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Hiller M, Diwo M, Wamp S, Gutsmann T, Lang C, Blankenfeldt W, Flieger A. Structure-function relationships underpin disulfide loop cleavage-dependent activation of Legionella pneumophila lysophospholipase A PlaA. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:497-512. [PMID: 38130174 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a life-threatening pneumonia, intracellularly replicates in a specialized compartment in lung macrophages, the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). Secreted proteins of the pathogen govern important steps in the intracellular life cycle including bacterial egress. Among these is the type II secreted PlaA which, together with PlaC and PlaD, belongs to the GDSL phospholipase family found in L. pneumophila. PlaA shows lysophospholipase A (LPLA) activity which increases after secretion and subsequent processing by the zinc metalloproteinase ProA within a disulfide loop. Activity of PlaA contributes to the destabilization of the LCV in the absence of the type IVB-secreted effector SdhA. We here present the 3D structure of PlaA which shows a typical α/β-hydrolase fold and reveals that the uncleaved disulfide loop forms a lid structure covering the catalytic triad S30/D278/H282. This leads to reduction of substrate access before activation; however, the catalytic site gets more accessible when the disulfide loop is processed. After structural modeling, a similar activation process is suggested for the GDSL hydrolase PlaC, but not for PlaD. Furthermore, the size of the PlaA substrate-binding site indicated preference toward phospholipids comprising ~16 carbon fatty acid residues which was verified by lipid hydrolysis, suggesting a molecular ruler mechanism. Indeed, mutational analysis changed the substrate profile with respect to fatty acid chain length. In conclusion, our analysis revealed the structural basis for the regulated activation and substrate preference of PlaA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hiller
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Maurice Diwo
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Wamp
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Division of Biophysics, Borstel, Germany
- CSSB-Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Lang
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Antje Flieger
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
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Maekawa Y, Matsui K, Okamoto K, Shimasaki T, Ohtsuka H, Tani M, Ihara K, Aiba H. Identification of plb1 mutation that extends longevity via activating Sty1 MAPK in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:20. [PMID: 38424265 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02107-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
To understand the lifespan of higher organisms, including humans, it is important to understand lifespan at the cellular level as a prerequisite. So, fission yeast is a good model organism for the study of lifespan. To identify the novel factors involved in longevity, we are conducting a large-scale screening of long-lived mutant strains that extend chronological lifespan (cell survival in the stationary phase) using fission yeast. One of the newly acquired long-lived mutant strains (No.98 mutant) was selected for analysis and found that the long-lived phenotype was due to a missense mutation (92Phe → Ile) in the plb1+ gene. plb1+ gene in fission yeast is a nonessential gene encoding a homolog of phospholipase B, but its functions under normal growth conditions, as well as phospholipase B activity, remain unresolved. Our analysis of the No.98 mutant revealed that the plb1 mutation reduces the integrity of the cellular membrane and cell wall and activates Sty1 via phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasukichi Maekawa
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kotaro Matsui
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keisuke Okamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Motohiro Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kunio Ihara
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
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Liu J, Fike KR, Dapper C, Klemba M. Metabolism of host lysophosphatidylcholine in Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320262121. [PMID: 38349879 PMCID: PMC10895272 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320262121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum requires exogenous fatty acids to support its growth during the pathogenic, asexual erythrocytic stage. Host serum lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is a significant fatty acid source, yet the metabolic processes responsible for the liberation of free fatty acids from exogenous LPC are unknown. Using an assay for LPC hydrolysis in P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes, we have identified small-molecule inhibitors of key in situ lysophospholipase activities. Competitive activity-based profiling and generation of a panel of single-to-quadruple knockout parasite lines revealed that two enzymes of the serine hydrolase superfamily, termed exported lipase (XL) 2 and exported lipase homolog (XLH) 4, constitute the dominant lysophospholipase activities in parasite-infected erythrocytes. The parasite ensures efficient exogenous LPC hydrolysis by directing these two enzymes to distinct locations: XL2 is exported to the erythrocyte, while XLH4 is retained within the parasite. While XL2 and XLH4 were individually dispensable with little effect on LPC hydrolysis in situ, loss of both enzymes resulted in a strong reduction in fatty acid scavenging from LPC, hyperproduction of phosphatidylcholine, and an enhanced sensitivity to LPC toxicity. Notably, growth of XL/XLH-deficient parasites was severely impaired when cultured in media containing LPC as the sole exogenous fatty acid source. Furthermore, when XL2 and XLH4 activities were ablated by genetic or pharmacologic means, parasites were unable to proliferate in human serum, a physiologically relevant fatty acid source, revealing the essentiality of LPC hydrolysis in the host environment and its potential as a target for anti-malarial therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | | | - Christie Dapper
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
| | - Michael Klemba
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA24061
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Sharma C, Khurana S, Bhatia A, Arora A, Gupta A. The gene expression and proteomic profiling of Acanthamoeba isolates. Exp Parasitol 2023; 255:108630. [PMID: 37820893 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2023.108630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The free-living protozoan Acanthamoeba can cause severe keratitis known as Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK) and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE). The pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba includes intricate interactions between the organism and the host's immune system. The downstream analysis of a well-annotated genome assembly along with proteomic analysis can unravel several biological processes and aid in the identification of potential genes involved in pathogenicity. METHODS Based on the next-generation sequencing data analysis, genes including lysophospholipase, phospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, carboxylesterase, and mannose-binding protein were selected as probable pathogenic targets that were validated by conventional PCR in a total of 30 Acanthamoeba isolates. This was followed by real-time PCR for the evaluation of relative gene expression in the keratitis and amoebic encephalitis animal model induced using keratitis (CHA5), encephalitis (CHA24) and non-pathogenic environmental isolate (CHA36). In addition, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was performed for keratitis, encephalitis, and non-pathogenic environmental isolate before and after treatment with polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB). RESULTS The conventional PCR demonstrated the successful amplification of lysophospholipase, phospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, carboxylesterase, and mannose-binding protein genes in clinical and environmental isolates. The expression analysis revealed phospholipase, lysophospholipase, and mannose-binding genes to be significantly upregulated in the keratitis isolate (CHA 5) during AK in the animal model. In the case of the amoebic encephalitis model, phospholipase, lysophospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, and carboxylesterase were significantly upregulated in the encephalitis isolate compared to the keratitis isolate. The proteomic data revealed differential protein expression in pathogenic versus non-pathogenic isolates in the pre and post-treatment with PHMB. CONCLUSION The gene expression data suggests that lysophospholipase, phospholipase, S8/S53 peptidase, carboxylesterase, and mannose-binding protein (MBP) could play a role in the contact-dependent and independent mechanisms of Acanthamoeba pathogenesis. In addition, the proteomic profiling of the 3 isolates revealed differential protein expression crucial for parasite growth, survival, and virulence. Our results provide baseline data for selecting possible pathogenic targets that could be utilized for designing knockout experiments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chayan Sharma
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Sumeeta Khurana
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Alka Bhatia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Amit Arora
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
| | - Amit Gupta
- Advanced Eye Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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5
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Vohnoutka RB, Kuppa A, Hegde Y, Chen Y, Pant A, Tohme ME, (Karen) Choi EY, McCarty SM, Bagchi DP, Du X, Chen Y, Chen VL, Mori H, Bielak LF, Maguire LH, Handelman SK, Sexton JZ, Saunders TL, Halligan BD, Speliotes EK. Knockout of murine Lyplal1 confers sex-specific protection against diet-induced obesity. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:e220131. [PMID: 36748836 PMCID: PMC10947332 DOI: 10.1530/jme-22-0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human genome-wide association studies found single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near LYPLAL1 (Lysophospholipase-like protein 1) that have sex-specific effects on fat distribution and metabolic traits. To determine whether altering LYPLAL1 affects obesity and metabolic disease, we created and characterized a mouse knockout (KO) of Lyplal1. We fed the experimental group of mice a high-fat, high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 23 weeks, and the controls were fed regular chow diet. Here, we show that CRISPR-Cas9 whole-body Lyplal1 KO mice fed an HFHS diet showed sex-specific differences in weight gain and fat accumulation as compared to chow diet. Female, not male, KO mice weighed less than WT mice, had reduced body fat percentage, had white fat mass, and had adipocyte diameter not accounted for by changes in the metabolic rate. Female, but not male, KO mice had increased serum triglycerides, decreased aspartate, and decreased alanine aminotransferase. Lyplal1 KO mice of both sexes have reduced liver triglycerides and steatosis. These diet-specific effects resemble the effects of SNPs near LYPLAL1 in humans, suggesting that LYPLAL1 has an evolutionary conserved sex-specific effect on adiposity. This murine model can be used to study this novel gene-by-sex-by-diet interaction to elucidate the metabolic effects of LYPLAL1 on human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishel B. Vohnoutka
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
- Abcam, Waltham, MA – 02453
| | - Annapurna Kuppa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | - Yash Hegde
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
- College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI – 48824
| | - Yue Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | - Asmita Pant
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | - Maurice E. Tohme
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | | | - Sean M. McCarty
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | - Devika P. Bagchi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI – 48019
| | - Xiaomeng Du
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | - Vincent L. Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | - Hiroyuki Mori
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI – 48019
| | - Lawrence F. Bielak
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI – 48109
| | - Lillias H. Maguire
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA – 19104
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia PA – 19104-4551
| | - Samuel K. Handelman
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | - Jonathan Z. Sexton
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | - Thomas L. Saunders
- University of Michigan Transgenic Animal Model Core, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI – 48109
| | - Brian D. Halligan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI - 48109
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Hirabayashi T, Kawaguchi M, Harada S, Mouri M, Takamiya R, Miki Y, Sato H, Taketomi Y, Yokoyama K, Kobayashi T, Tokuoka SM, Kita Y, Yoda E, Hara S, Mikami K, Nishito Y, Kikuchi N, Nakata R, Kaneko M, Kiyonari H, Kasahara K, Aiba T, Ikeda K, Soga T, Kurano M, Yatomi Y, Murakami M. Hepatic phosphatidylcholine catabolism driven by PNPLA7 and PNPLA8 supplies endogenous choline to replenish the methionine cycle with methyl groups. Cell Rep 2023; 42:111940. [PMID: 36719796 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Choline supplies methyl groups for regeneration of methionine and the methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine in the liver. Here, we report that the catabolism of membrane phosphatidylcholine (PC) into water-soluble glycerophosphocholine (GPC) by the phospholipase/lysophospholipase PNPLA8-PNPLA7 axis enables endogenous choline stored in hepatic PC to be utilized in methyl metabolism. PNPLA7-deficient mice show marked decreases in hepatic GPC, choline, and several metabolites related to the methionine cycle, accompanied by various signs of methionine insufficiency, including growth retardation, hypoglycemia, hypolipidemia, increased energy consumption, reduced adiposity, increased fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and an altered histone/DNA methylation landscape. Moreover, PNPLA8-deficient mice recapitulate most of these phenotypes. In contrast to wild-type mice fed a methionine/choline-deficient diet, both knockout strains display decreased hepatic triglyceride, likely via reductions of lipogenesis and GPC-derived glycerol flux. Collectively, our findings highlight the biological importance of phospholipid catabolism driven by PNPLA8/PNPLA7 in methyl group flux and triglyceride synthesis in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Hirabayashi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan.
| | - Mai Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Sayaka Harada
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Misa Mouri
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Rina Takamiya
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Miki
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sato
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Taketomi
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kohei Yokoyama
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Tetsuyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Suzumi M Tokuoka
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kita
- Department of Lipidomics, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Life Sciences Core Facility, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Emiko Yoda
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Hara
- Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Tokyo 142-8555, Japan
| | - Kyohei Mikami
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Nishito
- Center for Basic Technology Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Norihito Kikuchi
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Rieko Nakata
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women's University, Nara, 630-8506, Japan
| | - Mari Kaneko
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kohji Kasahara
- Laboratory of Biomembrane, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Toshiki Aiba
- Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; Department of Radiation Effects Research, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Chiba 292-0818, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan
| | - Makoto Kurano
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yatomi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Makoto Murakami
- Lipid Metabolism Project, Department of Advanced Science for Biomolecules, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; Laboratory of Microenvironmental Metabolic Health Sciences, Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan.
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7
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Tounkara M, Boulangé A, Thonnus M, Bringaud F, Bélem AMG, Bengaly Z, Thévenon S, Berthier D, Rivière L. Novel protein candidates for serodiagnosis of African animal trypanosomosis: Evaluation of the diagnostic potential of lysophospholipase and glycerol kinase from Trypanosoma brucei. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009985. [PMID: 34919562 PMCID: PMC8719729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomosis, a parasitic disease caused by protozoan parasites transmitted by tsetse flies, affects both humans and animals in sub-Saharan Africa. While the human form (HAT) is now limited to foci, the animal form (AAT) is widespread and affects the majority of sub-Saharan African countries, and constitutes a real obstacle to the development of animal breeding. The control of AAT is hampered by a lack of standardized and easy-to used diagnosis tools. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of TbLysoPLA and TbGK proteins from Trypanosoma brucei brucei for AAT serodiagnosis in indirect ELISA using experimental and field sera, individually, in combination, and associated with the BiP C-terminal domain (C25) from T. congolense. These novel proteins were characterized in silico, and their sequence analysis showed strong identities with their orthologs in other trypanosomes (more than 60% for TbLysoPLA and more than 82% for TbGK). TbLysoPLA displays a low homology with cattle (<35%) and Piroplasma (<15%). However, TbGK shares more than 58% with cattle and between 45–55% with Piroplasma. We could identify seven predicted epitopes on TbLysoPLA sequence and 14 potential epitopes on TbGK. Both proteins were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli. Their diagnostic potential was evaluated by ELISA with sera from cattle experimentally infected with T. congolense and with T.b. brucei, sera from cattle naturally infected with T. congolense, T. vivax and T.b. brucei. Both proteins used separately had poor diagnostic performance. However, used together with the BiP protein, they showed 60% of sensitivity and between 87–96% of specificity, comparable to reference ELISA tests. In conclusion, we showed that the performance of the protein combinations is much better than the proteins tested individually for the diagnosis of AAT. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) is an endemic disease in sub-Saharan Africa that hinders the development of livestock production on the continent. The control of the disease is based on chemotherapy, vector control and diagnosis. Misuse, as well as the continuous/regular use of a limited number of anti-trypanosomal drugs, is responsible for the appearance of increasingly drug-resistant strains of trypanosomes. In terms of serological diagnosis, the most efficient test at present suffers from a lack of reagent standardization. Unfortunately, even the most promising candidates fail due to low sensitivity in primately or chronically infected animals. Based on this observation it seems obvious that diagnosis must be revisited. In this study we evaluated the diagnostic potential of two Trypanosoma brucei proteins, TbLysoPLA and TbGK, in indirect ELISA for antibody detection. To provide a proof of concept that the judicious association of immunoreactive proteins could improve the sensitivity and specificity of tests based on recombinant antigens, we used these molecules alone and then in combination, associated or not with the BiP protein of T. congolense. The evaluation in serological diagnosis showed that the two proteins used separately had a poor performance. However, when used together with the BiP protein, they showed a sensitivity of 60% and a specificity between 87 and 96%, comparable to the reference tests. It shows for the first time that the performance of protein combinations is much better than that of the proteins tested individually for the diagnosis of AAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magamba Tounkara
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Alain Boulangé
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Magali Thonnus
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | - Frédéric Bringaud
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Zakaria Bengaly
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l’Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Sophie Thévenon
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - David Berthier
- CIRAD, UMR INTERTRYP, Montpellier, France
- INTERTRYP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Rivière
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
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8
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we characterised a novel lysophospholipase (LysoPL) from the L. mucosae LM1 strain. The gene, LM-lysoPL, encoding LysoPL from L. mucosae LM1 was cloned, analyzed, and expressed. RESULTS LM-lysoPL contained a conserved region and catalytic triad motif responsible for lysophospholipase activity. After purification, UHPLC-MS analysis showed that recombinant LM-LysoPL hydrolyzed phosphatidic acid, generating lysophosphatidic acid. The enzyme had greater hydrolytic activity against C16 and C18 fatty acids, indicating a preference for long-chain fatty acids. Enzymatic assays showed that the optimal pH and temperature of recombinant LM-LysoPL were 7 and 30 °C, respectively, and it was enzymatically active within a narrow pH range. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to identify and characterize a lysophospholipase from lactic acid bacteria. Our findings provide a basis for understanding the probiotic role of L. mucosae LM1 in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Animal Resource Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Song
- Department of Animal Resource Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Kim
- Department of Animal Resource Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kyung Kang
- Department of Animal Resource Science, Dankook University, 119 Dandae-ro, Cheonan, 31116, Republic of Korea.
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9
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Ferreira R, Teixeira PG, Siewers V, Nielsen J. Redirection of lipid flux toward phospholipids in yeast increases fatty acid turnover and secretion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:1262-1267. [PMID: 29358378 PMCID: PMC5819412 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715282115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based production of fatty acids and fatty acid-derived products can enable sustainable substitution of petroleum-derived fuels and chemicals. However, developing new microbial cell factories for producing high levels of fatty acids requires extensive engineering of lipid metabolism, a complex and tightly regulated metabolic network. Here we generated a Saccharomyces cerevisiae platform strain with a simplified lipid metabolism network with high-level production of free fatty acids (FFAs) due to redirected fatty acid metabolism and reduced feedback regulation. Deletion of the main fatty acid activation genes (the first step in β-oxidation), main storage lipid formation genes, and phosphatidate phosphatase genes resulted in a constrained lipid metabolic network in which fatty acid flux was directed to a large extent toward phospholipids. This resulted in simultaneous increases of phospholipids by up to 2.8-fold and of FFAs by up to 40-fold compared with wild-type levels. Further deletion of phospholipase genes PLB1 and PLB2 resulted in a 46% decrease in FFA levels and 105% increase in phospholipid levels, suggesting that phospholipid hydrolysis plays an important role in FFA production when phospholipid levels are increased. The multiple deletion mutant generated allowed for a study of fatty acid dynamics in lipid metabolism and represents a platform strain with interesting properties that provide insight into the future development of lipid-related cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ferreira
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paulo Gonçalves Teixeira
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden;
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, SE412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, DK2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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10
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Ferreira R, Gatto F, Nielsen J. Exploiting off-targeting in guide-RNAs for CRISPR systems for simultaneous editing of multiple genes. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3288-3295. [PMID: 28884816 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bioinformatics tools to design guide-RNAs (gRNAs) in Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats systems mostly focused on minimizing off-targeting to enhance efficacy of genome editing. However, there are circumstances in which off-targeting might be desirable to target multiple genes simultaneously with a single gRNA. We termed these gRNAs as promiscuous gRNAs. Here, we present a computational workflow to identify promiscuous gRNAs that putatively bind to the region of interest for a defined list of genes in a genome. We experimentally validated two promiscuous gRNA for gene deletion, one targeting FAA1 and FAA4 and one targeting PLB1 and PLB2, thus demonstrating that multiplexed genome editing through design of promiscuous gRNA can be performed in a time and cost-effective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Ferreira
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesco Gatto
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Systems and Synthetic Biology, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Abstract
Alpha-beta hydrolase domain-containing 5 (ABHD5), the defective gene in human Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome, is a highly conserved regulator of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL)-mediated lipolysis that plays important roles in metabolism, tumor progression, viral replication, and skin barrier formation. The structural determinants of ABHD5 lipolysis activation, however, are unknown. We performed comparative evolutionary analysis and structural modeling of ABHD5 and ABHD4, a functionally distinct paralog that diverged from ABHD5 ~500 million years ago, to identify determinants of ABHD5 lipolysis activation. Two highly conserved ABHD5 amino acids (R299 and G328) enabled ABHD4 (ABHD4 N303R/S332G) to activate ATGL in Cos7 cells, brown adipocytes, and artificial lipid droplets. The corresponding ABHD5 mutations (ABHD5 R299N and ABHD5 G328S) selectively disrupted lipolysis without affecting ATGL lipid droplet translocation or ABHD5 interactions with perilipin proteins and ABHD5 ligands, demonstrating that ABHD5 lipase activation could be dissociated from its other functions. Structural modeling placed ABHD5 R299/G328 and R303/G332 from gain-of-function ABHD4 in close proximity on the ABHD protein surface, indicating they form part of a novel functional surface required for lipase activation. These data demonstrate distinct ABHD5 functional properties and provide new insights into the functional evolution of ABHD family members and the structural basis of lipase regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Sanders
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Huamei Zhang
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Ljiljana Mladenovic
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - Yan Yuan Tseng
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
| | - James G. Granneman
- Center for Integrative Metabolic and Endocrine Research Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
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12
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Lei X, Callaway M, Zhou H, Yang Y, Chen W. Obesity associated Lyplal1 gene is regulated in diet induced obesity but not required for adipocyte differentiation. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 411:207-13. [PMID: 25958046 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and its associated morbidities represent one of the major and most rapidly expanding health epidemics in the world. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several variants in LYPLAL1 gene that are significantly associated with central obesity preferentially in females. However, the exact function of this gene in adipose tissue development and obesity remains completely uncharacterized. We found murine Lyplal1 gene demonstrated a depot and sex-specific expression profile in white adipose tissues (WAT), and was significantly reduced in the epididymal and retroperitoneal fats in a murine model of high fat diet induced obesity (DIO). Lyplal1 mRNA was mildly up-regulated during adipogenesis and enriched in mature adipocytes through a PPARγ-independent mechanism. However, overexpression and knockdown of Lyplal1 did not significantly perturb adipocyte differentiation, triacylglycerol accumulation and/or insulin signaling. These data highlight a depot-specific marked reduction of Lyplal1 transcripts in diet induced obesity but a dispensable role of Lyplal1 in adipose tissue development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinnuo Lei
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, China; Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mayson Callaway
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Hongyi Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan Province 410128, China
| | - Weiqin Chen
- Department of Physiology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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13
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Nakajima A, Masaki Y, Nakamura T, Kawanami T, Ishigaki Y, Takegami T, Kawano M, Yamada K, Tsukamoto N, Matsui S, Saeki T, Okazaki K, Kamisawa T, Miyashita T, Yakushijin Y, Fujikawa K, Yamamoto M, Hamano H, Origuchi T, Hirata S, Tsuboi H, Sumida T, Morimoto H, Sato T, Iwao H, Miki M, Sakai T, Fujita Y, Tanaka M, Fukushima T, Okazaki T, Umehara H. Decreased Expression of Innate Immunity-Related Genes in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Patients with IgG4-Related Disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126582. [PMID: 25973893 PMCID: PMC4431830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a new clinical entity of unknown etiology characterized by elevated serum IgG4 and tissue infiltration by IgG4-positive plasma cells. Although aberrancies in acquired immune system functions, including increases in Th2 and Treg cytokines observed in patients with IgG4-RD, its true etiology remains unclear. To investigate the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD, this study compared the expression of genes related to innate immunity in patients with IgG4-RD and healthy controls. Materials and Methods Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from patients with IgG4-RD before and after steroid therapy and from healthy controls. Total RNA was extracted and DNA microarray analysis was performed in two IgG4-RD patients to screen for genes showing changes in expression. Candidate genes were validated by real-time RT-PCR in 27 patients with IgG4-RD and 13 healthy controls. Results DNA microarray analysis identified 21 genes that showed a greater than 3-fold difference in expression between IgG4-RD patients and healthy controls and 30 genes that showed a greater than 3-fold change in IgG4-RD patients following steroid therapy. Candidate genes related to innate immunity, including those encoding Charcot–Leyden crystal protein (CLC), membrane-spanning 4-domain subfamily A member 3 (MS4A3), defensin alpha (DEFA) 3 and 4, and interleukin-8 receptors (IL8R), were validated by real-time RT-PCR. Expression of all genes was significantly lower in IgG4-RD patients than in healthy controls. Steroid therapy significantly increased the expression of DEFA3, DEFA4 and MS4A3, but had no effect on the expression of CLC, IL8RA and IL8RB. Conclusions The expression of genes related to allergy or innate immunity, including CLC, MS4A3, DEFA3, DEFA4, IL8RA and IL8RB, was lower in PBMCs from patients with IgG4-RD than from healthy controls. Although there is the limitation in the number of patients applied in DNA microarray, impaired expression of genes related to innate immunity may be involved in the pathogenesis of IgG4-RD as well as in abnormalities of acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Nakajima
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yasufumi Masaki
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takuji Nakamura
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Takafumi Kawanami
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Ishigaki
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Takegami
- Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Kawano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Kazunori Yamada
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Hospital, Ishikawa 920-8641, Japan
| | - Norifumi Tsukamoto
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Shoko Matsui
- Health Administration Center University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan
| | - Takako Saeki
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nagaoka Red Cross Hospital, Niigata 940-2085, Japan
| | - Kazuichi Okazaki
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka 573-1191, Japan
| | - Terumi Kamisawa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
| | - Taiichiro Miyashita
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical center, Nagasaki 380-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Yakushijin
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Ehime Graduate School of Medicine, Ehime 791-0295, Japan
| | - Keita Fujikawa
- Department of Rheumatology, Japan Community Healthcare Organization, Isahaya General Hospital, Nagasaki 854-8501, Japan
| | - Motohisa Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Hokkaido 060-8543, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hamano
- Medical Informatics Division and Department of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology, Shinshu University School Hospital, Nagano 390-8621, Japan
| | - Tomoki Origuchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Nagasaki Graduate School of Health Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8520, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hirata
- First Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan, Fukuoka 807-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroto Tsuboi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Hisanori Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Mitoyo General Hospital, Kagawa 769-1695, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Haruka Iwao
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Miyuki Miki
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Sakai
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Fujita
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masao Tanaka
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Fukushima
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiro Okazaki
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan
| | - Hisanori Umehara
- Hematology and Immunology, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa 920-0293, Japan; Department of Clinical Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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14
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Shi J, Li L, Hong J, Qi L, Cui B, Gu W, Zhang Y, Miao L, Wang R, Wang W, Ning G. Genetic variants determining body fat distribution and sex hormone-binding globulin among Chinese female young adults. J Diabetes 2014; 6:514-8. [PMID: 24628818 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.12146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measures of body fat distribution (i.e. waist : hip ratio [WHR]) are major risk factors for diabetes, independent of overall adiposity. The genetic variants related to body fat distribution show sexual dimorphism and particularly affect females. Substantial literature supports a role for sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. The aim of the present study was to examine the association of the genetic risk score of body fat distribution with SHBG levels and insulin resistance in young (14-30 years) Chinese females. METHODS In all, 675 young Chinese females were evaluated in the present study. A genetic risk score (GRS) was calculated on the basis of 12 established variants associated with body fat distribution. The main outcome variable was serum SHBG levels and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS The GRS of body fat distribution was significantly associated with decreasing serum SHBG levels (P = 0.018), independent of body mass index and WHR. In addition, the GRS and SHBG showed additive effects on HOMA-IR (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS The GRS of body fat distribution reflects serum SHBG levels, and the GRS and SHBG jointly influence the risk of insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Shi
- Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Endocrine and Metabolic E-Institutes of Shanghai Universities (EISU) and Key Laboratory for Endocrinology and Metabolism of Chinese Health Ministry, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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15
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Fujino S, Akiyama D, Akaboshi S, Fujita T, Watanabe Y, Tamai Y. Purification and Characterization of Phospholipase B fromCandida utilis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 70:377-86. [PMID: 16495653 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase B (PLB) from the asporogenous yeast Candida utilis was purified to homogeneity from a culture broth. The apparent molecular mass was 90-110 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme had two pH optima, one acidic (pH 3.0) and the other alkaline (pH 7.5). At acidic pH the enzyme hydrolyzed all phospholipids tested without metal ions. On the other hand, the PLB showed substrate specificity and required metal ions for alkaline activity. The cDNA sequence of the PLB was analyzed by a combination of several PCR procedures. The PLB encoded a protein consisting of 643 amino acids. The amino acid sequence contained a lipase consensus sequence (GxSxG) and catalytic arginine and aspartic acid motifs which were identified as the catalytic triad in the PLB from Kluyveromyces lactis, suggesting that the catalytic mechanism of the PLB is similar to that of cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)), found in mammalian tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuji Fujino
- Laboratory of Food Biochemistry, Department of Bioresources, Faculty of Agriculture, Ehime University, Japan
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16
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Karamitros CS, Konrad M. Human 60-kDa lysophospholipase contains an N-terminal L-asparaginase domain that is allosterically regulated by L-asparagine. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:12962-75. [PMID: 24657844 PMCID: PMC4036312 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.545038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The structural and functional characterization of human enzymes that are of potential medical and therapeutic interest is of prime significance for translational research. One of the most notable examples of a therapeutic enzyme is L-asparaginase, which has been established as an antileukemic protein drug for more than four decades. Up until now, only bacterial enzymes have been used in therapy despite a plethora of undesired side effects mainly attributed to the bacterial origins of these enzymes. Therefore, the replacement of the currently approved bacterial drugs by human homologs aiming at the elimination of adverse effects is of great importance. Recently, we structurally and biochemically characterized the enzyme human L-asparaginase 3 (hASNase3), which possesses L-asparaginase activity and belongs to the N-terminal nucleophile superfamily of enzymes. Inspired by the necessity for the development of a protein drug of human origin, in the present study, we focused on the characterization of another human L-asparaginase, termed hASNase1. This bacterial-type cytoplasmic L-asparaginase resides in the N-terminal subdomain of an overall 573-residue protein previously reported to function as a lysophospholipase. Our kinetic, mutagenesis, structural modeling, and fluorescence labeling data highlight allosteric features of hASNase1 that are similar to those of its Escherichia coli homolog, EcASNase1. Differential scanning fluorometry and urea denaturation experiments demonstrate the impact of particular mutations on the structural and functional integrity of the L-asparaginase domain and provide a direct comparison of sites critical for the conformational stability of the human and E. coli enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos S. Karamitros
- From the Enzyme Biochemistry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
| | - Manfred Konrad
- From the Enzyme Biochemistry Group, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen D-37077, Germany
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17
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Okada Y, Diogo D, Greenberg JD, Mouassess F, Achkar WAL, Fulton RS, Denny JC, Gupta N, Mirel D, Gabriel S, Li G, Kremer JM, Pappas DA, Carroll RJ, Eyler AE, Trynka G, Stahl EA, Cui J, Saxena R, Coenen MJH, Guchelaar HJ, Huizinga TWJ, Dieudé P, Mariette X, Barton A, Canhão H, Fonseca JE, de Vries N, Tak PP, Moreland LW, Bridges SL, Miceli-Richard C, Choi HK, Kamatani Y, Galan P, Lathrop M, Raj T, De Jager PL, Raychaudhuri S, Worthington J, Padyukov L, Klareskog L, Siminovitch KA, Gregersen PK, Mardis ER, Arayssi T, Kazkaz LA, Plenge RM. Integration of sequence data from a Consanguineous family with genetic data from an outbred population identifies PLB1 as a candidate rheumatoid arthritis risk gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87645. [PMID: 24520335 PMCID: PMC3919745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating genetic data from families with highly penetrant forms of disease together with genetic data from outbred populations represents a promising strategy to uncover the complete frequency spectrum of risk alleles for complex traits such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we demonstrate that rare, low-frequency and common alleles at one gene locus, phospholipase B1 (PLB1), might contribute to risk of RA in a 4-generation consanguineous pedigree (Middle Eastern ancestry) and also in unrelated individuals from the general population (European ancestry). Through identity-by-descent (IBD) mapping and whole-exome sequencing, we identified a non-synonymous c.2263G>C (p.G755R) mutation at the PLB1 gene on 2q23, which significantly co-segregated with RA in family members with a dominant mode of inheritance (P = 0.009). We further evaluated PLB1 variants and risk of RA using a GWAS meta-analysis of 8,875 RA cases and 29,367 controls of European ancestry. We identified significant contributions of two independent non-coding variants near PLB1 with risk of RA (rs116018341 [MAF = 0.042] and rs116541814 [MAF = 0.021], combined P = 3.2×10−6). Finally, we performed deep exon sequencing of PLB1 in 1,088 RA cases and 1,088 controls (European ancestry), and identified suggestive dispersion of rare protein-coding variant frequencies between cases and controls (P = 0.049 for C-alpha test and P = 0.055 for SKAT). Together, these data suggest that PLB1 is a candidate risk gene for RA. Future studies to characterize the full spectrum of genetic risk in the PLB1 genetic locus are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Okada
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Dorothee Diogo
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Greenberg
- New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Faten Mouassess
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Human Genetics Division, Damascus, Syria
| | - Walid A. L. Achkar
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Human Genetics Division, Damascus, Syria
| | - Robert S. Fulton
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Namrata Gupta
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Mirel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stacy Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gang Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Kremer
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical Center and The Center for Rheumatology, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios A. Pappas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York, Presbyterian Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Eyler
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gosia Trynka
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eli A. Stahl
- The Department of Psychiatry at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jing Cui
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marieke J. H. Coenen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Guchelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom W. J. Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Dieudé
- Service de Rhumatologie et INSERM U699 Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Université Paris-Sud, Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Anne Barton
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Canhão
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Santa Maria Hospital–CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João E. Fonseca
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Santa Maria Hospital–CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Niek de Vries
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology & Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul P. Tak
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Larry W. Moreland
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - S. Louis Bridges
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Corinne Miceli-Richard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Université Paris-Sud, Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Clinical Epidemiology Research and Training Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, France
| | - Pilar Galan
- Université Paris 13 Sorbonne Paris Cité, UREN (Nutritional Epidemiology Research Unit), Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny, France
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Towfique Raj
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical, Research Unit, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Worthington
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Leonid Padyukov
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine A. Siminovitch
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter K. Gregersen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore–Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Elaine R. Mardis
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thurayya Arayssi
- Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Layla A. Kazkaz
- Tishreen Hospital, Damascus, Syria
- Syrian Association for Rheumatology, Damascus, Syria
| | - Robert M. Plenge
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Kovačić F, Granzin J, Wilhelm S, Kojić-Prodić B, Batra-Safferling R, Jaeger KE. Structural and functional characterisation of TesA - a novel lysophospholipase A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69125. [PMID: 23874889 PMCID: PMC3715468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TesA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa belongs to the GDSL hydrolase family of serine esterases and lipases that possess a broad substrate- and regiospecificity. It shows high sequence homology to TAP, a multifunctional enzyme from Escherichia coli exhibiting thioesterase, lysophospholipase A, protease and arylesterase activities. Recently, we demonstrated high arylesterase activity for TesA, but only minor thioesterase and no protease activity. Here, we present a comparative analysis of TesA and TAP at the structural, biochemical and physiological levels. The crystal structure of TesA was determined at 1.9 Å and structural differences were identified, providing a possible explanation for the differences in substrate specificities. The comparison of TesA with other GDSL-hydrolase structures revealed that the flexibility of active-site loops significantly affects their substrate specificity. This assumption was tested using a rational approach: we have engineered the putative coenzyme A thioester binding site of E. coli TAP into TesA of P. aeruginosa by introducing mutations D17S and L162R. This TesA variant showed increased thioesterase activity comparable to that of TAP. TesA is the first lysophospholipase A described for the opportunistic human pathogen P. aeruginosa. The enzyme is localized in the periplasm and may exert important functions in the homeostasis of phospholipids or detoxification of lysophospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kovačić
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Joachim Granzin
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Susanne Wilhelm
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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19
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Fan Q, Barathi VA, Cheng CY, Zhou X, Meguro A, Nakata I, Khor CC, Goh LK, Li YJ, Lim W, Ho CEH, Hawthorne F, Zheng Y, Chua D, Inoko H, Yamashiro K, Ohno-Matsui K, Matsuo K, Matsuda F, Vithana E, Seielstad M, Mizuki N, Beuerman RW, Tai ES, Yoshimura N, Aung T, Young TL, Wong TY, Teo YY, Saw SM. Genetic variants on chromosome 1q41 influence ocular axial length and high myopia. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002753. [PMID: 22685421 PMCID: PMC3369958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the leading causes of visual impairment and blindness, myopia poses a significant public health burden in Asia. The primary determinant of myopia is an elongated ocular axial length (AL). Here we report a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies on AL conducted in 1,860 Chinese adults, 929 Chinese children, and 2,155 Malay adults. We identified a genetic locus on chromosome 1q41 harboring the zinc-finger 11B pseudogene ZC3H11B showing genome-wide significant association with AL variation (rs4373767, β = -0.16 mm per minor allele, P(meta) =2.69 × 10(-10)). The minor C allele of rs4373767 was also observed to significantly associate with decreased susceptibility to high myopia (per-allele odds ratio (OR) =0.75, 95% CI: 0.68-0.84, P(meta) =4.38 × 10(-7)) in 1,118 highly myopic cases and 5,433 controls. ZC3H11B and two neighboring genes SLC30A10 and LYPLAL1 were expressed in the human neural retina, retinal pigment epithelium, and sclera. In an experimental myopia mouse model, we observed significant alterations to gene and protein expression in the retina and sclera of the unilateral induced myopic eyes for the murine genes ZC3H11A, SLC30A10, and LYPLAL1. This supports the likely role of genetic variants at chromosome 1q41 in influencing AL variation and high myopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Fan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veluchamy A. Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Zhou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Akira Meguro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Isao Nakata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pediatrics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang-Kee Goh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Wan'e Lim
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Candice E. H. Ho
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Felicia Hawthorne
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yingfeng Zheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daniel Chua
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hidetoshi Inoko
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Molecular Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, Tokai University School of Medicine, Isehara, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Matsuo
- Division of Epidemiology and Prevention, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine and Inserm U.852, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mark Seielstad
- Institute for Human Genetics and Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nobuhisa Mizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yokohama City University School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Roger W. Beuerman
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E.-Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terri L. Young
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (S-MS); (Y-YT)
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke–National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Graduate School for Integrative Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail: (S-MS); (Y-YT)
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20
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Fox CS, Liu Y, White CC, Feitosa M, Smith AV, Heard-Costa N, Lohman K, Johnson AD, Foster MC, Greenawalt DM, Griffin P, Ding J, Newman AB, Tylavsky F, Miljkovic I, Kritchevsky SB, Launer L, Garcia M, Eiriksdottir G, Carr JJ, Gudnason V, Harris TB, Cupples LA, Borecki IB. Genome-wide association for abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose reveals a novel locus for visceral fat in women. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002695. [PMID: 22589738 PMCID: PMC3349734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Body fat distribution, particularly centralized obesity, is associated with metabolic risk above and beyond total adiposity. We performed genome-wide association of abdominal adipose depots quantified using computed tomography (CT) to uncover novel loci for body fat distribution among participants of European ancestry. Subcutaneous and visceral fat were quantified in 5,560 women and 4,997 men from 4 population-based studies. Genome-wide genotyping was performed using standard arrays and imputed to ~2.5 million Hapmap SNPs. Each study performed a genome-wide association analysis of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), visceral adipose tissue (VAT), VAT adjusted for body mass index, and VAT/SAT ratio (a metric of the propensity to store fat viscerally as compared to subcutaneously) in the overall sample and in women and men separately. A weighted z-score meta-analysis was conducted. For the VAT/SAT ratio, our most significant p-value was rs11118316 at LYPLAL1 gene (p = 3.1 × 10E-09), previously identified in association with waist-hip ratio. For SAT, the most significant SNP was in the FTO gene (p = 5.9 × 10E-08). Given the known gender differences in body fat distribution, we performed sex-specific analyses. Our most significant finding was for VAT in women, rs1659258 near THNSL2 (p = 1.6 × 10-08), but not men (p = 0.75). Validation of this SNP in the GIANT consortium data demonstrated a similar sex-specific pattern, with observed significance in women (p = 0.006) but not men (p = 0.24) for BMI and waist circumference (p = 0.04 [women], p = 0.49 [men]). Finally, we interrogated our data for the 14 recently published loci for body fat distribution (measured by waist-hip ratio adjusted for BMI); associations were observed at 7 of these loci. In contrast, we observed associations at only 7/32 loci previously identified in association with BMI; the majority of overlap was observed with SAT. Genome-wide association for visceral and subcutaneous fat revealed a SNP for VAT in women. More refined phenotypes for body composition and fat distribution can detect new loci not previously uncovered in large-scale GWAS of anthropometric traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline S. Fox
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yongmei Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Charles C. White
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mary Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Icelandic Heart Association, Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Nancy Heard-Costa
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kurt Lohman
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Andrew D. Johnson
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Meredith C. Foster
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Center for Population Studies, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Paula Griffin
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jinghong Ding
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fran Tylavsky
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Iva Miljkovic
- Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lenore Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Melissa Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - J. Jeffrey Carr
- Departments of Radiologic Sciences, Internal Medicine-Cardiology, and Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Vilmunder Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland
- University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - L. Adrienne Cupples
- Framingham Heart Study, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health, Framingham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ingrid B. Borecki
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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21
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Jiang F, Huang S, Imadad K, Li C. Cloning and expression of a gene with phospholipase B activity from Pseudomonas fluorescens in Escherichia coli. Bioresour Technol 2012; 104:518-522. [PMID: 22078969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.09.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A gene from Pseudomonasfluorescens BIT-18 encoding a protein with phospholipase B activity (Pf-PLB) was cloned in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The open reading frame consists of 1272 bp and potentially encodes a protein of 423 amino acid residues with a calculated molecular mass of 45.8 kDa. The nucleotide sequence of Pf-PLB is 45%, 42%, 41%, 40%, 33%, and 31% identical to that of Bifidobacterium animals, Mycobacterium parascrofulaceum, Acidobacterium capsulatum, Lactobacillus johnsonii, Moraxella bovis, and Moraxella catarrhalis, respectively. The His-tagged protein was purified by affinity chromatography and the eluted protein hydrolyzed both the 1- and 2-ester bond of phosphatidylcholine. The recombinant Pf-PLB had optimal activity at pH 6.0 and 30 °C, and it showed 20.1% higher efficiency in the conversion rate of the phosphorus content than the wild-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyan Jiang
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, PR China
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22
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Burgdorf KS, Gjesing AP, Grarup N, Justesen JM, Sandholt CH, Witte DR, Jørgensen T, Madsbad S, Hansen T, Pedersen O. Association studies of novel obesity-related gene variants with quantitative metabolic phenotypes in a population-based sample of 6,039 Danish individuals. Diabetologia 2012; 55:105-13. [PMID: 21953277 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Genome-wide association studies have identified novel WHR and BMI susceptibility loci. The aim of this study was to elucidate if any of these loci had an effect on quantitative measures of glucose homeostasis, including estimates of insulin release and insulin sensitivity in an epidemiological setting. METHODS By applying an additive genetic model, 14 WHR-associated gene variants and 18 BMI-associated variants were investigated for their relationships with glucose-related metabolic traits in treatment-naive individuals from the population-based Inter99 study sample (n = 6,039). RESULTS Of the variants associated with BMI, the QPCTL rs2287019 C allele was associated with an increased insulinogenic index of 7.4% per risk allele (p = 4.0 × 10⁻⁷) and increased disposition index of 5.6% (p = 6.4 × 10⁻⁵). The LRP1B rs2890652 C allele was associated with insulin resistance, showing a 3.3% increase (p = 0.0011) using the HOMA-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index and a 2.2% reduction (p = 0.0014) with the Matsuda index. Of the variants associated with WHR, LYPLAL1/SLC30A10 rs4846567 G allele carriers showed a 5.2% lower HOMA-IR (p = 0.00086) in women, indicating improved insulin sensitivity. Female carriers of the VEGFA rs6905288 A allele were insulin resistant, with a 3.7% increase in HOMA-IR (p = 0.00036) and 4.0% decrease in Matsuda index (p = 2 × 10⁻⁴). CONCLUSIONS Our correlative findings from analysing single-locus data suggest that some variation in validated BMI and WHR loci are associated with either increased or decreased insulin sensitivity and thereby potentially with metabolically healthy or metabolically unhealthy subsets of obesity. The results call for testing in larger study samples and for further physiological exploration of the possible metabolic implications of these loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Burgdorf
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 1, DIKU Building, Room 1.1.N121, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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23
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Bille DS, Banasik K, Justesen JM, Sandholt CH, Sandbæk A, Lauritzen T, Jørgensen T, Witte DR, Holm JC, Hansen T, Pedersen O. Implications of central obesity-related variants in LYPLAL1, NRXN3, MSRA, and TFAP2B on quantitative metabolic traits in adult Danes. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20640. [PMID: 21674055 PMCID: PMC3107232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Two meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have suggested that four variants: rs2605100 in lysophospholipase-like 1 (LYPLAL1), rs10146997 in neuroxin 3 (NRXN3), rs545854 in methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA), and rs987237 in transcription factor activating enhancer-binding protein 2 beta (TFAP2B) associate with measures of central obesity. To elucidate potential underlying phenotypes we aimed to investigate whether these variants associated with: 1) quantitative metabolic traits, 2) anthropometric measures (waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio, and BMI), or 3) type 2 diabetes, and central and general overweight and obesity. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The four variants were genotyped in Danish individuals using KASPar®. Quantitative metabolic traits were examined in a population-based sample (n = 6,038) and WC and BMI were furthermore analyzed in a combined study sample (n = 13,507). Case-control studies of diabetes and adiposity included 15,326 individuals. The major G-allele of LYPLAL1 rs2605100 associated with increased fasting serum triglyceride concentrations (per allele effect (β) = 3%(1;5(95%CI)), p(additive) = 2.7×10(-3)), an association driven by the male gender (p(interaction) = 0.02). The same allele associated with increased fasting serum insulin concentrations (β = 3%(1;5), p(additive) = 2.5×10(-3)) and increased insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (β = 4%(1;6), p(additive) = 1.5×10(-3)). The minor G-allele of rs10146997 in NRXN3 associated with increased WC among women (β = 0.55cm (0.20;0.89), p(additive) = 1.7×10(-3), p(interaction) = 1.0×10(-3)), but showed no associations with obesity related metabolic traits. The MSRA rs545854 and TFAP2B rs987237 showed nominal associations with central obesity; however, no underlying metabolic phenotypes became obvious, when investigating quantitative metabolic traits. None of the variants influenced the prevalence of type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE We demonstrate that several of the central obesity-associated variants in LYPLAL1, NRXN3, MSRA, and TFAP2B associate with metabolic and anthropometric traits in Danish adults. However, analyses were made without adjusting for multiple testing, and further studies are needed to confirm the putative role of LYPLAL1, NRXN3, MSRA, and TFAP2B in the pathophysiology of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorthe S. Bille
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Paediatrics, Holbæk University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karina Banasik
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Johanne M. Justesen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla H. Sandholt
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk A/S, Medical and Science, Development Projects, Bagsværd, Denmark
| | - Annelli Sandbæk
- Department of General Practice, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torsten Lauritzen
- Department of General Practice, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Jørgensen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Centre for Prevention and Health, Glostrup University Hospital, Glostrup, Denmark
| | | | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children's Obesity Clinic, Department of Paediatrics, Holbæk University Hospital, Holbæk, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Hansen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Oluf Pedersen
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Hagedorn Research Institute, Gentofte, Denmark
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
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Tomatis VM, Trenchi A, Gomez GA, Daniotti JL. Acyl-protein thioesterase 2 catalyzes the deacylation of peripheral membrane-associated GAP-43. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15045. [PMID: 21152083 PMCID: PMC2994833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An acylation/deacylation cycle is necessary to maintain the steady-state subcellular distribution and biological activity of S-acylated peripheral proteins. Despite the progress that has been made in identifying and characterizing palmitoyltransferases (PATs), much less is known about the thioesterases involved in protein deacylation. In this work, we investigated the deacylation of growth-associated protein-43 (GAP-43), a dually acylated protein at cysteine residues 3 and 4. Using fluorescent fusion constructs, we measured in vivo the rate of deacylation of GAP-43 and its single acylated mutants in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 and human HeLa cells. Biochemical and live cell imaging experiments demonstrated that single acylated mutants were completely deacylated with similar kinetic in both cell types. By RT-PCR we observed that acyl-protein thioesterase 1 (APT-1), the only bona fide thioesterase shown to mediate deacylation in vivo, is expressed in HeLa cells, but not in CHO-K1 cells. However, APT-1 overexpression neither increased the deacylation rate of single acylated GAP-43 nor affected the steady-state subcellular distribution of dually acylated GAP-43 both in CHO-K1 and HeLa cells, indicating that GAP-43 deacylation is not mediated by APT-1. Accordingly, we performed a bioinformatic search to identify putative candidates with acyl-protein thioesterase activity. Among several candidates, we found that APT-2 is expressed both in CHO-K1 and HeLa cells and its overexpression increased the deacylation rate of single acylated GAP-43 and affected the steady-state localization of diacylated GAP-43 and H-Ras. Thus, the results demonstrate that APT-2 is the protein thioesterase involved in the acylation/deacylation cycle operating in GAP-43 subcellular distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa M. Tomatis
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Trenchi
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Guillermo A. Gomez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Jose L. Daniotti
- Centro de Investigaciones en Química Biológica de Córdoba (CIQUIBIC, UNC-CONICET), Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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25
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Gao W, Li HY, Xiao S, Chye ML. Acyl-CoA-binding protein 2 binds lysophospholipase 2 and lysoPC to promote tolerance to cadmium-induced oxidative stress in transgenic Arabidopsis. Plant J 2010; 62:989-1003. [PMID: 20345607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lysophospholipids are intermediates of phospholipid metabolism resulting from stress and lysophospholipases detoxify lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC). Many lysophospholipases have been characterized in mammals and bacteria, but few have been reported from plants. Arabidopsis thaliana lysophospholipase 2 (lysoPL2) (At1g52760) was identified as a protein interactor of acyl-CoA-binding protein 2 (ACBP2) in yeast two-hybrid analysis and co-immunoprecipitation assays. BLASTP analysis indicated that lysoPL2 showed approximately 35% amino acid identity to the lysoPL1 family. Co-localization of autofluorescence-tagged lysoPL2 and ACBP2 by confocal microscopy in agroinfiltrated tobacco suggests the plasma membrane as a site for their subcellular interaction. LysoPL2 mRNA was induced by zinc (Zn) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), and lysoPL2 knockout mutants showed enhanced sensitivity to Zn and H(2)O(2) in comparison to wild type. LysoPL2-overexpressing Arabidopsis was more tolerant to H(2)O(2) and cadmium (Cd) than wild type, suggesting involvement of lysoPL2 in phospholipid repair following lipid peroxidation arising from metal-induced stress. Lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) contents in ACBP2-overexpressors and lysoPL2-overexpressors after Cd-treatment were lower than wild type, indicating that ACBP2 and lysoPL2 confer protection during oxidative stress. A role for lysoPL2 in lysoPC detoxification was demonstrated when recombinant lysoPL2 was observed to degrade lysoPC in vitro. Filter-binding assays and Lipidex competition assays showed that (His)(6)-ACBP2 binds lysoPC in vitro. Binding was disrupted in a (His)(6)-ACBP2 derivative lacking the acyl-CoA-binding domain, confirming that this domain confers lysoPC binding. These results suggest that ACBP2 can bind both lysoPC and lysoPL2 to promote the degradation of lysoPC in response to Cd-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
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26
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies of the nasal lavage fluid proteome have previously identified proteins differently expressed in patients with symptomatic allergic rhinitis, e.g. S100A7, prolactin-inducible protein (PIP), wingless-type MMTV integration site family, member 2B (WNT2B), Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (CLC) and palate lung nasal epithelial clone (PLUNC). The aim of the present study was to investigate if genetic variation associated with allergic rhinitis can be found in these genes. METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from 251 patients with birch and/or grass pollen-induced allergic rhinitis and 386 nonatopic healthy controls. A total of 39 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) distributed over the genes PIP, WNT2B, CLC and PLUNC were selected from dbSNP, genotyped and investigated for associations with allergic rhinitis. Twelve additional SNPs were subsequently analysed for CLC. RESULTS All 22 investigated SNPs in CLC were polymorphic. Ten SNPs yielded significant differences between cases and controls with respect to genotype frequencies. Homozygotes for the minor allele were more common in allergic individuals compared to healthy controls. The minor alleles of these SNPs were all located on the same haplotype. Furthermore, homozygotes for the minor allele of two of the promoter SNPs had higher average scores for birch in skin prick test. In contrast, for seven SNPs within the gene, heterozygotes and homozygotes for the major allele had higher average scores for grass. None of the other three genes showed association. CONCLUSION Genetic variation in CLC was found to be associated with allergic rhinitis. The pattern of variation is compatible with a recessive inheritance model and the previously observed altered protein levels detected in patients with allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bryborn
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
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27
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Lindgren CM, Heid IM, Randall JC, Lamina C, Steinthorsdottir V, Qi L, Speliotes EK, Thorleifsson G, Willer CJ, Herrera BM, Jackson AU, Lim N, Scheet P, Soranzo N, Amin N, Aulchenko YS, Chambers JC, Drong A, Luan J, Lyon HN, Rivadeneira F, Sanna S, Timpson NJ, Zillikens MC, Zhao JH, Almgren P, Bandinelli S, Bennett AJ, Bergman RN, Bonnycastle LL, Bumpstead SJ, Chanock SJ, Cherkas L, Chines P, Coin L, Cooper C, Crawford G, Doering A, Dominiczak A, Doney ASF, Ebrahim S, Elliott P, Erdos MR, Estrada K, Ferrucci L, Fischer G, Forouhi NG, Gieger C, Grallert H, Groves CJ, Grundy S, Guiducci C, Hadley D, Hamsten A, Havulinna AS, Hofman A, Holle R, Holloway JW, Illig T, Isomaa B, Jacobs LC, Jameson K, Jousilahti P, Karpe F, Kuusisto J, Laitinen J, Lathrop GM, Lawlor DA, Mangino M, McArdle WL, Meitinger T, Morken MA, Morris AP, Munroe P, Narisu N, Nordström A, Nordström P, Oostra BA, Palmer CNA, Payne F, Peden JF, Prokopenko I, Renström F, Ruokonen A, Salomaa V, Sandhu MS, Scott LJ, Scuteri A, Silander K, Song K, Yuan X, Stringham HM, Swift AJ, Tuomi T, Uda M, Vollenweider P, Waeber G, Wallace C, Walters GB, Weedon MN, Witteman JCM, Zhang C, Zhang W, Caulfield MJ, Collins FS, Davey Smith G, Day INM, Franks PW, Hattersley AT, Hu FB, Jarvelin MR, Kong A, Kooner JS, Laakso M, Lakatta E, Mooser V, Morris AD, Peltonen L, Samani NJ, Spector TD, Strachan DP, Tanaka T, Tuomilehto J, Uitterlinden AG, van Duijn CM, Wareham NJ, Watkins for the PROCARDIS consortia H, Waterworth DM, Boehnke M, Deloukas P, Groop L, Hunter DJ, Thorsteinsdottir U, Schlessinger D, Wichmann HE, Frayling TM, Abecasis GR, Hirschhorn JN, Loos RJF, Stefansson K, Mohlke KL, Barroso I, McCarthy for the GIANT consortium MI. Genome-wide association scan meta-analysis identifies three Loci influencing adiposity and fat distribution. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000508. [PMID: 19557161 PMCID: PMC2695778 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify genetic loci influencing central obesity and fat distribution, we performed a meta-analysis of 16 genome-wide association studies (GWAS, N = 38,580) informative for adult waist circumference (WC) and waist-hip ratio (WHR). We selected 26 SNPs for follow-up, for which the evidence of association with measures of central adiposity (WC and/or WHR) was strong and disproportionate to that for overall adiposity or height. Follow-up studies in a maximum of 70,689 individuals identified two loci strongly associated with measures of central adiposity; these map near TFAP2B (WC, P = 1.9x10(-11)) and MSRA (WC, P = 8.9x10(-9)). A third locus, near LYPLAL1, was associated with WHR in women only (P = 2.6x10(-8)). The variants near TFAP2B appear to influence central adiposity through an effect on overall obesity/fat-mass, whereas LYPLAL1 displays a strong female-only association with fat distribution. By focusing on anthropometric measures of central obesity and fat distribution, we have identified three loci implicated in the regulation of human adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia M. Lindgren
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Iris M. Heid
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joshua C. Randall
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia Lamina
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Division of Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Medical Genetics, Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Lu Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth K. Speliotes
- Department of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Cristen J. Willer
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Blanca M. Herrera
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anne U. Jackson
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Noha Lim
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul Scheet
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Nicole Soranzo
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yurii S. Aulchenko
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - John C. Chambers
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Drong
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jian'an Luan
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Helen N. Lyon
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Sanna
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - M. Carola Zillikens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jing Hua Zhao
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Amanda J. Bennett
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard N. Bergman
- Physiology and Biophysics, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Stephen J. Chanock
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lynn Cherkas
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Chines
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lachlan Coin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Crawford
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Angela Doering
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anna Dominiczak
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Alex S. F. Doney
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Shah Ebrahim
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Erdos
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Karol Estrada
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Guido Fischer
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nita G. Forouhi
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christopher J. Groves
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Grundy
- Centre for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Centre, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Candace Guiducci
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - David Hadley
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Holle
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John W. Holloway
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Division of Human Genetics, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Illig
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Bo Isomaa
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Malmska Municipal Health Center and Hospital, Jakobstad, Finland
| | - Leonie C. Jacobs
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karen Jameson
- MRC Epidemiology Resource Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fredrik Karpe
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Kuusisto
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Debbie A. Lawlor
- The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Mangino
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Wendy L. McArdle
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Mario A. Morken
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Morris
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Munroe
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Narisu Narisu
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anna Nordström
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Section for Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Geriatrics, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Peter Nordström
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Section for Sports Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Geriatrics, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Colin N. A. Palmer
- Population Pharmacogenetics Group, Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Felicity Payne
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John F. Peden
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frida Renström
- Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Aimo Ruokonen
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Manjinder S. Sandhu
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J. Scott
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Angelo Scuteri
- Unita' Operativa Geriatrica, Instituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani (INRCA) IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Kaisa Silander
- Department of Molecular Medicine, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kijoung Song
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xin Yuan
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Amy J. Swift
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Tiinamaija Tuomi
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Research Program of Molecular Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manuela Uda
- Istituto di Neurogenetica e Neurofarmacologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Peter Vollenweider
- Department of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gerard Waeber
- Department of Medicine and Internal Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chris Wallace
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael N. Weedon
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Cuilin Zhang
- Division of Epidemiology, Statistics, and Prevention Research, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Ealing Hospital, Ealing Hospital National Health Service Trust, Southall, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J. Caulfield
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Francis S. Collins
- National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Davey Smith
- The MRC Centre for Causal Analyses in Translational Epidemiology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Ian N. M. Day
- Bristol Genetic Epidemiology Laboratories, Department of Social Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Paul W. Franks
- Genetic Epidemiology and Clinical Research Group, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Medicine, Umeå University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section for Nutritional Research (Umeå Medical Biobank), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Andrew T. Hattersley
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Frank B. Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, National Public Health Institute, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Markku Laakso
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Edward Lakatta
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of Ameica
| | - Vincent Mooser
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Morris
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Medicine and Therapeutics, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nilesh J. Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David P. Strachan
- Division of Community Health Sciences, St George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toshiko Tanaka
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Medstar Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Diabetes Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nicholas J. Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hugh Watkins for the PROCARDIS consortia
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dawn M. Waterworth
- Medical Genetics, Clinical Pharmacology and Discovery Medicine, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics, Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Panos Deloukas
- Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leif Groop
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Diabetes, and Endocrinology Research Unit, University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David J. Hunter
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Unnur Thorsteinsdottir
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - David Schlessinger
- Gerontology Research Center, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of Ameica
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Timothy M. Frayling
- Genetics of Complex Traits, Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, Peninsula Medical School, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Center for Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Joel N. Hirschhorn
- Metabolism Initiative and Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Divisions of Genetics and Endocrinology, Program in Genomics, Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruth J. F. Loos
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kari Stefansson
- deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavík, Iceland
| | - Karen L. Mohlke
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Inês Barroso
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark I. McCarthy for the GIANT consortium
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, , Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Inawaka K, Kawabe M, Takahashi S, Doi Y, Tomigahara Y, Tarui H, Abe J, Kawamura S, Shirai T. Maternal exposure to anti-androgenic compounds, vinclozolin, flutamide and procymidone, has no effects on spermatogenesis and DNA methylation in male rats of subsequent generations. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 237:178-87. [PMID: 19303894 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To verify whether anti-androgens cause transgenerational effects on spermatogenesis and DNA methylation in rats, gravid Crl:CD(SD) female rats (4 or 5/group, gestational day (GD) 0=day sperm detected) were intraperitoneally treated with anti-androgenic compounds, such as vinclozolin (100 mg/kg/day), procymidone (100 mg/kg/day), or flutamide (10 mg/kg/day), from GD 8 to GD 15. Testes were collected from F1 male pups at postnatal day (PND) 6 for DNA methylation analysis of the region (210 bp including 7 CpG sites) within the lysophospholipase gene by bisulfite DNA sequencing method. F0 and F1 males underwent the sperm analysis (count, motility and morphology), followed by DNA methylation analysis of the sperm. Remaining F1 males were cohabited with untreated-females to obtain F2 male pups for subsequent DNA methylation analysis of the testes at PND 6. These analyses showed no effects on spermatogenesis and fertility in F1 males of any treatment group. DNA methylation status in testes (F1 and F2 pups at PND 6) or sperms (F1 males at 13 weeks old) of the treatment groups were comparable to the control at all observation points, although DNA methylation rates in testes were slightly lower than those in sperm. In F0 males, no abnormalities in the spermatogenesis, fertility and DNA methylation status of sperm were observed. No transgenerational abnormalities of spermatogenesis and DNA methylation status caused by anti-androgenic compounds were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunifumi Inawaka
- Environmental Health Science Laboratory, Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan.
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29
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Ma CL, Hu XC, Hu FY, Zhou HJ, Xue L, Yu XB. [The effects of Lysophospholipase from Clonorchis sinensis on the hepatic stellate cells and oval cells of rat]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2008; 24:692-695. [PMID: 18616914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
AIM To clarify the effects of the recombinant protein of Lysophospholipase from Clonorchis sinensis (CsLysoPLA) on the hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and oval cells of rat. METHODS Binding of the recombinant CslysoPLA protein to the membrane of HSC and oval cells was identified by immunofluorescent staining. The HSC and oval cells were cultured and treated with the recombinant protein at different doses, and proliferation was quantified by MTT method. Cell cycle analysis was performed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The recombinant CslysoPLA protein could bind to the membrane of HSC and oval cells. Compared to control, 2 mg/L and 20 mg/L the recombinant protein could promote HSC and oval cells growth (P<0.05), whereas 200 mg/L the recombinant protein could induce the cells necrosis, which associated with overt plasma membrane disruption. Oval cell number in G(2) phase of the recombinant protein 20 mg/L treated group was higher than that of control group. CONCLUSION In vitro, the recombinant protein could induce HSC and oval cells proliferation at low concentrations (2 mg/L and 20 mg/L), whereas it also could induce the cells necrosis at high concentration (200 mg/L). These results suggested that CslysoPLA might play a role in the pathogenicity of C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ling Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510182, China.
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30
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Ma L, Xie LX, Dong XG, Shi WY. [Virulence of extracellular phospholipase B of Candida albicans in rabbit experimental keratomycosis]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2008; 44:237-243. [PMID: 18785548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the virulence of extracellular phospholipase B (PLB) of Candida albicans in experimental keratomycosis. METHODS It was an experimental study. The PLB-deficient mutant strain of Candida albicans and its isogenic parental strain were used in this study. The effects of these two strains on the model of experimental keratomycosis in 48 New Zealand albino rabbits covered with contact lens was compared by observing the dynamic changes clinically and histopathologically. In vitro, these two strains were incubated with the corneal stromal cells separately (37 degrees C, 5% CO2). The influence of these two strains on monolayer keratocytes were detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and flow cytometry with Annexin V/propidium iodide. RESULTS The hyphae of these two strains grew perpendicularly to the corneal stromal lamellae. The difference of the hyphal invasion inoculated for 2 days by these two isogenic strains was statistically significant (P = 0.002), but at other intervals, no significant difference was found. The severity of the inflammation in parental keratomycosis was the same as that in PLB null strain at any time points (P > 0.05). Under SEM, the morphogenesis and the number of adherent germ tubes of these two isogenic strains appeared similarly (P > 0.05), but the number of germ tubes penetrating cell monolayer was significantly different (P = 0.009). Obviously more prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was detected in the culture supernatants of parental strain group (65,466 +/- 5773) pg/ml than that of the null strain group (18,025 +/- 5232) pg/ml. The percentages of the cells with damaged cellular membrane in the parental group, the PLB null group and the control group, were 3.02%, 2.04% and 0.12%, respectively. The percentages of apoptosis cells in these three groups were 33.17%, 27.56% and 1.46%, respectively. The percentages of living cells were 63.81%, 70.40% and 98.41%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS PLB shows virulent effects in triggering fungal invasion in cornea immediately following fungal adherence by decomposing membrane phospholipids and leading to cell lysis. However, its virulent effect does not appear to be critical as in the hematogenous model of disseminated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ma
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Qingdao 266071, China
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31
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Côtes K, Dhouib R, Douchet I, Chahinian H, deCaro A, Carrière F, Canaan S. Characterization of an exported monoglyceride lipase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis possibly involved in the metabolism of host cell membrane lipids. Biochem J 2008; 408:417-27. [PMID: 17784850 PMCID: PMC2267359 DOI: 10.1042/bj20070745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Rv0183 gene of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain, which has been implicated as a lysophospholipase, was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified Rv0183 protein did not show any activity when lysophospholipid substrates were used, but preferentially hydrolysed monoacylglycerol substrates with a specific activity of 290 units x mg(-1) at 37 degrees C. Rv0183 hydrolyses both long chain di- and triacylglycerols, as determined using the monomolecular film technique, although the turnover was lower than with MAG (monoacyl-glycerol). The enzyme shows an optimum activity at pH values ranging from 7.5 to 9.0 using mono-olein as substrate and is inactivated by serine esterase inhibitors such as E600, PMSF and tetrahydrolipstatin. The catalytic triad is composed of Ser110, Asp226 and His256 residues, as confirmed by the results of site-directed mutagenesis. Rv0183 shows 35% sequence identity with the human and mouse monoglyceride lipases and well below 15% with the other bacterial lipases characterized so far. Homologues of Rv0183 can be identified in other mycobacterial genomes such as Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and even Mycobacterium leprae, which is known to contain a low number of genes involved in the replication process within the host cells. The results of immunolocalization studies performed with polyclonal antibodies raised against the purified recombinant Rv0183 suggested that the enzyme was present only in the cell wall and culture medium of M. tuberculosis. Our results identify Rv0183 as the first exported lipolytic enzyme to be characterized in M. tuberculosis and suggest that Rv0183 may be involved in the degradation of the host cell lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Côtes
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025 - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Rabeb Dhouib
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025 - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Isabelle Douchet
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025 - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Henri Chahinian
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025 - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Alain deCaro
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025 - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Frédéric Carrière
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025 - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - Stéphane Canaan
- Laboratoire d'Enzymologie Interfaciale et de Physiologie de la Lipolyse, UPR 9025 - CNRS, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
- To whom correspondence should be sent (email )
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Shiell BJ, Tachedjian M, Bruce K, Beddome G, Farn JL, Hoyne PA, Michalski WP. Expression, purification and characterization of recombinant phospholipase B from Moraxella bovis with anomalous electrophoretic behavior. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 55:262-72. [PMID: 17709258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2007] [Revised: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Moraxella bovis is the causative agent of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) also known as pinkeye, a highly contagious and painful eye disease that is common in cattle throughout the world. Vaccination appears to be a reasonable and cost-effective means of control of pinkeye. Identification of genes encoding novel secreted antigens have been reported, and these antigens are being assessed for use in a vaccine. One of the genes encodes phospholipase B, which can be expressed with high purity and yield in recombinant Escherichia coli as a secreted, soluble, non-tagged, mature construct (less signal peptide with predicted mass 63 kDa). The recombinant phospholipase B exhibited anomalous electrophoretic mobility that was dependent on the temperature of the denaturing process, with bands observed at either 52 or 63 kDa. Analysis by in-gel digestion and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed these two distinct forms most likely had identical sequences. Phospholipase B is a compact, globular protein with a predicted structure typical of a conventional autotransporter. It is suggested that high temperature is required to unfold the protein (to denature the beta-barrel-rich transporter domain) and to ensure accessibility of the reducing agent. Interestingly, the two forms of the enzyme, differing in size and isoelectric points, were also detected in cell-free supernatants of M. bovis cultures, indicating that native phospholipase B may exist in two differentially folded states possibly also differing in oxidation status of cysteine residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Shiell
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, CSIRO Livestock Industries, Geelong, Vic 3220, Australia
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33
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Fan J, Yang W, Brindley PJ. Lysophospholipase from the human blood fluke, Schistosoma japonicum. Int J Infect Dis 2007; 12:143-51. [PMID: 17709268 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2007.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the unusual nature of the schistosome surface (a highly unusual lipid bi-layer) and the central role of the schistosome tegument in host-parasite relations, an enhanced understanding of the lipid biochemistry of the schistosome surface can be expected to provide new insights into schistosome pathogenesis and lead to new interventions. METHODS Bioinformatics approaches including three-dimensional homology modeling, along with recombinant expression, dimensional gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, and Southern hybridizations were employed to characterize a novel lysophospholipase gene transcript from Schistosoma japonicum. RESULTS A transcript encoding a small form lysophospholipase from the egg stage of S. japonicum was isolated as an expressed sequence tag (EST). The deduced polypeptide included 227 amino acid residues, shared identity with lysophospholipases of Schistosoma mansoni and Rattus norvegicus, and esterase A of Pseudomonas fluorescens, appeared to belong to the abhydrolase_2 family of phospholipases and carboxylesterases, and was structurally related to the alpha/beta-hydrolases (pfam00561). The S. japonicum enzyme exhibited the GXSXG consensus active site characteristic of serine proteases, esterases, and lipases, and included the catalytic triad motif of Ser-Asp-His residues characteristic of serine hydrolases. Three-dimensional structural predictions accomplished using the coordinates of human acyl protein thioesterase and P. fluorescens esterase indicated that the putative catalytic triad formed by these three residues was located at the alpha/beta-hydrolase fold characteristic of the lipases and esterases. Soluble S. japonicum lysophospholipase was expressed in Escherichia coli as a recombinant enzyme of approximately 26kDa and employed to raise a mono-specific antiserum. Immunoblot analysis revealed a single 23-kDa band in both membrane-associated and soluble tissue fractions of adult schistosomes. Southern hybridization and bioinformatics analyses indicated the likely presence of allelic-specific polymorphisms and/or two copies of the lysophospholipase gene in the S. japonicum genome. CONCLUSIONS A small form lysophospholipase has been characterized from the human schistosome, S. japonicum. The availability of the recombinant S. japonicum lysophospholipase should facilitate further characterization of the enzyme, including its substrate and inhibition profiles and its potential as an interventional target. Schistosome lysophospholipase may represent a new target for anti-schistosomal chemotherapy given that metrifonate, which targets the related enzyme acetylcholinesterase, is an effective and safe medicine for treatment of urinary schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjiang Fan
- Molecular Parasitology Unit, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, and Australian Centre for International and Tropical Health and Nutrition, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Jones PM, Turner KM, Djordjevic JT, Sorrell TC, Wright LC, George AM. Role of Conserved Active Site Residues in Catalysis by Phospholipase B1 from Cryptococcus neoformans. Biochemistry 2007; 46:10024-32. [PMID: 17685590 DOI: 10.1021/bi7009508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase B1 (PLB1), secreted by the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, has an established role in virulence. Although the mechanism of its phospholipase B, lysophospholipase, and lysophospholipase transacylase activities is unknown, it possesses lipase, subtilisin protease aspartate, and phospholipase motifs containing putative catalytic residues S146, D392, and R108, respectively, conserved in fungal PLBs and essential for human cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) catalysis. To determine the role of these residues in PLB1 catalysis, each was substituted with alanine, and the mutant cDNAs were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The mutant PLB1s were deficient in all three enzymatic activities. As the active site structure of PLB1 is unknown, a homology model was developed, based on the X-ray structure of the cPLA2 catalytic domain. This shows that the two proteins share a closely related fold, with the three catalytic residues located in identical positions as part of a single active site, with S146 and D392 forming a catalytic dyad. The model suggests that PLB1 lacks the "lid" region which occludes the cPLA2 active site and provides a mechanism of interfacial activation. In silico substrate docking studies with cPLA2 reveal the binding mode of the lipid headgroup, confirming the catalytic dyad mechanism for the cleavage of the sn-2 ester bond within one of two separate binding tracts for the lipid acyl chains. Residues specific for binding arachidonic and palmitic acids, preferred substrates for cPLA2 and PLB1, respectively, are identified. These results provide an explanation for differences in substrate specificity between lipases sharing the cPLA2 catalytic domain fold and for the differential effect of inhibitors on PLB1 enzymatic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Jones
- Department of Medical and Molecular Biosciences, University of Technology Sydney, P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
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35
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Lee LC, Liaw YC, Lee YL, Shaw JF. Enhanced preference for pi-bond containing substrates is correlated to Pro110 in the substrate-binding tunnel of Escherichia coli thioesterase I/protease I/lysophospholipase L(1). Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1774:959-67. [PMID: 17604237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli thioesterase I/protease I/lysophospholipase L(1) (TAP) possesses multifunctional enzyme with thioesterase, esterase, arylesterase, protease, and lysophospholipase activities. Leu109, located at the substrate-binding tunnel, when substituted with proline (Pro) in TAP, shifted the substrate-preference from medium-to-long acyl chains to shorter acyl chains of triglyceride and p-nitrophenyl ester, and increased the preference for aromatic-amino acid-derived esters. In the three-dimensional TAP structures, the only noticeable alteration of backbone and side chain conformation was located at the downstream Pro110-Ala123 region rather than at Pro109 itself. The residue Pro110, adjacent to Leu109 or Pro109, was found to contribute to the substrate preference of TAP enzymes for esters containing acyl groups with pi bond(s) or aromatic group(s). Some of the interactions between the enzyme protein and the substrate may be contributed by an attractive force between the Pro110 C-H donor and the substrate pi-acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chiun Lee
- Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 20224, Taiwan
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Ma C, Hu X, Hu F, Li Y, Chen X, Zhou Z, Lu F, Xu J, Wu Z, Yu X. Molecular characterization and serodiagnosis analysis of a novel lysophospholipase from Clonorchis sinensis. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:419-25. [PMID: 17318582 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0481-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA clone encoding a novel lysophospholipase with a predicted molecular weight of 25.2 kDa was isolated from a Clonorchis sinensis adult cDNA library. The enzyme activity of the recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli was determined using phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine as substrates. Western blotting analysis indicated that it belonged to excretory/secretory proteins of the adults. The sensitivity and specificity of the recombinant antigen for serodiagnosis were evaluated with immunoglobulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using serum samples from 20 patients with clonorchiasis and 20 patients with schistosomiasis. The sensitivity (75%) and specificity (80%) of the recombinant protein were comparable to those of crude extracts, at 65 and 82.5%, respectively. The sensitivity of the recombinant protein was 77% using 100 serum samples of clonorchiasis patients with various parasite burden. The results suggested that the recombinant lysophospholipase protein was not a satisfactory candidate for diagnosis of clonorchiasis, although it might be an excretory/secretory protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changling Ma
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, SunYat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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Cunnac S, Wilson A, Nuwer J, Kirik A, Baranage G, Mudgett MB. A conserved carboxylesterase is a SUPPRESSOR OF AVRBST-ELICITED RESISTANCE in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 2007; 19:688-705. [PMID: 17293566 PMCID: PMC1867326 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.106.048710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
AvrBsT is a type III effector from Xanthomonas campestris pv vesicatoria that is translocated into plant cells during infection. AvrBsT is predicted to encode a Cys protease that targets intracellular host proteins. To dissect AvrBsT function and recognition in Arabidopsis thaliana, 71 ecotypes were screened to identify lines that elicit an AvrBsT-dependent hypersensitive response (HR) after Xanthomonas campestris pv campestris (Xcc) infection. The HR was observed only in the Pi-0 ecotype infected with Xcc strain 8004 expressing AvrBsT. To create a robust pathosystem to study AvrBsT immunity in Arabidopsis, the foliar pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst) strain DC3000 was engineered to translocate AvrBsT into Arabidopsis by the Pseudomonas type III secretion (T3S) system. Pi-0 leaves infected with Pst DC3000 expressing a Pst T3S signal fused to AvrBsT-HA (AvrBsTHYB-HA) elicited HR and limited pathogen growth, confirming that the HR leads to defense. Resistance in Pi-0 is caused by a recessive mutation predicted to inactivate a carboxylesterase known to hydrolyze lysophospholipids and acylated proteins in eukaryotes. Transgenic Pi-0 plants expressing the wild-type Columbia allele are susceptible to Pst DC3000 AvrBsTHYB-HA infection. Furthermore, wild-type recombinant protein cleaves synthetic p-nitrophenyl ester substrates in vitro. These data indicate that the carboxylesterase inhibits AvrBsT-triggered phenotypes in Arabidopsis. Here, we present the cloning and characterization of the SUPPRESSOR OF AVRBST-ELICITED RESISTANCE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Cunnac
- Department of Biological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Abstract
The yeast spindle pole body (SPB) plays a unique role in meiosis, initiating both spindle assembly and prospore membrane synthesis. SPO1, induced early in development, encodes a meiosis-specific phospholipase B (PLB) homolog required at three stages of SPB morphogenesis: MI, MII, and spore formation. Here we report in-depth analysis of the SPO1 gene including its transcriptional control by regulators of early gene expression, protein localization to the ER lumen and periplasmic space, and molecular genetic studies of its role in meiosis. Evidence is presented that multiple arrest points in spo1Delta occur independently, demonstrating that Spo1 acts at distinct steps. Loss of Spo1 is suppressed by high-copy glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) proteins, dependent on sequence, timing, and strength of induction in meiosis. Since phosphatidylinositol (PI) serves as both an anchor component and a lipase substrate, we hypothesized that GPI-protein expression might substitute for Spo1 by decreasing levels of its potential substrates, PI and phosphatidylinositol phosphates (PIPs). Partial spo1Delta complementation by PLB3 (encoding a unique PLB capable of cleaving PI) and relatively strong Spo1 binding to PI(4)P derivatives (via a novel N-terminal lysine-rich fragment essential for Spo1 function) are consistent with this view. Epistasis of SPO1 mutations to those in SPO14 (encoding a PLD involved in signaling) and physical interaction of Spo1 with Spo23, a protein regulating PI synthesis required for wild-type sporulation, further support this notion. Taken together these findings implicate PI and/or PIPs in Spo1 function and suggest the existence of a novel Spo1-dependent meiosis-specific signaling pathway required for progression of MI, MII, and spore formation via regulation of the SPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gela G Tevzadze
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
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Fjaerli HO, Bukholm G, Krog A, Skjaeret C, Holden M, Nakstad B. Whole blood gene expression in infants with respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. BMC Infect Dis 2006; 6:175. [PMID: 17166282 PMCID: PMC1713240 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-6-175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of viral bronchiolitis in infants worldwide, and environmental, viral and host factors are all of importance for disease susceptibility and severity. To study the systemic host response to this disease we used the microarray technology to measure mRNA gene expression levels in whole blood of five male infants hospitalised with acute RSV, subtype B, bronchiolitis versus five one year old male controls exposed to RSV during infancy without bronchiolitis. The gene expression levels were further evaluated in a new experiment using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR) both in the five infants selected for microarray and in 13 other infants hospitalised with the same disease. Results Among the 30 genes most differentially expressed by microarray nearly 50% were involved in immunological processes. We found the highly upregulated interferon, alpha-inducible protein 27 (IFI27) and the highly downregulated gene Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (CLC) to be the two most differentially expressed genes in the microarray study. When performing QRT-PCR on these genes IFI27 was upregulated in all but one infant, and CLC was downregulated in all 18 infants, and similar to that given by microarray. Conclusion The gene IFI27 is upregulated and the gene CLC is downregulated in whole blood of infants hospitalised with RSV, subtype B, bronchiolitis and is not reported before. More studies are needed to elucidate the specificity of these gene expressions in association with host response to this virus in bronchiolitis of moderate severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Olav Fjaerli
- University of Oslo, Faculty Division Akershus University Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Geir Bukholm
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Anne Krog
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | - Camilla Skjaeret
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
| | | | - Britt Nakstad
- University of Oslo, Faculty Division Akershus University Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Akershus University Hospital, Norway
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Köhler GA, Brenot A, Haas-Stapleton E, Agabian N, Deva R, Nigam S. Phospholipase A2 and phospholipase B activities in fungi. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006; 1761:1391-9. [PMID: 17081801 PMCID: PMC2077850 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2006.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
As saprophytes or disease causing microorganisms, fungi acquire nutrients from dead organic material or living host organisms. Lipids as structural components of cell membranes and storage compartments play an important role as energy-rich food source. In recent years, it also has become clear that lipids have a wide range of bioactive properties including signal transduction and cell to cell communication. Thus, it is not surprising that fungi possess a broad range of hydrolytic enzymes that attack neutral lipids and phospholipids. Especially during infection of a mammalian host, phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes released by fungi could play important roles not only for nutrient acquisition and tissue invasion, but for intricate modulation of the host's immune response. Sequencing of fungal genomes has revealed a wide range of genes encoding PLA(2) activities in fungi. We are just beginning to become aware of the significance these enzymes could have for the fungal cells and their interaction with the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwald A. Köhler
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, U.S.A
| | - Audrey Brenot
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, U.S.A
| | - Eric Haas-Stapleton
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, U.S.A
| | - Nina Agabian
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, U.S.A
| | - Rupal Deva
- Eicosanoid Research Division and Center for Experimental Gynecology & Breast Research, Charité - Univ.-Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
| | - Santosh Nigam
- Eicosanoid Research Division and Center for Experimental Gynecology & Breast Research, Charité - Univ.-Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, D-12200 Berlin, Germany
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Chen R, Chang PA, Long DX, Liu CY, Yang L, Wu YJ. G protein beta2 subunit interacts directly with neuropathy target esterase and regulates its activity. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2006; 39:124-32. [PMID: 16978909 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2006.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 08/09/2006] [Accepted: 08/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) was identified as the primary target of organophosphate compounds that cause a delayed neuropathy with degeneration of nerve axons. NTE is a novel phospholipase B anchored to the cytoplasmic face of endoplasmic reticulum and essential for embryonic and nervous development. However, little is known about the regulation of NTE. A human fetal brain cDNA library was screened for proteins that interact with NTE, Gbeta2 and Gbeta2-like I subunits were found to be able to bind the C-terminal of NTE in yeast. The interaction of Gbeta2 and NTE was confirmed by in vivo co-immunoprecipitation analysis in COS7 cells. Furthermore, depletion of Gbeta2 by RNA interference down regulated the activity of NTE but not its expression level. In addition, the activity of NTE was down regulated by the G protein signal pathway influencing factor, pertussis toxin, treatment in vivo. These findings suggest that Gbeta2 may play a significant role in maintaining the activity of NTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, PR China
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Wang YH, Ito T, Wang YH, Homey B, Watanabe N, Martin R, Barnes CJ, McIntyre BW, Gilliet M, Kumar R, Yao Z, Liu YJ. Maintenance and polarization of human TH2 central memory T cells by thymic stromal lymphopoietin-activated dendritic cells. Immunity 2006; 24:827-838. [PMID: 16782037 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2005] [Revised: 02/17/2006] [Accepted: 03/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The identity of TH2 memory cells and the mechanism regulating their maintenance during allergic inflammation remain elusive. We report that circulated human CD4+ T cells expressing the prostaglandin D2 receptor (CRTH2) are TH2 central memory T cells, characterized by their phenotype, TH2 cytokine production, gene-expression profile, and the ability to respond to allergens. Only dendritic cells (DCs) activated by thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) can induce a robust expansion of CRTH2+CD4+ TH2 memory cells, while maintaining their central memory phenotype and TH2 commitments. CRTH2+CD4+ TH2 memory cells activated by TSLP-DCs undergo further TH2 polarization and express cystatin A, Charcot-Leydon crystal protein, and prostaglandin D2 synthase, implying their broader roles in allergic inflammation. Infiltrated CRTH2+CD4+ TH2 effector memory T cells in skin lesion of atopic dermatitis were associated with activated DCs, suggesting that TSLP-DCs play important roles not only in TH2 priming, but also in the maintenance and further polarization of TH2 central memory cells in allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yui-Hsi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Cancer Immunology Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Tomoki Ito
- Department of Immunology, Center of Cancer Immunology Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Yi-Hong Wang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Cancer Immunology Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bernhard Homey
- Department of Dermatology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
| | - Norihiko Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, Center of Cancer Immunology Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Christopher J Barnes
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Bradley W McIntyre
- Department of Immunology, Center of Cancer Immunology Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Michel Gilliet
- Department of Immunology, Center of Cancer Immunology Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | | | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Department of Immunology, Center of Cancer Immunology Research, Graduate School of Biomedical Science, Houston, Texas 77030.
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Theiss S, Ishdorj G, Brenot A, Kretschmar M, Lan CY, Nichterlein T, Hacker J, Nigam S, Agabian N, Köhler GA. Inactivation of the phospholipase B gene PLB5 in wild-type Candida albicans reduces cell-associated phospholipase A2 activity and attenuates virulence. Int J Med Microbiol 2006; 296:405-20. [PMID: 16759910 PMCID: PMC2481510 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipases are critical for modification and redistribution of lipid substrates, membrane remodeling and microbial virulence. Among the many different classes of phospholipases, fungal phospholipase B (Plb) proteins show the broadest range of substrate specificity and hydrolytic activity, hydrolyzing acyl ester bonds in phospholipids and lysophospholipids and further catalyzing lysophospholipase-transacylase reactions. The genome of the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans encodes a PLB multigene family with five putative members; we present the first characterization of this group of potential virulence determinants. CaPLB5, the third member of this multigene family characterized herein is a putative secretory protein with a predicted GPI-anchor attachment site. Real-time RT-PCR gene expression analysis of CaPLB5 and the additional CaPLB gene family members revealed that filamentous growth and physiologically relevant environmental conditions are associated with increased PLB gene activity. The phenotypes expressed by null mutant and revertant strains of CaPLB5 indicate that this lipid hydrolase plays an important role for cell-associated phospholipase A(2) activity and in vivo organ colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Theiss
- Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Institut für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ganchimeg Ishdorj
- Eicosanoid Research Division and Center for Experimental Gynecology & Breast Research, Universitäsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Audrey Brenot
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Chung-Yu Lan
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Nichterlein
- Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Klinikum der Stadt Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jörg Hacker
- Institut für Molekulare Infektionsbiologie, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Santosh Nigam
- Eicosanoid Research Division and Center for Experimental Gynecology & Breast Research, Universitäsklinikum Benjamin Franklin, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nina Agabian
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Gerwald A. Köhler
- Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Corresponding author: Gerwald A. Köhler, Ph.D., Department of Biochemistry & Microbiology, Oklahoma State University, Center for Health Sciences, 1111 West 17th Street, Tulsa, OK 74107-1898 U.S.A.. Phone: ++ 1 918 561 8302; Fax: ++ 1 918 561 5798; E-mail:
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Griffon N, Budreck EC, Long CJ, Broedl UC, Marchadier DHL, Glick JM, Rader DJ. Substrate specificity of lipoprotein lipase and endothelial lipase: studies of lid chimeras. J Lipid Res 2006; 47:1803-11. [PMID: 16682746 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m500552-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The triglyceride (TG) lipase gene subfamily, consisting of LPL, HL, and endothelial lipase (EL), plays a central role in plasma lipoprotein metabolism. Compared with LPL and HL, EL is relatively more active as a phospholipase than as a TG lipase. The amino acid loop or "lid" covering the catalytic site has been implicated as the basis for the difference in substrate specificity between HL and LPL. To determine the role of the lid in the substrate specificity of EL, we studied EL in comparison with LPL by mutating specific residues of the EL lid and exchanging their lids. Mutation studies showed that amphipathic properties of the lid contribute to substrate specificity. Exchanging lids between LPL and EL only partially shifted the substrate specificity of the enzymes. Studies of a double chimera possessing both the lid and the C-terminal domain (C-domain) of EL in the LPL backbone showed that the role of the lid in determining substrate specificity does not depend on the nature of the C-domain of the lipase. Using a kinetic assay, we showed an additive effect of the EL lid on the apparent affinity for HDL(3) in the presence of the EL C-domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Griffon
- Department of Medicine and Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.
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Siafakas AR, Wright LC, Sorrell TC, Djordjevic JT. Lipid rafts in Cryptococcus neoformans concentrate the virulence determinants phospholipase B1 and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase. Eukaryot Cell 2006; 5:488-98. [PMID: 16524904 PMCID: PMC1398056 DOI: 10.1128/ec.5.3.488-498.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lipid rafts have been identified in the membranes of mammalian cells, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans. Formed by a lateral association of sphingolipids and sterols, rafts concentrate proteins carrying a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. We report the isolation of membranes with the characteristics of rafts from the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. These characteristics include insolubility in Triton X-100 (TX100) at 4 degrees C, more-buoyant density within a sucrose gradient than the remaining membranes, and threefold enrichment with sterols. The virulence determinant phospholipase B1 (PLB1), a GPI-anchored protein, was highly concentrated in raft membranes and could be displaced from them by treatment with the sterol-sequestering agent methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD). Phospholipase B enzyme activity was inhibited in the raft environment and increased 15-fold following disruption of rafts with TX100 at 37 degrees C. Treatment of viable cryptococcal cells in suspension with MbetaCD also released PLB1 protein and enzyme activity, consistent with localization of PLB1 in plasma membrane rafts prior to secretion. The antioxidant virulence factor Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) was concentrated six- to ninefold in raft membrane fractions compared with nonraft membranes, whereas the cell wall-associated virulence factor laccase was not detected in membranes. We hypothesize that raft membranes function to cluster certain virulence factors at the cell surface to allow efficient access to enzyme substrate and/or to provide rapid release to the external environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rosemary Siafakas
- Centre for Infectious Diseases & Microbiology, Level 3, ICPMR Building, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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Ganendren R, Carter E, Sorrell T, Widmer F, Wright L. Phospholipase B activity enhances adhesion of Cryptococcus neoformans to a human lung epithelial cell line. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:1006-15. [PMID: 16487740 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 10/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Secreted phospholipase B (PLB1), which contains three enzyme activities in the one protein, is necessary for the initiation of pulmonary infection by Cryptococcus neoformans and for dissemination from the lung via the lymphatics and blood. Adhesion to lung epithelium is the first step in this process, therefore we investigated the role of PLB1 in adhesion to a human lung epithelial cell line, A549, using C. neoformans var. grubii wild-type strain H99, a PLB1 deletion mutant (deltaplb1), and a reconstituted strain (deltaplb1rec). Adhesion of H99 and deltaplb1rec was approximately 69% greater than deltaplb1 at 4 h. Adhesion of deltaplb1 significantly increased after killing by chemicals or heat, and Fourier-transformed analysis by FTIR spectroscopy indicated this was due to changes in capsular and/or cell wall polysaccharides and proteins. Inhibition by specific PLB1 antibodies, or inhibitors of phospholipase B (PLB), but not lysophospholipase (LPL) or lysophospholipase transacylase (LPTA) activities decreased the adhesion of H99 and deltaplb1rec by 33-58%. Growth under conditions of osmotic stress and high glucose concentration increased both PLB secretion and subsequent cryptococcal adhesion. Dose-dependent increases (to 67%) in adhesion of live deltaplb1 were observed in the presence of 0.1-2 mM palmitic acid. We conclude that PLB1 plays a role in the binding of C. neoformans to host lung epithelial cells, possibly due to production of fatty acids from plasma membranes and/or surfactant by PLB activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjini Ganendren
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney at Westmead, Department of Infectious Diseases, Level 3, ICPMR Building, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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47
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Qiu YZ, Han J, Guo JJ, Chen GQ. Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) from gluconate and glucose by recombinant Aeromonas hydrophila and Pseudomonas putida. Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:1381-6. [PMID: 16215853 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-005-3685-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila 4AK4 and Pseudomonas putida GPp104 were genetically engineered to synthesize poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHHx) using gluconate and glucose rather than fatty acids. A truncated tesA gene, encoding cytosolic thioesterase I of Escherichia coli which catalyzes the conversion of acyl-ACP into free fatty acids, was introduced into A. hydrophila 4AK4. When grown in gluconate, the recombinant A. hydrophila 4AK4 synthesized 10% (w/w) PHBHHx containing 14% (mol/mol) 3-hydroxyhexanoate. If additional PHBHHx synthesis genes, phaPCJ, were over-expressed with the truncated tesA in A. hydrophila 4AK4, the PHBHHx content increased to 15% (w/w) and contained 19% (mol/mol) 3-hydroxyhexanoate. Recombinant P. putida GPp104 harboring phaC encoding PHBHHx synthase of A. hydrophila, phaB encoding acetoacetyl-CoA reductase of Wautersia eutropha and phaG encoding 3-hydroxyacyl-ACP-CoA transferase of P. putida, synthesized 19% (w/w) PHBHHx containing 5% (mol/mol) 3-hydroxyhexanoate from glucose. The results suggest that the engineered pathways were applicable to synthesize PHBHHx from unrelated carbon sources such as gluconate and glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Zheng Qiu
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
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Baysse C, Cullinane M, Dénervaud V, Burrowes E, Dow JM, Morrissey JP, Tam L, Trevors JT, O'Gara F. Modulation of quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa through alteration of membrane properties. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:2529-2542. [PMID: 16079332 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28185-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the cellular envelope are major physiological adaptations that occur when micro-organisms encounter extreme environmental conditions. An appropriate degree of membrane fluidity is crucial for survival, and alteration of membrane lipids is an essential adaptive response. Emerging data suggest that microbial cells may recognize alterations in their membrane viscosity resulting from certain environmental changes as a trigger for adaptive cellular responses. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the quorum-sensing (QS) system involves a complex regulatory circuitry that coordinates the expression of genes according to a critical population density. Interestingly, it has been shown that the QS system of P. aeruginosa can also be activated by nutritional stress, independently of the cell density, and therefore may be part of a more general adaptive response to stressful environmental conditions. In order to examine the proposed link between membrane properties and stress signalling, the effects of genetically engineered alterations of the membrane phospholipid composition of P. aeruginosa PAO1 on the activation of the stringent response and the QS system were examined. The lptA gene encoding a functional homologue of PlsC, an Escherichia coli enzyme that catalyses the second step of the phospholipid biosynthesis pathway, was identified and disrupted. Inactivation of lptA altered the fatty acid profile of phospholipids and the membrane properties, resulting in decreased membrane fluidity. This resulted in a premature production of the QS signals N-butanoyl- and N-hexanoyl-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL and C6-HSL) and a repression of 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (PQS) synthesis at later growth phases. The effects on C4- and C6-HSL depended upon the expression of relA, encoding the (p)ppGpp alarmone synthase, which was increased in the lptA mutant. Together, the findings support the concept that alterations in membrane properties can act as a trigger for stress-related gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Baysse
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, Microbiology Department, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Méabh Cullinane
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, Microbiology Department, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Valérie Dénervaud
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, Microbiology Department, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth Burrowes
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, Microbiology Department, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - J Maxwell Dow
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, Microbiology Department, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - John P Morrissey
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, Microbiology Department, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ling Tam
- Department of Environmental Biology, Rm 3220 Bovey Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jack T Trevors
- Department of Environmental Biology, Rm 3220 Bovey Building, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Fergal O'Gara
- BIOMERIT Research Centre, Microbiology Department, University College Cork, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland
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Wright LC, Payne J, Santangelo RT, Simpanya MF, Chen SCA, Widmer F, Sorrell TC. Cryptococcal phospholipases: a novel lysophospholipase discovered in the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus gattii. Biochem J 2005; 384:377-84. [PMID: 15320865 PMCID: PMC1134121 DOI: 10.1042/bj20041079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans produces an extracellular PLB1 (phospholipase B1), shown previously to be a virulence factor. A novel phospholipase (LPL1) with only LPL (lysophospholipase) and LPTA (transacylase) activities has now been characterized in C. gattii, and found to be a 66-kDa glycoprotein (by SDS/PAGE), with a native molecular mass of 670 kDa. The pI was 6.3, and it was active at high temperatures (to 70 degrees C), as well as at both acidic and neutral pH values. It was stimulated by calcium and palmitoyl carnitine at pH 7.0, but not at pH 5.0, and palmitoyl lysophosphatidylcholine was the preferred substrate. Sequencing indicated that LPL1 is a novel cryptococcal lysophospholipase, and not the gene product of CnLYSO1 or PLB1. A protein with only LPL and LPTA activities was subsequently isolated from two strains of C. neoformans var. grubii. A PLB1 enzyme was isolated from both C. gattii and a highly virulent strain of C. neoformans var. grubii (H99). In both cases, all three enzyme activities (PLB, LPL and LPTA) were present in one 95-120 kDa glycoprotein (by SDS/PAGE) with pI 3.9-4.3. Characterization of PLB1 from C. gattii showed that it differed from that of C. neoformans in its larger native mass (275 kDa), high PLB activity relative to LPL and LPTA, and preference for saturated lipid substrates. Differences in the properties between the secreted phospholipases of the two cryptococcal species could contribute to phenotypic differences that determine their respective environmental niches and different clinical manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley C Wright
- Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Sydney at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia.
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50
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Lo YC, Lin SC, Shaw JF, Liaw YC. Substrate specificities of Escherichia coli thioesterase I/protease I/lysophospholipase L1 are governed by its switch loop movement. Biochemistry 2005; 44:1971-9. [PMID: 15697222 DOI: 10.1021/bi048109x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli thioesterase I/protease I/lysophospholipase L(1) (TAP) is a multifunctional lysophospholipase and acyl-CoA thioesterase with a SGNH-hydrolase fold. The relationship between TAP's structure and its versatile substrate specificity, however, is unclear. Here, we present the crystal structure of TAP in complex with octanoic acid (TAP-OCA; OCA, a free fatty acid with eight carbon atoms, C(8)). A structural comparison of native TAP with TAP-OCA reveals a remarkable conformational change in loop(75)(-)(80), called "switch loop movement", upon OCA binding to the substrate-binding crevice of TAP. OCA binding to the substrate-binding crevice results in a continuous hydrophobic surface, which triggers switch loop movement. The switch loop movement is acyl chain length dependent, with an effect of stabilizing the Michaelis complex (MC) of TAP during catalysis, and is essential for TAP's substrate preference. The finding of a sulfate ion binding site in the TAP structures, together with previous enzyme kinetic analyses, leads us to postulate that a putative CoA binding site is essential for efficient catalysis of thioesters in TAP. We also present the crystal structure of L109P-OCA (TAP's L109P mutant in complex with OCA), in which Leu109 mutated to Pro109 abolishes switch loop movement. This result strengthens our hypothesis that the switch loop movement is induced by hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chih Lo
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan 115, ROC
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