In contrast, the aqSOA was formed under higher RH (RH > 80%) conditions via a combination of daytime photochemical aqueous phase processes of water-soluble OVOCs and nocturnal dark aqueous phase processes of primary emissions from biomass. The inversed higher mass ratio of NACs to (benzene + toluene) and nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) in the daytime during the gasSOA-dominated haze periods indicated that gasSOA could be transformed to aqSOA at high NOx levels. Our results also suggested the importance of NOx and VOC reduction measures in directly mitigating gasSOA and indirectly mitigating aqSOA during winter haze pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Shaojun Lv
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yali Lei
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Yubao Chen
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, Chenjia Zhen, Chongming, Shanghai, 202162, China.
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33
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Muzikova B, Martiniakova I, Mikyskova E, Mergl M, Kalbac M, Zouzelka R, Rathousky J. Composite TiO(2)-based photocatalyst with enhanced performance. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:73-86. [PMID: 36152273 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00300-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 is the most studied photocatalyst because of its non-toxicity, chemical stability, and low cost. However, the problem of TiO2 is its low activity in the visible region of the spectrum. In this study, we focused on the preparation of composite photocatalytic materials with altered light absorption properties. TiO2 P25 and various metal oxides were mechanically joined by ball-milling and immobilized on glass plates. The prepared samples were evaluated based on their ability to degrade NO in gas phase. The formation of undesirable byproducts was also investigated. Four best performing composites were later chosen, characterized, and further evaluated under various conditions. According to their performance, the metal oxide additives can be divided into three groups. P25/Fe2O3 showed the most promising results-an increase in overall deNOx activity under modified ISO conditions and altered selectivity (less NO2 is formed) under both simulated outdoor and simulated indoor conditions. On the other hand, P25/V2O5 composite showed negligible photocatalytic activity. The intermediate group includes P25/WO3 and P25/ZnO photocatalysts, whose performances are similar to those of pristine P25.
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34
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Nie W, Zhou W, Li N, Hua Y, Bao Q, Yan J, Yuan M, Guo C, Yu F, Niu W, Liu C. Green surfactant-modified TiO 2 nanoparticles doped with La-Cr bimetal for NO x removal. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:77711-77723. [PMID: 35687283 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20992-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cost-effective new environmental catalysts play a crucial role in purifying NOx from exhaust gas of coal mine diesel vehicle. A new, environmentally friendly catalyst with high catalytic activity and good redox properties was prepared by a microwave-assisted sol-gel method using TiO2 nanoparticles as a catalyst, which were doped with La and Cr, and adding the surfactant dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC) as an organic modifier. The morphological characteristics, crystalline structure, functional groups, and elemental types of the catalyst were characterized, and the properties of the catalyst, such as redox ability and catalytic activity, were examined with H2-temperature-programmed reduction experiments and activity tests. The results showed that the addition of surfactant suppressed the growth of particle size, increased the specific surface area, and improved the redox ability and catalytic activity of the catalyst. I hope to reduce the pollution of NOx to environment and achieve efficient cleaner production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Nie
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China.
| | - Yun Hua
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Qiu Bao
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Jiayi Yan
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Mingyue Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
- College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
| | - Cheng Guo
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Fengning Yu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Wenjin Niu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
| | - Chengyi Liu
- College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, Shandong Province, China
- State Key Laboratory of Mining Disaster Prevention and Control Co-Found By Shandong Province and the Ministry of Science and Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
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Abstract
A variety of luminescent dyes including the most common indicators for optical oxygen sensors were investigated in regard to their stability and photophysical properties in the presence of nitrogen dioxide. The dyes were immobilized in polystyrene and subjected to NO2 concentrations from 40 to 5500 ppm. The majority of dyes show fast degradation of optical properties due to the reaction with NO2. The class of phosphorescent metalloporphyrins shows the highest resistance against nitrogen dioxide. Among them, palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes of octasubstituted sulfonylated benzoporphyrins are identified as the most stable dyes with almost no decomposition in the presence of NO2. The phosphorescence of these dyes is reversibly quenched by nitrogen dioxide. Immobilized in various polymeric matrices, the sulfonylated Pt(II) benzoporphyrin demonstrates about one order of magnitude more efficient quenching by NO2 than by molecular oxygen. Our study demonstrates that virtually all commercially available and reported optical oxygen sensors are likely to show either irreversible decomposition in the presence of nitrogen dioxide or reversible luminescence quenching. They should be used with extreme caution if NO2 is present in relatively high concentrations or it may be generated from other species such as nitric oxide. As an important consequence of nearly anoxic systems, production of nitrogen dioxide or nitric oxide may be therefore erroneously interpreted as an increase in oxygen concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Dalfen
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Arjan Pol
- Research
Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, Department of
Microbiology, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sergey M. Borisov
- Institute
of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria,
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36
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Cary M, Ahmed Z. Do heavy-duty and passenger vehicle emissions standards reduce per capita emissions of oxides of nitrogen? Evidence from Europe. J Environ Manage 2022; 320:115786. [PMID: 35961138 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxides of nitrogen are among the most dangerous emissions to human health and to the environment. In European nations, road transportation contributes to approximately 40% of emissions of oxides of nitrogen with the dominant share coming from passenger and freight transport. To help mitigate emissions of oxides of nitrogen, the European Union (EU) has implemented vehicular emissions standards. This paper studies the effect of EU vehicular emissions standards on per capita emissions of oxides of nitrogen in European nations during the period 2000 to 2017, both for on-road vehicular emissions and at the economy level. To do this, pollution is modelled as a byproduct of economic production. After controlling for economic growth, historical per capita levels of emissions of oxides of nitrogen, and a series of geographic and technological factors, it is determined that the vehicular emissions standards put in place by the EU decrease per capita levels of emissions of oxides of nitrogen. More precisely, reducing the heavy duty emissions standard by 1 g/kWh leads to as much as a 7% reduction in per capita on-road emissions of oxides of nitrogen. Reducing the passenger vehicle emissions standards for both diesel and gasoline engines enhances this effect, resulting in an even greater reduction in per capita emissions of oxides of nitrogen. These results further suggest that any rebound effect taking place is outweighed by the reduction in emissions of oxides of nitrogen from lowering emissions standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Cary
- Division of Resource Economics and Management, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Zahoor Ahmed
- Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University, Mersin 10, Haspolat, 99040, Turkey; Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences, ILMA University, Karachi, 75190, Pakistan.
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37
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Aguado-Deblas L, López-Tenllado FJ, Luna D, Bautista FM, Romero AA, Estevez R. Advanced Biofuels from ABE (Acetone/Butanol/Ethanol) and Vegetable Oils (Castor or Sunflower Oil) for Using in Triple Blends with Diesel: Evaluation on a Diesel Engine. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6493. [PMID: 36143804 PMCID: PMC9504408 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
From a technical and economic point of view, our aim is to provide viable solutions for the replacement of fossil fuels which are currently used in internal combustion diesel engines. In this research, two new biofuels composed of second-generation vegetable oils (SVO),used oil sunflower (SO) or castor oil (CO), and the ABE blend (acetone/butanol/ethanol) were evaluated. ABE is an intermediate product from the fermentation of carbohydrates to obtain bio-butanol. Besides, the ABE blend exhibits suitable properties as biofuel, such asvery low kinematic viscosity, reasonable energy density, low autoignition temperature, and broad flammability limits. Diesel/ABE/SVO triple blends were prepared, characterized and then, tested on a diesel engine, evaluating power output, consumption, and exhaust emissions. The power output was slightly reduced due to the low heating values of ABE blend. Also, engine consumed more fuel with the triple blends than with diesel under low engine loads whereas, at medium and high loads, the fuel consumption was very similar to that of diesel. Regarding exhaust gas emissions, soot wasnotably reduced, and nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO2) emissions were lower or comparable to that of diesel, while the CO emissions increased. The use of these biofuels allows the replacement of high percentagesof diesel without compromising engine power and achievinga significant reduction in pollution emissions. Furthermore, a notable improvement in cold flow properties of the fuel blends is obtained, in comparison with diesel.
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38
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Khannyra S, Gil MLA, Addou M, Mosquera MJ. Dye decomposition and air de-pollution performance of TiO 2/SiO 2 and N-TiO 2/SiO 2 photocatalysts coated on Portland cement mortar substates. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:63112-63125. [PMID: 35459995 PMCID: PMC9477917 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the newly synthesized TiO2 and N doped TiO2 clusters were added to silica sol to synthesize N-TiO2/SiO2 composites via the sol-gel method. Afterwards, the prepared sols were applied by brushing on portland cement. Doping with nitrogen significantly increased the absorption of TiO2 towards the visible region, thus, increasing the photocatalytic activity. SEM characterization of the treated samples showed that the clusters were distributed in form of aggregates on the samples' surface. The self-cleaning and air de-polluting performances were assessed through methylene blue degradation and the oxidation of nitrogen oxide, resulting in methylene blue (MB) removal of 85% and 78% after 60 min of irradiation for SN10TiO2 and STiO2, respectively. Regarding air de-pollution performance, the newly synthesized photocatalysts showed the ability of NOx reduction. However, their efficiency was somewhat lower, in which 23.81% of NO has been oxidized by the sample SN10TiO2, while SP25 showed a total NO conversion of 38.98%. The powdered xerogels of the newly synthesized nanoparticles revealed high photocatalytic efficiency concerning NO oxidation, resulting in a higher performance compared to those obtained by the xerogel containing P25.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souad Khannyra
- TEP-243 Nanomaterials Group, Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
- Materials and Valorization of Natural Resource Laboratory, FST Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Maria Luisa Almoraima Gil
- TEP-243 Nanomaterials Group, Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Mohammed Addou
- Materials and Valorization of Natural Resource Laboratory, FST Tangier, Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tétouan, Morocco
| | - Maria Jesus Mosquera
- TEP-243 Nanomaterials Group, Department of Physical-Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
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Witkowski H, Jackiewicz-Rek W, Jarosławski J, Chilmon K, Szkop A. Ozone Formation during Photocatalytic Oxidation of Nitric Oxides under UV Irradiation with the Use of Commercial TiO 2 Photocatalytic Powders. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15175905. [PMID: 36079287 PMCID: PMC9457229 DOI: 10.3390/ma15175905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The application of photocatalytic materials has been intensively researched in recent decades. The process of nitric oxide (NO) oxidation during photocatalysis has been observed to result in the formation of nitric dioxide (NO2). This is a significant factor of the photocatalysis process, as NO2 is more toxic than NO. However, it has been reported that ozone (O3) is also formed during the photocatalytic reaction. This study analyzed the formation and oxidationof O3 during the photocatalytic oxidation of NO under ultraviolet irradiation using commercial photocatalytic powders: AEROXIDE® TiO2 P25 by Evonik, KRONOClean® 7050 by KRONOS®, and KRONOClean® 7000 by KRONOS®. An NO concentration of 100 ppb was assumed in laboratory tests based on the average nitric oxide concentrations recorded by the monitoring station in Warsaw. A mix flow-type reactor was applied in the study, and the appropriateness of its application was verified using a numerical model. The developed model assumed an empty reactor without a photocatalytic material, as well as a reactor with a photocatalytic material at its bottom to verify the gas flow in the chamber. The analysis of the air purification performance of photocatalytic powders indicated a significant reduction of NO and NOx and typical NO2 formation. However, no significant formation of O3 was observed. This observation was verified by the oxidation of pure ozone in the process of photocatalysis. The results indicated the oxidation of ozone concentration during the photocatalytic reaction, but self-decomposition of a significant amount of the gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Witkowski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Janusz Jarosławski
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Chilmon
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-637 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Artur Szkop
- Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-452 Warsaw, Poland
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Bilenko N, Ashin M, Friger M, Fischer L, Sergienko R, Sheiner E. Traffic Noise and Ambient Air Pollution Are Risk Factorsfor Preeclampsia. J Clin Med 2022; 11. [PMID: 35956166 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effect of traffic-related noise (TRN), environmental noise (EN) and traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on preeclampsia. Methods: We followed 285 pregnant women from Maternal and Child Health Clinics who reported exposure to TRN on a scale from 0 (absence of EN) to 10 (high level of EN). EN was measured using a portable dosimeter, and NOx was calculated using the AERMOD pollutant dispersion model. Results: Using a multiple logistic regression model, adjusted for maternal age, BMI, number of births, fetal sex and maternal chronic illness, TRN (score ≥ 6 vs. score < 6) and TRAP (NOx ≥ 300 µ/m3 vs. NOx < 300 µ/m3) were noted as independent risk factors for preeclampsia, with OR = 3.07 (95% CI 0.97; 9.70, p = 0.056) and OR = 3.43 (95% CI 1.20; 9.87, p = 0.022), respectively. Joint exposure to TRN and TRAP was associated with a significant and independent risk for preeclampsia (OR of 4.11 (95% CI 1.31; 12.94, p = 0.016). Conclusions: In our population, traffic-related noise and ambient TRAP were risk factors for preeclampsia.
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Lin GY, Chen WY, Chieh SH, Yang YT. Chang impact analysis of level 3 COVID-19 alert on air pollution indicators using artificial neural network. ECOL INFORM 2022; 69:101674. [PMID: 36568861 PMCID: PMC9760264 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2022.101674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study, mean monthly and diurnal variations in fine particulate matters (PM2.5), nitrate, sulfate, and gaseous precursors were investigated during the Level 3 COVID-19 alert from May 19 to July 27 in 2021. For comparison, the historical data during the identical period in 2019 and 2020 were also provided to determine the effect of the Level 3 COVID-19 alert on aerosols and gaseous pollutants concentrations in Taichung City. A machine learning model using the artificial neural network technique coupled with a kinetic model was applied to predict NOx, O3, nitrate (NO3 -), and sulfate (SO4 2-) to investigate potential emission sources and chemical reaction mechanism. D during the Level 3 COVID-19 alert, a decrease in NOx concentration due to a decrease in traffic flow under the NOx-saturated regime was observed to enhance the secondary NO3 - and O3 formation. The present models were shown to predict 80.1, 77.0, 72.6, and 67.2% concentrations of NOx, O3, NO3 -, and SO4 2-, respectively, which could help decision-makers for pollutant emissions reduction policies development and air pollution control strategies. It is recommended that more long-term datasets, including water soluble inorganic salts (WIS), precursors including OH radicals, NH3, HNO3, and H2SO4, be provided by regulatory air quality monitoring stations to further improve the prediction model accuracy.
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Davoodi M, Hesamabadi BK, Ariabood E, Izadi MR, Afousi AG, Bigi MAB, Asvadi-Fard M, Gaeini AA. Improved blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation via increased plasma adropin and NOx induced by high-intensity interval training in patients with type 2 diabetes. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:813-824. [PMID: 35710102 DOI: 10.1113/ep089371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Exercise training increases adropin and NOx plasma levels in middle-aged and older healthy people. We hypothesized that high-intensity interval training may improve blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation through the effects of adropin and NOx in patients of this age with type 2 diabetes. What is the main finding and its importance? High-intensity interval training may be more effective than moderate-intensity continuous training in improving endothelial function, blood pressure and flow-mediated dilation through its effects on adropin and NOx in patients with type 2 diabetes. ABSTRACT Adropin is a newly identified bioactive protein that is important in energy hemostasis and vascular endothelial function. Lower levels of adropin in patients with type 2 diabetes are related to coronary atherosclerosis, characterized by impaired flow-mediated dilation (FMD). The purpose of the present study was to investigate FMD, and plasma levels of adropin and nitrite/nitrate (NOx), in patients with type 2 diabetes at baseline and follow-up after 12 weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT). Sixty-six persons with type 2 diabetes were divided into HIIT, MICT and control groups. The HIIT group intervention was 12 intervals (1.5 min) at 85% to 90% maximal heart rate (HRmax ) separated by 2 min at 55% to 60% HRmax in 3 session per week for 12 weeks. MICT training consisted of 42 min of cycling at 70% HRmax . Before and after the intervention, FMD was recorded with high-resolution Doppler ultrasound. Plasma levels of adropin and NOx were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After training FMD was significantly higher in the MICT and HIIT groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Plasma levels of adropin and NOx were higher in both exercise groups, but the increase was greater in the HIIT group (P<0.01). Peak oxygen consumption was increased after exercise training in both groups compared to the control group (P<0.01). Percent FMD showed a positive correlation with plasma levels of adropin and NOx (both P<0.01), and a negative correlation with DBP (r = -0.530, P = 0.035) and SBP (r = -0.606, P = 0.013) in the HIIT group. The results indicate that HIIT improved FMD whilst increasing adropin, NOx and peak oxygen consumption. Increased plasma levels of adropin may contribute, in part, to blood pressure reduction by increasing nitric oxide production. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Erfaneh Ariabood
- Department of exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Shahid Chamran, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Izadi
- Department of exercise physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Shahid Chamran, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghardashi Afousi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Tehran
| | | | - Maryam Asvadi-Fard
- Department of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Gaeini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Exercise Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Jaffe DA, Ninneman M, Chan HC. NO x and O 3 Trends at U.S. Non-Attainment Areas for 1995-2020: Influence of COVID-19 Reductions and Wildland Fires on Policy-Relevant Concentrations. J Geophys Res Atmos 2022; 127:e2021JD036385. [PMID: 35942329 PMCID: PMC9347947 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed NO2 and O3 data from 32 U.S. non-attainment areas (NAAs) for 1995-2020. Since 1995, all regions have shown steady reductions in NO2 and the weekend-weekday pattern indicates that the O3 production regime in most NAAs has transitioned to a NOx-limited regime, while a few NAAs remain NOx-saturated. In the eastern U.S., all NAAs have made steady progress toward meeting the current (70 ppb) O3 standard, but this is less true in midwestern and western NAAs, with most showing little improvement in peak O3 concentrations since about 2010. Due to COVID-19 restrictions, NO2 concentrations were substantially reduced in 2020. In the eastern NAAs, we see significant reductions in both NO2 and peak O3 concentrations. In the midwestern U.S., results were more variable, with both higher and lower O3 values in 2020. In the western U.S. (WUS), we see variable reductions in NO2 but substantial increases in O3 at most sites, due to the influence from huge wildland fires. The recent pattern over the past decade shows that the large amount of wildland fires has a strong influence on the policy-relevant O3 metric in the WUS, and this is making it more difficult for these regions to meet the O3 standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Jaffe
- School of STEMUniversity of Washington BothellBothellWAUSA
- Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of Washington SeattleSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Hei Chun Chan
- School of STEMUniversity of Washington BothellBothellWAUSA
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Pei C, Yang W, Zhang Y, Song W, Xiao S, Wang J, Zhang J, Zhang T, Chen D, Wang Y, Chen Y, Wang X. Decrease in ambient volatile organic compounds during the COVID-19 lockdown period in the Pearl River Delta region, south China. Sci Total Environ 2022; 823:153720. [PMID: 35149077 PMCID: PMC8821021 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 lockdown, ambient ozone levels are widely reported to show much smaller decreases or even dramatical increases under substantially reduced precursor NOx levels, yet changes in ambient precursor volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been scarcely reported during the COVID-19 lockdown, which is an opportunity to examine the impacts of dramatically changing anthropogenic emissions on ambient VOC levels in megacities where ozone formation is largely VOC-limited. In this study, ambient VOCs were monitored online at an urban site in Guangzhou in the Pearl River Delta region before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdown. The average total mixing ratios of VOCs became 19.1% lower during the lockdown than before, and those of alkanes, alkenes and aromatics decreased by 19.0%, 24.8% and 38.2%, respectively. The levels of light alkanes (C < 6) decreased by only 13.0%, while those of higher alkanes (C ≥ 6) decreased by 67.8% during the lockdown. Disappeared peak VOC levels in morning rush hours and the drop in toluene to benzene ratios during the lockdown suggested significant reductions in vehicle exhaust and industrial solvent emissions. Source apportioning by positive matrix factorization model revealed that reductions in industrial emissions, diesel exhaust (on-road diesel vehicles and off-road diesel engines) and gasoline-related emissions could account for 48.9%, 42.2% and 8.8%, respectively, of the decreased VOC levels during the lockdown. Moreover, the reduction in industrial emissions could explain 56.0% and 70.0% of the reductions in ambient levels of reactive alkenes and aromatics, respectively. An average increase in O3-1 h by 17% and a decrease in the daily maximum 8-h average ozone by 11% under an average decrease in NOx by 57.0% and a decrease in VOCs by 19.1% during the lockdown demonstrated that controlling emissions of precursors VOCs and NOx to prevent ambient O3 pollution in megacities such as Guangzhou remains a highly challenging task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglei Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiqiang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Guangzhou 510045, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shaoxuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinpu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510060, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Duohong Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Yanning Chen
- Guangzhou Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Hao S, Yuling L, Yang J. Construction of Cu-BTC by carboxylic acid organic ligand and its application in low temperature SCR denitration. Sci Total Environ 2022; 820:152984. [PMID: 35026239 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The removal of NO has always been a hot issue in the treatment of coal-fired flue gas. In this paper, a hydrothermal synthesis method was used to prepare porous denitration catalysts with polycarboxyl organic isomers (trimellitic acid, phthalic acid, and benzoic acid). And then developed as the NO removing catalysts for low temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with NH3. XRD, BET, SEM, FTIR, XPS, Raman, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and TG were used to analyze the crystallinity, microscopic morphology, surface functional groups and metal content. The results showed that: (1) From the crystal structure analysis, the catalyst prepared with 1,3,5 and 1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic acid as ligands (1,3,5-A and 1,2,4-B) was Cu-BTC. (2) 1,3,5-A catalyst had a huge specific surface area, up to 1421.32 m2/g, and a pore volume up to 0.5798 cm3/g. (3) The prepared catalysts were applied to NH3-SCR denitration, and the catalyst with Cu-BTC structure had relatively high catalytic performance, and the overall catalytic capacity showed an increasing trend with the temperature. (4) 1,3,5-A catalyst had stability and catalytic activity. When the temperature was 270 °C, the denitration efficiency reached 83.87%. And within 8 h, the denitration efficiency was stable up to 82%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hao
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Liu Yuling
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Jia Yang
- Institute of Water Resources and Hydro-electric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
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46
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Keskin Z, Akar MA. Investigation of low-temperature performances of hybrid catalysts with different chain length OHC reductants. Environ Technol 2022; 43:1927-1934. [PMID: 33287668 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1858182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, NOx conversion efficiency of the hybrid catalysts at low temperatures was investigated. ANP-TVM and ANP-TVC-TVM hybrid catalysts for OHC-SCR performance were prepared by the impregnation method. The properties of catalysts were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The NOx conversion ratios with real diesel exhaust gases were performed using oxygenated hydrocarbon reductants such as ethanol, propanol, n-butanol and n-penthanol. Performances of the hybrid catalysts at different engine loads and low temperatures were investigated. It was determined that ANP-TVC-TVM gave better results at all temperatures and loads. In general, the performance of ANP-TVC-TVM hybrid catalyst was superior with ethanol reductant except for at 1 kW engine load. The maximum NOx conversion ratio was 90.6% on the ANP-TVC-TVM hybrid catalyst with n-butanol at 1 kW engine load and 300°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeycan Keskin
- Manufacturing Eng. Dep., Tarsus University, Graduate Education Institute, Tarsus, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Atakan Akar
- Engineering Faculty, Automotive Eng. Dep., Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Humes M, Wang M, Kim S, Machesky JE, Gentner DR, Robinson AL, Donahue NM, Presto AA. Limited Secondary Organic Aerosol Production from Acyclic Oxygenated Volatile Chemical Products. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:4806-4815. [PMID: 35394777 PMCID: PMC9022650 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Volatile chemical products (VCPs) have recently been identified as potentially important unconventional sources of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), in part due to the mitigation of conventional emissions such as vehicle exhaust. Here, we report measurements of SOA production in an oxidation flow reactor from a series of common VCPs containing oxygenated functional groups and at least one oxygen within the molecular backbone. These include two oxygenated aromatic species (phenoxyethanol and 1-phenoxy-2-propanol), two esters (butyl butyrate and butyl acetate), and four glycol ethers (carbitol, methyl carbitol, butyl carbitol, and hexyl carbitol). We measured gas- and particle-phase products with a suite of mass spectrometers and particle-sizing instruments. Only the aromatic VCPs produce SOA with substantial yields. For the acyclic VCPs, ether and ester functionality promotes fragmentation and hinders autoxidation, whereas aromatic rings drive SOA formation in spite of the presence of ether groups. Therefore, our results suggest that a potential strategy to reduce urban SOA from VCPs would be to reformulate consumer products to include less oxygenated aromatic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie
B. Humes
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Sunhye Kim
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jo E. Machesky
- Department
of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Drew R. Gentner
- Department
of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Allen L. Robinson
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Albert A. Presto
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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48
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Liu S, Liu X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Wu C, Du W, Wang G. Effect of NOx and RH on the secondary organic aerosol formation from toluene photooxidation. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:1-9. [PMID: 35459475 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation mechanism and physicochemical properties can highly be influenced by relative humidity (RH) and NOx concentration. In this study, we performed a laboratory investigation of the SOA formation from toluene/OH photooxidation system in the presence or absence of NOx in dry and wet conditions. The chemical composition of toluene-derived SOA was measured using Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). It was found that the mass concentration of toluene decreased with increasing RH and NOx concentration. However, the change of SOA chemistry composition (f44, O/C) with increased RH was not consistent in the condition with or without NOx. The light absorption and mass absorption coefficient (MAC) of the toluene-derived SOA only increased with RH in the presence of NOx. In contrast, MAC is invariant with RH in the absence of NOx. HR-ToF-AMS results showed that, in the presence of NOx, the increased nitro-aromatic compounds and N/C ratio concurrently caused the increase of SOA light absorption and O/C in wet conditions, respectively. The relative intensity of CHON and CHOxN family to the total nitrogen-containing organic compounds (NOCs) increased with the increasing RH, and be the major components of NOCs in wet condition. This work revealed a synergy effect of NOx and RH on SOA formation from toluene photooxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Yiqian Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 210062, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 North Zhongshan Road, Shanghai 200062, China.
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49
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Yentekakis IV, Georgiadis AG, Drosou C, Charisiou ND, Goula MA. Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO x over Perovskite-Based Catalysts Using C xH y(O z), H 2 and CO as Reducing Agents-A Review of the Latest Developments. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:nano12071042. [PMID: 35407160 PMCID: PMC9000253 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is probably the most widespread process for limiting NOx emissions under lean conditions (O2 excess) and, in addition to the currently used NH3 or urea as a reducing agent, many other alternative reductants could be more promising, such as CxHy/CxHyOz, H2 and CO. Different catalysts have been used thus far for NOx abatement from mobile (automotive) and stationary (fossil fuel combustion plants) sources, however, perovskites demand considerable attention, partly due to their versatility to combine and incorporate various chemical elements in their lattice that favor deNOx catalysis. In this work, the CxHy/CxHyOz−, H2−, and CO-SCR of NOx on perovskite-based catalysts is reviewed, with particular emphasis on the role of the reducing agent nature and perovskite composition. An effort has also been made to further discuss the correlation between the physicochemical properties of the perovskite-based catalysts and their deNOx activity. Proposed kinetic models are presented as well, that delve deeper into deNOx mechanisms over perovskite-based catalysts and potentially pave the way for further improving their deNOx efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis V. Yentekakis
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry & Chemical Processes, School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece;
- Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas/Institute of Geoenergy (FORTH/IG), Technical University of Crete, Building M1, University Campus, 73100 Chania, Greece
- Correspondence: (I.V.Y.); (M.A.G.); Tel.: +30-28210-37752 (I.V.Y.); +30-24610-68296 (M.A.G.)
| | - Amvrosios G. Georgiadis
- Laboratory of Alternative Fuels and Environmental Catalysis (LAFEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Koila, 50100 Kozani, Greece; (A.G.G.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Catherine Drosou
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry & Chemical Processes, School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos D. Charisiou
- Laboratory of Alternative Fuels and Environmental Catalysis (LAFEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Koila, 50100 Kozani, Greece; (A.G.G.); (N.D.C.)
| | - Maria A. Goula
- Laboratory of Alternative Fuels and Environmental Catalysis (LAFEC), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Koila, 50100 Kozani, Greece; (A.G.G.); (N.D.C.)
- Correspondence: (I.V.Y.); (M.A.G.); Tel.: +30-28210-37752 (I.V.Y.); +30-24610-68296 (M.A.G.)
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Shukla S, Khan R, Saxena A, Sekar S, Ali EF, Shaheen SM. Appraisal of COVID-19 lockdown and unlocking effects on the air quality of North India. Environ Res 2022; 204:112107. [PMID: 34560058 PMCID: PMC8455374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown supposedly provided a 'window' of reinstatement to natural resources including the air quality, but the scenario after the phased unlocking is yet to be explored. Consequently, here we evaluated the status of air quality during the 8th phase of unlocking of COVID-19 lockdown (January 2021) at three locations of North India. The first site (S1) was located at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana-PPCB; the second site (S2) at Yamunapuram, Bulandshahr-UPPCB; and the third site (S3) at Okhla Phase-2, Delhi-DPCC. The levels of PM2.5 showed a significant increase of 525.2%, 281.2%, and 185.0% at sites S1, S2 and S3, respectively in the unlock 8 (January 2021), in comparison to its concentration in the lockdown phase. Coherently, the levels of PM10 also showed a prominent increase of 284.5%, 189.1%, and 103.9% at sites S3, S1, and S2, respectively during the unlock 8 as compared to its concentration in the lockdown phase. This rise in the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 could be primarily attributed to the use of biomass fuel, industrial and vehicular emissions, stubble burning considering the agricultural activities at sites S1 and S2. Site S3 is a major industrial hub and has the highest population density among all three sites. Consequently, the maximum increase (295.7%) in the NO2 levels during the unlock 8 was witnessed at site S3. The strong correlation between PM2.5, PM10, and CO, along with the PM2.5/PM10 ratio confirmed the similar origin of these pollutants at all the three sites. The improvements in the levels of air quality during the COVID-19 lockdown were major overtaken during the various phases of unlocking consequent to the initiation of anthropogenic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shukla
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, 225003, UP, India.
| | - Ramsha Khan
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, 225003, UP, India.
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Technology, Shri Ramswaroop Memorial University, Barabanki, 225003, UP, India.
| | - Selvam Sekar
- Department of Geology, V.O. Chidambaram College, Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Esmat F Ali
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sabry M Shaheen
- University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil-and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany; King Abdulaziz University, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment, and Arid Land Agriculture, Department of Arid Land Agriculture, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; University of Kafrelsheikh, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil and Water Sciences, 33 516, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
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