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Keating SM, Higgins BW. New Technologies in Therapeutic Antibody Development: The Next Frontier for Treating Infectious Diseases. Antiviral Res 2024:105902. [PMID: 38734210 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity to viral infections requires time to neutralize and clear viruses to resolve infection. Fast growing and pathogenic viruses are quickly established, are highly transmissible and cause significant disease burden making it difficult to mount effective responses, thereby prolonging infection. Antibody-based passive immunotherapies can provide initial protection during acute infection, assist in mounting an adaptive immune response, or provide protection for those who are immune suppressed or immune deficient. Historically, plasma-derived antibodies have demonstrated some success in treating diseases caused by viral pathogens; nonetheless, limitations in access to product and antibody titer reduce success of this treatment modality. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have proven an effective alternative, as it is possible to manufacture highly potent and specific mAbs against viral targets on an industrial scale. As a result, innovative technologies to discover, engineer and manufacture specific and potent antibodies have become an essential part of the first line of treatment in pathogenic viral infections. However, a mAb targeting a specific epitope will allow escape variants to outgrow, causing new variant strains to become dominant and resistant to treatment with that mAb. Methods to mitigate escape have included combining mAbs into cocktails, creating bi-specific or antibody drug conjugates but these strategies have also been challenged by the potential development of escape mutations. New technologies in developing antibodies made as recombinant polyclonal drugs can integrate the strength of poly-specific antibody responses to prevent mutational escape, while also incorporating antibody engineering to prevent antibody dependent enhancement and direct adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Keating
- GigaGen, Inc. (A Grifols Company), 75 Shoreway Road, San Carlos, CA 94070, USA.
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2
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Yang YR, Han J, Perrett HR, Richey ST, Rodriguez AJ, Jackson AM, Gillespie RA, O'Connell S, Raab JE, Cominsky LY, Chopde A, Kanekiyo M, Houser KV, Chen GL, McDermott AB, Andrews SF, Ward AB. Immune memory shapes human polyclonal antibody responses to H2N2 vaccination. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114171. [PMID: 38717904 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus subtype H2N2, which caused the 1957 influenza pandemic, remains a global threat. A recent phase 1 clinical trial investigating a ferritin nanoparticle vaccine displaying H2 hemagglutinin (HA) in H2-naive and H2-exposed adults enabled us to perform comprehensive structural and biochemical characterization of immune memory on the breadth and diversity of the polyclonal serum antibody response elicited. We temporally map the epitopes targeted by serum antibodies after vaccine prime and boost, revealing that previous H2 exposure results in higher responses to the variable HA head domain. In contrast, initial responses in H2-naive participants are dominated by antibodies targeting conserved epitopes. We use cryoelectron microscopy and monoclonal B cell isolation to describe the molecular details of cross-reactive antibodies targeting conserved epitopes on the HA head, including the receptor-binding site and a new site of vulnerability deemed the medial junction. Our findings accentuate the impact of pre-existing influenza exposure on serum antibody responses post-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhe R Yang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hailee R Perrett
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sara T Richey
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alesandra J Rodriguez
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Abigail M Jackson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gillespie
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Sarah O'Connell
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Julie E Raab
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Lauren Y Cominsky
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Ankita Chopde
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Masaru Kanekiyo
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Katherine V Houser
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Grace L Chen
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Adrian B McDermott
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA
| | - Sarah F Andrews
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20902, USA.
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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3
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Munt JE, Henein S, Adams C, Young E, Hou YJ, Conrad H, Zhu D, Dong S, Kose N, Yount B, Meganck RM, Tse LPV, Kuan G, Balmaseda A, Ricciardi MJ, Watkins DI, Crowe JE, Harris E, DeSilva AM, Baric RS. Homotypic antibodies target novel E glycoprotein domains after natural DENV 3 infection/vaccination. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1850-1865.e5. [PMID: 37909048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The envelope (E) glycoprotein is the primary target of type-specific (TS) neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) after infection with any of the four distinct dengue virus serotypes (DENV1-4). nAbs can be elicited to distinct structural E domains (EDs) I, II, or III. However, the relative contribution of these domain-specific antibodies is unclear. To identify the primary DENV3 nAb targets in sera after natural infection or vaccination, chimeric DENV1 recombinant encoding DENV3 EDI, EDII, or EDIII were generated. DENV3 EDII is the principal target of TS polyclonal nAb responses and encodes two or more neutralizing epitopes. In contrast, some were individuals vaccinated with a DENV3 monovalent vaccine-elicited serum TS nAbs targeting each ED in a subject-dependent fashion, with an emphasis on EDI and EDIII. Vaccine responses were also sensitive to DENV3 genotypic variation. This DENV1/3 panel allows the measurement of serum ED TS nAbs, revealing differences in TS nAb immunity after natural infection or vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sandra Henein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cameron Adams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ellen Young
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yixuan J Hou
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Helen Conrad
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Deanna Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Stephanie Dong
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Nurgun Kose
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Boyd Yount
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Rita M Meganck
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Long Ping V Tse
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guillermina Kuan
- Health Center Socrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua; Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua; National Virology Laboratory, National Center for Diagnosis and Reference, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | | | - David I Watkins
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | | | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Aravinda M DeSilva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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4
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Taiwo BO, Chew KW, Moser C, Wohl DA, Daar ES, Li JZ, Greninger AL, Bausch C, Luke T, Hoover K, Neytman G, Giganti MJ, Olefsky M, Javan AC, Fletcher CV, Eron JJ, Currier JS, Hughes MD, Smith DM. Phase 2 Safety and Antiviral Activity of SAB-185, a Novel Polyclonal Antibody Therapy for Nonhospitalized Adults With COVID-19. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:133-142. [PMID: 36661240 PMCID: PMC10345463 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SAB-185, a novel fully human IgG polyclonal immunoglobulin product, underwent phase 2 evaluation for nonhospitalized adults with mild-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). METHODS Participants received intravenous SAB-185 3840 units/kg (low-dose) or placebo, or 10 240 units/kg (high-dose) or placebo. Primary outcome measures were nasopharyngeal severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA < lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) at study days 3, 7, and 14, time to symptomatic improvement, and safety through day 28. RESULTS Two-hundred thirteen participants received low-dose SAB-185/placebo (n = 107/106) and 215 high-dose SAB-185/placebo (n = 110/105). The proportions with SARS-CoV-2 RNA < LLOQ were higher for SAB-185 versus placebo at days 3 and 7 and similar at day 14, and significantly higher at day 7 for high-dose SAB-185 versus placebo only, relative risk 1.23 (95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.49). At day 3, SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels were lower with low-dose and high-dose SAB-185 versus placebo: differences in medians of -0.78 log10 copies/mL (P = .08) and -0.71 log10 copies/mL (P = .10), respectively. No difference was observed in time to symptom improvement: median 11/10 days (P = .24) for low-dose SAB-185/placebo and 8/10 days (P = .50) for high-dose SAB-185/placebo. Grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 5%/13% of low-dose SAB-185/placebo and 9%/12% of high-dose SAB-185/placebo. CONCLUSIONS SAB-185 was safe and generally well tolerated and demonstrated modest antiviral activity in predominantly low-risk nonhospitalized adults with COVID-19. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04518410.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babafemi O Taiwo
- Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kara W Chew
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Carlee Moser
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - David Alain Wohl
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Eric S Daar
- Lundquist Institute, Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Thomas Luke
- Miami Clinical Research, Miami, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Mark J Giganti
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maxine Olefsky
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arzhang Cyrus Javan
- Division of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- Center for Drug Discovery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Joseph J Eron
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Judith S Currier
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael D Hughes
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Davey M Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Papp K, Kovács Á, Orosz A, Hérincs Z, Randek J, Liliom K, Pfeil T, Prechl J. Absolute Quantitation of Serum Antibody Reactivity Using the Richards Growth Model for Antigen Microspot Titration. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:3962. [PMID: 35632371 PMCID: PMC9147899 DOI: 10.3390/s22103962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In spite of its pivotal role in the characterization of humoral immunity, there is no accepted method for the absolute quantitation of antigen-specific serum antibodies. We devised a novel method to quantify polyclonal antibody reactivity, which exploits protein microspot assays and employs a novel analytical approach. Microarrays with a density series of disease-specific antigens were treated with different serum dilutions and developed for IgG and IgA binding. By fitting the binding data of both dilution series to a product of two generalized logistic functions, we obtained estimates of antibody reactivity of two immunoglobulin classes simultaneously. These estimates are the antigen concentrations required for reaching the inflection point of thermodynamic activity coefficient of antibodies and the limiting activity coefficient of antigen. By providing universal chemical units, this approach may improve the standardization of serological testing, the quality control of antibodies and the quantitative mapping of the antibody-antigen interaction space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztián Papp
- R&D Laboratory, Diagnosticum Zrt, 1047 Budapest, Hungary; (K.P.); (Z.H.)
| | - Ágnes Kovács
- Department of Applied Analysis and Computational Mathematics, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.K.); (T.P.)
| | - Anita Orosz
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Zoltán Hérincs
- R&D Laboratory, Diagnosticum Zrt, 1047 Budapest, Hungary; (K.P.); (Z.H.)
| | - Judit Randek
- Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Károly Liliom
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Tamás Pfeil
- Department of Applied Analysis and Computational Mathematics, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary; (Á.K.); (T.P.)
- ELKH-ELTE Numerical Analysis and Large Networks Research Group, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Prechl
- R&D Laboratory, Diagnosticum Zrt, 1047 Budapest, Hungary; (K.P.); (Z.H.)
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6
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Freiche V, Paulin MV, Cordonnier N, Huet H, Turba M, Macintyre E, Molina T, Hermine O, Couronné L, Bruneau J. Histopathologic, phenotypic, and molecular criteria to discriminate low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma in cats from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis. J Vet Intern Med 2021; 35:2673-2684. [PMID: 34374109 PMCID: PMC8692189 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differentiation of low-grade intestinal T-cell lymphoma (LGITL) from lymphoplasmacytic enteritis (LPE) in cats is a diagnostic challenge for pathologists. OBJECTIVE Characterize histologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of LGITL and LPE. ANIMALS Forty-four client-owned cats, 22 diagnosed with LGITL and 22 with LPE. METHODS Prospective, cohort study. Clinical suspicion of LGITL or LPE was based on persistent gastrointestinal signs, unresponsive to empirical treatments. All cats underwent a standardized diagnostic evaluation, including biopsy (preferentially full-thickness), and were diagnosed with LGITL or LPE after review of clinical, laboratory, sonographic, histologic, immunohistochemical, and clonality results. RESULTS A monomorphic lymphocytic population (22/22, 100%) and in-depth mucosal infiltration (15/22, 68%) were hallmarks of LGITL. Epithelial patterns (nests and plaques) were significantly more frequent in LGITL (11/22, 50%) than in LPE (1/22, 5%) cases (P = .001). A CD3+ lymphocytic apical-to-basal gradient was observed in 9/22 (41%) of LGITL vs 1/22 (5%) of LPE cases (P = .004). Most LPE cases (17/18, 94%) featured marked fibrosis in the superficial part of the lamina propria. The Ki-67 20%- and 30%-thresholds discriminated between LGITL and LPE within both the epithelium (specificity >95%) and lamina propria (specificity >95%), respectively. All LGITL cases were CD3+ pSTAT3- and pSTAT5+. T-cell receptor gamma chain gene rearrangements indicated monoclonality in 86% of LGITL cases. Surprisingly, 70% of LPE cases featured monoclonality (40%) or monoclonality on a polyclonal background (30%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE We identified new histologic, immunohistochemical, and clonality criteria to distinguish LGITL from LPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Freiche
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'AlfortCHUVA, Unité de Médecine InterneMaisons‐Alfort F‐94700France
| | - Mathieu V. Paulin
- Department of Small Animal Clinical SciencesWestern College of Veterinary Medicine, University of SaskatchewanSaskatoonSKCanada
| | - Nathalie Cordonnier
- Pathology DepartmentEcole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BiopôleMaisons‐Alfort F‐94700France
| | - Hélène Huet
- Pathology DepartmentEcole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, BiopôleMaisons‐Alfort F‐94700France
| | | | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- Laboratory of Onco‐Hematology, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de ParisUniversity of ParisParisFrance
- INSERM U1151, Necker‐Enfants Malades InstituteUniversity of ParisParisFrance
- Centre National Expert des Lymphomes Associés à la Maladie CœliaqueUniversity of ParisParisFrance
| | - Thierry‐Jo Molina
- Centre National Expert des Lymphomes Associés à la Maladie CœliaqueUniversity of ParisParisFrance
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)University of ParisParisFrance
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163Imagine Institute, University of ParisParisFrance
| | - Olivier Hermine
- Centre National Expert des Lymphomes Associés à la Maladie CœliaqueUniversity of ParisParisFrance
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163Imagine Institute, University of ParisParisFrance
- Hematology Department, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)University of ParisParisFrance
| | - Lucile Couronné
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163Imagine Institute, University of ParisParisFrance
- Cytogenetics Department, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)University of ParisParisFrance
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre National Expert des Lymphomes Associés à la Maladie CœliaqueUniversity of ParisParisFrance
- Pathology Department, Hôpital Necker‐Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris (APHP)University of ParisParisFrance
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Hematological Disorders and Therapeutical Implications, INSERM U1163Imagine Institute, University of ParisParisFrance
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7
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Farraj KL, Kaliounji A, Kagolanu D, Khan N. A Rare Case of Extramedullary Plasmacytosis. J Investig Med High Impact Case Rep 2021; 9:23247096211040657. [PMID: 34407658 PMCID: PMC8381456 DOI: 10.1177/23247096211040657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytosis is the abnormal proliferation of plasma cells in tissue, bone, blood, or exudates. Mucous membrane plasmacytosis is a rare form of plasmacytosis that is usually idiopathic in nature. A 68-year-old female underwent a diagnostic and therapeutic esophagogastroduodenoscopy, which revealed a friable antral erythematous gastric fold and a gastric polyp. Subsequent pathological testing was positive for diffuse polyclonal plasma cell proliferation, which was suggestive of a gastric plasmacytosis. In this article, we report a rare presentation of mucous membrane plasmacytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nausheer Khan
- Nassau University Medical Center, East Meadow, NY, USA
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8
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Boswell J, Lindsey CR, Cook E, Rosenzweig F, Herron M. Cryopreservation of clonal and polyclonal populations of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Biol Methods Protoc 2021; 6:bpab011. [PMID: 34250256 PMCID: PMC8263314 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term preservation of laboratory strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has historically involved either liquid nitrogen cryopreservation, which is expensive and labor intensive, or storage on agar plates, which requires frequent transfer to new plates, and which may leave samples susceptible to contamination as well as genetic drift and/or selection. The emergence of C. reinhardtii as a model organism for genetic analysis and experimental evolution has produced an increasing demand for an efficient method to cryopreserve C. reinhardtii populations. The GeneArt™ Cryopreservation Kit for Algae provides the first method for algal storage at −80°C; however, little is known about how this method affects recovery of different clones, much less polyclonal populations. Here, we compare postfreeze viability of clonal and genetically mixed samples frozen at −80°C using GeneArt™ or cryopreserved using liquid nitrogen. We find that the GeneArt™ protocol yields similar percent recoveries for some but not all clonal cultures, when compared to archiving via liquid N2. We also find that relative frequency of different strains recovered from genetically mixed populations can be significantly altered by cryopreservation. Thus, while cryopreservation using GeneArt™ is an effective means for archiving certain clonal populations, it is not universally so. Strain-specific differences in freeze–thaw tolerance complicate the storage of different clones, and may also bias the recovery of different genotypes from polyclonal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Boswell
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Charles Ross Lindsey
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30336, USA
| | - Emily Cook
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30336, USA
| | - Frank Rosenzweig
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Matthew Herron
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
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9
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Simonich C, Shipley MM, Doepker L, Gobillot T, Garrett M, Cale EM, Hennessy B, Itell H, Chohan V, Doria-Rose N, Nduati R, Overbaugh J. A diverse collection of B cells responded to HIV infection in infant BG505. Cell Rep Med 2021; 2:100314. [PMID: 34195680 PMCID: PMC8233660 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests infants develop unique neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses to HIV compared to adults. Here, we dissected the nAb response of an infant whose virus is in clinical trials as a vaccine immunogen, with a goal of characterizing the broad responses in the infant to this antigen. We isolated 73 nAbs from infant BG505 and identified a large number of clonal families. Twenty-six antibodies neutralized tier 2 viruses-in some cases, viruses from the same clade as BG505, and in others, a different clade, although none showed notable breadth. Several nAbs demonstrated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity and targeted the V3 loop. These findings suggest an impressive polyclonal response to HIV infection in infant BG505, adding to the growing evidence that the nAb response to HIV in infants is polyclonal-a desirable vaccine response to a rapidly evolving virus like HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra Simonich
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mackenzie M. Shipley
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Laura Doepker
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theodore Gobillot
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Meghan Garrett
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Evan M. Cale
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brianna Hennessy
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hannah Itell
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vrasha Chohan
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicole Doria-Rose
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ruth Nduati
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Julie Overbaugh
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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10
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Maxfield L, Casale J, Shah M, Muse ME, Baigrie D. Cutaneous Plasmacytosis Associated with Ehrlichiosis in an African-American Patient. J Clin Aesthet Dermatol 2021; 14:24-27. [PMID: 33841612 PMCID: PMC8021406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous plasmacytosis is a rare disease that presents clinically with multiple red-brown papules and plaques with minimal to no epidermal change. Histopathologic findings include a perivascular dermal infiltration of polyclonal plasma cells. The etiology of cutaneous plasmacytosis is unknown, but hypothesized to be due to persistent or repeated antigenic stimulation. Ehrlichia represents a family of obligate intracellular bacteria that have been associated with the development of plasma cell dyscrasias in the veterinary literature. We present a case of a 67-year-old male patient with the development of progressively worsening cutaneous plasmacytosis following prolonged hospitalization secondary to ehrlichiosis sepsis. The patient initially presented with isolated cutaneous involvement and normal laboratory findings that eventually progressed to include multiple laboratory abnormalities, including anemia, hyperproteinemia, and elevated serum creatinine. Further diagnostic workup was declined by the patient despite evidence of progression to systemic plasmacytosis or multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Maxfield
- Drs. Maxfield, Shah, and Muse are with Campbell University at Sampson Regional Medical Center in Clinton, North Carolina
- Mr. Casale is with Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Raleigh, North Carolina
- Dr. Baigrie is with Atlantic Dermatology in Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Jarett Casale
- Drs. Maxfield, Shah, and Muse are with Campbell University at Sampson Regional Medical Center in Clinton, North Carolina
- Mr. Casale is with Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Raleigh, North Carolina
- Dr. Baigrie is with Atlantic Dermatology in Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Muneeb Shah
- Drs. Maxfield, Shah, and Muse are with Campbell University at Sampson Regional Medical Center in Clinton, North Carolina
- Mr. Casale is with Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Raleigh, North Carolina
- Dr. Baigrie is with Atlantic Dermatology in Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Mikél E Muse
- Drs. Maxfield, Shah, and Muse are with Campbell University at Sampson Regional Medical Center in Clinton, North Carolina
- Mr. Casale is with Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Raleigh, North Carolina
- Dr. Baigrie is with Atlantic Dermatology in Wilmington, North Carolina
| | - Dana Baigrie
- Drs. Maxfield, Shah, and Muse are with Campbell University at Sampson Regional Medical Center in Clinton, North Carolina
- Mr. Casale is with Campbell University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Raleigh, North Carolina
- Dr. Baigrie is with Atlantic Dermatology in Wilmington, North Carolina
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11
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Terry LV, Oo YH. The Next Frontier of Regulatory T Cells: Promising Immunotherapy for Autoimmune Diseases and Organ Transplantations. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565518. [PMID: 33072105 PMCID: PMC7538686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are crucial in maintaining tolerance. Hence, Treg immunotherapy is an attractive therapeutic option in autoimmune diseases and organ transplantations. Currently, autoimmune diseases do not have a curative treatment and transplant recipients require life-long immunosuppression to prevent graft rejection. There has been significant progress in understanding polyclonal and antigen-specific Treg biology over the last decade. Clinical trials with good manufacturing practice (GMP) Treg cells have demonstrated safety and early efficacy of Treg therapy. GMP Treg cells can also be tracked following infusion. In order to improve efficacy of Tregs immunotherapy, it is necessary that Tregs migrate, survive and function at the specific target tissue. Application of antigen specific Tregs and maintaining cells' suppressive function and survival with low dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) will enhance the efficacy and longevity of infused GMP-grade Tregs. Notably, stability of Tregs in the local tissue can be manipulated by understanding the microenvironment. With the recent advances in GMP-grade Tregs isolation and antigen-specific chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-Tregs development will allow functionally superior cells to migrate to the target organ. Thus, Tregs immunotherapy may be a promising option for patients with autoimmune diseases and organ transplantations in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Terry
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Council, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research, National Institute for Health Research Birmingham Biomedical Research Council, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,European Reference Network (ERN) Centre-Rare Liver, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.,Liver Transplant Unit, University Hospital of Birmingham National Health Service Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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12
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Wong SC, Wong SC, Chen JH, Poon RW, Hung DL, Chiu KH, So SY, Leung WS, Chan TM, Yap DY, Chuang VW, Yuen KY, Cheng VC. Polyclonal Burkholderia cepacia Complex Outbreak in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients Caused by Contaminated Aqueous Chlorhexidine. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 26:1987-1997. [PMID: 32818396 PMCID: PMC7454066 DOI: 10.3201/eid2609.191746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Whether Burkholderia cepacia complex should be an objectionable organism in antiseptic solutions with acceptable total bacterial counts is controversial. By using next-generation sequencing, we documented a polyclonal B. cepacia complex outbreak affecting peritoneal dialysis patients in Hong Kong that was caused by contaminated chlorhexidine solutions. Epidemiologic investigations at a manufacturing site identified a semiautomated packaging machine as the probable source of contamination in some of the brands. Use of whole-genome sequencing differentiated the isolates into 3 brand-specific clonal types. Changes in exit site care recommendations, rapid recall of affected products, and tightening of regulatory control for chlorhexidine-containing skin antiseptics could prevent future similar outbreaks. Environmental opportunistic pathogens, including B. cepacia complex, might be included in regular surveillance as indicator organisms for monitoring environmental contamination.
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13
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Mesa RA, Roberson EDO. Validation of a commercial antibody to detect endogenous human nicastrin by immunoblot. F1000Res 2020; 8:1211. [PMID: 32399180 PMCID: PMC7194342 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19803.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicastrin (NCSTN) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is part of the gamma-secretase complex. Gamma-secretase is a protease complex that cleaves type-I single-pass transmembrane proteins. There are many potential substrates for this complex, including NOTCH receptors and amyloid precursor proteins (APP). There are a number of commercial antibodies to nicastrin, but they do not agree on expected peptide size. We confirmed the specificity of a C-terminal binding rabbit anti-human antibody from Sigma-Aldrich (#N1660) using wildtype HEK293 cells and HEK293 cells deleted for nicastrin. The wildtype cells showed a prominent band at approximately 110 kDa. We confirmed this larger than expected sized was due to glycosylation by treating the lysate with peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), which reduced the band to less than 75 kDa. These data suggest that this polyclonal is specific for nicastrin and can detect endogenous levels of protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana A Mesa
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Elisha D O Roberson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Genetics, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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14
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Abstract
Passive antibody therapies have a long history of use. In the 19th century, antibodies from xenographic sources of polyclonal antibodies were used to treat infections (diphtheria). They were used often as protection from infectious agents and toxins. Complications related to their use involved development of immune complexes and severe allergic reactions. As a result, human source plasma for polyclonal antibodies became the preferential source for antibodies. They are used to treat infection, remove toxins, prevent hemolytic disease of the newborn, modify inflammatory reactions, and control autoimmune diseases. Continued improvements in processing decreased the transfusion/infusion transmission of infections. In the late 20th century (∼1986), monoclonal antibodies were developed. The first monoclonal antibodies were of xenographic source and were wrought with problems of immunogenicity. These forms of antibodies did not gain favor until chimerization took pace in the mid-1990s and in 1998 two monoclonal antibodies were approved one to treat respiratory syncytial virus and the other for breast cancers. Further development of humanized and then fully human monoclonal antibodies has led to an evolution of therapies with these agents. Monoclonal antibodies are being researched or approved to treat a multitude of diseases to include oncologic, inflammatory, autoimmune, cardiovascular, respiratory, neurologic, allergic, benign hematologic, infections, orthopedic, coagulopathy, metabolic and to decrease morbidity of disease (diminution of pain), modify disease progression, and potentially anatomic development. In this chapter, we will review the history of use of these passive antibody therapies, their mechanism of action, pharmacologic-therapeutic classification, particular medical indication, adverse reactions, and potential future use of these medications.
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15
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Abstract
The mass migration that occurred during 2009–2013 and after the insurgency in northeastern Nigeria could have increased malaria incidence and Plasmodium falciparum genetic diversity in North Central Nigeria. To determine P. falciparum sequence diversity in this region, we screened 282 samples collected in regional clinics during 2015–2018 for Plasmodium spp. and, with positive samples, determined P. falciparum infection complexity and allele diversity using PCR. Of 34 P. falciparum–positive samples, 39 msp1, 31 msp2, and 13 glurp alleles were detected, and 88% of infections were polyclonal. We identified trimorphic and dimorphic allele combinations in a high percentage of samples, indicative of a high infection complexity in the study population. High genetic diversity is a catalyst for the evolution of drug-resistant alleles. Improved measures (e.g., better drug quality, diagnostics) are needed to control P. falciparum transmission and reduce the potential for the emergence of drug resistance in Nigeria.
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17
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Abstract
The promise of idiotype-based therapeutics has been disappointing forcing a new look at the concept and its potential to generate an effective approach for immunotherapy. Here, the idiotype network theory is revisited with regard to the development of efficacious anti-idiotype vaccines. The experience of polyclonal anti-Idiotype reagents in animal models as well as an understanding of the immune response in humans lends to the proposition that polyclonal anti-Idiotype vaccines will be more effective compared to monoclonal-based anti-Idiotype vaccines. This novel strategy can be adapted in Biotech-standard production of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Kohler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Anastas Pashov
- Stephan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Thomas Kieber-Emmons
- Department of Pathology, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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18
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Samdal IA, Løvberg KE, Kristoffersen AB, Briggs LR, Kilcoyne J, Forsyth CJ, Miles CO. A Practical ELISA for Azaspiracids in Shellfish via Development of a New Plate-Coating Antigen. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:2369-2376. [PMID: 30763083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b05652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of biotoxins that appear periodically in shellfish and can cause food poisoning in humans. Current methods for quantifying the regulated AZAs are restricted to LC-MS but are not well suited to detecting novel and unregulated AZAs. An ELISA method for total AZAs in shellfish was reported recently, but unfortunately, it used relatively large amounts of the AZA-1-containing plate-coating conjugate, consuming significant amounts of pure AZA-1 per assay. Therefore, a new plate-coater, OVA-cdiAZA1 was produced, resulting in an ELISA with a working range of 0.30-4.1 ng/mL and a limit of quantification of 37 μg/kg for AZA-1 in shellfish. This ELISA was nearly twice as sensitive as the previous ELISA while using 5-fold less plate-coater. The new ELISA displayed broad cross-reactivity toward AZAs, detecting all available quantitative AZA reference materials as well as the precursors to AZA-3 and AZA-6, and results from shellfish analyzed with the new ELISA showed excellent correlation ( R2 = 0.99) with total AZA-1-10 by LC-MS. The results suggest that the new ELISA is suitable for screening samples for total AZAs, even in cases where novel AZAs are present and regulated AZAs are absent, such as was reported recently from Puget Sound and the Bay of Naples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute , P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo , Norway
| | - Kjersti E Løvberg
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute , P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo , Norway
| | | | - Lyn R Briggs
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre , Hamilton 3214 , New Zealand
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute , Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway H91 R673 , Ireland
| | - Craig J Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43220 , United States
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute , P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo , Norway
- National Research Council Canada , 1411 Oxford St , Halifax , NS B3H 3Z1 , Canada
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19
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Malaei F, Rasaee MJ, Paknejad M, Latifi AM, Rahbarizadeh F. Production and Characterization of Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Against Truncated Recombinant Dickkopf-1 as a Candidate Biomarker. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2018; 37:257-264. [PMID: 30592704 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2018.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have reported an increased serum level of Dickkopf (DKK-1) protein in a variety of cancers, including multiple myeloma, lung, colorectal, bone loss, and Alzheimer's disease. This protein has potential to be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of some cancers, especially bone loss in multiple myeloma. In the present study, to measure the concentration level of DKK-1 protein, rabbit polyclonal antibody (pAb) and mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were produced against this protein. New Zealand white rabbits and BALB/c mice were immunized with the chimeric recombinant DKK-1 antigen. Immunized mouse spleen cells were fused with SP2/0 cells to generate anti-rDKK-1 antibody-producing hybridoma cells. Antibodies were purified by protein A affinity chromatography and assessed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel, western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These results implied that the pAb and mAb were produced against the DKK-1 protein. The Kd value of 5 × 10-9 M was recorded for the mAb MR6F3 toward native DKK-1, and the Ig isotype was identified as IgG2b. No cross-reactivity was shown with DKK-2 by MR6F3. Collectively, our results revealed that the produced pAb and mAb could be used in the measurement of DKK-1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Malaei
- 1 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Rasaee
- 1 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Paknejad
- 2 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Latifi
- 3 Applied Biotechnology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- 1 Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran, Iran
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20
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Verraes A, Cholley B, Galli T, Nola S. Comparative study of commercially available and homemade anti-VAMP7 antibodies using CRISPR/Cas9-depleted HeLa cells and VAMP7 knockout mice. F1000Res 2018; 7:1649. [PMID: 30815249 PMCID: PMC6376254 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15707.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/06/2023] Open
Abstract
VAMP7 (vesicle-associated membrane protein) belongs to the intracellular membrane fusion SNARE (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) protein family. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to generate VAMP7 knockout (KO) human HeLa cells and mouse KO brain extracts in order to test the specificity and the background of a set of commercially available and homemade anti-VAMP7 antibodies. We propose a simple profiling method to analyze western blotting and immunocytochemistry staining profiles and determine the extent of the antibodies' specificity. Using this method, we were able to rank the performance of a set of available antibodies and further showed an optimized procedure for VAMP7 immunoprecipitation, which we validated using wild-type and KO mouse brain extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Verraes
- Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease, INSERM ERL U950, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France, 75013, France
| | - Beatrice Cholley
- Membrane Traffic in Healthy & Diseased Brain, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75014, France
| | - Thierry Galli
- Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease, INSERM ERL U950, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France, 75013, France
- Membrane Traffic in Healthy & Diseased Brain, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75014, France
| | - Sebastien Nola
- Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease, INSERM ERL U950, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France, 75013, France
- Membrane Traffic in Healthy & Diseased Brain, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75014, France
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21
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Verraes A, Cholley B, Galli T, Nola S. Comparative study of commercially available and homemade anti-VAMP7 antibodies using CRISPR/Cas9-depleted HeLa cells and VAMP7 knockout mice. F1000Res 2018; 7:1649. [PMID: 30815249 PMCID: PMC6376254 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15707.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
VAMP7 (vesicle-associated membrane protein) belongs to the intracellular membrane fusion SNARE (Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) protein family. In this study, we used CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology to generate VAMP7 knockout (KO) human HeLa cells and mouse KO brain extracts in order to test the specificity and the background of a set of commercially available and homemade anti-VAMP7 antibodies. We propose a simple profiling method to analyze western blotting and use visual scoring for immunocytochemistry staining to determine the extent of the antibodies' specificity. Thus, we were able to rank the performance of a set of available antibodies and further showed an optimized procedure for VAMP7 immunoprecipitation, which we validated using wild-type and KO mouse brain extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Verraes
- Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease, INSERM ERL U950, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France, 75013, France
| | - Beatrice Cholley
- Membrane Traffic in Healthy & Diseased Brain, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75014, France
| | - Thierry Galli
- Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease, INSERM ERL U950, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France, 75013, France
- Membrane Traffic in Healthy & Diseased Brain, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75014, France
| | - Sebastien Nola
- Membrane Traffic in Health and Disease, INSERM ERL U950, Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Paris, France, 75013, France
- Membrane Traffic in Healthy & Diseased Brain, Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris, INSERM U1266, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris-Cité, 75014, France
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22
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Perea J, García JL, Corchete L, Lumbreras E, Arriba M, Rueda D, Tapial S, Pérez J, Vieiro V, Rodríguez Y, Brandáriz L, García-Arranz M, García-Olmo D, Goel A, Urioste M, Sarmiento RG. Redefining synchronous colorectal cancers based on tumor clonality. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:1596-1608. [PMID: 30151896 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the possible clonal origin of a part of Synchronous colorectal cancer (SCRC), we studied 104 paired-SCRCs from 52 consecutive patients without hereditary forms of CRC. We used a Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism array to characterize the genomic profiles, and subsequently used a statistical application to define them according to clonality within the same individual. We categorized the ensuing groups according to colonic location to identify differential phenotypes. The SCRC Monoclonal group (M) (19 cases) was divided into Monosegmental (MM) and Pancolonic (MP) groups. The SCRC Polyclonal group (P) (33 cases) was also divided into Monosegmental (PM) and Pancolonic (PP), the first exhibiting preference for left colon. The MM group showed a high rate of mucinous tumors, the lowest mean-number of tumors and associated-polyps, and the worst prognosis. The MP group included the largest mean-number of associated-polyps, best prognosis and familial cancer component. The PM group seemed to be a "frontier" group. Finally, the PP group also exhibited a mucin component, the highest mean-number of tumors (4.6) compared with the mean-number of polyps (7.7), poor prognosis and sporadic cases. Most relevant differential genomic regions within M groups were gains on 1q24 and 8q24, and deletions on 1p21 and 1p23 for MM, while within P were the gains on 7q36 and deletions on 1p36 for PM. The statistical application employed seems to define clonality more accurately in SCRC -more likely to be polyclonal in origin-, and together with the tumor locations, helped us to configure a classification with prognostic and clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Perea
- Surgery Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan L García
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca-USAL-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Luis Corchete
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca-USAL-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Eva Lumbreras
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca-USAL-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Arriba
- Biochemistry Department, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rueda
- Centre for Biomedical Research of the 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Biology Laboratory, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Tapial
- Centre for Biomedical Research of the 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jessica Pérez
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca-USAL-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Victoria Vieiro
- Surgery Department, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Rodríguez
- Department of Pathology, 12 de Octubre University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Brandáriz
- Surgery Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Damián García-Olmo
- Surgery Department, Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.,Health Research Institute Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ajay Goel
- Center for Gastrointestinal Research, Center for Translational Genomics and Oncology, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Charles A. Sammons Cancer Center, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Miguel Urioste
- Familial Cancer Clinical Unit, Human Cancer Genetics Program, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rogelio González Sarmiento
- Biomedical Research Institute of Salamanca (IBSAL), University Hospital of Salamanca-USAL-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Salamanca, Spain
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23
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Uyeki TM, Erlandson KJ, Korch G, O’Hara M, Wathen M, Hu-Primmer J, Hojvat S, Stemmy EJ, Donabedian A. Development of Medical Countermeasures to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 22:e160022. [PMID: 27191188 PMCID: PMC4918159 DOI: 10.3201/eid2207.160022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical development of and research on potential Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) medical countermeasures remain preliminary; advancements are needed before most countermeasures are ready to be tested in human clinical trials. Research priorities include standardization of animal models and virus stocks for studying disease pathogenesis and efficacy of medical countermeasures; development of MERS-CoV diagnostics; improved access to nonhuman primates to support preclinical research; studies to better understand and control MERS-CoV disease, including vaccination studies in camels; and development of a standardized clinical trial protocol. Partnering with clinical trial networks in affected countries to evaluate safety and efficacy of investigational therapeutics will strengthen efforts to identify successful medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karl J. Erlandson
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.M. Uyeki)
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC, USA (K.J. Erlandson, G. Korch, M. O’Hara, M. Wathen, J. Hu-Primmer, A. Donabedian)
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (S. Hojvat)
- National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA (E.J. Stemmy)
| | - George Korch
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.M. Uyeki)
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC, USA (K.J. Erlandson, G. Korch, M. O’Hara, M. Wathen, J. Hu-Primmer, A. Donabedian)
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (S. Hojvat)
- National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA (E.J. Stemmy)
| | - Michael O’Hara
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.M. Uyeki)
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC, USA (K.J. Erlandson, G. Korch, M. O’Hara, M. Wathen, J. Hu-Primmer, A. Donabedian)
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (S. Hojvat)
- National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA (E.J. Stemmy)
| | - Michael Wathen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.M. Uyeki)
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC, USA (K.J. Erlandson, G. Korch, M. O’Hara, M. Wathen, J. Hu-Primmer, A. Donabedian)
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (S. Hojvat)
- National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA (E.J. Stemmy)
| | - Jean Hu-Primmer
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.M. Uyeki)
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC, USA (K.J. Erlandson, G. Korch, M. O’Hara, M. Wathen, J. Hu-Primmer, A. Donabedian)
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (S. Hojvat)
- National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA (E.J. Stemmy)
| | - Sally Hojvat
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.M. Uyeki)
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC, USA (K.J. Erlandson, G. Korch, M. O’Hara, M. Wathen, J. Hu-Primmer, A. Donabedian)
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (S. Hojvat)
- National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA (E.J. Stemmy)
| | - Erik J. Stemmy
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA (T.M. Uyeki)
- Office of the Assistant Secretary of Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC, USA (K.J. Erlandson, G. Korch, M. O’Hara, M. Wathen, J. Hu-Primmer, A. Donabedian)
- Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA (S. Hojvat)
- National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA (E.J. Stemmy)
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24
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Abstract
Azaspiracids (AZAs) are a group of biotoxins that cause food poisoning in humans. These toxins are produced by small marine dinoflagellates such as Azadinium spinosum and accumulate in shellfish. Ovine polyclonal antibodies were produced and used to develop an ELISA for quantitating AZAs in shellfish, algal cells, and culture supernatants. Immunizing antigens were prepared from synthetic fragments of the constant region of AZAs, while plate coating antigen was prepared from AZA-1. The ELISA provides a sensitive and rapid analytical method for screening large numbers of samples. It has a working range of 0.45-8.6 ng/mL and a limit of quantitation for total AZAs in whole shellfish at 57 μg/kg, well below the maximum permitted level set by the European Commission. The ELISA has good cross-reactivity to AZA-1-10, -33, and -34 and 37-epi-AZA-1. Naturally contaminated Irish mussels gave similar results whether they were cooked or uncooked, indicating that the ELISA also detects 22-carboxy-AZA metabolites (e.g., AZA-17 and AZA-19). ELISA results showed excellent correlation with LC-MS/MS analysis, both for mussel extract spiked with AZA-1 and for naturally contaminated Irish mussels. The assay is therefore well suited to screening for AZAs in shellfish samples intended for human consumption, as well as for studies on AZA metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingunn A Samdal
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjersti E Løvberg
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lyn R Briggs
- AgResearch, Ruakura, East Street, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Jane Kilcoyne
- Marine Institute , Rinville, Oranmore, County Galway, Ireland
| | - Jianyan Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Craig J Forsyth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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25
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Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies provide important tools in the "medicine chest" of today's clinician for the treatment of a range of disorders. Typically monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies are administered in large doses, either directly or indirectly into the circulation, via a systemic route which is well suited for disseminated ailments. Diseases confined within a specific localized tissue, however, may be treated more effectively and at reduced cost by a delivery system which targets directly the affected area. To explore the advantages of the local administration of antibodies, we reviewed current alternative, non-systemic delivery approaches which are in clinical use, being trialed or developed. These less conventional approaches comprise: (a) local injections, (b) topical and (c) peroral administration routes. Local delivery includes intra-ocular injections into the vitreal humor (i.e. Ranibizumab for age-related macular degeneration), subconjunctival injections (e.g. Bevacizumab for corneal neovascularization), intra-articular joint injections (i.e. anti-TNF alpha antibody for persistent inflammatory monoarthritis) and intratumoral or peritumoral injections (e.g. Ipilimumab for cancer). A range of other strategies, such as the local use of antibacterial antibodies, are also presented. Local injections of antibodies utilize doses which range from 1/10th to 1/100th of the required systemic dose therefore reducing both side-effects and treatment costs. In addition, any therapeutic antibody escaping from the local site of disease into the systemic circulation is immediately diluted within the large blood volume, further lowering the potential for unwanted effects. Needle-free topical application routes become an option when the condition is restricted locally to an external surface. The topical route may potentially be utilized in the form of eye drops for infections or corneal neovascularization or be applied to diseased skin for psoriasis, dermatitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, antibiotic resistant bacterial infections or ulcerated wounds. Diseases confined to the gastrointestinal tract can be targeted directly by applying antibody via the injection-free peroral route. The gastrointestinal tract is unusual in that its natural immuno-tolerant nature ensures the long-term safety of repeatedly ingesting heterologous antiserum or antibody materials. Without the stringent regulatory, purity and clean room requirements of manufacturing parenteral (injectable) antibodies, production costs are minimal, with the potential for more direct low-cost targeting of gastrointestinal diseases, especially with those caused by problematic antibiotic resistant or toxigenic bacteria (e.g. Clostridium difficile, Helicobacter pylori), viruses (e.g. rotavirus, norovirus) or inflammatory bowel disease (e.g. ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease). Use of the oral route has previously been hindered by excessive antibody digestion within the gastrointestinal tract; however, this limitation may be overcome by intelligently applying one or more strategies (i.e. decoy proteins, masking therapeutic antibody cleavage sites, pH modulation, enzyme inhibition or encapsulation). These aspects are additionally discussed in this review and novel insights also provided. With the development of new applications via local injections, topical and peroral routes, it is envisaged that an extended range of ailments will increasingly fall within the clinical scope of therapeutic antibodies further expanding this market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Martino
- a Department of Chemistry , University of Warwick , Coventry , UK
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26
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Tubo NJ, Jenkins MK. TCR signal quantity and quality in CD4 + T cell differentiation. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:591-596. [PMID: 25457838 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The adaptive immune system protects its host from a myriad of pathogens. This ability stems from a vast set of lymphocytes, each with a different antigen receptor, a small number of which will bind to antigens derived from a given pathogen. Although the cells within any antigen-specific population appear to be relatively homogenous before antigenic encounter, recent work on T cells indicates that individual cells within the population differentiate in very different ways after exposure to the antigen. We focus here on studies of CD4+ T cells and review evidence indicating that variable differentiation of effector cells from single naïve cells is caused by both cell-extrinsic stochastic factors and cell-intrinsic factors related to T cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal quantity and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah J Tubo
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Marc K Jenkins
- Center for Immunology, Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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27
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Abstract
A 9-year-old female spayed English Springer Spaniel was evaluated for a cranial mediastinal mass and lymphocytosis. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping of peripheral blood lymphocytes revealed 97% as CD3 positive, confirming a T-cell lineage. Additionally, T-cell subset assessment showed 53.2% to be double-negative T-lymphocytes, expressing neither CD4 nor CD8 surface markers. The number of double-negative lymphocytes in circulation coincided with the number of T-cell receptor (TCR) γδ-expressing T-cells in circulation. Molecular T-cell clonality analysis of TCR Gamma (TCRG) gene rearrangement showed a polyclonal expansion of T-lymphocytes. Histopathology confirmed the mass to be a thymoma, supporting the diagnosis of thymoma-associated T-cell lymphocytosis. Resolution of the lymphocytosis after removal of the thymoma provided further evidence for this diagnosis. To the authors' knowledge, this case is only the second report of thymoma-associated peripheral lymphocytosis in the veterinary literature, and is the first to report a confirmed thymoma-associated peripheral γδ T-cell lymphocytosis in a dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Burton
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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28
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Young E, Lock E, Ward DG, Cook A, Harding S, Wallis GLF. Estimation of polyclonal IgG4 hybrids in normal human serum. Immunology 2014; 142:406-13. [PMID: 24512211 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vivo or in vitro formation of IgG4 hybrid molecules, wherein the immunoglobulins have exchanged half molecules, has previously been reported under experimental conditions. Here we estimate the incidence of polyclonal IgG4 hybrids in normal human serum and comment on the existence of IgG4 molecules with different immunoglobulin light chains. Polyclonal IgG4 was purified from pooled or individual donor human sera and sequentially fractionated using light-chain affinity and size exclusion chromatography. Fractions were analysed by SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting, ELISA, immunodiffusion and matrix-assisted laser-desorption mass spectrometry. Polyclonal IgG4 purified from normal serum contained IgG4κ, IgG4λ and IgG4κ/λ molecules. Size exclusion chromatography showed that IgG4 was principally present in monomeric form (150 000 MW). SDS-PAGE, immunoblotting and ELISA showed the purity of the three IgG4 samples. Immunodiffusion, light-chain sandwich ELISA and mass spectrometry demonstrated that both κ and λ light chains were present on only the IgG4κ/λ molecules. The amounts of IgG4κ/λ hybrid molecules ranged from 21 to 33% from the five sera analysed. Based on the molecular weight these molecules were formed of two IgG4 heavy chains plus one κ and one λ light chain. Polyclonal IgG (IgG4-depleted) was similarly fractionated according to light-chain specificity. No evidence of hybrid IgG κ/λ antibodies was observed. These results indicate that hybrid IgG4κ/λ antibodies compose a substantial portion of IgG4 from normal human serum.
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29
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Bhol KC, Tracey DE, Lemos BR, Lyng GD, Erlich EC, Keane DM, Quesenberry MS, Holdorf AD, Schlehuber LD, Clark SA, Fox BS. AVX-470: a novel oral anti-TNF antibody with therapeutic potential in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013; 19:2273-81. [PMID: 23949620 DOI: 10.1097/MIB.0b013e3182a11958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, which is currently treated with injected monoclonal antibodies specific for tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We developed and characterized AVX-470, a novel polyclonal antibody specific for human TNF. We evaluated the oral activity of AVX-470m, a surrogate antibody specific for murine TNF, in several well-accepted mouse models of IBD. METHODS AVX-470 and AVX-470m were isolated from the colostrum of dairy cows that had been immunized with TNF. The potency, specificity, and affinity of both AVX-470 and AVX-470m were evaluated in vitro and compared with infliximab. AVX-470m was orally administered to mice either before or after induction of colitis, and activity was measured by endoscopy, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative measurement of messenger RNA levels. Colitis was induced using either 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonate or dextran sodium sulfate. RESULTS AVX-470 and AVX-470m were shown to be functionally comparable in vitro. Moreover, the specificity, neutralizing potency, and affinity of AVX-470 were comparable with infliximab. Orally administered AVX-470m effectively reduced disease severity in several mouse models of IBD. Activity was comparable with that of oral prednisolone or parenteral etanercept. The antibody penetrated the colonic mucosa and inhibited TNF-driven mucosal inflammation with minimal systemic exposure. CONCLUSIONS AVX-470 is a novel polyclonal anti-TNF antibody with an in vitro activity profile comparable to that of infliximab. Oral administration of a surrogate antibody specific for mouse TNF is effective in treating mouse models of IBD, delivering the anti-TNF to the site of inflammation with minimal systemic exposure.
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30
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Abstract
Prolactinomas are solitary benign neoplasms and resistance to dopamine agonists occur in a small percentage of prolactinomas. Multiple pituitary adenomas are reported in less than 1% of pituitary adenomas and rarely result in resistant prolactinoma. We recently encountered an interesting patient of hyperprolactinemia with multiple pituitary microadenomas. Dopamine agonist use resulted in prolactin normalization and subsequent pregnancy resulted in drug withdrawal. Repeat evaluation after delivery showed a macroprolactinoma and dopamine agonist therapy resulted in biochemical cure without reduction in tumor size. We report the case for its presentation with multiple microadenomas progressing to macroprolactinoma suggesting polyclonal in origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. V. S. Hari Kumar
- Department of Endocrinology, Command Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Pitambar Prusty
- Department of Endocrinology, Command Hospital, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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31
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Abstract
1. The presence and characteristics of P2X receptors on neurons of the rat major pelvic ganglia (MPG) have been studied using whole cell voltage-clamp, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. 2. Rapid application of ATP (100 microM) to isolated rat MPG neurons induced moderately large inward currents (0.33-5.3 nA) in 39% of cells (108/277). The response to ATP occurred very rapidly, with an increase in membrane conductance, and desensitized slowly. 3. The concentration-response curve for ATP yielded an EC50 of 58.9 microM. The agonist profile was ATP> or =2MeSATP=ATPgammaS>BzATP, while alpha,beta-MeATP, beta,gamma-MeATP, UTP and ADP were all inactive at concentrations up to 100 microM. 4. The response to ATP was antagonized by suramin (pA2=5.6), reactive blue-2 (IC50=0.7 microM) and pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulphonic acid (PPADS). 5. Lowering the pH from 7.4 to 6.8 produced a marked potentiation (to 339% of control) of the responses to ATP (30 microM), while raising the pH to 8.0 attenuated the responses (to 20% of control). The EC50s for ATP were 28.8, 58.9 and 264 microM at pH 6.8, 7.4 and 8.0, respectively. 6. Co-application of ATP with Zn2+ produced a marked enhancement of the responses to ATP, with an EC50 of 9.55 microM. In the presence of Zn2+ (30 microM), the EC50 for ATP was decreased to 4.57 microM. 7. In situ hybridization revealed that the P2X receptor transcripts levels in rat MPG neurons are P2X2>P2X4>P2X1, P2X3, P2X5 and P2X6. The immunohistochemical staining revealed a small number of neurons with strong P2X2 immunoreactivity. 8. In conclusion, our results indicate that there are P2X receptors present on MPG neurons. The pharmacological characteristics of these receptors, the in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical evidence are consistent with them being of the P2X2 subtype, or heteromultimers. with P2X2 being the dominant component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zhong
- Autonomic Neuroscience Institute, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London
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32
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Abstract
Recurrent bacterial infections due to humoral immunodeficiency are an important cause of death in myeloma patients. Recent data indicate that CD8+ T lymphocytes and a reduction of T helper type 1 cells with disease progression may be involved in the regulation of polyclonal immunoglobulin secretion. In mixed lymphocyte cultures derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 24 myeloma patients with reduced immunoglobulin serum levels we investigated the association of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets and immunoglobulin-secreting B cells (ISC) upon mitogenic stimulation with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and concanavalin A (Con A). In supernatants of cultured PBMC of myeloma patients the spontaneous secretion of the type 1 cytokine interferon-gamma was reduced. After PWM stimulation reduced numbers of polyclonal ISC were found in 79% of patients, and monoclonal ISC were observed in 12% of patients. After Con A stimulation, again formation of polyclonal ISC was reduced, but monoclonal ISC were found in 41% of patients. Elevation of monoclonal and reduction of polyclonal ISC after stimulation with Con A were associated with an increase of CD8+ CD11b+ Leu-8- T cells (P<0.05). We conclude that the elevated numbers of CD8+ CD11b+ Leu-8- T cells play a role in the stimulation of monoclonal and suppression of polyclonal immunoglobulin secretion in myeloma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Walchner
- Department of Dermatology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Germany
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