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Abstract
The crosstalk between prokaryotic bacteria and eukaryotic gut epithelial cells has opened a new field for research. Quorum sensing system (QS) molecules employed by gut microbiota may play an essential role in host-microbial symbioses of the gut. Recent studies on the gut microbiome will unveil evolved mechanisms of the host to affect bacterial QS and shape bacterial composition. Bacterial autoinducers (AIs) could talk to the host's gut by eliciting proinflammatory effects and modulating the activities of T lymphocyte, macrophage, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. In addition, the gut mucosa could interfere with bacterial AIs by degrading them or secreting AI mimics. Moreover, bacterial AIs and gut hormones epinephrine and noradrenaline may be interchangeable in the crosstalk between the microbiota and human gut. Therefore, inter-kingdom signaling between gut microbiota and host may provide a novel target in the management of gut microbiota-related conditions or diseases in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan, 646000, China
| | - Yixing Ren
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong City, 637000, China
| | - Xiangsheng Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Road Wenhua 63#, Region Shunqing, Nanchong City, 637000, China.
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2
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Madden KS. Sympathetic neural-immune interactions regulate hematopoiesis, thermoregulation and inflammation in mammals. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 66:92-97. [PMID: 27119982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This review will highlight recently discovered mechanisms underlying sympathetic nervous system (SNS) regulation of the immune system in hematopoiesis, thermogenesis, and inflammation. This work in mammals illuminates potential mechanisms by which the nervous and immune systems may interact in invertebrate and early vertebrate species and allow diverse organisms to thrive under varying and extreme conditions and ultimately improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley S Madden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, RC Box 270168, Goergen Hall, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA.
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Jiang Q, Zhou Z, Wang L, Yang C, Wang J, Wu T, Song L. Mutual modulation between norepinephrine and nitric oxide in haemocytes during the mollusc immune response. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6963. [PMID: 25376551 PMCID: PMC4223682 DOI: 10.1038/srep06963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important immune molecules in innate immunity of invertebrates, and it can be regulated by norepinephrine in ascidian haemocytes. In the present study, the mutual modulation and underlying mechanism between norepinephrine and NO were explored in haemocytes of the scallop Chlamys farreri. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, NO production increased to a significant level at 24 h, and norepinephrine concentration rose to remarkable levels at 3 h and 12~48 h. A significant decrease of NO production was observed in the haemocytes concomitantly stimulated with lipopolysaccharide and α-adrenoceptor agonist, while a dramatic increase of NO production was observed in the haemocytes incubated with lipopolysaccharide and β-adrenoceptor agonist. Meanwhile, the concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) decreased significantly in the haemocytes treated by lipopolysaccharide and α/β-adrenoceptor agonist, while the content of Ca(2+) was elevated in those triggered by lipopolysaccharide and β-adrenoceptor agonist. When the haemocytes was incubated with NO donor, norepinephrine concentration was significantly enhanced during 1~24 h. Collectively, these results suggested that norepinephrine exerted varied effects on NO production at different immune stages via a novel α/β-adrenoceptor-cAMP/Ca(2+) regulatory pattern, and NO might have a feedback effect on the synthesis of norepinephrine in the scallop haemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufen Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhi Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chuanyan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tiantian Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- The Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
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4
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Abstract
The interaction between the sympathetic nervous system and the immune system has been documented over the last several decades. In this review, the neuroanatomical, cellular, and molecular evidence for neuroimmune regulation in the maintenance of immune homeostasis will be discussed, as well as the potential impact of neuroimmune dysregulation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline J Padro
- The Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Virginia M Sanders
- The Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; The Institute of Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner College of Medicine, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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Sirivelu MP, MohanKumar P, MohanKumar SM. Interleukin-1 beta simultaneously affects the stress and reproductive axes by modulating norepinephrine levels in different brain areas. Life Sci 2012; 91:878-84. [PMID: 23000030 PMCID: PMC3517711 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is a cytokine that is known to activate the stress axis and suppress the reproductive axis. Different brain areas are involved in the regulation of these two axes. However, they are both under the stimulatory control of the catecholamine, norepinephrine (NE). Here, we hypothesized that IL-1β differentially affects these two axes by modulating NE levels in specific brain regions. MAIN METHODS Female Sprague-Dawley rats in proestrus were injected intraperitoneally with either PBS-1.0% BSA (control) or 5μg of IL-1β at 1pm. Groups of rats were sacrificed at 1, 3, and 5pm and their brains were collected. Brain areas associated with reproduction as well as areas associated with stress axis activity were isolated and analyzed for NE concentrations using HPLC-EC. Trunk blood was analyzed for IL-1β, corticosterone and luteinizing hormone levels. KEY FINDINGS As a general trend, treatment with IL-1β significantly decreased NE levels (p<0.05) in the areas controlling reproductive functions when compared to the control group. In contrast, NE levels increased significantly (p<0.05) in the stress associated areas. LH levels were markedly decreased with IL-1β treatment while corticosterone levels increased dramatically. SIGNIFICANCE The ability of IL-1β to produce differential effects on the stress and reproductive axis could be explained by modulation of NE levels in specific brain areas that are associated with these functions. This differential regulation of NE may be an adaptive phenomenon in response to a systemic immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu P. Sirivelu
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824
| | - P.S. MohanKumar
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Sheba M.J. MohanKumar
- Comparative Medicine and Integrative Biology Program, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, E. Lansing, MI 48824
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Tynan RJ, Weidenhofer J, Hinwood M, Cairns MJ, Day TA, Walker FR. A comparative examination of the anti-inflammatory effects of SSRI and SNRI antidepressants on LPS stimulated microglia. Brain Behav Immun 2012; 26:469-79. [PMID: 22251606 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2011.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective serotonin and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRI; SNRI) are the first choice pharmacological treatment options for major depression. It has long been assumed that the primary therapeutic mechanism of action of these drugs involves the modulation of monoaminergic systems. However, contemporary investigations have revealed that depression is linked with inflammation, and that SSRI/SNRIs possess significant anti-inflammatory actions. While these anti-inflammatory properties initially only related to work undertaken on cells of the peripheral immune system, it has recently become apparent that these drugs also exert anti-inflammatory effects on microglia, the principal cells within the CNS that regulate and respond to inflammatory factors. The aim of the current study was to compare SSRI/SNRIs in terms of their anti-inflammatory potency, and to determine the specific mechanisms through which these effects are mediated. Accordingly, the current study evaluated the ability of five different SSRIs (fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine and citalopram) and one SNRI (venlafaxine) to suppress microglial responses to an inflammatory stimulus. Specifically, we examined their ability to alter tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) production after 4 and 24 h stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. Our results indicated that the SSRIs potently inhibited microglial TNF-α and NO production. We then investigated whether these effects might involve either β-adrenoceptor or cAMP signalling. Using the protein kinase A inhibitor Rp-CAMPs, we found evidence to suggest that cAMP signalling is involved in regulating the anti-inflammatory response. These findings suggest that antidepressants may owe at least some of their therapeutic effectiveness to their anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross J Tynan
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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7
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Sudakov KV, Ivanova EA, Koplik EV, Kotov AV, Kravtsov AN, Meshcheriakov AF, Pertsov SS, Sotnikov SV, Tolpygo SM, Umriukhin AE, Umriukhin PE. [Immune links in the system organization of behaviour]. Usp Fiziol Nauk 2011; 42:81-96. [PMID: 21950010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The work is devoted to the research of immune mechanisms in self-control of various functional systems of homeostatic and behavioral levels. Distinction of immune mechanisms in rats with different prognostic stress-resistance is established. Immunization of rats by conjugates of various neuromediators with bovine serum albumin selectively changes the animals stress-resistance. Participation cytokines in reactions of a brain's separate neurons and their interaction with a leading neuromediator - norepinephrine is established. Individual changes of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in blood serum are shown in rats with different stress-resistance. There are revealed features of morphological distinctions of immunogenic structures small intestine fabrics in animals with various behavioral activity in the "Open field" test.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test the hypothesis that a nocturnal decrease of secretion of inflammation markers and catecholamines would be associated with mood and stress variables even after controlling for objective sleep variables. METHODS A total of 130 healthy volunteers participated in this study, spending 2 nights in the Gillin Laboratory of Sleep and Chronobiology at the University of California, San Diego, General Clinical Research Center. Blood samples were obtained before sleep (10:30 PM) and after awakening (6:30 AM) on the first day, and these samples were assayed for inflammatory biomarkers and catecholamines. On the second night, polysomnographic records were scored for objective sleep variables, e.g., total sleep time and wake after sleep onset. Self-rating scales for mood, stress, depression, and daily hassles were administered the second day. RESULTS The nocturnal decrease in interleukin-6 was smaller in people who reported more negative mood or fatigue and greater in those who reported more uplift events (e.g., with Profile of Mood States fatigue r(p) = -.25 to -.30). People with high stress or high depression levels had smaller nocturnal decreases of epinephrine. That relationship was even stronger when partial correlations were used to control for morning level and sleep variables. The associations between nocturnal changes of C-reactive protein, soluble tumor necrosis factor-receptor I, and norepinephrine with psychological states were nonremarkable. CONCLUSIONS The analyses of nocturnal change scores (difference scores) add substantial information compared with the traditional analyses of morning levels of immune variables and catecholamines alone. Subjective well-being is significantly associated with a greater nocturnal decrease of interleukin-6 and epinephrine. More research on nocturnal adaptation processes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Rief
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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Chang CC, Yeh MS, Cheng W. Cold shock-induced norepinephrine triggers apoptosis of haemocytes via caspase-3 in the white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2009; 27:695-700. [PMID: 19735733 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2009.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2009] [Revised: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The total haemocyte count (THC), haemolymph norepinephrine (NE) level, caspase-3 mRNA expression and activity levels, and apoptotic haemocyte rate were measured when shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (20-25 g) were transferred from 28 to 22 degrees C after 0, 2, and 7 days, and the caspase-3 mRNA expression and activity levels and the apoptotic cell rate of haemocytes, in vitro, were determined after incubation with 2 x 10(-8) M NE for 0, 30, 60, and 120 min at 27 +/- 1.0 degrees C. For shrimp transferred from 28 +/- 1.0 to 22 +/- 0.5 degrees C after 2 and 7 days, the THC decreased by 17.9% and 18.0%, but the NE concentration, caspase-3 transcription and activity levels, and apoptotic cell rate increased by 62.5% and 37.3%, 5100.0% and 446.6%, 148.6% and 152.0%, and 88.7% and 200.1%, respectively, compared to those of shrimp held at 28 +/- 0.5 degrees C which served as the control. Similar tendencies were observed for the apoptotic cell rate, and caspase-3 transcription and activity levels of haemocytes exposed to 2 x 10(-8) M NE in vitro. These results suggest that NE plays an important role in the apoptosis of haemocytes in L. vannamei under hypothermal stress, which causes depressive effects on immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Chyuan Chang
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan 91201, ROC
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10
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Williams PN, Collier CT, Carroll JA, Welsh TH, Laurenz JC. Temporal pattern and effect of sex on lipopolysaccharide-induced stress hormone and cytokine response in pigs. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2009; 37:139-47. [PMID: 19523782 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2009.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The temporal pattern and sex effect of immune and stress hormone responses to a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge were assessed using a pig model. Secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, and IL-6 increased in a time-dependent manner following LPS infusion. There was also a time-dependent increase in secretion of the stress-related hormones cortisol, epinephrine (E), and norepinephrine (NE) following LPS, with peak concentrations attained within 30 min. The magnitude of the TNF-alpha and IL-1beta responses were both positively associated (P < 0.05) with the magnitude of cortisol response following LPS, whereas serum IL-1beta and IL-6 were positively correlated with the magnitude of E and NE responses following LPS. Acute-phase protein production was also time-dependently increased following LPS. The concentration of immune cells in circulation was decreased (P < 0.05) at 5.5h post-LPS and negatively correlated with pro-inflammatory cytokine production. By 24h post-LPS, immune cell counts increased (P < 0.05) and were positively associated with both pro-inflammatory cytokine and stress hormone production. The amplitude of pro-inflammatory cytokine response following LPS was affected (P < 0.05) by sex classification; however, the magnitude of elevated cytokine concentrations was not. The magnitude of the NE response, but not of the E and cortisol responses, to LPS was influenced by sex (P < 0.05). Similar to the pro-inflammatory cytokines, the magnitude of exposure to the stress hormones following LPS was not influenced by sex. The production of serum amyloid A (SAA) was influenced by sex, with barrows producing more SAA than gilts at 24h post-LPS (P < 0.05). Collectively, these results demonstrate sex-specific, concomitant temporal changes in innate immune- and stress-related hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Williams
- Department of Animal and Wildlife Sciences, College of Agriculture and Human Sciences, Texas A&M University, Kingsville, Texas 78363, USA
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Clothier RH, Ruben LN, Johnson RO, Parker K, Sovak M, Greenhalgh L, Ooi EE, Balls M. Neuroimmunomodulation: Neuroendocrine Regulation of Immunity: The Effects of Noradrenaline inXenopus Laevis, the South African Clawed Toad. Int J Neurosci 2009; 62:123-40. [PMID: 1364139 DOI: 10.3109/00207459108999766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A functional association between the peripheral nervous and the immune system in Xenopus laevis, the South African clawed toad, is demonstrated. This association involves the neurotransmitter noradrenaline (NA), produced and released by the sympathetic nerves of the spleen. Chemical sympathectomy prior to immunization reduces splenic NA, and decreases thymus-dependent (TD), but increases thymus-independent (TI), antibody responses. Immune challenge with representatives of the three antigen classes affects splenic NA levels differentially. Thus, the modulatory effect of NA on immunity will depend on the immunogen used. Carrier-priming of helper function in TD responses stimulates a transitory NA release in the spleen, while subsequent immunization activates a more prolonged release. The two types of challenge differ in the antigenic dose given. The effects of NA also depend on the time when it is applied. If used early in the in vivo TD response, antibody production is increased, but if given later, suppressor function is stimulated, thus decreasing antibody production. NA increases both amplifying and suppressing T cell functions in TD responses through stimulation of the alpha 2 adrenoceptor. Alpha 2 adrenoceptor stimulation decreases, and beta adrenoceptor stimulation increases, anti-TNP reactivity. Since an alpha 2 receptor agonist does not affect lectin-stimulated T cell mitogenesis, while a beta receptor agonist depresses it, NA appears to up-regulate T cell functions by affecting their maturation, rather than their clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Clothier
- Department of Human Morphology, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, UK
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Flierl MA, Rittirsch D, Nadeau BA, Sarma JV, Day DE, Lentsch AB, Huber-Lang MS, Ward PA. Upregulation of phagocyte-derived catecholamines augments the acute inflammatory response. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4414. [PMID: 19212441 PMCID: PMC2636885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2008] [Accepted: 12/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Following our recent report that phagocytic cells (neutrophils, PMNs, and macrophages) are newly discovered sources of catecholamines, we now show that both epinephrine and norepinephrine directly activate NFkappaB in macrophages, causing enhanced release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6). Both adrenal-intact (AD+) and adrenalectomized (ADX) rodents were used, because ADX animals had greatly enhanced catecholamine release from phagocytes, facilitating our efforts to understand the role of catecholamines released from phagocytes. Phagocytes isolated from adrenalectomized rats displayed enhanced expression of tyrosine-hydroxylase and dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, two key enzymes for catecholamine production and exhibited higher baseline secretion of norepinephrine and epinephrine. The effects of upregulation of phagocyte-derived catecholamines were investigated in two models of acute lung injury (ALI). Increased levels of phagocyte-derived catecholamines were associated with intensification of the acute inflammatory response, as assessed by increased plasma leak of albumin, enhanced myeloperoxidase content in lungs, augmented levels of proinflammatory mediators in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and elevated expression of pulmonary ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. In adrenalectomized rats, development of ALI was enhanced and related to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors engagement but not to involvement of mineralocorticoid or glucocorticoid receptors. Collectively, these data demonstrate that catecholamines are potent inflammatory activators of macrophages, upregulating NFkappaB and further downstream cytokine production of these cells. In adrenalectomized animals, which have been used to further assess the role of catecholamines, there appears to be a compensatory increase in catecholamine generating enzymes and catecholamines in macrophages, resulting in amplification of the acute inflammatory response via engagement of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Flierl
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel Rittirsch
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Brian A. Nadeau
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - J. Vidya Sarma
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Danielle E. Day
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alex B. Lentsch
- The Laboratory of Trauma, Sepsis & Inflammation Research, Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Markus S. Huber-Lang
- Department of Trauma-, Hand- and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Ulm Medical School, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter A. Ward
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Aladaileh S, Nair SV, Raftos DA. Effects of noradrenaline on immunological activity in Sydney rock oysters. Dev Comp Immunol 2007; 32:627-636. [PMID: 17988735 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 10/03/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of noradrenaline injection on a range of immunological activities in Sydney rock oysters (Saccostrea glomerata). Noradrenaline caused a decrease in most of the immunological parameters tested. Phenoloxidase activities in both whole hemolymph and serum decreased significantly within the first 60 min of noradrenaline injection, as did the total frequency of hemocytes in hemolymph, differential hemocyte frequencies, the frequency of phenoloxidase positive cells and phagocytic activity. All of these parameters started to return to normal levels within 120 min. In contrast, the total protein content of hemolymph, which also decreased after noradrenaline injection continued to decline throughout the experimental period. In vitro studies found that superoxide and peroxide production by hemocytes increased in the presence of noradrenaline, but acid phosphatase activity decreased significantly. Additional experiments showed that noradrenaline secretion was stimulated by altered salinity, altered temperature and physical agitation. This suggests that stressors commonly associated with oyster farming may result in noradrenaline-based stress responses that suppress immunological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saleem Aladaileh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia
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14
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Gosain A, Muthu K, Gamelli RL, DiPietro LA. Norepinephrine suppresses wound macrophage phagocytic efficiency through alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptor dependent pathways. Surgery 2007; 142:170-9. [PMID: 17689682 PMCID: PMC2430526 DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2007] [Revised: 04/05/2007] [Accepted: 04/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The systemic response to injury is characterized by massive release of norepinephrine (NE) into the circulation as a result of global sympathetic activation. We have recently demonstrated that NE modulates the recruitment of macrophages to the cutaneous wound. We hypothesized that NE suppresses wound macrophage phagocytic function through canonical adrenergic signaling pathways. METHODS Murine wound macrophages were harvested at 5 days after injury and treated with physiologic and pharmacologic dose norepinephrine. Phagocytosis of green fluorescent protein-labeled Escherichia coli was assayed by flow cytometry. The signaling pathways mediating NE modulation of wound macrophage phagocytosis were interrogated by pharmacologic manipulation of alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors (ARs), intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and protein kinase A (PKA). Tissue specificity was determined by comparison of wound macrophages to splenic macrophages. RESULTS Both physiologic and pharmacologic dose NE suppressed wound macrophage phagocytic efficiency. This effect was mediated by alpha- and beta-ARs in a dose-dependent fashion. Direct stimulation of cAMP-suppressed phagocytic efficiency and blockade of PKA signaling prevented NE-mediated suppression of phagocytic efficiency. Splenic macrophage phagocytic efficiency was less than that of wound macrophages and was not altered by NE. CONCLUSIONS NE has a profound immunosuppressive effect on wound macrophage function that is tissue specific and appears to be mediated through adrenergic receptors and their canonical downstream signaling pathway. Attenuation of post-injury immunosuppression represents another potential mechanism by which beta-AR blockade may reduce morbidity and mortality after severe injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankush Gosain
- Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153
| | - Kuzhali Muthu
- Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153
| | - Richard L. Gamelli
- Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153
- Department of Surgery, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, 60153
| | - Luisa A. DiPietro
- Center for Wound Healing & Tissue Regeneration, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60612
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Collado-Hidalgo A, Sung C, Cole S. Adrenergic inhibition of innate anti-viral response: PKA blockade of Type I interferon gene transcription mediates catecholamine support for HIV-1 replication. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:552-63. [PMID: 16504464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-alpha and -beta) play a key role in anti-viral immunity, and we sought to define the molecular mechanisms by which the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) inhibits their effects. In peripheral blood leukocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC2), induction of interferon anti-viral activity by double-stranded RNA (poly-I:C) or CpG DNA was substantially inhibited by norepinephrine and by pharmacologic activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. This effect was specific to Type I interferons and driven by PKA-mediated repression of IFNA and IFNB gene transcription. Luciferase reporter analyses identified tandem interferon response factor-binding sites in positive regulatory domains I and III of the IFNB promoter as a key target of PKA inhibition. PKA suppression of Type I interferons was associated with impaired transcription of interferon response genes supporting the "anti-viral state", and was sufficient to account for norepinephrine-induced enhancement of HIV-1 replication. Given the ubiquitous role of Type I interferons in containing viral replication, PKA-mediated inhibition of IFN transcription could explain the stimulatory effects of catecholamines on a broad range of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Collado-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry, David E. Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1678, USA
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Chamary VL, Loizidou M, Boulos PB, Taylor I, Burnstock G. Changes in vasoconstrictor and vasodilator neurotransmitters in nerves supplying arterioles in developing colorectal polyps. Colorectal Dis 2006; 8:230-4. [PMID: 16466565 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2005.00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the changes that occur in the immunohistochemistry of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator transmitters in nerves supplying early and advanced colorectal polyps. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied the perivascular innervation of submucosal arterioles of colorectal polyps (n = 18) and the innervation of the epithelial layer of polyps compared to normal controls (n=8), using immunohistochemical markers for the neurotransmitters; noradrenaline (NA) (marker used; tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), substance P (SP), and calcitonin gene-related polypeptide (CGRP). (Advanced polyps; villous adenomas>1.5 cm, polyps with severe dysplasia or partial carcinoma). RESULTS In submucosal arterioles there was a progressive decrease from controls through early polyps to advanced polyps in TH and NPY perivascular immunoreactivity (P<0.015 for both). VIP and SP immunoreactivity was higher in early polyps compared to controls, but markedly reduced in advanced polyps (P<0.05 for VIP). Sparse CGRP immunoreactivity was present in polyps only. Neural VIP and SP immunoreactivity in the lamina propria of polyp mucosa was more intense than in controls. CONCLUSION There is a decrease in vasoconstrictor neurotransmitters NPY and NA (shown by TH) around submucosal arterioles of both early and advanced polyps, but an increase in the vasodilator neurotransmitters, particularly VIP, in early colorectal polyps. These results suggest a predominantly vasodilatory neural influence in early polyps, perhaps indicating a mechanism that maintains polyp growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- V L Chamary
- Department of Surgery, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK
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Straub RH, Stebner K, Härle P, Kees F, Falk W, Schölmerich J. Key role of the sympathetic microenvironment for the interplay of tumour necrosis factor and interleukin 6 in normal but not in inflamed mouse colon mucosa. Gut 2005; 54:1098-106. [PMID: 15845563 PMCID: PMC1774899 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2004.062877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the intestinal tract, the role of sympathetic neurotransmitters has been largely ignored in mucosal neuroimmunology. AIM Our aim was to investigate the influence of the sympathetic microenvironment on the mucosal interplay of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and interleukin 6 (IL-6). METHODS Colon strips of normal and colitic BALB/c mice were superfused in vitro. Tissue was electrically stimulated to investigate the influence of endogenous norepinephrine (NE) on secretion of IL-6, with or without anti-TNF antibodies (anti-TNF) and adrenoceptor antagonists. IL-6 was secreted from macrophages. RESULTS Superfusion with anti-TNF stimulated IL-6 secretion in normal but not in colitic colon (p<0.005). Parallel superfusion with a beta-adrenergic antagonist abrogated this phenomenon. Anti-TNF increased release of NE from normal colonic strips (p<0.05), which demonstrates TNF induced inhibition of preterminal NE release. In colitic mice, anti-TNF did not change NE release. In the presence of anti-TNF, exogenous and endogenous NE stimulated colonic IL-6 secretion via beta-adrenoceptors in normal (p<0.001) but not in colitic mice. In the absence of anti-TNF, endogenous and exogenous NE inhibited IL-6 secretion via the beta-adrenoceptor in normal but not in colitic mice (p<0.01). Colitic mice demonstrated loss of sympathetic nerve fibres. CONCLUSIONS Modulation of mucosal IL-6 is largely dependent on the sympathetic microenvironment and availability of local TNF in normal but not in colitic mice. Anti-TNF strategies may lead to an increase in the proinflammatory cytokine depending on adrenergic tone. This would be relevant with normal sympathetic innervation, which is lost in colitic mice. We present a model of sympathetic regulation of colonic macrophage TNF and IL-6 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Straub
- Laboratory of Neuro/Endocrino/Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, 93042 Regensburg, Germany.
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Kudoh A, Takase H, Katagai H, Takazawa T. Postoperative interleukin-6 and cortisol concentrations in elderly patients with postoperative confusion. Neuroimmunomodulation 2005; 12:60-6. [PMID: 15756054 DOI: 10.1159/000082365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Accepted: 01/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in plasma interleukin (IL)-6, cortisol or noradrenaline concentrations after surgery in elderly patients with postoperative confusion. METHODS We studied 80 patients aged 70-90 years undergoing abdominal surgery and measured plasma IL-6, cortisol or noradrenaline concentrations before surgery, at the end of surgery, and 24 and 48 h after surgery. RESULTS Plasma IL-6 concentrations in elderly patients with postoperative confusion were 83.2 +/- 30.5, 49.3 +/- 14.1 and 42.9 +/- 19.4 pg.ml(-1) at the end of surgery, and 24 and 48 h after surgery, respectively, being significantly higher than in elderly patients without postoperative confusion (58.0 +/- 37.5, 36.1 +/- 20.0 and 28.2 +/- 16.7 pg.ml(-1)). Plasma cortisol concentrations in elderly patients with postoperative confusion (42.2 +/- 7.8, 38.3 +/- 8.3 and 33.1 +/- 8.4 microg.dl(-1) at the end of surgery, and 24 and 48 h after surgery, respectively) were significantly higher than in elderly patients without postoperative confusion (32.9 +/- 6.7, 30.4 +/- 8.6 and 25.6 +/- 6.5 microg.dl(-1), respectively). There were no significant differences in plasma norepinephrine concentrations at all sampling points between elderly patients with and without postoperative confusion. However, plasma IL-6 and cortisol concentrations were related in elderly patients with postoperative confusion (at the end of surgery and 24 and 48 h after surgery). However, there was no relationship between plasma IL-6 and cortisol concentrations 24 and 48 h after surgery in elderly patients without postoperative confusion. CONCLUSION Elderly patients with postoperative confusion had increased plasma IL-6 and cortisol concentrations. The interaction between IL-6 and cortisol after surgery is associated with developing postoperative confusion in the elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kudoh
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hirosaki National Hospital, Hirosaki, Japan
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Takahashi H, Tsuda Y, Kobayashi M, Herndon DN, Suzuki F. Increased norepinephrine production associated with burn injuries results in CCL2 production and type 2 T cell generation. Burns 2004; 30:317-21. [PMID: 15145188 DOI: 10.1016/j.burns.2003.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of thermally injured mice (TI-mice) to various infections is markedly influenced by burn-associated type 2 T cell responses, which are common with severe thermal injuries. Previously, we have reported that CC chemokine ligand 2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-I (CCL2) is produced in mice within 1 day of thermal injury, and the subsequent development of burn-associated type 2 T cell responses are triggered by this chemokine produced early after thermal injury. In this study, influence of norepinephrine (NE) on CCL2 production in mice early after thermal injury (TI) was investigated. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and peritoneal macrophages (PMphi) from TI-mice produced CCL2, but the same cell preparations from normal mice did not. This chemokine was not produced by PBMC and PMphi from TI-mice previously treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), which destroys sympathetic nerve termini. NE production was increased in circulation of TI-mice, and treatment of TI-mice with 6-OHDA resulted in the inhibition of NE secretion. When PBMC from normal mice were treated with NE, they acquired the ability to produce CCL2. Splenic T cells from TI-mice produced IL-4 into their culture fluids, while the cytokine was not produced by splenic T cells from TI-mice previously treated with 6-OHDA. These results indicate that NE may have an important role on early CCL2 production and the subsequent development of burn-associated type 2 T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0435, USA
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Oberbeck R, Schmitz D, Wilsenack K, Schüler M, Pehle B, Schedlowski M, Exton MS. Adrenergic modulation of survival and cellular immune functions during polymicrobial sepsis. Neuroimmunomodulation 2004; 11:214-23. [PMID: 15249727 DOI: 10.1159/000078439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2003] [Accepted: 08/04/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An immunomodulatory effect of epinephrine has been reported that is supposed to be mediated via beta-adrenergic receptors. The effect of epinephrine and/or beta-adrenergic blockade on cellular immune functions during systemic inflammation has not yet been investigated. METHODS Male NMRI mice were treated with either an infusion of epinephrine (0.05 mg/kg/h i.p.), administration of the nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist propranolol (0.5 mg/kg s.c.), or a combination of epinephrine and propranolol after induction of a polymicrobial sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture. Forty-eight hours thereafter survival and cellular immune functions (splenocyte proliferation, splenocyte apoptosis and cytokine release, distribution of leukocyte subsets) were determined. RESULTS Infusion of epinephrine did not affect lethality of septic mice but induced alterations of splenocyte apoptosis, splenocyte proliferation and IL-2 release and was associated with profound changes of circulating immune cell subpopulations. Treatment with propranolol augmented the epinephrine-induced increase of splenocyte apoptosis, did not affect the decrease of splenocyte proliferation and IL-2 release, augmented the release of IL-6 and antagonized the mobilization of natural killer cells observed in epinephrine-treated animals. Furthermore, these immunologic alterations were accompanied by a significant increase of sepsis-induced mortality. Coadministration of propranolol and epinephrine augmented the propranolol-induced changes of splenocyte apoptosis and IL-6 release and was associated with the highest mortality of septic mice. CONCLUSION Epinephrine infusion modulated cellular immune functions during systemic inflammation without an impact on survival. A pharmacologic beta-adrenergic blockade partly augmented the epinephrine-induced immune alterations and was associated with a pronounced increase of mortality. This effect was further augmented by a combination of epinephrine infusion and beta-adrenergic blockade. These data indicate that adrenergic mechanisms modulate cellular immune functions and survival during sepsis, with these effects being mediated via alpha- and beta-adrenergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Oberbeck
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany.
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Abstract
Although human studies have emphasized a role for IL-2 in depressive illness, limited attention has been devoted to the behavioral and neurochemical effects of this cytokine in animal studies. The present review assesses the behavioral effects of IL-2 in rodents, in counterpoint to the effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and endotoxin challenge. Unlike IL-1beta, systemic IL-2 provokes modest effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) functioning, and does not provoke marked signs of illness or anxiety. In some respects, however, IL-2 elicits effects reminiscent of traditional stressors, including anhedonia (diminished pleasure gained from otherwise rewarding stimuli). Additionally, when chronically administered, IL-2 may impact on cognitive processes, including spatial working memory. While IL-2 may induce depressive-like symptoms, the available data are sparse, have hardly considered the impact of chronic cytokine treatment, only assessed behavior in a narrow range of tests, and it remains to be established whether the effects of IL-2 are modifiable by antidepressant treatments. Finally, as the effects of IL-2 on CNS processes vary in a biphasic fashion, and may also engender neurotoxic effects, further analyses are necessary to discern under what conditions this cytokine provokes depressive-like behavioral outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hymie Anisman
- Institute of Neuroscience, Life Science Research Building, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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Abstract
Over the past 20 years, a significant effort has been made to define a role for the neuroendocrine system in the regulation of immunity. It was expected that these experimental findings would help to establish a strategy for the development of clinical interventions to either suppress or augment immunological function for disease prevention. However, the translation of these basic experimental findings into clinical interventions has been difficult. Possible explanations for this difficulty are that the findings from human and animal studies do not agree and/or that the results obtained within one species are rarely verified in the other. Our goal in writing this review is to address this issue by summarizing the published findings from human studies and comparing them to published findings from animal studies. Although far from being exhaustive, this review summarizes and discusses at least the past 10 years of findings in which a change in immunity and a change in catecholamine levels and/or stimulation of the beta(2)-adrenergic receptor has been documented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Sanders
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, & Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Donahoe RM, Byrd LD, McClure HM, Brantley M, Wenzel D, Ansari AA, Marsteller F. Effects of morphine on T-cell recirculation in rhesus monkeys. Adv Exp Med Biol 2002; 493:89-101. [PMID: 11727786 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47611-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A 2-yr study on effects of morphine on lymphocyte circulation in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) showed that, over time, a well-maintained morphine-dependency caused biphasic depressive effects on circulating lymphocyte levels. Depression of T cell circulation by opiates actually was a relative effect. Morphine exposure basically stabilized T cell circulation in the context of concurrent increases in controls. Biphasic effects of morphine were attributable to distinctions in circulation kinetics of CD4+/CD62L (+ & -) T cells. That is, levels of CD4+/CD62L+ T cells were selectively depressed by opiates through the first 32wk after initiation of drug, and levels of CD4+/CD62L- T cells were selectively depressed thereafter. Regression analyses also showed that morphine stabilized lymphocyte recirculation. Circulating levels of resting and activated-memory types of T cells were positively correlated in opiate-exposed monkeys during the first 32wk after opiate exposure--an effect not seen with control monkeys. Considerations of changes in the types of experimental stressors extant during the study suggested that temporally differential effects of opiates on T cell recirculation were connected with changes in the stress environment and the ability of morphine to modulate these changes. Thus, morphine, and by inference the endogenous opioid system, are involved in homeostasis of lymphocyte recirculation, probably through effects on central mediation of the stress axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Donahoe
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, and the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA 30322, USA
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Kelley SP, Moynihan JA, Stevens SY, Grota LJ, Felten DL. Chemical sympathectomy has no effect on the severity of murine AIDS: murine AIDS alone depletes norepinephrine levels in infected spleen. Brain Behav Immun 2002; 16:118-39. [PMID: 11908922 DOI: 10.1006/brbi.2001.0627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that alterations in sympathetic nervous system (SNS) function produced by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade or chemical sympathectomy can produce changes in T and B lymphocyte function and both innate and acquired immune responses. However, fewer studies have investigated changes in immune response following SNS alterations in animal models of disease. We tested whether blocking SNS activity using 6-OHDA or the beta-receptor antagonist nadolol alters the typical pattern in production of T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines seen in cultures of spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice infected with murine AIDS (MAIDS). We found that neither method of sympathetic blockade affected cytokine response to MAIDS. We also found that the norepinephrine concentration and content of the spleen were reduced dramatically by the MAIDS infection itself at 3 and 6 weeks after LP-BM5 inoculation. This finding has not been previously reported in mice with MAIDS and suggests that the viral infection itself produces a functional sympathectomy in the spleen, a target of that infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila P Kelley
- Center for Psychoneuroimmunology Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, 300 Crittenden Boulevard, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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25
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Chen WH, Sun LT, Tsai CL, Song YL, Chang CF. Cold-stress induced the modulation of catecholamines, cortisol, immunoglobulin M, and leukocyte phagocytosis in tilapia. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2002; 126:90-100. [PMID: 11944970 DOI: 10.1006/gcen.2001.7772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The concentrations of norepinephrine in hypothalamus and norepinephrine and epinephrine in head kidney were significantly decreased in treated tilapia (Oreochromis aureus) during the time course of cold exposure (12 degrees) as compared to the control (25 degrees). The elevation of norepinephrine and epinephrine in plasma was detected earlier than that of cortisol in cold-treated tilapia. Phagocytic activity of leukocytes and the levels of plasma immunoglobulin M (IgM) were depressed in cold-treated tilapia as compared to the control group. Handling stress in the control (25 degrees) also resulted in increased plasma cortisol and decreased plasma IgM levels but not phagocytic activity. In vitro cortisol suppressed leukocyte phagocytosis in a dose (10(-12) to 10(-4) M)-dependent manner. Adrenergic agonist (phenylephrine and isoproterenol) had a significant suppression of phagocytosis only at the highest dose (10(-4) M). No effect on phagocytosis was detected in the treatment with norepinephrine and epinephrine. A combination of cortisol and isoproterenol (0.1 mM) had an additive effect in the suppression of phagocytosis. It is concluded that the cold stress modulated the changes of catecholamines and cortisol and further depressed phagocytic activity and antibody levels in tilapia. Cortisol could play a main and important role in the down-regulation of phagocytic activity. Adrenergic agonists also could interact with cortisol to further suppress immunity in tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsiung Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Republic of China
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26
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Abstract
UNLABELLED The early stress responses to hemorrhagic shock, trauma and endotoxicosis are associated with an early proinflammatory response characterized by increased gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, PMN influx and accumulation in the lung and apoptosis. The central role of the neuroendocrine system in modulating these proinflammatory responses has been strongly suggested by recent studies. OBJECTIVES To examine the role of noradrenergic innervation in modulating the early increase in lung and spleen content of TNF-alpha in response to fixed-pressure (40 mm Hg) hemorrhage in vivo. METHODS Conscious unrestrained nonheparinized male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 42) were randomized to receive intraperitoneally either 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA; chemical sympathectomy, SNSx) or saline (0.3 ml) prior to undergoing hemorrhage followed by fluid resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution. Animals were sacrificed at completion of the resuscitation period and tissue samples (lung and spleen) excised for determination of TNF-alpha content, myeloperoxidase activity and apoptosis. RESULTS Hemorrhage resulted in an immediate marked elevation in circulating epinephrine and norepinephrine levels (10- and 2-fold, respectively), increasing their plasma ratio to 6:1. SNSx depleted tissue stores of norepinephrine (80%), did not alter basal plasma levels of epi- or norepinephrine or the hemorrhage-induced rise in epinephrine, but completely prevented the rise in circulating norepinephrine. Hemorrhage increased lung and spleen contents of TNF-alpha (55 and 72%, respectively). SNSx significantly enhanced the hemorrhage-induced rise in lung TNF in response to hemorrhage. CONCLUSIONS These results show a suppressive role for noradrenergic innervation on the hemorrhage-induced increase in tissue TNF-alpha content in vivo. We speculate that the effects of norepinephrine are protective from tissue injury but are likely to contribute to the generalized immunosuppression following trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Molina
- Department of Physiology, LSUHSC, New Orleans, LA 70112-1393, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Kohm
- Dept of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
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Roupe van der Voort C, Heijnen CJ, Wulffraat N, Kuis W, Kavelaars A. Stress induces increases in IL-6 production by leucocytes of patients with the chronic inflammatory disease juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: a putative role for alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 110:223-9. [PMID: 11024553 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints. In the present study we demonstrate that exposure of JRA patients to a noradrenergic stressor (cold pressor test) results in enhanced LPS-induced IL-6 production by peripheral blood cells of these patients. Healthy, age-matched controls had the same rise in norepinephrine, but do not respond with changes in IL-6 production after exposure to the cold pressor test. Moreover, PBMC of patients with JRA express mRNA encoding alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors (AR), predominantly of the alpha(1d)-AR subtype. In contrast, we could not detect mRNA encoding for alpha(1)-AR in PBMC of healthy controls. The results of this study suggest that expression of alpha(1)-AR mRNA in PBMC during chronic inflammation is associated with altered responses of the immune system to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Roupe van der Voort
- Laboratory of Pediatric Immunology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital of the University Medical Center Utrecht, Room KC03.068.0, Lundlaan 6, 3584 EA, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Leo NA, Bonneau RH. Mechanisms underlying chemical sympathectomy-induced suppression of herpes simplex virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation and function. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 110:45-56. [PMID: 11024533 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00336-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lymphoid tissues are extensively innervated by noradrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced chemical sympathectomy is commonly used to assess the impact of this innervation on immune function. Using the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486, the mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist spironolactone, and the beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist nadolol, the roles of corticosterone and norepinephrine in sympathectomy-mediated modulation of both the primary and memory cellular immune responses to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection was investigated. We demonstrated that both of these immunomodulators play a role in mediating sympathectomy-induced suppression of the generation of HSV-specific primary cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and the activation of HSV-specific memory CTL (CTLm). Furthermore, we demonstrated a role for both Type I and Type II corticosteroid receptors in the regulation of HSV-specific immunity. Overall, these findings not only further support a role for neuroendocrine-mediated modulation of immune function, but also a need to exercise caution in attributing the effects of chemical sympathectomy to solely the absence of sympathetic innervation of lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A Leo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H107), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Fleshner M. Exercise and neuroendocrine regulation of antibody production: protective effect of physical activity on stress-induced suppression of the specific antibody response. Int J Sports Med 2000; 21 Suppl 1:S14-9. [PMID: 10893019 DOI: 10.1055/s-2000-1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
It has been convincingly demonstrated that the in vivo immune response is not fully autonomous. Clearly, functional interactions exist between the neuroendocrine system and the immune system that operate during the generation of normal in vivo immune responses. In addition to playing an important regulatory role in the absence of perturbation, the same neuroendocrine signals that facilitate immune function in a nonstressed organism may suppress immune function in a physiologically or psychologically stressed organism. Given the complexity of these interactions, the current paper will focus on neuroendocrine modulation of one important dimension of acquired immunity, the in vivo antibody response to a benign protein (keyhole limpet hemocyanin, KLH). In addition, only the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (corticosterone) response and the sympathetic nervous system (norepinephrine and epinephrine) response will be discussed. The current paper will 1) examine the cellular steps involved in the antibody response to KLH; 2) describe the specific cellular consequences of acute stressor exposure on this response; 3) describe the evidence for corticosterone and catecholamine modulation of the in vivo antibody response during quiescent and stressed states; and 4) present data that support the hypothesis that regular, moderate, physical activity can prevent the neuroendocrine and detrimental immunological effects of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fleshner
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder 80309-0354, USA.
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ThyagaRajan S, Madden KS, Stevens SY, Felten DL. Effects of L-deprenyl treatment on noradrenergic innervation and immune reactivity in lymphoid organs of young F344 rats. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 96:57-65. [PMID: 10227424 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sympathetic noradrenergic (NA) neuronal activities in the thymus, spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and immune responses in the spleen were examined in young male F344 rats treated daily with 0, 0.25 mg, or 2.5 mg/kg body weight of L-deprenyl, an irreversible monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B) inhibitor. Rats were treated daily for 1, 15, or 30 days, and sacrificed 7 days after the last deprenyl treatment. Deprenyl treatment increased norepinephrine (NE) content in the spleen without modifying the pattern and density of NA innervation in the splenic white pulp. The concentration of NE was unaltered in the thymus, but it was increased in the MLN of deprenyl-treated rats. One day of treatment with deprenyl decreased splenic NK cell activity while 15 days of deprenyl treatment enhanced splenic NK cell activity. Deprenyl elevated Con A-induced T lymphocyte proliferation following 30 days of treatment, but did not alter spleen cell Con A-induced IL-2 production or the percentage of CD5 + T cells in the spleen. A moderate decrease in the percentage of sIgM + B cells was observed in the spleens of 15- and 30-day deprenyl-treated rats. These results suggest that deprenyl has sympathomimetic action on sympathetic NA nerve fibers in the spleen; the enhancement of NA neuronal activity may contribute to the modulation of immune responses in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S ThyagaRajan
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine, NY 14642, USA.
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32
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Abstract
The primary goal of the study was to identify the types of catecholamines and the associated receptors which might be involved in the recall of the conditioned NK cell response. Specific catecholamine receptor antagonists were selected to block the conditioned NK cell response at the recall step. The regional contents of dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine were determined in the brain of the conditioned animals by using the high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC/ED). Results showed that pre-disruption of the central alpha1-, alpha2-, beta1-, beta2-, D1-, or D2-receptors at the conditioned recall stage, interrupted the conditioned enhancement in NK cell activity. The NE contents at the cerebellum, and DA contents at the striatum and hippocampus, were significantly higher in the brain of the conditioned animals when compared to that of the control animals. These information indicated the possible roles of the central noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems in regulating the recall of the conditioned NK cell response.
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MESH Headings
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/analogs & derivatives
- 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine/pharmacology
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Amygdala/chemistry
- Amygdala/immunology
- Animals
- Atenolol/pharmacology
- Brain Chemistry/immunology
- Catecholamines/analysis
- Catecholamines/immunology
- Cerebellum/chemistry
- Cerebellum/immunology
- Cerebral Cortex/chemistry
- Cerebral Cortex/immunology
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Corpus Striatum/chemistry
- Corpus Striatum/immunology
- Dopamine/analysis
- Dopamine/immunology
- Dopamine Antagonists/pharmacology
- Epinephrine/analysis
- Epinephrine/immunology
- Female
- Immunologic Memory
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mental Recall/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Norepinephrine/analysis
- Norepinephrine/immunology
- Oxathiins/pharmacology
- Propanolamines/pharmacology
- Salicylamides/pharmacology
- Spleen/cytology
- Yohimbine/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Hsueh
- Department of Zoology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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33
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Singh S, Johnson PI, Javed A, Gray TS, Lonchyna VA, Wurster RD. Monoamine- and histamine-synthesizing enzymes and neurotransmitters within neurons of adult human cardiac ganglia. Circulation 1999; 99:411-9. [PMID: 9918529 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.99.3.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac ganglia were originally thought to contain only cholinergic neurons relaying parasympathetic information from preganglionic brain stem neurons to the heart. Accumulating evidence, however, suggests that cardiac ganglia contain a heterogeneous population of neurons that synthesize or respond to several different neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. Reports regarding monoamine and histamine synthesis and neurotransmission within cardiac ganglia, however, present conflicting information or are limited in number. Furthermore, very few studies have examined the neurochemistry of adult human cardiac ganglia. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to determine whether monoamine- and histamine-synthesizing enzymes and neurotransmitters exist within neurons of adult human cardiac ganglia. METHODS AND RESULTS Human heart tissue containing cardiac ganglia was obtained during autopsies of patients without cardiovascular pathology. Avidin-biotin complex immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate tyrosine hydroxylase, L-dopa decarboxylase, dopamine beta-hydroxylase, phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase, tryptophan hydroxylase, and histidine decarboxylase immunoreactivity within neurons of cardiac ganglia. Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine immunoreactivity was also found in ganglionic neurons. Omission or preadsorption of primary antibodies from the antisera and subsequent incubation with cardiac ganglia abolished specific staining in all cases examined. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that neurons within cardiac ganglia contain enzymes involved in the synthesis of monoamines and histamine and that they contain dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine immunoreactivity. Our findings suggest a putative role for monoamine and histamine neurotransmission within adult human cardiac ganglia. Additional, functional evidence will be necessary to evaluate what the physiological role of monoamines and histamine may be in neural control of the adult human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Singh
- Neuroscience Program and Department of Physiology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Ill 60153-3500, USA.
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34
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Pogozheva AV, Rozanova IA, Miagkova MA, Sorokovoĭ KV, Panchenko ON, Trubacheva ZN. [Comparative study on the effect of antiatherosclerotic diet enriched with polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids of plant and animal origin on the level of natural antibodies against catecholamines in patients with cardiovascular diseases]. Vopr Pitan 1998:32-5. [PMID: 9825471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The levels of natural antibodies against catecholamines in 138 patients with cardiovascular diseases was studied and the comparative analysis of influence of antiatherosclerotic diets with different origin of PUFA omega-3 on dynamic of these parameters was made. For the first time discovered universal action of diets with PUFA omega-3 vegetable and animal origin on parameters of humoral immunity: in case of primary excess of norm of the contents of natural antibodies to adrenaline, noradrenaline and dopamine as a result of treatment these parameters were reduced or did not change; and at is primary a low their level--parameters increased in most cases. The greatest immunocorrection effect was rendered by diet, enriched PUFA omega-3 of freshwater fishes fat.
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Callahan TA, Moynihan JA, Piekut DT. Central nervous system activation following peripheral chemical sympathectomy: implications for neural-immune interactions. Brain Behav Immun 1998; 12:230-41. [PMID: 9769158 DOI: 10.1006/brbi.1998.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have demonstrated that ablation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) alters subsequent immune responses. Researchers have presumed that the altered immune responses are predominantly the result of the peripheral phenomenon of denervation. We, however, hypothesized that chemical sympathectomy will signal and activate the central nervous system (CNS). Activation of the CNS was determined by immunocytochemical visualization of Fos protein in brains from male C57BL/6 mice at 8, 24, and 48 h following denervation. A dramatic induction of Fos protein was found in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus and other specific brain regions at 8 and 24 h compared to vehicle control mice. Dual-antigen labeling demonstrates that corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF)-containing neurons in the PVN are activated by chemical sympathectomy; however, neurons containing neurotransmitters which may modulate CRF neurons, such as vasopressin, tyrosine hydroxylase, and adrenocorticotropin, do not coexpress Fos. Our findings suggest an involvement of the CNS in sympathectomy-induced alterations of immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Callahan
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, 14642, USA
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36
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Abstract
This review focuses on the response of "stress" hormones to heat, exercise (single or repeated bouts), and combinations of these stimuli, with particular reference to their impact upon immune function. Very hot conditions induce a typical stress response, with secretion of catecholamines and cortisol. The catecholamines induce a demargination of leukocytes, and cortisol subsequently causes cells to migrate to lymphoid tissue. Sustained exercise, even in a thermally comfortable environment, induces a larger hormonal response than moderate thermal stress. With moderate exercise, increases in leukocyte numbers are related mainly to plasma norepinephrine concentrations, but with more intense exercise epinephrine concentrations assume a major importance. As exercise continues, plasma cortisol levels also rise, inducing an influx of neutrophils from bone marrow and an efflux of other leukocyte subsets. A combination of exercise and heat stress augments both hormonal and leukocyte responses. But these changes seem to be reversed if temperatures are clamped by exercising in cold water. If a second bout of exercise is performed with an inter-test interval of 30-45 min, neither hormone concentrations nor immune responses show any great cumulative effect under temperate conditions. However, in a hot environment the second exercise bout induces a larger and more persistent neutrophilia. Training influences these various responses mainly by decreasing the stress imposed when exercising at a given absolute work-rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Brenner
- Faculty of Physical Education & Health, Department of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Trekova NA, Vetrilé LA, Basharova LA, Igon'kina SI, Evseev VA. [The effect of dopamine and noradrenaline antibodies on pain sensitivity in animals]. Zh Vyssh Nerv Deiat Im I P Pavlova 1996; 46:604-6. [PMID: 8755069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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38
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González A, Smeets WJ. Noradrenergic and adrenergic systems in the brain of the urodele amphibian, Pleurodeles waltlii, as revealed by immunohistochemical methods. Cell Tissue Res 1995; 279:619-27. [PMID: 7736558 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of noradrenaline and adrenaline in the brain of the urodele amphibian Pleurodeles waltlii has been studied with antibodies raised against noradrenaline and the enzymes dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase. Noradrenaline-containing cell bodies were found in the anterior preoptic area, the hypothalamic nucleus of the periventricular organ, the locus coeruleus and in the solitary tract/area postrema complex at the level of the obex. Noradrenergic fibers are widely distributed throughout the brain innervating particularly the ventrolateral forebrain, the medial amygdala, the lateral part of the posterior tubercle, the parabrachial region and the ventrolateral rhombencephalic tegmentum. Putative adrenergic cell bodies were found immediately rostral to the obex, ventral to the solitary tract. Whereas the cell bodies and their dendrites were Golgi-like stained, axons were more difficult to trace. Nevertheless, some weakly immunoreactive fibers could be traced to the basal forebrain. A comparison of these results with data previously obtained in anurans reveals not only several general features, but also some remarkable species differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Facultad de Biologia, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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39
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Romano TA, Felten SY, Olschowka JA, Felten DL. Noradrenergic and peptidergic innervation of lymphoid organs in the beluga, Delphinapterus leucas: an anatomical link between the nervous and immune systems. J Morphol 1994; 221:243-59. [PMID: 7932771 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1052210302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The presence of peptidergic and noradrenergic sympathetic nerve fibers in specific compartments of both primary and secondary lymphoid organs of the rodent is well established. These nerve fibers directly contact lymphocytes and macrophages, as well as vascular and trabecular smooth muscle. We investigated the noradrenergic and neuropeptide-Y innervation of lymphoid organs in the cetacean, Delphinapterus leucas (beluga whale). The spleen, thymus, tonsil, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, and assorted lymph nodes were collected from five belugas, obtained during sanctioned hunts, and processed for catecholamine fluorescence histochemistry and for tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y immunocytochemistry. Innervation studies revealed fluorescent nerve fibers, tyrosine hydroxylase, and neuropeptide-Y positive nerve fibers in parenchymal lymphoid compartments, where they were closely associated with cells of the immune system, and in vascular and trabecular compartments. In lymphoid zones, tyrosine hydroxylase and neuropeptide-Y positive nerve fibers were observed in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheath and marginal zone of the spleen; in the outermost portion of the cortex, the corticomedullary zone, and medulla of the lymph nodes; in the parafollicular zones, and diffuse lymphocyte layer below the epithelium of the tonsil; in the outermost portion of some thymic lobules; and in the lamina propria of the gut. These findings are similar to those described for other mammals and substantiate an anatomical link between the nervous and immune systems in the beluga, whereby central nervous system activity may influence autonomic outflow to lymphoid organs and effect immunologic reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Romano
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York 14642
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40
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Abstract
Norepinephrine (NE) contents in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in rats kept under light-dark (LD) or constant dark (DD) conditions displayed significant variations over one day with a peak during the subjective day and a trough during the subjective night. These results indicate that rhythmic variation of NE in the SCN is driven by an endogenous pacemaker and independent of external light. In agreement with these observations, immunocytochemical study localized tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive fibers in the medial part of the SCN. Unlike serotonin, histamine and neuropeptide Y projections to the ventrolateral SCN, NE innervation may represent the general activity level of the brainstem, from where these fibers arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Cagampang
- Laboratory of Integrative Brain Function, Mitsubishi Kasei Institute of Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
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41
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Abstract
We report a specific tracing technique for studying projections of noradrenergic neurons that contain other transmitters. Autoradiography after retrograde axonal transport of tritiated-noradrenaline ([3H]NA) was combined with immunocytochemical detection of endogenous NA or neuropeptide Y (NPY). The specificity of [3H]NA retrograde labeling was dependent on the concentration of [3H]NA injected at the terminal region. At 2 x 10(-3) M, the specificity of [3H]NA retrograde labeling was confirmed by immunodetection of endogenous NA in radiolabeled cell bodies of the locus ceruleus. Combination of autoradiography of [3H]NA retrograde labeling with immunodetection of NPY demonstrated that a some scattered locus ceruleus noradrenergic neurons (about 26%) projecting to the olfactory bulb do contain NPY.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bouna
- Département de Cytologie, Université de Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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42
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Fujimoto C, Ito M, Sekine I. Noradrenergic and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive nerves in the pancreatic islets of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Regul Pept 1993; 47:171-8. [PMID: 8234903 DOI: 10.1016/0167-0115(93)90421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Innervation by noradrenergic (NA) and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive (NPY-IR) nerves to the pancreatic islets and the arteries supplying the islets was studied by immunocytochemistry in 6- and 20-week-old spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Since both the NA and NPY-IR nerves follow the intra- and interlobular small arteries and innervate the islets, we examined mainly the innervation of intra- and interlobular small arteries by these nerves. The NA nerve density of the intralobular small arteries supplying the islets was significantly more extensive in 6-week-old SHR than in age-matched WKY (7.11 +/- 1.78 vs. 4.04 +/- 0.71 x 10(-2) micron/micron2, P < 0.001), and the NPY-IR nerve density of the intralobular small arteries was significantly more extensive in SHR than in WKY at 6 weeks of age (7.68 +/- 2.28 vs. 5.69 +/- 0.91 x 10(-2) micron/micron2, P < 0.05). The interlobular small arteries branching off the intralobular small arteries in SHR were also more innervated by NA (P < 0.05) and NPY-IR nerves (P < 0.001) than by those in WKY at 6 weeks of age. At 20 weeks of age, the NA and NPY-IR nerve densities of the intra- and interlobular small arteries were higher in SHR than in WKY, and showed an increase with age in both strains. In addition, the islet innervation by these nerves in cross-section appeared denser in SHR than in WKY.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fujimoto
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Japan
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Verna A, Schamel A, Pequignot JM. Long-term hypoxia increases the number of norepinephrine-containing glomus cells in the rat carotid body: a correlative immunocytochemical and biochemical study. J Auton Nerv Syst 1993; 44:171-7. [PMID: 8227955 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(93)90029-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A group of adult rats was divided into two subgroups: one was submitted to long-term normobaric hypoxia (10% O2, two weeks) while the other (control group) was kept in the same room, breathing air. Animals from each subgroup were used to study either the norepinephrine content of the carotid body by high pressure liquid chromatography or to localize norepinephrine-containing structures using an immunocytochemical procedure (peroxidase-labelled antibodies on cryostat sections). The biochemical study showed, as expected, a large increase in carotid body norepinephrine content (19-fold) and turnover (ten-fold) in hypoxic rats. The immunocytochemical study revealed only a few norepinephrine-immunopositive glomus cells in sections through the carotid body of normoxic rats, whereas the carotid body of hypoxic rats showed a very large number of norepinephrine-positive glomus cells. This increase was quantified, using an image analyser, and it was found to constitute a 61-fold increase in the number of immunopositive profiles per section and a 29-fold increase in the immunopositive profile area/section area ratio. It is concluded that long-term hypoxia increases rat carotid body norepinephrine content by inducing norepinephrine synthesis in glomus cells in which this amine was not detectable previously, before hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verna
- Laboratoire de Cytologie, Université de Bordeaux II and URA CNRS 339, Talence, France
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Abstract
Several biochemical parameters such as monoamines and corticosteroids are considered to play a role in the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms in mood disorders. It has also been proposed that disturbances of the immune system may be responsible for mental disorders. Increased concentrations of plasma soluble interleukin-2 receptor (S-IL-2R) reflect an activation of T-lymphocytes. In plasma samples from medication-free suicide attempters with various psychiatric diagnoses (mainly mood disorders), we found a median S-IL-2R concentration far above the range of healthy controls. No sex differences and no differences between diagnostic and suicidal subgroups were noted. In follow-up samples, the S-IL-2R remained at high levels. In cerebrospinal fluid samples from patients, S-IL-2R levels were all below 200 U/ml. No samples from controls were available. We were unable to find pronounced associations between plasma S-IL-2R and various monoaminergic measures in plasma, 24-h urine and cerebrospinal fluid. There was, however, a tendency of an association between S-IL-2R and the ratio of norepinephrine-epinephrine in 24-h urine, as well as plasma and cerebrospinal fluid 4-hydroxy-3-methoxymethylglycol. There was no significant association between post-dexamethasone plasma cortisol, 24-h urinary cortisol and plasma S-IL-2R. Both when studied as medication-free inpatients and during follow-up as outpatients, there were no apparent associations between ratings of psychopathology and plasma S-IL-2R. This study clearly shows that an imbalance of the immune system was present in psychiatric patients studied after a suicide attempt.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- L Nässberger
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Lund, Sweden
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Abstract
Noradrenergic and peptidergic nerve fibers abundantly innervate the parenchyma of both primary (bone marrow) and secondary (spleen, lymph nodes) lymphoid organs. Nerve fibers distribute within the parenchyma of these organs, as well as along smooth muscle compartments. Both noradrenaline and peptides such as substance P have been shown to fulfill the basic criteria for neurotransmission with lymphocytes, macrophages, and other immunocytes as targets. Denervation or pharmacological manipulation of these neurotransmitters can profoundly alter immunological reactivity at the individual cellular level, at the level of complex multicellular interactions (such as antibody response), and at the level of host response to a disease-producing challenge. The characteristic and mechanisms of bidirectional neural-immune signaling may provide a novel approach to immunologically-mediated disease, both pharmacologically and behaviorally.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Felten
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY 14642
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Ridet JL, Rajaofetra N, Teilhac JR, Geffard M, Privat A. Evidence for nonsynaptic serotonergic and noradrenergic innervation of the rat dorsal horn and possible involvement of neuron-glia interactions. Neuroscience 1993; 52:143-57. [PMID: 8381923 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90189-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the synaptic incidence of the contacts established by serotonergic and noradrenergic descending fibers in the dorsal horn of the rat spinal cord. Serial electron microscopic sections were performed. Synapses were scarce. The majority of serotonergic and noradrenergic varicosities (more than 60%) are characterized by nonsynaptic contacts. Numerous glial profiles, and particularly astrocytic profiles, were observed in apposition with serotonergic and noradrenergic varicosities. The proportion of astroglia was higher around serotonergic and noradrenergic varicosities devoid of synaptic specialization. The length of the contact between immunoreactive nonsynaptic varicosities and astrocytes was twice as long as that between synaptic varicosities and astrocytes. Thus, the modulation of sensitive messages by serotonin and noradrenaline through pauci-synaptic varicosities in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord could be an example of the concept of "volume transmission" [Fuxe and Agnati (1991) Volume Transmission in the Brain: Novel Mechanisms for Neural Transmission, Advances in Neuroscience, Vol. 1, pp. 1-9.] in the central nervous system. Analysis of the microenvironment of serotonergic and noradrenergic varicosities led us to make the hypothesis that glial cells, particularly astrocytes, could play some role in volume transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ridet
- INSERM U.336 EPHE, Développement, Plasticité et Vieillissement du Système Nerveux, Université Montpellier II (U.S.T.L.), Montpellier, France
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47
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Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies have been raised against adrenalin and noradrenalin and used as the basis of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to detect and estimate the concentrations of these catecholamines. Inhibition assays are described, with sensitive quantification in the range from 1 mg/ml to 100 pg/ml. Cross-reactivity assays reveal that neither assay is subject to interference by catecholamine metabolites at concentrations less than 100 ng/ml and 1 micrograms/ml respectively. Isolation and quantification of both catecholamines from clinical samples is discussed and the potential application of these ELISAs in a clinical setting is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Murphy
- Faculty of Science and Innovation, NEWI, Deeside, Clwyd, UK
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48
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Mouchet P, Manier M, Feuerstein C. Immunohistochemical study of the catecholaminergic innervation of the spinal cord of the rat using specific antibodies against dopamine and noradrenaline. J Chem Neuroanat 1992; 5:427-40. [PMID: 1418755 DOI: 10.1016/0891-0618(92)90059-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We have assessed the relative contributions of dopaminergic and noradrenergic descending systems to the catecholaminergic innervation of the rat spinal cord. Fibres and terminals were labelled with their own neurotransmitter by using specific antibodies raised against dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA) respectively. For this purpose, immunohistochemistry according to the peroxidase anti-peroxidase technique was performed in different experimental conditions. Two group of rats received intracisternal 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OHDA) injections either with or without benzatropine pretreatment. Animals of a third group were not pretreated at all. While 6-OHDA induced a complete disappearance of spinal NA-like immunoreactivity (NA-LI), except for scarce residual fibres in the thoracic intermedio-lateral cell column, DA-like immunoreactivity (DA-LI) was unaffected by the lesion. This strongly suggests that the antisera used specifically labelled NA-containing and DA-containing fibres respectively. Spinal DA-LI and NA-LI innervations differed markedly in their topographical distributions and in the morphology of the corresponding fibres. DA-LI innervation was restricted to laminae I, III and IV and to the intermediate zone, especially the autonomic areas. In the ventral horn, it was sparse and more visible after acidification of the fixation solution. NA-LI innervation was much more widely spread. In addition, the organization of NA-LI fibres suggests that the innervation of the whole dorsal horn comes from a group of fibres travelling, at least partially, in the superficial dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mouchet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie section Neurophysiologie, INSERM U.318, CHU de Grenoble, France
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49
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Rusakov DJ, Borisova EV, Tronnikov SI, Kuznetzova MN, Veretinskaya AG, Gamaleya NB, Sudakov SK. Biochemical resistance to development of morphine-dependence in rats: biogenic amines, its receptors and antibodies. Drug Alcohol Depend 1992; 30:289-92. [PMID: 1396110 DOI: 10.1016/0376-8716(92)90063-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The level of norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and dopamine (DA) in hypothalamus and blood plasma along with antibodies to NE, DA and serotonin (5-HT) and characteristics of alpha 1-, alpha 2-adrenergic, D2-dopaminergic and S2-serotoninergic receptors in synaptic brain membranes were studied in two groups of rats predisposed or resistant to the formation of physical morphine dependence. The resistant animals were characterized by a significant elevation of DA levels in blood plasma, elevation of antibodies to NE, and by higher concentration of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the brain cortex and of D2-receptors in striatum. The affinity of D2-receptors to dopamine in resistant rats also was higher than in predisposed animals. The other parameters studied did not differ significantly between the two groups. These findings suggest that the increased activity of DA and NE neurotransmitter systems can be a cause for the genetic resistance of some individuals among Wistar rats to the formation of physical dependence on morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Rusakov
- Institute of Medico-Biological Problems of Addiction, State Research Center of Addiction, Moscow, Russia
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Rajaofetra N, Ridet JL, Poulat P, Marlier L, Sandillon F, Geffard M, Privat A. Immunocytochemical mapping of noradrenergic projections to the rat spinal cord with an antiserum against noradrenaline. J Neurocytol 1992; 21:481-94. [PMID: 1500947 DOI: 10.1007/bf01186952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The mapping of noradrenergic innervation was performed in transverse and longitudinal sections of the adult rat spinal cord using noradrenaline immunocytochemistry. Noradrenergic fibres and terminals were distributed in the dorsal horn (mainly in the superficial part), in the vicinity of the different groups of motoneurons, and concentrated in the intermediolateral cell column and around the central canal. The ultrastructural study showed principally axodendritic synapses in the ventral horn and in the intermediolateral cell column. Fewer axosomatic synapses were detected. In the dorsal horn, noradrenaline-innervation was predominantly non-synaptic. It is hypothesized that the noradrenergic modulation of nociception is not mediated through classical synapses. The concept of 'volume transmission' can explain such an influence. Conversely, noradrenaline may be involved in the control of locomotion and automatic functions through conventional synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Rajaofetra
- INSERM U-336 (DPVSN)-EPHE, U.S.T.L., Montpellier, France
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