1
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Scott SA, Fu J, Chang PV. Dopamine receptor D2 confers colonization resistance via microbial metabolites. Nature 2024; 628:180-185. [PMID: 38480886 PMCID: PMC11097147 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has major roles in modulating host physiology. One such function is colonization resistance, or the ability of the microbial collective to protect the host against enteric pathogens1-3, including enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7, an attaching and effacing (AE) food-borne pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis, enterocolitis, bloody diarrhea and acute renal failure4,5 (haemolytic uremic syndrome). Although gut microorganisms can provide colonization resistance by outcompeting some pathogens or modulating host defence provided by the gut barrier and intestinal immune cells6,7, this phenomenon remains poorly understood. Here, we show that activation of the neurotransmitter receptor dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) in the intestinal epithelium by gut microbial metabolites produced upon dietary supplementation with the essential amino acid L-tryptophan protects the host against Citrobacter rodentium, a mouse AE pathogen that is widely used as a model for EHEC infection8,9. We further find that DRD2 activation by these tryptophan-derived metabolites decreases expression of a host actin regulatory protein involved in C. rodentium and EHEC attachment to the gut epithelium via formation of actin pedestals. Our results reveal a noncanonical colonization resistance pathway against AE pathogens that features an unconventional role for DRD2 outside the nervous system in controlling actin cytoskeletal organization in the gut epithelium. Our findings may inspire prophylactic and therapeutic approaches targeting DRD2 with dietary or pharmacological interventions to improve gut health and treat gastrointestinal infections, which afflict millions globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Scott
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jingjing Fu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Pamela V Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Cornell Center for Immunology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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2
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Kubo S, Fritz JM, Raquer-McKay HM, Kataria R, Vujkovic-Cvijin I, Al-Shaibi A, Yao Y, Zheng L, Zou J, Waldman AD, Jing X, Farley TK, Park AY, Oler AJ, Charles AK, Makhlouf M, AbouMoussa EH, Hasnah R, Saraiva LR, Ganesan S, Al-Subaiey AA, Matthews H, Flano E, Lee HH, Freeman AF, Sefer AP, Sayar E, Çakır E, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Baris S, Belkaid Y, Ozen A, Lo B, Lenardo MJ. Congenital iRHOM2 deficiency causes ADAM17 dysfunction and environmentally directed immunodysregulatory disease. Nat Immunol 2022; 23:75-85. [PMID: 34937930 PMCID: PMC11060421 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-021-01093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report a pleiotropic disease due to loss-of-function mutations in RHBDF2, the gene encoding iRHOM2, in two kindreds with recurrent infections in different organs. One patient had recurrent pneumonia but no colon involvement, another had recurrent infectious hemorrhagic colitis but no lung involvement and the other two experienced recurrent respiratory infections. Loss of iRHOM2, a rhomboid superfamily member that regulates the ADAM17 metalloproteinase, caused defective ADAM17-dependent cleavage and release of cytokines, including tumor-necrosis factor and amphiregulin. To understand the diverse clinical phenotypes, we challenged Rhbdf2-/- mice with Pseudomonas aeruginosa by nasal gavage and observed more severe pneumonia, whereas infection with Citrobacter rodentium caused worse inflammatory colitis than in wild-type mice. The fecal microbiota in the colitis patient had characteristic oral species that can predispose to colitis. Thus, a human immunodeficiency arising from iRHOM2 deficiency causes divergent disease phenotypes that can involve the local microbial environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kubo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jill M Fritz
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cooley, LLP in Washington, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Hayley M Raquer-McKay
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Immunology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rhea Kataria
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ivan Vujkovic-Cvijin
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel and Immunobiology Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Yikun Yao
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lixin Zheng
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan Zou
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alex D Waldman
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xinyi Jing
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Taylor K Farley
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann Y Park
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Oler
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biosciences Branch, Office of Cyber Infrastructure and Computational Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Reem Hasnah
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luis R Saraiva
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sundar Ganesan
- Biological Imaging Section, Research Technologies Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Helen Matthews
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emilio Flano
- Discovery Oncology and Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hyun Hee Lee
- Discovery Oncology and Immunology, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Asena Pınar Sefer
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ersin Sayar
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Altinbas University Medical Park Bahcelievler Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkan Çakır
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Department of Pediatrics, Bezmialem Vakif University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safa Baris
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Yasmine Belkaid
- Metaorganism Immunity Section, Laboratory of Host Immunity and Microbiome, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Microbiome Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
- Istanbul Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Istanbul, Turkey.
- The Isil Berat Barlan Center for Translational Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bernice Lo
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar.
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Michael J Lenardo
- Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology and Clinical Genomics Program, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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3
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Beukema M, Akkerman R, Jermendi É, Koster T, Laskewitz A, Kong C, Schols HA, Faas MM, de Vos P. Pectins that Structurally Differ in the Distribution of Methyl-Esters Attenuate Citrobacter rodentium-Induced Colitis. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100346. [PMID: 34369649 PMCID: PMC9285458 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pectins have anti-inflammatory properties on intestinal immunity through direct interactions on Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the small intestine or via stimulating microbiota-dependent effects in the large intestine. Both the degree of methyl-esterification (DM) and the distribution of methyl-esters (degree of blockiness; DB) of pectins contribute to this influence on immunity, but whether and how the DB impacts immunity through microbiota-dependent effects in the large intestine is unknown. Therefore, this study tests pectins that structurally differ in DB in a mouse model with Citrobacter rodentium induced colitis and studies the impact on the intestinal microbiota composition and associated attenuation of inflammation. METHODS AND RESULTS Both low and high DB pectins induce a more rich and diverse microbiota composition. These pectins also lower the bacterial load of C. rodentium in cecal digesta. Through these effects, both low and high DB pectins attenuate C. rodentium induced colitis resulting in reduced intestinal damage, reduced numbers of Th1-cells, which are increased in case of C. rodentium induced colitis, and reduced levels of GATA3+ Tregs, which are related to tissue inflammation. CONCLUSION Pectins prevent C. rodentium induced colonic inflammation by lowering the C. rodentium load in the caecum independently of the DB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Beukema
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Renate Akkerman
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Éva Jermendi
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Taco Koster
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Anne Laskewitz
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Chunli Kong
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Henk A. Schols
- Laboratory of Food ChemistryWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Marijke M. Faas
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul de Vos
- ImmunoendocrinologyDivision of Medical BiologyDepartment of Pathology and Medical BiologyUniversity Medical Center GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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4
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Zhang Y, Jiang D, Jin Y, Jia H, Yang Y, Kim IH, Dai Z, Zhang J, Ren F, Wu Z. Glycine Attenuates Citrobacter rodentium-Induced Colitis by Regulating ATF6-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2001065. [PMID: 34075695 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202001065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an inflammatory gastrointestinal disorder in which endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota are implicated. Glycine supplementation is reported to reduce inflammatory responses in experimental colitis. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effects remain unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Female C57BL/6 mice are orally administered with glycine (3.5 or 5.2 g kg-1 body weight) for 14 continuous days. On day 8 post-glycine supplementation, the mice are orally inoculated with 2 × 109 CFU Citrobacter rodentium (C. rodentium). The results show that glycine alleviates C. rodentium-induced body weight loss, increased disease activity index and spleen weight, colon length shortening, and colonic hyperplasia. Glycine suppresses the activation and infiltration of inflammatory cells, and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the colon tissues. The apoptosis of colon epithelial cells is also abrogated by glycine, which is associated with the inactivation of activating transcription factor 6α (ATF6α)-C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) signaling. In addition, glycine administration increases α diversity, restores β diversity, and abolishes the reduction in Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Alistipes, Turicibacter, and Alloprevotella in the colon. CONCLUSIONS Glycine supplementation is a nutritional strategy that may ameliorate C. rodentium-induced colitis by regulating ATF6α-CHOP-mediated ER stress and enhancing the abundance of Lactobacillus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Da Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuhang Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Hai Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - In Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, South Korea
| | - Zhaolai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinhua Zhang
- College of Life Science and Bioengineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Fazheng Ren
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenlong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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5
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Yan Y, Li Y, Lv M, Li W, Shi HN. Role of p40 phox in host defense against Citrobacter rodentium infection. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:1476-1486. [PMID: 33780601 PMCID: PMC8091579 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase (NOX) is a membrane-bound enzyme complex that generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mutations in NOX subunit genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), indicating a crucial role for ROS in regulating host immune responses. In this study, we utilize genetically deficient mice to investigate whether defects in p40phox , one subunit of NOX, impair host immune response in the intestine and aggravate disease in an infection-based (Citrobacter rodentium) model of colitis. We show that p40phox deficiency does not increase susceptibility of mice to C. rodentium infection, as no differences in body weight loss, bacterial clearance, colonic pathology, cytokine production, or immune cell recruitment were observed between p40phox-/- and wild-type mice. Interestingly, higher IL-10 levels were observed in the supernatants of MLN cells and splenocytes isolated from infected p40phox -deficient mice. Further, a higher expression level of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was also noted in mice lacking p40phox . In contrast to wild-type mice, p40phox-/- mice exhibited greater NO production after LPS or bacterial antigen re-stimulation. These results suggest that p40phox-/- mice do not develop worsened colitis. While the precise mechanisms are unclear, it may involve the observed alteration in cytokine responses and enhancement in levels of iNOS and NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and RegulationCollege of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Yali Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and RegulationCollege of Life SciencesHunan Normal UniversityChangshaChina
| | | | | | - Hai Ning Shi
- Mucosal Immunology and Biology Research CenterHarvard Medical SchoolMassachusetts General HospitalCharlestownMAUSA
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6
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Ruano-Gallego D, Sanchez-Garrido J, Kozik Z, Núñez-Berrueco E, Cepeda-Molero M, Mullineaux-Sanders C, Naemi Baghshomali Y, Slater SL, Wagner N, Glegola-Madejska I, Roumeliotis TI, Pupko T, Fernández LÁ, Rodríguez-Patón A, Choudhary JS, Frankel G. Type III secretion system effectors form robust and flexible intracellular virulence networks. Science 2021; 371:eabc9531. [PMID: 33707240 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc9531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Infections with many Gram-negative pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Shigella, and Yersinia, rely on type III secretion system (T3SS) effectors. We hypothesized that while hijacking processes within mammalian cells, the effectors operate as a robust network that can tolerate substantial contractions. This was tested in vivo using the mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium (encoding 31 effectors). Sequential gene deletions showed that effector essentiality for infection was context dependent and that the network could tolerate 60% contraction while maintaining pathogenicity. Despite inducing very different colonic cytokine profiles (e.g., interleukin-22, interleukin-17, interferon-γ, or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), different networks induced protective immunity. Using data from >100 distinct mutant combinations, we built and trained a machine learning model able to predict colonization outcomes, which were confirmed experimentally. Furthermore, reproducing the human-restricted enteropathogenic E. coli effector repertoire in C. rodentium was not sufficient for efficient colonization, which implicates effector networks in host adaptation. These results unveil the extreme robustness of both T3SS effector networks and host responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ruano-Gallego
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Julia Sanchez-Garrido
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Zuzanna Kozik
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Elena Núñez-Berrueco
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial, Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Massiel Cepeda-Molero
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | - Yasaman Naemi Baghshomali
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Sabrina L Slater
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Naama Wagner
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Izabela Glegola-Madejska
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Theodoros I Roumeliotis
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Tal Pupko
- The Shmunis School of Biomedicine and Cancer Research, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Luis Ángel Fernández
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonso Rodríguez-Patón
- Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial, Departamento de Inteligencia Artificial, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Campus de Montegancedo, Boadilla del Monte, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jyoti S Choudhary
- Functional Proteomics Group, Chester Beatty Laboratories, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
| | - Gad Frankel
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College, London, UK.
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7
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Kiner E, Willie E, Vijaykumar B, Chowdhary K, Schmutz H, Chandler J, Schnell A, Thakore PI, LeGros G, Mostafavi S, Mathis D, Benoist C. Gut CD4 + T cell phenotypes are a continuum molded by microbes, not by T H archetypes. Nat Immunol 2021; 22:216-228. [PMID: 33462454 PMCID: PMC7839314 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-020-00836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ effector lymphocytes (Teff) are traditionally classified by the cytokines they produce. To determine the states that Teff cells actually adopt in frontline tissues in vivo, we applied single-cell transcriptome and chromatin analyses to colonic Teff cells in germ-free or conventional mice or in mice after challenge with a range of phenotypically biasing microbes. Unexpected subsets were marked by the expression of the interferon (IFN) signature or myeloid-specific transcripts, but transcriptome or chromatin structure could not resolve discrete clusters fitting classic helper T cell (TH) subsets. At baseline or at different times of infection, transcripts encoding cytokines or proteins commonly used as TH markers were distributed in a polarized continuum, which was functionally validated. Clones derived from single progenitors gave rise to both IFN-γ- and interleukin (IL)-17-producing cells. Most of the transcriptional variance was tied to the infecting agent, independent of the cytokines produced, and chromatin variance primarily reflected activities of activator protein (AP)-1 and IFN-regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factor (TF) families, not the canonical subset master regulators T-bet, GATA3 or RORγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny Kiner
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Immunai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elijah Willie
- Bioinformatics Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brinda Vijaykumar
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kaitavjeet Chowdhary
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hugo Schmutz
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jodie Chandler
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Alexandra Schnell
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pratiksha I Thakore
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Graham LeGros
- Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Departments of Statistics and Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Vector Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane Mathis
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Christophe Benoist
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Ngo VL, Abo H, Kuczma M, Szurek E, Moore N, Medina-Contreras O, Nusrat A, Merlin D, Gewirtz AT, Ignatowicz L, Denning TL. IL-36R signaling integrates innate and adaptive immune-mediated protection against enteropathogenic bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:27540-27548. [PMID: 33087566 PMCID: PMC7959549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004484117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic bacterial infections are a global health issue associated with high mortality, particularly in developing countries. Efficient host protection against enteropathogenic bacterial infection is characterized by coordinated responses between immune and nonimmune cells. In response to infection in mice, innate immune cells are activated to produce interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-22, which promote antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production and bacterial clearance. IL-36 cytokines are proinflammatory IL-1 superfamily members, yet their role in enteropathogenic bacterial infection remains poorly defined. Using the enteric mouse pathogen, C.rodentium, we demonstrate that signaling via IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) orchestrates a crucial innate-adaptive immune link to control bacterial infection. IL-36R-deficient mice (Il1rl2-/- ) exhibited significant impairment in expression of IL-22 and AMPs, increased intestinal damage, and failed to contain C. rodentium compared to controls. These defects were associated with failure to induce IL-23 and IL-6, two key IL-22 inducers in the early and late phases of infection, respectively. Treatment of Il1rl2-/- mice with IL-23 during the early phase of C. rodentium infection rescued IL-22 production from group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), whereas IL-6 administration during the late phase rescued IL-22-mediated production from CD4+ T cell, and both treatments protected Il1rl2-/- mice from uncontained infection. Furthermore, IL-36R-mediated IL-22 production by CD4+ T cells was dependent upon NFκB-p65 and IL-6 expression in dendritic cells (DCs), as well as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression by CD4+ T cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the IL-36 signaling pathway integrates innate and adaptive immunity leading to host defense against enteropathogenic bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu L Ngo
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Hirohito Abo
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Michal Kuczma
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Edyta Szurek
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Nora Moore
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | | | - Asma Nusrat
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Didier Merlin
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Andrew T Gewirtz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Leszek Ignatowicz
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303
| | - Timothy L Denning
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303;
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9
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Mizuno CM, Luong T, Cederstrom R, Krupovic M, Debarbieux L, Roach DR. Isolation and Characterization of Bacteriophages That Infect Citrobacter rodentium, a Model Pathogen for Intestinal Diseases. Viruses 2020; 12:E737. [PMID: 32650458 PMCID: PMC7412075 DOI: 10.3390/v12070737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a major pathogen for diarrheal diseases among children. Antibiotics, when used appropriately, are effective; however, their overuse and misuse have led to the rise of antibiotic resistance worldwide. Thus, there are renewed efforts into the development of phage therapy as an alternative antibacterial therapy. Because EPEC in vivo models have shortcomings, a surrogate is used to study the mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium in animal models. In this study, two new phages CrRp3 and CrRp10, which infect C. rodentium, were isolated and characterized. CrRp3 was found to be a new species within the genus Vectrevirus, and CrRp10 is a new strain within the species Escherichia virus Ime09, in the genus Tequatrovirus. Both phages appear to have independently evolved from E. coli phages, rather than other Citrobacter spp. phages. Neither phage strain carries known genes associated with bacterial virulence, antibiotic resistance, or lysogeny. CrRp3 is more potent, having a 24-fold faster adsorption rate and shorter lytic cycle when compared to the same properties of CrRp10. However, a lysis curve analysis revealed that CrRp10 prevented growth of C. rodentium for 18 h, whereas resistance developed against CrRp3 within 9 h. We also show that hypoxic (5% oxygen) conditions decreased CrRp3 ability to control bacterial densities in culture. In contrast, low oxygen conditions did not affect CrRp10 ability to replicate on C. rodentium. Together, CrRp10 is likely to be the better candidate for future phage therapy investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M. Mizuno
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.M.M.); (M.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Tiffany Luong
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (T.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Robert Cederstrom
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (T.L.); (R.C.)
| | - Mart Krupovic
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.M.M.); (M.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Laurent Debarbieux
- Department of Microbiology, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; (C.M.M.); (M.K.); (L.D.)
| | - Dwayne R. Roach
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA; (T.L.); (R.C.)
- Viral Information Institute, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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10
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Kumar A, Russell RM, Pifer R, Menezes-Garcia Z, Cuesta S, Narayanan S, MacMillan JB, Sperandio V. The Serotonin Neurotransmitter Modulates Virulence of Enteric Pathogens. Cell Host Microbe 2020; 28:41-53.e8. [PMID: 32521224 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2020.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis is crucial to microbial-host interactions. The neurotransmitter serotonin is primarily synthesized in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, where it is secreted into the lumen and subsequently removed by the serotonin transporter, SERT. Here, we show that serotonin decreases virulence gene expression by enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Citrobacter rodentium, a murine model for EHEC. The membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase, CpxA, is a bacterial serotonin receptor. Serotonin induces dephosphorylation of CpxA, which inactivates the transcriptional factor CpxR controlling expression of virulence genes, notably those within the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE). Increasing intestinal serotonin by genetically or pharmacologically inhibiting SERT decreases LEE expression and reduces C. rodentium loads. Conversely, inhibiting serotonin synthesis increases pathogenesis and decreases host survival. As other enteric bacteria contain CpxA, this signal exploitation may be engaged by other pathogens. Additionally, repurposing serotonin agonists to inhibit CpxA may represent a potential therapeutic intervention for enteric bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Kumar
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Regan M Russell
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Reed Pifer
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Zelia Menezes-Garcia
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Santiago Cuesta
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sanjeev Narayanan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - John B MacMillan
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Vanessa Sperandio
- Department of Microbiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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11
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Roubaud-Baudron C, Ruiz VE, Swan AM, Vallance BA, Ozkul C, Pei Z, Li J, Battaglia TW, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ. Long-Term Effects of Early-Life Antibiotic Exposure on Resistance to Subsequent Bacterial Infection. mBio 2019; 10:e02820-19. [PMID: 31874917 PMCID: PMC6935859 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02820-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-life antibiotic exposure may provoke long-lasting microbiota perturbation. Since a healthy gut microbiota confers resistance to enteric pathogens, we hypothesized that early-life antibiotic exposure would worsen the effects of a bacterial infection encountered as an adult. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice received a 5-day course of tylosin (macrolide), amoxicillin (β-lactam), or neither (control) early in life and were challenged with Citrobacter rodentium up to 80 days thereafter. The early-life antibiotic course led to persistent alterations in the intestinal microbiota and even with pathogen challenge 80 days later worsened the subsequent colitis. Compared to exposure to amoxicillin, exposure to tylosin led to greater disease severity and microbiota perturbation. Transferring the antibiotic-perturbed microbiota to germfree animals led to worsened colitis, indicating that the perturbed microbiota was sufficient for the increased disease susceptibility. These experiments highlight the long-term effects of early-life antibiotic exposure on susceptibility to acquired pathogens.IMPORTANCE The gastrointestinal microbiota protects hosts from enteric infections; while antibiotics, by altering the microbiota, may diminish this protection. We show that after early-life exposure to antibiotics host susceptibility to enhanced Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis is persistent and that this enhanced disease susceptibility is transferable by the antibiotic-altered microbiota. These results strongly suggest that early-life antibiotics have long-term consequences on the gut microbiota and enteropathogen infection susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Roubaud-Baudron
- CHU Bordeaux, Pôle de Gérontologie Clinique, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, UMR1053 Bordeaux Research in Translational Oncology, BaRITOn, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Victoria E Ruiz
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Biology, St. Francis College, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Alexander M Swan
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ceren Ozkul
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Hacettepe University School of Pharmacy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zhiheng Pei
- Department of Pathology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jackie Li
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas W Battaglia
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Martin J Blaser
- Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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12
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Xia X, Liu Y, Hodgson A, Xu D, Guo W, Yu H, She W, Zhou C, Lan L, Fu K, Vallance BA, Wan F. EspF is crucial for Citrobacter rodentium-induced tight junction disruption and lethality in immunocompromised animals. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007898. [PMID: 31251784 PMCID: PMC6623547 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Attaching/Effacing (A/E) bacteria include human pathogens enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), and their murine equivalent Citrobacter rodentium (CR), of which EPEC and EHEC are important causative agents of foodborne diseases worldwide. While A/E pathogen infections cause mild symptoms in the immunocompetent hosts, an increasing number of studies show that they produce more severe morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised and/or immunodeficient hosts. However, the pathogenic mechanisms and crucial host-pathogen interactions during A/E pathogen infections under immunocompromised conditions remain elusive. We performed a functional screening by infecting interleukin-22 (IL-22) knockout (Il22-/-) mice with a library of randomly mutated CR strains. Our screen reveals that interruption of the espF gene, which encodes the Type III Secretion System effector EspF (E. coli secreted protein F) conserved among A/E pathogens, completely abolishes the high mortality rates in CR-infected Il22-/- mice. Chromosomal deletion of espF in CR recapitulates the avirulent phenotype without impacting colonization and proliferation of CR, and EspF complement in ΔespF strain fully restores the virulence in mice. Moreover, the expression levels of the espF gene are elevated during CR infection and CR induces disruption of the tight junction (TJ) strands in colonic epithelium in an EspF-dependent manner. Distinct from EspF, chromosomal deletion of other known TJ-damaging effector genes espG and map failed to impede CR virulence in Il22-/- mice. Hence our findings unveil a critical pathophysiological function for EspF during CR infection in the immunocompromised host and provide new insights into the complex pathogenic mechanisms of A/E pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Xia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Andrea Hodgson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Dongqing Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Wenxuan Guo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Hongbing Yu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC's Children's Hospital and Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Weifeng She
- Eudowood Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Chenxing Zhou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Lei Lan
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Kai Fu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC's Children's Hospital and Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Fengyi Wan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
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13
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Forgie AJ, Gao Y, Ju T, Pepin DM, Yang K, Gänzle MG, Ozga JA, Chan CB, Willing BP. Pea polyphenolics and hydrolysis processing alter microbial community structure and early pathogen colonization in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2019; 67:101-110. [PMID: 30877891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Health benefits associated with pea consumption have been attributed to the fiber and polyphenolic content concentrated within the pea seed coat. However, the amount of pea polyphenols can vary between cultivars, and it has yet to be studied whether pea polyphenols impact the intestinal microbiota. We hypothesized that pea polyphenols promote a healthy microbiome that supports intestinal integrity and pathogen colonization resistance. To investigate the effects of pea polyphenols, pea cultivars rich and poor in proanthocyanidins were supplemented in raw or acid hydrolyzed form to an isocaloric diet in mice. Acid hydrolysis increases the absorption of pea polyphenols by cleaving polymeric proanthocyanidins to their readily absorbable anthocyanidin monomers. After 3 weeks of diet, mice were challenged with Citrobacter rodentium and pathogen colonization and inflammation were assessed. Counter to our hypothesis, pea seed coat fraction supplementation, especially the non-hydrolyzed proanthocyanidin-rich fraction diet adversely increased C. rodentium pathogen load and inflammation. Ileal, cecal and colon microbial communities were notably distinct between pea seed cultivar and hydrolysis processing. The consumption of intact proanthocyanidins decreased microbial diversity indicating that proanthocyanidins have antimicrobial properties. Together our results indicate supplementation of raw pea seed coat rich in proanthocyanidins adversely affect intestinal integrity. However, acid hydrolysis processing restored community structure and colonization resistance, and the anthocyanidin-rich fractions reduced weight gain on a high fat diet. Establishing a clear understanding of the effects of pea fiber and polyphenolic form on health will help to develop research-based pea products and dietary recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Forgie
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Yanhua Gao
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tingting Ju
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Deanna M Pepin
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kaiyuan Yang
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael G Gänzle
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Jocelyn A Ozga
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Catherine B Chan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Benjamin P Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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14
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Solaymani-Mohammadi S, Berzofsky JA. Interleukin 21 collaborates with interferon-γ for the optimal expression of interferon-stimulated genes and enhances protection against enteric microbial infection. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007614. [PMID: 30818341 PMCID: PMC6413951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosal surface of the intestinal tract represents a major entry route for many microbes. Despite recent progress in the understanding of the IL-21/IL-21R signaling axis in the generation of germinal center B cells, the roles played by this signaling pathway in the context of enteric microbial infections is not well-understood. Here, we demonstrate that Il21r-/- mice are more susceptible to colonic microbial infection, and in the process discovered that the IL-21/IL-21R signaling axis surprisingly collaborates with the IFN-γ/IFN-γR signaling pathway to enhance the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) required for protection, via amplifying activation of STAT1 in mucosal CD4+ T cells in a murine model of Citrobacter rodentium colitis. As expected, conditional deletion of STAT3 in CD4+ T cells indicated that STAT3 also contributed importantly to host defense against C. rodentium infection in the colon. However, the collaboration between IL-21 and IFN-γ to enhance the phosphorylation of STAT1 and upregulate ISGs was independent of STAT3. Unveiling this previously unreported crosstalk between these two cytokine networks and their downstream genes induced will provide insight into the development of novel therapeutic targets for colonic infections, inflammatory bowel disease, and promotion of mucosal vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Solaymani-Mohammadi
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSM); (JAB)
| | - Jay A. Berzofsky
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SSM); (JAB)
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15
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Wang B, Lim JH, Kajikawa T, Li X, Vallance BA, Moutsopoulos NM, Chavakis T, Hajishengallis G. Macrophage β2-Integrins Regulate IL-22 by ILC3s and Protect from Lethal Citrobacter rodentium-Induced Colitis. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1614-1626.e5. [PMID: 30726742 PMCID: PMC6404229 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
β2-integrins promote neutrophil recruitment to infected tissues and are crucial for host defense. Neutrophil recruitment is defective in leukocyte adhesion deficiency type-1 (LAD1), a condition caused by mutations in the CD18 (β2-integrin) gene. Using a model of Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced colitis, we show that CD18-/- mice display increased intestinal damage and systemic bacterial burden, compared to littermate controls, ultimately succumbing to infection. This phenotype is not attributed to defective neutrophil recruitment, as it is shared by CXCR2-/- mice that survive CR infection. CR-infected CD18-/- mice feature prominent upregulation of IL-17 and downregulation of IL-22. Exogenous IL-22 administration, but not endogenous IL-17 neutralization, protects CD18-/- mice from lethal colitis. β2-integrin expression on macrophages is mechanistically linked to Rac1/ROS-mediated induction of noncanonical-NLRP3 (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3) inflammasome-dependent IL-1β production, which promotes ILC3-derived IL-22. Therefore, β2-integrins are required for protective IL-1β-dependent IL-22 responses in colitis, and the identified mechanism may underlie the association of human LAD1 with colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Wang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Jong-Hyung Lim
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tetsuhiro Kajikawa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | | | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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16
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Choksi YA, Reddy VK, Singh K, Barrett CW, Short SP, Parang B, Keating CE, Thompson JJ, Verriere TG, Brown RE, Piazuelo MB, Bader DM, Washington MK, Mittal MK, Brand T, Gobert AP, Coburn LA, Wilson KT, Williams CS. BVES is required for maintenance of colonic epithelial integrity in experimental colitis by modifying intestinal permeability. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1363-1374. [PMID: 29907869 PMCID: PMC6162166 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES), or POPDC1, is a tight junction-associated transmembrane protein that modulates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) via junctional signaling pathways. There have been no in vivo studies investigating the role of BVES in colitis. We hypothesized that BVES is critical for maintaining colonic epithelial integrity. At baseline, Bves-/- mouse colons demonstrate increased crypt height, elevated proliferation, decreased apoptosis, altered intestinal lineage allocation, and dysregulation of tight junctions with functional deficits in permeability and altered intestinal immunity. Bves-/- mice inoculated with Citrobacter rodentium had greater colonic injury, increased colonic and mesenteric lymph node bacterial colonization, and altered immune responses after infection. We propose that increased bacterial colonization and translocation result in amplified immune responses and worsened injury. Similarly, dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) treatment resulted in greater histologic injury in Bves-/- mice. Two different human cell lines (Caco2 and HEK293Ts) co-cultured with enteropathogenic E. coli showed increased attaching/effacing lesions in the absence of BVES. Finally, BVES mRNA levels were reduced in human ulcerative colitis (UC) biopsy specimens. Collectively, these studies suggest that BVES plays a protective role both in ulcerative and infectious colitis and identify BVES as a critical protector of colonic mucosal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash A Choksi
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Vishruth K Reddy
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kshipra Singh
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Caitlyn W Barrett
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sarah P Short
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Bobak Parang
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Cody E Keating
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua J Thompson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas G Verriere
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rachel E Brown
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Blanca Piazuelo
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - David M Bader
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - M Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mukul K Mittal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Thomas Brand
- Developmental Dynamics, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Alain P Gobert
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lori A Coburn
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Keith T Wilson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Christopher S Williams
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Health Care System, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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17
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Maltz RM, Keirsey J, Kim SC, Mackos AR, Gharaibeh RZ, Moore CC, Xu J, Bakthavatchalu V, Somogyi A, Bailey MT. Prolonged restraint stressor exposure in outbred CD-1 mice impacts microbiota, colonic inflammation, and short chain fatty acids. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196961. [PMID: 29742146 PMCID: PMC5942810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressor-exposure has been shown to exacerbate inflammation and change the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota; however stressor-induced effects on microbiota-derived metabolites and their receptors are unknown. Thus, bacterial-produced short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as well as microbial community composition, were assessed in the colons of mice exposed to stress during infection with Citrobacter rodentium. Mice were exposed to overnight restraint on 7 consecutive nights, or left undisturbed as a control. After the first exposure of restraint, mice were orally challenged with C. rodentium or with vehicle. Microbial community composition was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and SCFA levels measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Pathogen levels and colonic inflammation were also assessed 6 days post-infection. Results demonstrated that the microbial community structure and SCFA production were significantly affected by both stressor exposure and C. rodentium-infection. Exposure to prolonged restraint in the absence of infection significantly reduced SCFAs (acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid). Multiple bacterial taxa were affected by stressor exposure, with the relative abundance of Lactobacillus being significantly reduced and directly correlated with propionic acid. Lactobacillus abundances were inversely correlated with colonic inflammation, supporting the contention that Lactobacillus helps to regulate mucosal inflammatory responses. Our data indicates that restraint stressor can have significant effects on pathogen-induced colonic inflammation and suggest that stressor-induced changes in the microbiota, microbial-produced SCFAs and their receptors may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M. Maltz
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Jeremy Keirsey
- Campus Chemical Instrumentation Center Mass Spec and Proteomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Sandra C. Kim
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Amy R. Mackos
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Raad Z. Gharaibeh
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- Bioinformatics Services Division, Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Kannapolis, NC, United States of America
| | - Cathy C. Moore
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Jinyu Xu
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Vasudevan Bakthavatchalu
- The Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Arpad Somogyi
- Campus Chemical Instrumentation Center Mass Spec and Proteomics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States of America
| | - Michael T. Bailey
- Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, United States of America
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18
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Kang E, Zhou G, Yousefi M, Cayrol R, Xia J, Gruenheid S. Loss of disease tolerance during Citrobacter rodentium infection is associated with impaired epithelial differentiation and hyperactivation of T cell responses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:847. [PMID: 29339782 PMCID: PMC5770458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17386-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an intestinal mouse pathogen widely used as a model to study the mucosal response to infection. Inbred mouse strains suffer one of two fates following infection: self-limiting colitis or fatal diarrheal disease. We previously reported that Rspo2 is a major genetic determinant of the outcome of C. rodentium infection; Rspo2 induction during infection of susceptible mice leads to loss of intestinal function and mortality. Rspo2 induction does not impact bacterial colonization, but rather, impedes the ability of the host to tolerate C. rodentium infection. Here, we performed deep RNA sequencing and systematically analyzed the global gene expression profiles of C. rodentium-infected colon tissues from susceptible and resistant congenic mice strains to determine the common responses to infection and the Rspo2-mediated dysfunction pathway signatures associated with loss of disease tolerance. Our results highlight changes in metabolism, tissue remodeling, and host defence as common responses to infection. Conversely, increased Wnt and stem cell signatures, loss of epithelial differentiation, and exaggerated CD4+ T cell activation through increased antigen processing and presentation were specifically associated with the response to infection in susceptible mice. These data provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying intestinal dysfunction and disease tolerance during C. rodentium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Kang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Guangyan Zhou
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mitra Yousefi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Romain Cayrol
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jianguo Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Sainte Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Samantha Gruenheid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
- McGill University Research Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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19
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Acuff NV, Li X, Latha K, Nagy T, Watford WT. Tpl2 Promotes Innate Cell Recruitment and Effector T Cell Differentiation To Limit Citrobacter rodentium Burden and Dissemination. Infect Immun 2017; 85:e00193-17. [PMID: 28760932 PMCID: PMC5607429 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00193-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a serine-threonine kinase that regulates Th1 differentiation, secretion of the inflammatory cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and host defense against the intracellular pathogens Toxoplasma gondii, Listeria monocytogenes, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis However, relatively little is known about the contribution of Tpl2 to Th17 differentiation and immune cell function during infection with an extracellular pathogen. The goal of this study was to determine whether Tpl2 influences the immune response generated to the extracellular bacterium Citrobacter rodentium, which induces a mixed Th1 and Th17 response. During peak infection with C. rodentium, Tpl2-/- mice experienced greater bacterial burdens with evidence of dissemination to the liver and spleen but ultimately cleared the bacteria within 3 weeks postinfection, similar to the findings for wild-type mice. Tpl2-/- mice also recruited fewer neutrophils and monocytes to the colon during peak infection, which correlated with increased bacterial burdens. In mixed bone marrow chimeras, Tpl2 was shown to play a T cell-intrinsic role in promoting both IFN-γ and interleukin-17A production during infection with C. rodentium However, upon CD4 T cell transfer into Rag-/- mice, Tpl2-/- CD4 T cells were as protective as wild-type CD4 T cells against the dissemination of bacteria and mortality. These data indicate that the enhanced bacterial burdens in Tpl2-/- mice are not caused primarily by impairments in CD4 T cell function but result from defects in innate immune cell recruitment and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole V Acuff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Krishna Latha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Tamas Nagy
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Wendy T Watford
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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20
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Tsai PY, Zhang B, He WQ, Zha JM, Odenwald MA, Singh G, Tamura A, Shen L, Sailer A, Yeruva S, Kuo WT, Fu YX, Tsukita S, Turner JR. IL-22 Upregulates Epithelial Claudin-2 to Drive Diarrhea and Enteric Pathogen Clearance. Cell Host Microbe 2017; 21:671-681.e4. [PMID: 28618266 PMCID: PMC5541253 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diarrhea is a host response to enteric pathogens, but its impact on pathogenesis remains poorly defined. By infecting mice with the attaching and effacing bacteria Citrobacter rodentium, we defined the mechanisms and contributions of diarrhea and intestinal barrier loss to host defense. Increased permeability occurred within 2 days of infection and coincided with IL-22-dependent upregulation of the epithelial tight junction protein claudin-2. Permeability increases were limited to small molecules, as expected for the paracellular water and Na+ channel formed by claudin-2. Relative to wild-type, claudin-2-deficient mice experienced severe disease, including increased mucosal colonization by C. rodentium, prolonged pathogen shedding, exaggerated cytokine responses, and greater tissue injury. Conversely, transgenic claudin-2 overexpression reduced disease severity. Chemically induced osmotic diarrhea reduced colitis severity and C. rodentium burden in claudin-2-deficient, but not transgenic, mice, demonstrating that claudin-2-mediated protection is the result of enhanced water efflux. Thus, IL-22-induced claudin-2 upregulation drives diarrhea and pathogen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yun Tsai
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Bingkun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Nutrition & Feed Science, College of Animal Science & Technology, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Wei-Qi He
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Juan-Min Zha
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Cambridge-Suda (CAM-SU) Genome Resource Center, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Matthew A Odenwald
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Gurminder Singh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Atsushi Tamura
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Le Shen
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Anne Sailer
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sunil Yeruva
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wei-Ting Kuo
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yang-Xin Fu
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Sachiko Tsukita
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences and Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jerrold R Turner
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, 5841 South Maryland, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Departments of Pathology and Medicine (Gastroenterology), Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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21
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Buschor S, Cuenca M, Uster SS, Schären OP, Balmer ML, Terrazos MA, Schürch CM, Hapfelmeier S. Innate immunity restricts Citrobacter rodentium A/E pathogenesis initiation to an early window of opportunity. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006476. [PMID: 28662171 PMCID: PMC5507559 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium infection is a mouse model for the important human diarrheal infection caused by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC). The pathogenesis of both species is very similar and depends on their unique ability to form intimately epithelium-adherent microcolonies, also known as "attachment/effacement" (A/E) lesions. These microcolonies must be dynamic and able to self-renew by continuous re-infection of the rapidly regenerating epithelium. It is unknown whether sustained epithelial A/E lesion pathogenesis is achieved through re-infection by planktonic bacteria from the luminal compartment or local spread of sessile bacteria without a planktonic phase. Focusing on the earliest events as C. rodentium becomes established, we show here that all colonic epithelial A/E microcolonies are clonal bacterial populations, and thus depend on local clonal growth to persist. In wild-type mice, microcolonies are established exclusively within the first 18 hours of infection. These early events shape the ongoing intestinal geography and severity of infection despite the continuous presence of phenotypically virulent luminal bacteria. Mechanistically, induced resistance to A/E lesion de-novo formation is mediated by TLR-MyD88/Trif-dependent signaling and is induced specifically by virulent C. rodentium in a virulence gene-dependent manner. Our data demonstrate that the establishment phase of C. rodentium pathogenesis in vivo is restricted to a very short window of opportunity that determines both disease geography and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Buschor
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Miguelangel Cuenca
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie S. Uster
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Olivier P. Schären
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School GCB, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Maria L. Balmer
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Miguel A. Terrazos
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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22
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Bording-Jorgensen M, Alipour M, Danesh G, Wine E. Inflammasome Activation by ATP Enhances Citrobacter rodentium Clearance through ROS Generation. Cell Physiol Biochem 2017; 41:193-204. [PMID: 28132060 DOI: 10.1159/000455988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nod-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) is an important cytosolic sensor of cellular stress and infection. Once activated, NLRP3 forms a multiprotein complex (inflammasome) that triggers the maturation and secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18. We aimed to define the consequences of NLRP3 induction, utilizing exogenous adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an inflammasome activator, to determine if inflammasome activation increases macrophage killing of Citrobacter rodentium and define mechanisms. METHODS Bacterial survival was measured using a gentamicin protection assay. Inflammasome activation or inhibition in mouse J774A.1 macrophages were assessed by measuring IL-1β; cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by ELISA and DCFDA, respectively. RESULTS Activation of the inflammasome increased bacterial killing by macrophages and its inhibition attenuated this effect with no impact on phagocytosis or cell death. Furthermore, inflammasome activation suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines during infection, possibly due to more effective bacterial killing. While the infection increased ROS production, this effect was reduced by inflammasome inhibitors, indicating that ROS is inflammasome-dependent. ROS inhibitors increased bacterial survival in the presence of ATP, suggesting that inflammasome-induced bacterial killing is mediated, at least in part, by ROS activity. CONCLUSION Improving inflammasome activity during infection may increase bacterial clearance by macrophages and reduce subsequent microbe-induced inflammation.
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23
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Brown K, Zaytsoff SJM, Uwiera RRE, Inglis GD. Antimicrobial growth promoters modulate host responses in mice with a defined intestinal microbiota. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38377. [PMID: 27929072 PMCID: PMC5144068 DOI: 10.1038/srep38377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics can promote growth in livestock (antimicrobial growth promoters, AGPs), however lack of knowledge regarding mechanisms has hampered the development of effective non-antibiotic alternatives. Antibiotics affect eukaryotic cells at therapeutic concentrations, yet effects of AGPs on host physiology are relatively understudied, partially due to the complexity of host-microorganism interactions within the gastrointestinal tract. To determine the direct effects of AGPs on the host, we generated Altered Schaedler Flora (ASF) mice, and administered chlortetracycline (CTC) and tylosin phosphate (TYL) in feed. Mice were challenged with Citrobacter rodentium to determine how AGPs alter host responses to physiological stress. Although CTC and TYL had inconsistent effects on the ASF taxa, AGPs protected mice from weight loss following C. rodentium inoculation. Mice treated with either CTC or TYL had lower expression of βd1 and Il17a in the intestine and had a robust induction of Il17a and Il10. Furthermore, AGP administration resulted in a lower hepatic expression of acute phase proteins (Saa1, Hp, and Cp) in liver tissue, and ameliorated C. rodentium-induced reductions in the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis (Hmgcl and Fabp1). Collectively, this indicates that AGPs directly affect host physiology, and highlights important considerations in the development of non-antibiotic alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Brown
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Sarah J. M. Zaytsoff
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Richard R. E. Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, 410 Agriculture/Forestry Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 5403-1st Avenue S, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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24
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Falcone EL, Abusleme L, Swamydas M, Lionakis MS, Ding L, Hsu AP, Zelazny AM, Moutsopoulos NM, Kuhns DB, Deming C, Quiñones M, Segre JA, Bryant CE, Holland SM. Colitis susceptibility in p47(phox-/-) mice is mediated by the microbiome. Microbiome 2016; 4:13. [PMID: 27044504 PMCID: PMC4820915 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-016-0159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is caused by defects in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 (NOX2) complex subunits (gp91(phox) (a.k.a. Nox2), p47(phox), p67(phox), p22(phox), p40(phox)) leading to reduced phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species production. Almost half of patients with CGD develop inflammatory bowel disease, and the involvement of the intestinal microbiome in relation to this predisposing immunodeficiency has not been explored. RESULTS Although CGD mice do not spontaneously develop colitis, we demonstrate that p47(phox-/-) mice have increased susceptibility to dextran sodium sulfate colitis in association with a distinct colonic transcript and microbiome signature. Neither restoring NOX2 reactive oxygen species production nor normalizing the microbiome using cohoused adult p47(phox-/-) with B6Tac (wild type) mice reversed this phenotype. However, breeding p47(phox+/-) mice and standardizing the microflora between littermate p47(phox-/-) and B6Tac mice from birth significantly reduced dextran sodium sulfate colitis susceptibility in p47(phox-/-) mice. We found similarly decreased colitis susceptibility in littermate p47(phox-/-) and B6Tac mice treated with Citrobacter rodentium. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the microbiome signature established at birth may play a bigger role than phagocyte-derived reactive oxygen species in mediating colitis susceptibility in CGD mice. These data further support bacteria-related disease in CGD colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Liana Falcone
- />Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Loreto Abusleme
- />Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- />Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Michail S. Lionakis
- />Fungal Pathogenesis Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Li Ding
- />Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Amy P. Hsu
- />Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Adrian M. Zelazny
- />Microbiology Service, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Niki M. Moutsopoulos
- />Oral Immunity and Inflammation Unit, Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Douglas B. Kuhns
- />Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD USA
| | - Clay Deming
- />Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Mariam Quiñones
- />Bioinformatics and Computational Bioscience Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Julia A. Segre
- />Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Clare E. Bryant
- />Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven M. Holland
- />Immunopathogenesis Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
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25
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Giacomin PR, Moy RH, Noti M, Osborne LC, Siracusa MC, Alenghat T, Liu B, McCorkell KA, Troy AE, Rak GD, Hu Y, May MJ, Ma HL, Fouser LA, Sonnenberg GF, Artis D. Epithelial-intrinsic IKKα expression regulates group 3 innate lymphoid cell responses and antibacterial immunity. J Exp Med 2015; 212:1513-28. [PMID: 26371187 PMCID: PMC4577836 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20141831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are critical for maintaining epithelial barrier integrity at mucosal surfaces; however, the tissue-specific factors that regulate ILC responses remain poorly characterized. Using mice with intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific deletions in either inhibitor of κB kinase (IKK)α or IKKβ, two critical regulators of NFκB activation, we demonstrate that IEC-intrinsic IKKα expression selectively regulates group 3 ILC (ILC3)-dependent antibacterial immunity in the intestine. Although IKKβ(ΔIEC) mice efficiently controlled Citrobacter rodentium infection, IKKα(ΔIEC) mice exhibited severe intestinal inflammation, increased bacterial dissemination to peripheral organs, and increased host mortality. Consistent with weakened innate immunity to C. rodentium, IKKα(ΔIEC) mice displayed impaired IL-22 production by RORγt(+) ILC3s, and therapeutic delivery of rIL-22 or transfer of sort-purified IL-22-competent ILCs from control mice could protect IKKα(ΔIEC) mice from C. rodentium-induced morbidity. Defective ILC3 responses in IKKα(ΔIEC) mice were associated with overproduction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) by IECs, which negatively regulated IL-22 production by ILC3s and impaired innate immunity to C. rodentium. IEC-intrinsic IKKα expression was similarly critical for regulation of intestinal inflammation after chemically induced intestinal damage and colitis. Collectively, these data identify a previously unrecognized role for epithelial cell-intrinsic IKKα expression and TSLP in regulating ILC3 responses required to maintain intestinal barrier immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Giacomin
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ryan H Moy
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Mario Noti
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - Mark C Siracusa
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Bigang Liu
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957
| | - Kelly A McCorkell
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Amy E Troy
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Gregory D Rak
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yinling Hu
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Michael J May
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Hak-Ling Ma
- Inflammation and Immunology-Pfizer Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02140
| | - Lynette A Fouser
- Inflammation and Immunology-Pfizer Biotherapeutics Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02140
| | - Gregory F Sonnenberg
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021
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Aychek T, Mildner A, Yona S, Kim KW, Lampl N, Reich-Zeliger S, Boon L, Yogev N, Waisman A, Cua DJ, Jung S. IL-23-mediated mononuclear phagocyte crosstalk protects mice from Citrobacter rodentium-induced colon immunopathology. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6525. [PMID: 25761673 PMCID: PMC4382688 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut homeostasis and mucosal immune defense rely on the differential contributions of dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages. Here we show that colonic CX3CR1(+) mononuclear phagocytes are critical inducers of the innate response to Citrobacter rodentium infection. Specifically, the absence of IL-23 expression in macrophages or CD11b(+) DC results in the impairment of IL-22 production and in acute lethality. Highlighting immunopathology as a death cause, infected animals are rescued by the neutralization of IL-12 or IFNγ. Moreover, mice are also protected when the CD103(+) CD11b(-) DC compartment is rendered deficient for IL-12 production. We show that IL-12 production by colonic CD103(+) CD11b(-) DC is repressed by IL-23. Collectively, in addition to its role in inducing IL-22 production, macrophage-derived or CD103(-) CD11b(+) DC-derived IL-23 is required to negatively control the otherwise deleterious production of IL-12 by CD103(+) CD11b(-) DC. Impairment of this critical mononuclear phagocyte crosstalk results in the generation of IFNγ-producing former TH17 cells and fatal immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tegest Aychek
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alexander Mildner
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Simon Yona
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ki-Wook Kim
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nardy Lampl
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Louis Boon
- Bioceros, Yalelaan 46, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nir Yogev
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ari Waisman
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Cua
- Merck Research Laboratories, 901 South California Avenue, Palo Alto, California 94304-1104, USA
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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27
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Roberts ME, Bishop JL, Fan X, Beer JL, Kum WWS, Krebs DL, Huang M, Gill N, Priatel JJ, Finlay BB, Harder KW. Lyn deficiency leads to increased microbiota-dependent intestinal inflammation and susceptibility to enteric pathogens. J Immunol 2014; 193:5249-63. [PMID: 25339668 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Lyn tyrosine kinase governs the development and function of various immune cells, and its dysregulation has been linked to malignancy and autoimmunity. Using models of chemically induced colitis and enteric infection, we show that Lyn plays a critical role in regulating the intestinal microbiota and inflammatory responses as well as protection from enteric pathogens. Lyn(-/-) mice were highly susceptible to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis, characterized by significant wasting, rectal bleeding, colonic pathology, and enhanced barrier permeability. Increased DSS susceptibility in Lyn(-/-) mice required the presence of T but not B cells and correlated with dysbiosis and increased IFN-γ(+) and/or IL-17(+) colonic T cells. This dysbiosis was characterized by an expansion of segmented filamentous bacteria, associated with altered intestinal production of IL-22 and IgA, and was transmissible to wild-type mice, resulting in increased susceptibility to DSS. Lyn deficiency also resulted in an inability to control infection by the enteric pathogens Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Citrobacter rodentium. Lyn(-/-) mice exhibited profound cecal inflammation, bacterial dissemination, and morbidity following S. Typhimurium challenge and greater colonic inflammation throughout the course of C. rodentium infection. These results identify Lyn as a key regulator of the mucosal immune system, governing pathophysiology in multiple models of intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan E Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Xueling Fan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Beer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Winnie W S Kum
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; and
| | - Danielle L Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Morris Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Navkiran Gill
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; and
| | - John J Priatel
- Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - B Brett Finlay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada; and
| | - Kenneth W Harder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada;
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28
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Lupfer CR, Anand PK, Liu Z, Stokes KL, Vogel P, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. Reactive oxygen species regulate caspase-11 expression and activation of the non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome during enteric pathogen infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004410. [PMID: 25254654 PMCID: PMC4178001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic bacterial infections in humans are a severe cause of morbidity and mortality. Although NOD-like receptors (NLRs) NOD2 and NLRP3 have important roles in the generation of protective immune responses to enteric pathogens, whether there is crosstalk among NLRs to regulate immune signaling is not known. Here, we show that mice and macrophages deficient in NOD2, or the downstream adaptor RIP2, have enhanced NLRP3- and caspases-11-dependent non-canonical inflammasome activation in a mouse model of enteropathogenic Citrobacter rodentium infection. Mechanistically, NOD2 and RIP2 regulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Increased ROS in Rip2-deficient macrophages subsequently enhances c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling resulting in increased caspase-11 expression and activation, and more non-canonical NLRP3-dependant inflammasome activation. Intriguingly, this leads to protection of the colon epithelium for up to 10 days in Rip2-deficient mice infected with C. rodentium. Our findings designate NOD2 and RIP2 as key regulators of cellular ROS homeostasis and demonstrate for the first time that ROS regulates caspase-11 expression and non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation through the JNK pathway. Caspase-11 is required for NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cell death in response to certain gram-negative bacterial infections like Citrobacter rodentium. However, how C. rodentium drives caspase-11 expression and activation is not well understood. Here, we demonstrate that the NOD2-RIP2 pathway regulates reactive oxygen species production and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling to control caspase-11 expression and subsequent activation of caspase-11 and the NLRP3 inflammasome during C. rodentium infection. In the absence of NOD2-RIP2 signaling, increased inflammasome activation results in lower bacteria numbers in the colon and less tissue damage during the early stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Lupfer
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Paras K. Anand
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Zhiping Liu
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kate L. Stokes
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Peter Vogel
- Veterinary Pathology Department, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- Department of Medical Protein Research, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biochemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thirumala-Devi Kanneganti
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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29
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Li X, Wang Q, Xu H, Tao L, Lu J, Cai L, Wang C. Somatostatin regulates tight junction proteins expression in colitis mice. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:2153-2162. [PMID: 24966923 PMCID: PMC4069911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Tight junction plays a critical role in intestinal defence. The alteration and perturbation of tight junction proteins could induce intestine barrier damage, and lead to the malabsorption of electrolytes and water. Previous studies had showed that colonic infection and inflammation could lead to the alteration of tight junction function, and somatostatin could protect intestinal epithelia. Thus, this study could explore that whether somatostatin could regulate tight junction in colitis mice. Colitis mice with diarrhea were induced by Citrobacter rodentium (CR) and Dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). In CR infected model, cladudin-1 and claudin-3 expression significantly decreased compared with the control mice (P<0.05); after octreotide treatment, claudin-1 and claudin-3 expression significantly increased compared with untreated CR infected mice (P<0.05). In DSS colitis model, occludin and claudin-3 expression significantly decreased compared with the control mice (P<0.05); and octreotide treatment could only significantly upregulate claudin-3 expression compared with untreated DSS colitis mice (P<0.05). To testify our results in vivo, we repeated the models in caco-2 cells by exposed with enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. Coli) and Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α). The results in vitro were consistent with in vivo study. The results suggested that somatostatin play a role in intestinal barrier protection by modulating tight junction proteins expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityGuoXue Street 37, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityGuoXue Street 37, Chengdu, China
| | - Hua Xu
- University of Arizona Health Science CenterTucson, Arizona
| | - Liping Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityGuoXue Street 37, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityGuoXue Street 37, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityGuoXue Street 37, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunhui Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityGuoXue Street 37, Chengdu, China
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30
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Chandrakesan P, Jakkula LUMR, Ahmed I, Roy B, Anant S, Umar S. Differential effects of β-catenin and NF-κB interplay in the regulation of cell proliferation, inflammation and tumorigenesis in response to bacterial infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79432. [PMID: 24278135 PMCID: PMC3836902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Both β-catenin and NF-κB have been implicated in our laboratory as candidate factors in driving proliferation in an in vivo model of Citrobacter rodentium (CR)-induced colonic crypt hyper-proliferation and hyperplasia. Herein, we test the hypothesis that β-catenin and not necessarily NF-κB regulates colonic crypt hyperplasia or tumorigenesis in response to CR infection. When C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) mice were infected with CR, sequential increases in proliferation at days 9 and 12 plateaued off at day 19 and paralleled increases in NF-κB signaling. In Tlr4−/− (KO) mice, a sequential but sustained proliferation which tapered off only marginally at day 19, was associated with TLR4-dependent and independent increases in NF-κB signaling. Similarly, increases in either activated or total β-catenin in the colonic crypts of WT mice as early as day 3 post-infection coincided with cyclinD1 and c-myc expression and associated crypt hyperplasia. In KO mice, a delayed kinetics associated predominantly with increases in non-phosphorylated (active) β-catenin coincided with increases in cyclinD1, c-myc and crypt hyperplasia. Interestingly, PKCζ-catalyzed Ser-9 phosphorylation and inactivation of GSK-3β and not loss of wild type APC protein accounted for β-catenin accumulation and nuclear translocation in either strain. In vitro studies with Wnt2b and Wnt5a further validated the interplay between the Wnt/β-catenin and NF-κB pathways, respectively. When WT or KO mice were treated with nanoparticle-encapsulated siRNA to β-catenin (si- β-Cat), almost complete loss of nuclear β-catenin coincided with concomitant decreases in CD44 and crypt hyperplasia without defects in NF-κB signaling. si-β-Cat treatment to ApcMin/+ mice attenuated CR-induced increases in β-catenin and CD44 that halted the growth of mutated crypts without affecting NF-κB signaling. The predominant β-catenin-induced crypt proliferation was further validated in a Castaneus strain (B6.CAST.11M) that exhibited significant crypt hyperplasia despite an attenuated NF-κB signaling. Thus, β-catenin and not necessarily NF-κB regulates crypt hyperplasia in response to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, United States of America
| | - Laxmi Uma Maheswar Rao Jakkula
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Ishfaq Ahmed
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Badal Roy
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Pearson JS, Giogha C, Ong SY, Kennedy CL, Kelly M, Robinson KS, Wong T, Mansell A, Riedmaier P, Oates CVL, Zaid A, Mühlen S, Crepin VF, Marches O, Ang CS, Williamson NA, O’Reilly LA, Bankovacki A, Nachbur U, Infusini G, Webb AI, Silke J, Strasser A, Frankel G, Hartland EL. A type III effector antagonizes death receptor signalling during bacterial gut infection. Nature 2013; 501:247-51. [PMID: 24025841 PMCID: PMC3836246 DOI: 10.1038/nature12524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Successful infection by enteric bacterial pathogens depends on the ability of the bacteria to colonize the gut, replicate in host tissues and disseminate to other hosts. Pathogens such as Salmonella, Shigella and enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic (EPEC and EHEC, respectively) Escherichia coli use a type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver virulence effector proteins into host cells during infection that promote colonization and interfere with antimicrobial host responses. Here we report that the T3SS effector NleB1 from EPEC binds to host cell death-domain-containing proteins and thereby inhibits death receptor signalling. Protein interaction studies identified FADD, TRADD and RIPK1 as binding partners of NleB1. NleB1 expressed ectopically or injected by the bacterial T3SS prevented Fas ligand or TNF-induced formation of the canonical death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) and proteolytic activation of caspase-8, an essential step in death-receptor-induced apoptosis. This inhibition depended on the N-acetylglucosamine transferase activity of NleB1, which specifically modified Arg 117 in the death domain of FADD. The importance of the death receptor apoptotic pathway to host defence was demonstrated using mice deficient in the FAS signalling pathway, which showed delayed clearance of the EPEC-like mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium and reversion to virulence of an nleB mutant. The activity of NleB suggests that EPEC and other attaching and effacing pathogens antagonize death-receptor-induced apoptosis of infected cells, thereby blocking a major antimicrobial host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn S Pearson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Cristina Giogha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sze Ying Ong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Catherine L Kennedy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle Kelly
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Keith S Robinson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Tania Wong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ashley Mansell
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Patrice Riedmaier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Clare VL Oates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Ali Zaid
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Sabrina Mühlen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Valerie F Crepin
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Olivier Marches
- Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Ching-Seng Ang
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicholas A Williamson
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Lorraine A O’Reilly
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Aleksandra Bankovacki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ueli Nachbur
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Infusini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew I Webb
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Strasser
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gad Frankel
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Elizabeth L Hartland
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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32
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Fattouh R, Guo CH, Lam GY, Gareau MG, Ngan BY, Glogauer M, Muise AM, Brumell JH. Rac2-deficiency leads to exacerbated and protracted colitis in response to Citrobacter rodentium infection. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61629. [PMID: 23613889 PMCID: PMC3628927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genetic-based studies have implicated a number of immune-related genes in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Our recent genetic studies showed that RAC2 is associated with human IBD; however, its role in disease pathogenesis is unclear. Given Rac2's importance in various fundamental immune cell processes, we investigated whether a defect in Rac2 may impair host immune responses in the intestine and promote disease in the context of an infection-based (Citrobacter rodentium) model of colitis. In response to infection, Rac2(-/-) mice showed i) worsened clinical symptoms (days 13-18), ii) increased crypt hyperplasia at days 11 and 22 (a time when crypt hyperplasia was largely resolved in wild-type mice; WT), and iii) marked mononuclear cell infiltration characterized by higher numbers of T (CD3(+)) cells (day 22), compared to WT-infected mice. Moreover, splenocytes harvested from infected Rac2(-/-) mice and stimulated in vitro with C. rodentium lysate produced considerably higher levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-17A. The augmented responses observed in Rac2(-/-) mice did not appear to stem from Rac2's role in NADPH oxidase-driven reactive oxygen species production as no differences in crypt hyperplasia, nor inflammation, were observed in infected NOX2(-/-) mice compared to WT. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that Rac2(-/-) mice develop more severe disease when subjected to a C. rodentium-induced model of infectious colitis, and suggest that impaired Rac2 function may promote the development of IBD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramzi Fattouh
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cong-Hui Guo
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Grace Y. Lam
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melanie G. Gareau
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bo-Yee Ngan
- Department of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aleixo M. Muise
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sickkids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John H. Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Sickkids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Osborne LC, Joyce KL, Alenghat T, Sonnenberg GF, Giacomin PR, Du Y, Bergstrom KS, Vallance BA, Nair MG. Resistin-like molecule α promotes pathogenic Th17 cell responses and bacterial-induced intestinal inflammation. J Immunol 2013; 190:2292-300. [PMID: 23355735 PMCID: PMC3601830 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Resistin-like molecule (RELM)α belongs to a family of secreted mammalian proteins that have putative immunomodulatory functions. Recent studies have identified a pathogenic role for RELMα in chemically induced colitis through effects on innate cell populations. However, whether RELMα regulates intestinal adaptive immunity to enteric pathogens is unknown. In this study, we employed Citrobacter rodentium as a physiologic model of pathogenic Escherichia coli-induced diarrheal disease, colitis, and Th17 cell responses. In response to Citrobacter, RELMα expression was induced in intestinal epithelial cells, infiltrating macrophages, and eosinophils of the infected colons. Citrobacter-infected RELMα(-/-) mice exhibited reduced infection-induced intestinal inflammation, characterized by decreased leukocyte recruitment to the colons and reduced immune cell activation compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Interestingly, Citrobacter colonization and clearance were unaffected in RELMα(-/-) mice, suggesting that the immune stimulatory effects of RELMα following Citrobacter infection were pathologic rather than host-protective. Furthermore, infected RELMα(-/-) mice exhibited decreased CD4(+) T cell expression of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-17A. To directly test whether RELMα promoted Citrobacter-induced intestinal inflammation via IL-17A, infected WT and IL-17A(-/-) mice were treated with rRELMα. RELMα treatment of Citrobacter-infected WT mice exacerbated intestinal inflammation and IL-17A expression whereas IL-17A(-/-) mice were protected from RELMα-induced intestinal inflammation. Finally, infected RELMα(-/-) mice exhibited reduced levels of serum IL-23p19 compared with WT mice, and RELMα(-/-) peritoneal macrophages showed deficient IL-23p19 induction. Taken together, these data identify a proinflammatory role for RELMα in bacterial-induced colitis and suggest that the IL-23/Th17 axis is a critical mediator of RELMα-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa C. Osborne
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Karen L. Joyce
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Gregory F. Sonnenberg
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Paul R. Giacomin
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Yurong Du
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Kirk S. Bergstrom
- Child and Family Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Bruce A. Vallance
- Child and Family Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC
| | - Meera G. Nair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA
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Shui JW, Larange A, Kim G, Vela JL, Zahner S, Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M. HVEM signalling at mucosal barriers provides host defence against pathogenic bacteria. Nature 2012; 488:222-5. [PMID: 22801499 PMCID: PMC3477500 DOI: 10.1038/nature11242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a member of the tumour-necrosis factor receptor family, has diverse functions, augmenting or inhibiting the immune response. HVEM was recently reported as a colitis risk locus in patients, and in a mouse model of colitis we demonstrated an anti-inflammatory role for HVEM, but its mechanism of action in the mucosal immune system was unknown. Here we report an important role for epithelial HVEM in innate mucosal defence against pathogenic bacteria. HVEM enhances immune responses by NF-κB-inducing kinase-dependent Stat3 activation, which promotes the epithelial expression of genes important for immunity. During intestinal Citrobacter rodentium infection, a mouse model for enteropathogenic Escherichia coli infection, Hvem−/− mice showed decreased Stat3 activation, impaired responses in the colon, higher bacterial burdens and increased mortality. We identified the immunoglobulin superfamily molecule CD160 (refs 7 and 8), expressed predominantly by innate-like intraepithelial lymphocytes, as the ligand engaging epithelial HVEM for host protection. Likewise, in pulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, HVEM is also required for host defence. Our results pinpoint HVEM as an important orchestrator of mucosal immunity, integrating signals from innate lymphocytes to induce optimal epithelial Stat3 activation, which indicates that targeting HVEM with agonists could improve host defence.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Bacterial Load
- Cell Line
- Citrobacter rodentium/immunology
- Citrobacter rodentium/pathogenicity
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/immunology
- Enterobacteriaceae Infections/microbiology
- Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli
- Epithelial Cells/immunology
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Escherichia coli Infections
- GPI-Linked Proteins/immunology
- GPI-Linked Proteins/metabolism
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Intestines/immunology
- Intestines/microbiology
- Ligands
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/microbiology
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mucous Membrane/immunology
- Mucous Membrane/metabolism
- Mucous Membrane/microbiology
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/microbiology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/deficiency
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Member 14/metabolism
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Survival Rate
- NF-kappaB-Inducing Kinase
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Affiliation(s)
- Jr-Wen Shui
- Division of Developmental Immunology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Smith AD, Cheung L, Botero S. Long-term selenium deficiency increases the pathogenicity of a Citrobacter rodentium infection in mice. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011; 144:965-82. [PMID: 21584659 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a mouse pathogen that causes infectious colitis and shares characteristics with human enteropathogenic (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) Escherichia coli, including the ability to cause attaching and effacing lesions in the colon and serves as a useful model to study the pathogenicity of these bacteria. In this study, mice were fed a selenium-deficient diet for 5 or 20 weeks and then infected with C. rodentium. Colonization of the colon by C. rodentium was similar in mice fed adequate or selenium-deficient diets, but total bacterial colonization of the spleen was elevated in mice fed selenium-deficient diet for 20 weeks. Infection-induced changes to the colon included inflammatory cell infiltration, gross changes in crypt architecture, and ulceration and denuding of the epithelial layer that were greatest in mice fed a selenium-deficient diet for 20 weeks. Expression of pro-inflammatory genes was significantly higher 12-days post-infection in mice fed the selenium-deficient diet for 20 weeks compared to mice fed a selenium-adequate diet or selenium-deficient diet for 5 weeks. Diarrhea was prevalent in mice fed the selenium-deficient diet for 20 weeks but not 5 weeks, and this was associated with decreased expression of solute carrier family 26a3 and carbonic anhydrase IV, genes involved in ion transport. These results indicated that selenium played an important role in resistance to the pathological effects of a C. rodentium infection, and therefore, selenium status may be important in the expression of human disease caused by common food-borne bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen D Smith
- Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Diet, Genomics, and Immunology Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, 10300 Baltimore Ave., B307C, Rm. 228, BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Tumanov AV, Koroleva EP, Guo X, Wang Y, Kruglov A, Nedospasov S, Fu YX. Lymphotoxin controls the IL-22 protection pathway in gut innate lymphoid cells during mucosal pathogen challenge. Cell Host Microbe 2011; 10:44-53. [PMID: 21767811 PMCID: PMC3375029 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) have emerged as important players, regulating the balance between protective immunity and immunopathology at mucosal surfaces. However, mechanisms that regulate ILCs' effector functions during mucosal pathogenic challenge are poorly defined. Using mice infected with the natural mouse enteric pathogen Citrobacter rodentium, we demonstrate that lymphotoxin (LT) is essential for IL-22 production by intestinal ILCs. Blocking of LTβR signaling dramatically reduced intestinal IL-22 production after C. rodentium infection. Conversely, stimulating LTβR signaling induced an IL-22 protection pathway in LT-deficient mice. Furthermore, exogenous IL-22 expression rescued LTβR-deficient mice. IL-22-producing ILCs were predominantly located in lymphoid follicles in the colon and interacted closely with dendritic cells (DCs). We find that an LT-driven positive feedback loop controls IL-22 production by RORγt(+) ILCs via LTβR signaling in DCs. Taken together, our data show that LTβR signaling in gut lymphoid follicles regulates IL-22 production by ILCs in response to mucosal pathogen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei V Tumanov
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Piscatelli H, Kotkar SA, McBee ME, Muthupalani S, Schauer DB, Mandrell RE, Leong JM, Zhou D. The EHEC type III effector NleL is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that modulates pedestal formation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19331. [PMID: 21541301 PMCID: PMC3082576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157:H7 causes hemorrhagic colitis and may result in potentially fatal hemolytic uremia syndrome in humans. EHEC colonize the intestinal mucosa and promote the formation of actin-rich pedestals via translocated type III effectors. Two EHEC type III secreted effectors, Tir and EspFu/TccP, are key players for pedestal formation. We discovered that an EHEC effector protein called Non-LEE-encoded Ligase (NleL) is an E3 ubiquitin ligase. In vitro, we showed that the NleL C753 residue is critical for its E3 ligase activity. Functionally, we demonstrated that NleL E3 ubiquitin ligase activity is involved in modulating Tir-mediated pedestal formation. Surprisingly, EHEC mutant strain deficient in the E3 ligase activity induced more pedestals than the wild-type strain. The canonical EPEC strain E2348/69 normally lacks the nleL gene, and the ectopic expression of the wild-type EHEC nleL, but not the catalytically-deficient nleL(C753A) mutant, in this strain resulted in fewer actin-rich pedestals. Furthermore, we showed that the C. rodentium NleL homolog is a E3 ubiquitin ligase and is required for efficient infection of murine colonic epithelial cells in vivo. In summary, our study demonstrated that EHEC utilizes NleL E3 ubiquitin ligase activity to modulate Tir-mediated pedestal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Piscatelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Shalaka A. Kotkar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Megan E. McBee
- Department of Biological Engineering and Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Department of Biological Engineering and Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David B. Schauer
- Department of Biological Engineering and Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Mandrell
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, California, United States of America
| | - John M. Leong
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daoguo Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Petty NK, Feltwell T, Pickard D, Clare S, Toribio AL, Fookes M, Roberts K, Monson R, Nair S, Kingsley RA, Bulgin R, Wiles S, Goulding D, Keane T, Corton C, Lennard N, Harris D, Willey D, Rance R, Yu L, Choudhary JS, Churcher C, Quail MA, Parkhill J, Frankel G, Dougan G, Salmond GPC, Thomson NR. Citrobacter rodentium is an unstable pathogen showing evidence of significant genomic flux. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002018. [PMID: 21490962 PMCID: PMC3072379 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is a natural mouse pathogen that causes attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions. It shares a common virulence strategy with the clinically significant human A/E pathogens enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and is widely used to model this route of pathogenesis. We previously reported the complete genome sequence of C. rodentium ICC168, where we found that the genome displayed many characteristics of a newly evolved pathogen. In this study, through PFGE, sequencing of isolates showing variation, whole genome transcriptome analysis and examination of the mobile genetic elements, we found that, consistent with our previous hypothesis, the genome of C. rodentium is unstable as a result of repeat-mediated, large-scale genome recombination and because of active transposition of mobile genetic elements such as the prophages. We sequenced an additional C. rodentium strain, EX-33, to reveal that the reference strain ICC168 is representative of the species and that most of the inactivating mutations were common to both isolates and likely to have occurred early on in the evolution of this pathogen. We draw parallels with the evolution of other bacterial pathogens and conclude that C. rodentium is a recently evolved pathogen that may have emerged alongside the development of inbred mice as a model for human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola K. Petty
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Theresa Feltwell
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Derek Pickard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ana L. Toribio
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Fookes
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rita Monson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Satheesh Nair
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Kingsley
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bulgin
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and
Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London,
London, United Kingdom
| | - Siouxsie Wiles
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and
Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London,
London, United Kingdom
| | - David Goulding
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Keane
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Craig Corton
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Lennard
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Harris
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David Willey
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Rance
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lu Yu
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti S. Choudhary
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carol Churcher
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Quail
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gad Frankel
- Centre for Molecular Microbiology and
Infection, Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London,
London, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nicholas R. Thomson
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome
Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Singh K, Chaturvedi R, Barry DP, Coburn LA, Asim M, Lewis ND, Piazuelo MB, Washington MK, Vitek MP, Wilson KT. The apolipoprotein E-mimetic peptide COG112 inhibits NF-kappaB signaling, proinflammatory cytokine expression, and disease activity in murine models of colitis. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:3839-50. [PMID: 21115487 PMCID: PMC3030385 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.176719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), consisting of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a source of substantial morbidity and remains difficult to treat. New strategies for beneficial anti-inflammatory therapies would be highly desirable. Apolipoprotein (apo) E has immunomodulatory effects and synthetically derived apoE-mimetic peptides are beneficial in models of sepsis and neuroinflammation. We have reported that the antennapedia-linked apoE-mimetic peptide COG112 inhibits the inflammatory response to the colitis-inducing pathogen Citrobacter rodentium in vitro by inhibiting NF-κB activation. We now determined the effect of COG112 in mouse models of colitis. Using C. rodentium as an infection model, and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) as an injury model, mice were treated with COG112 by intraperitoneal injection. With C. rodentium, COG112 improved the clinical parameters of survival, body weight, colon weight, and histologic injury. With DSS, COG112 ameliorated the loss of body weight, reduction in colon length, and histologic injury, whether administered concurrently with induction of colitis, during induction plus recovery, or only during the recovery phase of disease. In both colitis models, COG112 inhibited colon tissue inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS), KC, TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-17 mRNA expression, and reduced nuclear translocation of NF-κB, as determined by immunoblot and immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. IκB kinase (IKK) activity was also reduced, which is necessary for activation of the canonical NF-κB pathway. Isolated colonic epithelial cells exhibited marked attenuation of expression of iNOS and the CXC chemokines KC and MIP-2. These studies indicate that apoE-mimetic peptides such as COG112 are novel potential therapies for IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshipra Singh
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, and
| | - Rupesh Chaturvedi
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, and
| | - Daniel P. Barry
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
| | - Lori A. Coburn
- the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, and
| | - Mohammad Asim
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, and
| | - Nuruddeen D. Lewis
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
| | | | | | | | - Keith T. Wilson
- From the Departments of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology
- Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232
- the Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee 37212, and
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Sonnenberg GF, Monticelli LA, Elloso MM, Fouser LA, Artis D. CD4(+) lymphoid tissue-inducer cells promote innate immunity in the gut. Immunity 2011; 34:122-34. [PMID: 21194981 PMCID: PMC3035987 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 459] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Fetal CD4(+) lymphoid tissue inducer (LTi) cells play a critical role in the development of lymphoid tissues. Recent studies identified that LTi cells persist in adults and are related to a heterogeneous population of innate lymphoid cells that have been implicated in inflammatory responses. However, whether LTi cells contribute to protective immunity remains poorly defined. We demonstrate that after infection with Citrobacter rodentium, CD4(+) LTi cells were a dominant source of interleukin-22 (IL-22) early during infection. Infection-induced CD4(+) LTi cell responses were IL-23 dependent, and ablation of IL-23 impaired innate immunity. Further, depletion of CD4(+) LTi cells abrogated infection-induced expression of IL-22 and antimicrobial peptides, resulting in exacerbated host mortality. LTi cells were also found to be essential for host protective immunity in lymphocyte-replete hosts. Collectively these data demonstrate that adult CD4(+) LTi cells are a critical source of IL-22 and identify a previously unrecognized function for CD4(+) LTi cells in promoting innate immunity in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F. Sonnenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laurel A. Monticelli
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M. Merle Elloso
- Discovery Research Immunology, Centocor Research and Development, Inc., Radnor, PA 19087, USA
| | - Lynette A. Fouser
- Inflammation and Immunology – Pfizer Biotherapeutics’ Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - David Artis
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Lee AS, Gibson DL, Zhang Y, Sham HP, Vallance BA, Dutz JP. Gut barrier disruption by an enteric bacterial pathogen accelerates insulitis in NOD mice. Diabetologia 2010; 53:741-8. [PMID: 20012858 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-009-1626-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2009] [Accepted: 11/06/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Increased exposure to enteric microbes as a result of intestinal barrier disruption is thought to contribute to the development of several intestinal inflammatory diseases; however, it less clear whether such exposure modulates the development of extra-intestinal inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The goal of this study was to examine the potential role of pathogenic enteric microbes and intestinal barrier dysfunction in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. METHODS Using NOD mice, we assessed: (1) intrinsic barrier function in mice at different ages by measuring serum levels of FITC-labelled dextran; and (2) the impact on insulitis development of infection by strains of an enteric bacterial pathogen (Citrobacter rodentium) either capable (wild-type) or incapable (lacking Escherichia coli secreted protein F virulence factor owing to deletion of the gene [DeltaespF]) of causing intestinal epithelial barrier disruption. RESULTS Here we demonstrate that prediabetic (12-week-old) NOD mice display increased intestinal permeability compared with non-obese diabetes-resistant and C57BL/6 mice. We also found that young (4-week-old) NOD mice infected with wild-type C. rodentium exhibited accelerated development of insulitis in concert with infection-induced barrier disruption. In contrast, insulitis development was not altered in NOD mice infected with the non-barrier-disrupting DeltaespF strain. Moreover, C. rodentium-infected NOD mice demonstrated increased activation and proliferation of pancreatic-draining lymph node T cells, including diabetogenic CD8(+) T cells, compared with uninfected NOD mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This is the first demonstration that a loss of intestinal barrier integrity caused by an enteric bacterial pathogen results in the activation of diabetogenic CD8(+) T cells and modulates insulitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Lee
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Abstract
Modulation of the intestinal immune response early in life by administration of probiotic bacteria may be an effective strategy for preventing or attenuating infectious diarrhea. We preinoculated the mice early in life with the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM (La) at age 2 wk. Dendritic cells (DCs) were collected and purified from mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleens of the BalbC/ByJ mice. DC isolation and adoptive transfer was used to examine the function of probiotics. We demonstrated that when mice were adoptively transferred with La-primed DCs (t-LaDC) instead of oral consumption with La, there was a similar effect on fecal bacteria counts, IgA levels, and colonic histopathology, as well as cytokine levels in MLN when there was intestinal bacterial infection. The above findings suggest that DCs play a key role in probiotics attenuating Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) colitis. Moreover, the location of La-primed DC hints that there is interaction of DCs and T cells in the digestive system of the host. Up-regulated expression of a surface marker on DCs indicated that inoculation with probiotics will stimulate the function of DCs, thereby further increasing immune response triggered by DC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
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Petty NK, Toribio AL, Goulding D, Foulds I, Thomson N, Dougan G, Salmond GPC. A generalized transducing phage for the murine pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:2984-2988. [PMID: 17768241 PMCID: PMC2652034 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/008888-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A virulent phage (phiCR1) capable of generalized transduction in Citrobacter rodentium was isolated from the environment and characterized. C. rodentium is a natural pathogen of mice, causing transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. Sequencing of its genome has recently been completed and will soon be fully annotated and published. C. rodentium is an important model organism for infections caused by the human pathogens enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EPEC and EHEC). phiCR1 uses a lipopolysaccharide receptor, has a genome size of approximately 300 kb, and is able to transduce a variety of markers. phiCR1 is the first reported transducing phage for C. rodentium and will be a useful tool for functional genomic analysis of this important natural murine pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola K. Petty
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | | | - Ian Foulds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | | | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton CB10 1SA, UK
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Gibson DL, Ma C, Rosenberger CM, Bergstrom KSB, Valdez Y, Huang JT, Khan MA, Vallance BA. Toll-like receptor 2 plays a critical role in maintaining mucosal integrity during Citrobacter rodentium-induced colitis. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:388-403. [PMID: 17910742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases and infectious gastroenteritis likely occur when the integrity of intestinal barriers is disrupted allowing luminal bacterial products to cross into the intestinal mucosa, stimulating immune cells and triggering inflammation. While specific Toll-like receptors (TLR) are involved in the generation of inflammatory responses against enteric bacteria, their contributions to the maintenance of intestinal mucosal integrity are less clear. These studies investigated the role of TLR2 in a model of murine colitis induced by the bacterial pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. C. rodentium supernatants specifically activated TLR2 in vitro while infected TLR2-/- mice suffered a lethal colitis coincident with colonic mucosal ulcerations, bleeding and increased cell death but not increased pathogen burden. TLR2-/- mice suffered impaired epithelial barrier function mediated via zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in naïve mice and claudin-3 in infected mice, suggesting this could underlie their susceptibility. TLR2 deficiency was also associated with impaired production of IL-6 by bone marrow-derived macrophages and infected colons cultured ex vivo. As IL-6 has antiapoptotic and epithelial repair capabilities, its reduced expression could contribute to the impaired mucosal integrity. These studies report for the first time that TLR2 plays a critical role in maintaining intestinal mucosal integrity during infection by a bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna L Gibson
- Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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45
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Borenshtein D, Nambiar PR, Groff EB, Fox JG, Schauer DB. Development of fatal colitis in FVB mice infected with Citrobacter rodentium. Infect Immun 2007; 75:3271-81. [PMID: 17470543 PMCID: PMC1932959 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01810-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 01/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is the causative agent of transmissible murine colonic hyperplasia. The disease is characterized by severe but temporary epithelial hyperplasia with limited inflammation in the descending colon of adult mice on a variety of genetic backgrounds. The natural history of infection with this murine pathogen has been characterized in outbred Swiss Webster (SW) mice but not in the cognate inbred FVB strain. In contrast to subclinical infection in SW mice, 12-week-old FVB mice developed overt disease with significant weight loss and mortality beginning by 9 days postinoculation (dpi). By 21 dpi, more than 75% of infected FVB mice died or had to be euthanized, whereas no mortality developed in SW mice. Mortality in FVB mice was fully prevented by fluid therapy. Fecal shedding of bacteria was similar in both groups through 9 dpi; however, a slight but significant delay in bacterial clearance was observed in FVB mice by 12 to 18 dpi. SW mice developed hyperplasia with minimal inflammation in the descending colon. FVB mice developed epithelial cell hyperproliferation, severe inflammation with erosions and ulcers, and epithelial atypia by 6 dpi in the descending colon. In the majority of surviving FVB mice, colonic lesions, including epithelial atypia, were reversible, although a small percentage (5 to 7%) exhibited chronic colitis through 7 months postinoculation. The existence of susceptible and resistant lines of mice with similar genetic backgrounds will facilitate the identification of host factors responsible for the outcome of infection and may lead to the development of novel strategies for preventing and treating infectious colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Borenshtein
- Biological Engineering Division, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Bishop AL, Wiles S, Dougan G, Frankel G. Cell attachment properties and infectivity of host-adapted and environmentally adapted Citrobacter rodentium. Microbes Infect 2007; 9:1316-24. [PMID: 17890132 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2007] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium belongs to a family of extracellular enteric pathogens that include enterohaemorrhagic and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, which colonises the gastrointestinal mucosa by the attaching and effacing (A/E) mechanism. We previously described the appearance of a 'hyper-infectious' state after passage of C. rodentium through the murine gastrointestinal tract. Here we report that host-adapted C. rodentium is able to efficiently adhere and trigger actin polymerisation on cultured epithelial cells. Consistent with these observations we recorded higher levels of expression of genes carried on the LEE pathogenicity island and type III secretion system effector genes carried on prophages compared with in vitro-grown bacteria; importantly, the level of ler gene expression was unchanged. These phenotypes were lost after shed C. rodentium was adapted to the external environment. Upon exposure of C57Bl/6 mice, environmentally adapted C. rodentium was no longer infectious at the low doses associated with host-adapted bacteria and the bacteria were found to be localised in the caecal patch in a similar way to C. rodentium cultured in laboratory media. Thus, the 'hyper-infectious' host-adapted state, allowing efficient transmission and colonisation of naive hosts, is transient in nature and gradually lost after shedding into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne L Bishop
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Flowers Building, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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47
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Coulthurst SJ, Clare S, Evans TJ, Foulds IJ, Roberts KJ, Welch M, Dougan G, Salmond GPC. Quorum sensing has an unexpected role in virulence in the model pathogen Citrobacter rodentium. EMBO Rep 2007; 8:698-703. [PMID: 17557113 PMCID: PMC1905894 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium causes attaching and effacing (AE) lesions in the same manner as pathogenic Escherichia coli, and is an important model for this mode of pathogenesis. Quorum sensing (QS) involves chemical signalling by bacteria to regulate gene expression in response to cell density. E. coli has never been reported to have N-acylhomoserine lactone (AHL) QS, but it does utilize luxS-dependent signalling. We found production of AHL QS signalling molecules by an AE pathogen, C. rodentium. AHL QS is directed by the croIR locus and a croI mutant is affected in its surface attachment, although not in Type III secretion. AHL QS has an important role in virulence in the mouse as, unexpectedly, the QS mutant is hypervirulent; by contrast, we detected no impact of luxS inactivation. Further study of QS in Citrobacter should provide new insights into AE pathogenesis. As the croIR locus might have been horizontally acquired, AHL QS might exist in some strains of pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Coulthurst
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Terry J Evans
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Ian J Foulds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Kevin J Roberts
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Gordon Dougan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - George P C Salmond
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK
- Tel: +44 1223 333650; Fax: +44 1223 766108; E-mail:
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48
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Abstract
The human attaching and effacing (A/E) intestinal pathogens enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and the murine A/E pathogen Citrobacter rodentium cause serious diarrhea in their hosts. These bacteria alter numerous host cell components, including organelles, the host cell cytoskeleton, and tight junctions during the infectious process. One of the proteins that contribute to the intermediate filament network in host cells, cytokeratin-18, is extensively altered during EPEC infections. Based on this, we tested the hypothesis that desmosomes, the only intercellular junctions that interact with intermediate filaments, are also influenced by A/E pathogen infections. We found that the desmosomal transmembrane proteins desmoglein and desmocollin, as well as the desmosome plaque protein desmoplakin, all remain unchanged during EPEC infection in vitro. This evidence is corroborated by the unaltered localization of desmoglein and desmoplakin in vivo in mice infected with C. rodentium for 7 days. Electron microscopic analysis of 7-day C. rodentium-infected murine colonocytes also show no observable differences in the desmosomes when compared to uninfected controls. Our data suggest that, unlike tight junctions, the desmosome protein levels and localization, as well as desmosome morphology, are unaltered during A/E pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian A Guttman
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Wickham ME, Brown NF, Boyle EC, Coombes BK, Finlay BB. Virulence is positively selected by transmission success between mammalian hosts. Curr Biol 2007; 17:783-8. [PMID: 17442572 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Virulence, defined as damage to the host, is a trait of pathogens that evolutionary theory suggests benefits the pathogen in the "struggle for existence". Pathogens employ virulence mechanisms that contribute to disease. Central to the evolution of virulence of the infectious agents causing an array of bacterial disease is the evolutionary acquisition of type III secretion, a macromolecular complex that creates a syringe-like apparatus extending from the bacterial cytosol to the eukaryotic cytosol and delivers secreted bacterial virulence factors (effectors) into host cells. In this work, we quantify the contribution of virulence determinants to the evolutionary success of a pathogen. Using a natural pathogen of mice, we show that virulence factors provide a selective advantage by enhancing transmission between hosts. Virulence factors that have a major contribution to disease were absolutely required for transmission of the pathogen to naive hosts. Virulence-factor mutants with more subtle defects in pathogenesis had quantifiable roles in the time required to transmit the pathogen between mice. Virulence-factor mutants were also found to lose in competition with wild-type bacteria when iteratively transmitted from infected to uninfected mice. These results directly demonstrate that virulence is selected via the fitness advantage it provides to the host-to-host cycle of pathogenic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark E Wickham
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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50
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Mundy R, Schüller S, Girard F, Fairbrother JM, Phillips AD, Frankel G. Functional studies of intimin in vivo and ex vivo: implications for host specificity and tissue tropism. Microbiology (Reading) 2007; 153:959-967. [PMID: 17379706 PMCID: PMC2884948 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/003467-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Revised: 11/27/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Intimin is an outer-membrane adhesin that is essential for colonization of the host gastrointestinal tract by attaching and effacing pathogens including enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC), enterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and Citrobacter rodentium (CR). The N-terminus of intimin from the different strains is highly conserved while the C-terminus, which harnesses the active receptor-binding site, shows sequence and antigenic polymorphism. This diversity was used to define a number of distinct intimin types, the most common of which are alpha, beta and gamma. Intimin binds the type III secretion system effector protein Tir. However, a large body of evidence suggests that intimin also binds a host-cell-encoded receptor(s) (Hir), and interaction of different intimin types with Hir contributes to tissue and host specificity. The aims of this study were to compare the activity of the major intimin types (alpha, beta and gamma) in vivo and ex vivo, using the CR mouse model and in vitro organ culture (IVOC), and to determine their exchangeability. The results confirm that intimin gamma is not functional in the CR mouse model. In the pig, intimin beta can substitute for EPEC intimin alpha but when placed in an EHEC O157 : H7 background it does not produce an intimin alpha-like tropism, although some adhesion to the small and large intestine was observed. In contrast, in human IVOC, intimin beta in an EHEC background produces small intestinal colonization in a similar manner to intimin alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanna Mundy
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stephanie Schüller
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - Francis Girard
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculté de Medicine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - John M. Fairbrother
- Groupe de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc (GREMIP), Faculté de Medicine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, St-Hyacinthe, Canada
| | - Alan D. Phillips
- Centre for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
| | - Gad Frankel
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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