1
|
van Lint M, Ebraert H, Van Aken EH. MITOGEN-ACTIVATED PROTEIN INHIBITORS: FULL-FIELD ELECTRORETINOGRAM DEMONSTRATING GENERALIZED RETINAL DYSFUNCTION. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2022; 16:189-193. [PMID: 31584486 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report a patient with generalized retinal toxicity to mitogen-activated protein inhibitors. METHODS Retrospective case report. RESULTS Full-field electroretinogram findings indicate a generalized toxicity to the use of the mitogen-activated protein inhibitor trametinib. There was an improved response and resolution of serous detachments after decreasing the dose. CONCLUSION Mitogen-activated protein inhibitors may affect global retinal function, as opposed to the serous detachments that are concentrated in the posterior pole. This may be of importance in further understanding the underlying pathologic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel van Lint
- Department of Ophthalmology, Brussels University Hospital, Jette, Belgium. Dr. van Lint is now with the Department of Ophthalmology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jo E, Rhee H. Dabrafenib- and trametinib-associated glomerular toxicity: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e28485. [PMID: 35029901 PMCID: PMC8735797 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000028485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Combined treatment with dabrafenib, a B-RAF inhibitor, and trametinib, a mitogen-activated protein kinase inhibitor, is an effective option for patients with metastatic melanoma. A few cases of acute kidney injury associated with tubulointerstitial nephritis and 1 case of nephrotic syndrome have been reported in patients on this drug combination; however, progressive renal injury has not been reported. In this case study, we report a patient with metastatic melanoma who developed glomerular capillary endothelial toxicity and progressive glomerular sclerosis during combination therapy. PATIENT CONCERN Our patient was an 80-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTION She was diagnosed with metastatic melanoma and commenced combination therapy with dabrafenib and trametinib. OUTCOMES Her renal function progressively deteriorated; by month 20 after treatment commencement, her serum creatinine level had increased from 1.59 to 3.74 mg/dL. The first kidney biopsy revealed marked glomerular and endothelial cell damage. Her medication was stopped, but no improvement was evident. At 5 months after the first biopsy, her serum creatinine level had increased to 5.46 mg/dL; a second kidney biopsy revealed focal segmental glomerular sclerosis and marked tubulointerstitial fibrosis. She was started on hemodialysis. LESSONS We describe a patient with a metastatic melanoma who developed progressive kidney failure during treatment with dabrafenib and trametinib. The most prominent microscopy findings were glomerular endothelial damage in the initial kidney biopsy and accelerated glomerular sclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in the follow-up biopsy. We hypothesize that a decreased renal reserve and impairment of kidney repair capacity caused by inhibition of B-RAF, a downstream mediator of vascular endothelial growth factor, may explain the progressive kidney injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eunmi Jo
- Department of Nephrology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Harin Rhee
- Department of Nephrology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
- Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Paramashivam S, Balasubramaniam S, Dhiraviam KN. Computational exploration of vicine - an alkaloid glycoside mediated pathological hallmark of adenosine kinase to promote neurological disorder. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:653-667. [PMID: 33496919 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy disease is characterized by the neuronal dysfunction or abnormal neuronal activity of the brain which is regulated by astrocytes. These are glial cells and found to be the major regulators of the brain which are guided by the occurrence of adenosine kinase (ADK) enzyme in the central nervous system (CNS). During the normal physiological environment, ADK maintains the level of adenosine in the CNS. Dysfunction of ADK levels results in accumulation of adenosine levels in the CNS that leads to the pathophysiology of the brain such as astrogliosis which is a pathological hallmark of epileptic seizures. Vicine, an alkaloid glycoside in bitter gourd juice (Momordica charantia) is found to be toxic to the human system if the bitter gourd juice is consumed more. This compound inhibits ADK enzyme activity to lead epilepsy and seizure. Here, the toxic effect of vicine targeting ADK using computational predictions was investigated. The 3-dimensional structure of ADK has been constructed using I-Tasser, which has been refined by ModRefiner, GalaxyRefine, and 3D refine and it was endorsed using PROCHECK, ERRAT, and VADAR. 3D structure of the ligand molecule has been obtained from PubChem. Molecular docking has been achieved using AutoDock 4.2 software, from which the outcome showed the effective interaction between vicine and ADK, which attains binding free energy (∆G) of - 4.13 kcal/mol. Vicine molecule interacts with the active region ARG 149 of ADK and inhibits the functions of ADK that may cause imbalance in energy homeostasis. Also, pre-ADMET results robustly propose in which vicine possesses toxicity, and meanwhile, from the Ames test, it was shown as mutagenic. Hence, the results from our study suggest that vicine was shown to be toxic that suppresses the ADK activity to undergo pathological conditions in the neuronal junctions to lead epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SathishKumar Paramashivam
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, 625021, India
| | | | - Kannan Narayanan Dhiraviam
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, Tamilnadu, 625021, India.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang W, Liu S, Maiga RI, Pelletier J, Brown LE, Wang TT, Porco JA. Chemical Synthesis Enables Structural Reengineering of Aglaroxin C Leading to Inhibition Bias for Hepatitis C Viral Infection. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:1312-1323. [PMID: 30590924 PMCID: PMC6583776 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b11477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a unique rocaglate (flavagline) natural product, aglaroxin C displays intriguing biological activity by inhibiting hepatitis C viral entry. To further elucidate structure-activity relationships and diversify the pyrimidinone scaffold, we report a concise synthesis of aglaroxin C utilizing a highly regioselective pyrimidinone condensation. We have prepared more than 40 aglaroxin C analogues utilizing various amidine condensation partners. Through biological evaluation of analogues, we have discovered two lead compounds, CMLD012043 and CMLD012044, which show preferential bias for the inhibition of hepatitis C viral entry vs translation inhibition. Overall, the study demonstrates the power of chemical synthesis to produce natural product variants with both target inhibition bias and improved therapeutic indexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Shufeng Liu
- Laboratory of Vector-borne Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Rayelle I. Maiga
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1Y6, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1Y6, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1Y6, Canada
| | - Lauren E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Tony T. Wang
- Laboratory of Vector-borne Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Neuner E, Frener M, Lusser A, Micura R. Superior cellular activities of azido- over amino-functionalized ligands for engineered preQ 1 riboswitches in E.coli. RNA Biol 2018; 15:1376-1383. [PMID: 30332908 PMCID: PMC6284575 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2018.1534526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
For this study, we utilized class-I and class-II preQ1-sensing riboswitches as model systems to decipher the structure-activity relationship of rationally designed ligand derivatives in vitro and in vivo. We found that synthetic preQ1 ligands with amino-modified side chains that protrude from the ligand-encapsulating binding pocket, and thereby potentially interact with the phosphate backbone in their protonated form, retain or even increase binding affinity for the riboswitches in vitro. They, however, led to significantly lower riboswitch activities in a reporter system in vivo in E. coli. Importantly, when we substituted the amino- by azido-modified side chains, the cellular activities of the ligands were restored for the class-I conditional gene expression system and even improved for the class-II counterpart. Kinetic analysis of ligand binding in vitro revealed enhanced on-rates for amino-modified derivatives while they were attenuated for azido-modified variants. This shows that neither high affinities nor fast on-rates are necessarily translated into efficient cellular activities. Taken together, our comprehensive study interconnects in vitro kinetics and in vitro thermodynamics of RNA-ligand binding with the ligands' in vivo performance and thereby encourages azido- rather than amino-functionalized design for enhanced cellular activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Neuner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck CMBI, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marina Frener
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck CMBI, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Alexandra Lusser
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Micura
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck CMBI, Leopold-Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Getachew F, Vandenberg A, Smits J. A practical toxicity bioassay for vicine and convicine levels in faba bean (Vicia faba). J Sci Food Agric 2018; 98:5105-5111. [PMID: 29611201 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Faba bean (Vicia faba) vicine and convicine (V-C) aglycones (divicine and isouramil respectively) provoke an acute hemolytic anemia called favism in individuals with a glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) enzyme defect in their red blood cells. Geneticists/plant breeders are working with faba bean to decrease V-C levels to improve public acceptance of this high-protein pulse crop. Here, we present a fast and simple ex vivo in vitro bioassay for V-C toxicity testing of faba bean or faba bean food products. RESULTS We have shown that 1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)-treated (i.e., sensitized) normal red blood cells, like G6PD-defective blood, displayed (i) continuous glutathione (GSH) depletion with no regeneration as incubation time and the dose of aglycones increased, (ii) progressive accumulation of denatured hemoglobin products into high molecular weight (HMW) proteins with increased aglycone dose, (iii) both band 3 membrane proteins and hemichromes, in HMW protein aggregates. We have also demonstrated that sensitized red blood cells can effectively differentiate various levels of toxicity among faba bean varieties through the two hemolysis biomarkers: GSH depletion and HMW clumping. CONCLUSION BCNU-sensitized red blood cells provide an ideal model for favism blood, to assess and compare the toxicity of faba bean varieties and their food products. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fitsum Getachew
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Albert Vandenberg
- Crop Development Centre, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Judit Smits
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhu J, Li Y, Jiang H, Liu C, Lu W, Dai W, Xu J, Liu F. Selective toxicity of the mesoionic insecticide, triflumezopyrim, to rice planthoppers and beneficial arthropods. Ecotoxicology 2018; 27:411-419. [PMID: 29404868 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The novel mesoionic insecticide triflumezopyrim was highly effective in controlling both imidacloprid-susceptible and resistant planthopper populations in Malaysia. However, the toxicity of triflumezopyrim to planthopper populations and their natural enemies has been under-investigated in China. In this study, the median lethal concentrations (LC50) of triflumezopyrim were determined in eight field populations of Nilaparvata lugens and one population of Sogatella furcifera from China under laboratory conditions. Triflumezopyrim showed higher toxicity to planthopper populations than the commonly-used insecticide, imidacloprid. Furthermore, the lethal effect of triflumezopyrim on eight beneficial arthropods of planthoppers was investigated in the laboratory and compared with three commonly-used insecticides, thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos and abamectin. Triflumezopyrim was harmless to Anagrus nilaparvatae, Cyrtorhinus lividipennis and Paederus fuscipes, while thiamethoxam, chlorpyrifos and abamectin were moderately harmful or harmful to the insect parasitoid and predators. Triflumezopyrim and thiamethoxam were harmless to the predatory spiders Pirata subpiraticus, Ummeliata insecticeps, Hylyphantes graminicola and Pardosa pseudoannulata, and slightly harmful to Theridion octomaculatum. Chlorpyrifos caused slight to high toxicity to four spider species except U. insecticeps. Abamectin was moderately to highly toxic to all five spider species. Our results indicate that triflumezopyrim has high efficacy for rice planthoppers populations and is compatibile with their natural enemies in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yao Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chen Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Weiwei Lu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wei Dai
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Jianxiang Xu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Canine oral mucosal melanoma is an aggressive malignant neoplasm and is characterized by local infiltration and a high metastatic potential. The disease progression is similar to that of human oral melanomas. Whereas human cutaneous melanoma is primarily driven by activating mutations in Braf (60%) or Nras (20%), human mucosal melanoma harbors these mutations much less frequently. This makes therapeutic targeting and research modeling of the oral form potentially different from that of the cutaneous form in humans. Similarly, research has found only rare Nras mutations and no activating Braf mutations in canine oral melanomas, but they are still reliant on MAPK signaling. IQGAP1 is a signaling scaffold that regulates oncogenic ERK1/2 MAPK signaling in human Ras- and Raf- driven cancers, including melanomas. To investigate whether IQGAP1 is a potential target in canine melanoma, we examined the expression and localization of IQGAP1 in primary canine melanomas and canine oral melanoma cell lines obtained from the University of California-Davis. Using CRISPR/Cas9 knockout of IQGAP1, we examined effects on downstream ERK1/2 pathway activity and assayed proliferation of cell lines when treated with a peptide that blocks the interaction between IQGAP1 and ERK1/2. We observed that canine IQGAP1 is expressed and localizes to a similar extent in both human and canine melanoma by qPCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence. Deletion of IQGAP1 reduces MAPK pathway activation in cell lines, similar to effects seen in human BrafV600E cell lines. Additionally, we demonstrated reduced proliferation when these cells are treated with a blocking peptide in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Becky H. Lee
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Poornima H. Neela
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley M. Zehnder
- Program in Epithelial Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kumarasamy D, Roy BG, Rocha-Pereira J, Neyts J, Nanjappan S, Maity S, Mookerjee M, Naesens L. Synthesis and in vitro antiviral evaluation of 4-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:139-142. [PMID: 27979594 PMCID: PMC7127791 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A series of 4-substituted 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-ones (DHPM) was synthesized, characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS spectra. The compounds were evaluated in vitro for their antiviral activity against a broad range of DNA and RNA viruses, along with assessment for potential cytotoxicity in diverse mammalian cell lines. Compound 4m, which possesses a long lipophilic side chain, was found to be a potent and selective inhibitor of Punta Toro virus, a member of the Bunyaviridae. For Rift Valley fever virus, which is another Bunyavirus, the activity of 4m was negligible. DHPMs with a C-4 aryl moiety bearing halogen substitution (4b, 4c and 4d) were found to be cytotoxic in MT4 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanabal Kumarasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, 124, B.L Saha Road, Kolkata 700053, India.
| | - Biswajit Gopal Roy
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, Sikkim University, 6th Mile, Tadong, Gangtok, Sikkim 737102, India
| | - Joana Rocha-Pereira
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Satheeshkumar Nanjappan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research [NIPER-H], Balanagar, Hyderabad 500037, India
| | - Subhasis Maity
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, 124, B.L Saha Road, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Musfiqua Mookerjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, NSHM College of Pharmaceutical Technology, 124, B.L Saha Road, Kolkata 700053, India
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nasri A, Valverde AJ, Roche DB, Desrumaux C, Clair P, Beyrem H, Chaloin L, Ghysen A, Perrier V. Neurotoxicity of a Biopesticide Analog on Zebrafish Larvae at Nanomolar Concentrations. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122137. [PMID: 27999363 PMCID: PMC5187937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ever-increasing role of pesticides in modern agriculture, their deleterious effects are still underexplored. Here we examine the effect of A6, a pesticide derived from the naturally-occurring α-terthienyl, and structurally related to the endocrine disrupting pesticides anilinopyrimidines, on living zebrafish larvae. We show that both A6 and an anilinopyrimidine, cyprodinyl, decrease larval survival and affect central neurons at micromolar concentrations. Focusing on a superficial and easily observable sensory system, the lateral line system, we found that defects in axonal and sensory cell regeneration can be observed at much lower doses, in the nanomolar range. We also show that A6 accumulates preferentially in lateral line neurons and hair cells. We examined whether A6 affects the expression of putative target genes, and found that genes involved in apoptosis/cell proliferation are down-regulated, as well as genes reflecting estrogen receptor activation, consistent with previous reports that anilinopyrimidines act as endocrine disruptors. On the other hand, canonical targets of endocrine signaling are not affected, suggesting that the neurotoxic effect of A6 may be due to the binding of this compound to a recently identified, neuron-specific estrogen receptor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Nasri
- U1198 MMDN (Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Inserm (National Institute for Health and Medical Research), 34095 Montpellier, France.
- BioCampus, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- EPHE (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes), 75007 Paris, France.
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Audrey J Valverde
- U1198 MMDN (Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Inserm (National Institute for Health and Medical Research), 34095 Montpellier, France.
- BioCampus, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- EPHE (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes), 75007 Paris, France.
| | - Daniel B Roche
- IBC (Computational Biology Institute), CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), University of Montpellier, 860 rue Saint Priest, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- CRBM (Research Center for Cell Biology in Montpellier), UMR 5237, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Catherine Desrumaux
- U1198 MMDN (Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Inserm (National Institute for Health and Medical Research), 34095 Montpellier, France.
- BioCampus, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- EPHE (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes), 75007 Paris, France.
| | - Philippe Clair
- MGX (Montpellier GenomiX), BioCampus, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- CRBM (Research Center for Cell Biology in Montpellier), UMR 5237, CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Laurent Chaloin
- CPBS (Center for Study of Pathogens and Biotechnologies for Health), FRE 3689, CNRS, University of Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
| | - Alain Ghysen
- U1198 MMDN (Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Inserm (National Institute for Health and Medical Research), 34095 Montpellier, France.
- BioCampus, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- EPHE (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes), 75007 Paris, France.
| | - Véronique Perrier
- U1198 MMDN (Molecular Mechanisms of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Inserm (National Institute for Health and Medical Research), 34095 Montpellier, France.
- BioCampus, University of Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France.
- EPHE (Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes), 75007 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Rizzello CG, Losito I, Facchini L, Katina K, Palmisano F, Gobbetti M, Coda R. Degradation of vicine, convicine and their aglycones during fermentation of faba bean flour. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32452. [PMID: 27578427 PMCID: PMC5006014 DOI: 10.1038/srep32452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of its positive repercussions on nutrition and environment, faba bean still remains an underutilized crop due to the presence of some undesired compounds. The pyrimidine glycosides vicine and convicine are precursors of the aglycones divicine and isouramil, the main factors of favism, a genetic condition which may lead to severe hemolysis after faba bean ingestion. The reduction of vicine and convicine has been targeted in several studies but little is known about their degradation. In this study, the hydrolysis kinetics of vicine and convicine and their derivatives during fermentation with L. plantarum DPPMAB24W was investigated. In particular, a specific HPLC method coupled to ESI-MS and MS/MS analysis, including the evaluation procedure of the results, was set up as the analytical approach to monitor the compounds. The degradation of the pyrimidine glycosides in the fermented flour was complete after 48 h of incubation and the aglycone derivatives could not be detected in any of the samples. The toxicity of the fermented faba bean was established through ex-vivo assays on human blood, confirming the experimental findings. Results indicate that mild and cost effective bioprocessing techniques can be applied to detoxify faba bean also for industrial applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giuseppe Rizzello
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Science, Via Amendola 165/a, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ilario Losito
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Department of Chemistry, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, SMART Inter-department Research Center, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Laura Facchini
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Department of Chemistry, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Kati Katina
- University of Helsinki, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Agnes Sjioberginkatu 2, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Palmisano
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Department of Chemistry, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, SMART Inter-department Research Center, Via E. Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Gobbetti
- University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, Department of Soil, Plant, and Food Science, Via Amendola 165/a, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Rossana Coda
- University of Helsinki, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Agnes Sjioberginkatu 2, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ghosh D, Pinto S, Danglot L, Vandewauw I, Segal A, Van Ranst N, Benoit M, Janssens A, Vennekens R, Vanden Berghe P, Galli T, Vriens J, Voets T. VAMP7 regulates constitutive membrane incorporation of the cold-activated channel TRPM8. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10489. [PMID: 26843440 PMCID: PMC4742910 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cation channel TRPM8 plays a central role in the somatosensory system, as a key sensor of innocuously cold temperatures and cooling agents. Although increased functional expression of TRPM8 has been implicated in various forms of pathological cold hypersensitivity, little is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that determine TRPM8 abundance at the plasma membrane. Here we demonstrate constitutive transport of TRPM8 towards the plasma membrane in atypical, non-acidic transport vesicles that contain lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1), and provide evidence that vesicle-associated membrane protein 7 (VAMP7) mediates fusion of these vesicles with the plasma membrane. In line herewith, VAMP7-deficient mice exhibit reduced functional expression of TRPM8 in sensory neurons and concomitant deficits in cold avoidance and icilin-induced cold hypersensitivity. Our results uncover a cellular pathway that controls functional plasma membrane incorporation of a temperature-sensitive TRP channel, and thus regulates thermosensitivity in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Ghosh
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Channel Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Silvia Pinto
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Channel Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lydia Danglot
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, University of Paris Diderot, F-75013 Paris, France
- INSERM ERL U950, Membrane Traffic in Health & disease Group, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Ine Vandewauw
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Channel Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andrei Segal
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Channel Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nele Van Ranst
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Channel Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Melissa Benoit
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Channel Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Annelies Janssens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Channel Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rudi Vennekens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Channel Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Translational Research Centre for Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 701, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thierry Galli
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, University of Paris Diderot, F-75013 Paris, France
- INSERM ERL U950, Membrane Traffic in Health & disease Group, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Channel Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Experimental Gynaecology, Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 611, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Voets
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research and TRP Channel Research Platform Leuven (TRPLe), Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49 box 802, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yamauchi T, Uzui K, Nishi R, Tasaki T, Ueda T. A nelarabine-resistant T-lymphoblastic leukemia CCRF-CEM variant cell line is cross-resistant to the purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitor forodesine. Anticancer Res 2014; 34:4885-4892. [PMID: 25202070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Forodesine inhibits purine nucleoside phosphorylase, resulting in an accumulation of intracellular dGTP and consequently cell death. 9-β-D-Arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G) is an active compound of nelarabine that is intracellularly phosphorylated to a triphosphate form, which inhibits DNA synthesis. Both agents show cytotoxicity toward T-cell malignancies. In the present study, we investigated the cytotoxicity of forodesine in vitro using ara-G-resistant leukemia cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS T-Lymphoblastic leukemia cell line CCRF-CEM and ara-G-resistant CEM variant cell line CEM/ara-G that we had previously established were used. RESULTS A growth-inhibition assay demonstrated that CEM cells were insensitive to single-agent forodesine treatment. The cells were also insensitive to deoxyguanosine at a maximal concentration of 10 μM. CEM/ara-G cells were 80-fold more resistant to ara-G than were CEM cells, and the mode of sensitivity to forodesine and deoxyguanosine was similar to that of CEM cells. In the presence of 10 μM deoxyguanosine, forodesine effectively inhibited the growth of CEM cells but not that of CEM/ara-G cells. Flow cytometric analyses showed that combination of forodesine and deoxyguanosine induced apoptosis of CEM cells but not of CEM/ara-G cells. The addition of ara-G did not augment the cytotoxicity of the forodesine/deoxyguanosine combination towards CEM cells or CEM/ara-G cells. The combination index revealed antagonism between forodesine and ara-G. The intracellular production of ara-G triphosphate was reduced in the presence of forodesine. CONCLUSION Nelarabine-resistant CEM/ara-G cells are insensitive to forodesine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kanako Uzui
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Fukui, Japan
| | - Rie Nishi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Fukui, Japan
| | - Toshiki Tasaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takanori Ueda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Matsuoka, Fukui, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Dezzutti CS, Shetler C, Mahalingam A, Ugaonkar SR, Gwozdz G, Buckheit KW, Buckheit RW. Safety and efficacy of tenofovir/IQP-0528 combination gels - a dual compartment microbicide for HIV-1 prevention. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:221-5. [PMID: 22940075 PMCID: PMC3501576 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Tenofovir (TFV) is a nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitor and IQP-0528 is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that also blocks virus entry. TFV and IQP-0528 alone have shown antiviral activity as microbicide gels. Because combination therapy will likely be more potent than mono-therapy, these drugs have been chosen to make a combination microbicide gel containing 2.5% TFV/1% IQP-0528. Safety and efficacy testing was done to evaluate five prototype combination gels. The gels retained TZM-bl cell and ectocervical and colorectal tissue viability. Further, the epithelium of the ectocervical and colorectal tissue remained intact after a 24h exposure. The ED(50) calculated from the formulations for IQP-0528 was ~32nM and for TFV was ~59nM and their inhibitory activity was not affected by semen. The ED(50) of TFV in the combination gels was ~100-fold lower than when calculated for the drug substance alone reflecting the activity of the more potent IQP-0528. When ectocervical and colorectal tissue were treated with the combination gels, HIV-1 p24 release was reduced by ≥1log(10) and ≥2log(10), respectively. Immunohistochemistry for the ectocervical tissues treated with combination gels showed no HIV-1 infected cells at study end. With the increased realization of receptive anal intercourse among heterosexual couples often in conjunction with vaginal intercourse, having a safe and effective microbicide for both mucosal sites is critical. The safety and efficacy profiles of the gels were similar for ectocervical and colorectal tissues suggesting these gels have the potential for dual compartment use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charlene S Dezzutti
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barden SA, Held DW, Graham LCF. Lack of interactions between fire ant control products and white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in turfgrass. J Econ Entomol 2011; 104:2009-2016. [PMID: 22299364 DOI: 10.1603/ec11131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides are widely used to manage turfgrass pest such as white grubs (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Red imported fire ants, Solenopsis invicta (Buren) are important predators and pests in managed turfgrass. We tested the susceptibility of white grub life stages (adults, egg, and larvae) to predation by S. invicta and determined if insecticides applied for control of S. invicta would result in locally greater white grub populations. Field trials over 2 yr evaluated bifenthrin, fipronil, and hydramethylnon applied to large and small scale turfgrass plots for impacts on fire ant foraging and white grub populations. Coincident with these trials, adults, larvae, and eggs of common scarab species were evaluated for susceptibility to predation by S. invicta under field conditions. Field trials with insecticides failed to show a significant increase in white grub populations resulting from treatment of turfgrass for fire ants. This, in part, may be because of a lack of predation of S. invicta on adult and larval scarabs. Egg predation was greatest at 70% but < 20% of adults and larvae were attacked in a 24 h test. Contrary to other studies, results presented here suggest that fire ants and fire ant control products applied to turfgrass have a minimal impact on white grub populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Addison Barden
- Department of Entomology & Plant Pathology, 301 Funchess Hall, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lawrence JM, Samways MJ, Henwood J, Kelly J. Effect of an invasive ant and its chemical control on a threatened endemic Seychelles millipede. Ecotoxicology 2011; 20:731-738. [PMID: 21340553 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-011-0614-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The impact of invasive species on island faunas can be of major local consequence, while their control is an important part of island ecosystem restoration. Among these invasive species are ants, of which some have a disruptive impact on indigenous arthropod populations. Here, we study the impact of the invasive African big-headed ant, Pheidole megacephala, on a small Seychelles island, Cousine, and assess the impact of this ant, and its chemical control, using the commercially available hydramethylnon-based bait, Siege, on the endemic keystone Seychelles giant millipede species, Sechelleptus seychellarum. We found no significant correlations in landscape-scale spatial overlap and abundance between the ant and the millipede. Furthermore, the ant did not attack healthy millipedes, but fed only on dying and dead individuals. The chemical defences of the millipede protected it from ant predation. Ingestion of the bait at standard concentration had no obvious impact on the millipede. The most significant threat to the Seychelles giant millipede in terms of P. megacephala invasion is from possible catastrophic shifts in ecosystem function through ant hemipteran mutualisms which can lead to tree mortality, resulting in alteration of the millipede's habitat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Lawrence
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X01, Matieland, 7602, South Africa.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Azizian J, Mohammadi MK, Firuzi O, Mirza B, Miri R. Microwave-Assisted Solvent-Free Synthesis of Bis(dihydropyrimidinone)benzenes and Evaluation of their Cytotoxic Activity. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 75:375-80. [PMID: 20102370 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2009.00937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Javad Azizian
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of Science, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, P.O. Box 11365-4435 Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zha W, Liang G, Xiao J, Studer EJ, Hylemon PB, Pandak, WM, Wang G, Li X, Zhou H. Berberine inhibits HIV protease inhibitor-induced inflammatory response by modulating ER stress signaling pathways in murine macrophages. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9069. [PMID: 20161729 PMCID: PMC2817721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV protease inhibitor (PI)-induced inflammatory response plays an important role in HIV PI-associated dyslipidemia and cardiovascular complications. This study examined the effect of berberine, a traditional herb medicine, on HIV PI-induced inflammatory response and further investigated the underlying cellular/molecular mechanisms in macrophages. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Cultured mouse J774A.1 macrophages and primary mouse macrophages were used in this study. The expression of TNF-alpha and IL-6 were detected by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. Activations of ER stress and ERK signaling pathways were determined by Western blot analysis. Immunofluorescent staining was used to determine the intracellular localization of RNA binding protein HuR. RNA-pull down assay was used to determine the association of HuR with endogenous TNF-alpha and IL-6. Berberine significantly inhibited HIV PI-induced TNF-alpha and IL-6 expression by modulating ER stress signaling pathways and subsequent ERK activation, in turn preventing the accumulation of the RNA binding protein HuR in cytosol and inhibiting the binding of HuR to the 3'-UTRs of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in macrophages. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE Inhibition of ER stress represents a key mechanism by which berberine prevents HIV PI-induced inflammatory response. Our findings provide a new insight into the molecular mechanisms of berberine and show the potential application of berberine as a complimentary therapeutic agent for HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weibin Zha
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jian Xiao
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Elaine J. Studer
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Phillip B. Hylemon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - William M. Pandak,
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Guangji Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (GW)
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiping Zhou
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology and Internal Medicine/Gastroenterology and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China
- * E-mail: (HZ); (GW)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li J, Yan XM. [Toxicity of topical ocular anti-allergic agents on human corneal epithelial cells in vitro]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2010; 46:43-50. [PMID: 20388322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the cytotoxic effect of three kinds of topical ocular anti-allergic agent, including olopatadine 0.1% (A group), ketotifen fumarate 0.025% (B group) and pemirolast potassium 0.1% (C group), on cultured human corneal epithelial cells in vitro. METHODS Primary human corneal epithelial cells were cultured with keratinocyte serum-free medium. The cells were exposed to three kinds of topical ocular anti-allergic agent for a period of 10 min, 30 min, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h and 24 h. Toxicity was examined in three ways. MTT assay was used to quantify cytotoxicity. Cell membrane permeability and intracellular esterase activity were analyzed with live-dead viability staining of fluorescent calcein-AM/ethidium homodimer. The morphologic analysis was performed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical methods adopted one-way ANOVA (analysis of variance) and Student-Newman-Keuls q test between each group. The P-value of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS (1) Morphologic changes: The Findings under the light microscopy were demonstrated that cells became round or edematic and detached from dishes after exposure to topical ocular anti-allergic agent. The cellular damage was more severe with longer exposure time and increasing concentration. Likewise, the electron microscopy examination showed reduced microvilli with longer exposure time and increasing concentration. The cellular changes of 20.0% olopatadine 0.1% were reduced when compared to the other agents. (2) Live/dead viability/cytotoxicity assay: Ethidium homodimeric permeates damaged cell membranes and results in red fluorescence. These results indicated that cell membrane damage caused by 20.0% olopatadine 0.1% at 6, 12, 24 h was less than those of ketotifen fumarate 0.025% and pemirolast potassium 0.1%. The data of A group were (29.7 +/- 2.6)%, (36.9 +/- 3.2)%, (51.2 +/- 4.3)%, B group were (36.5 +/- 3.1)%, (48.5 +/- 4.3)%, (75.5 +/- 3.8)% and C group were (37.1 +/- 2.2)%, (52.7 +/- 3.4)%, (71.1 +/- 5.1)%, respectively. The q values of A to B group and A to C group at 6 h were 3.27, 4.31, respectively (P < 0.05). The green fluorescent staining of calcein-AM indicated intracellular esterase activity was decreased after incubation with increasing concentration and longer exposure time. There was no significantly different result between each group (P > 0.05). The proportion of green staining cell of A, B and C group at 24 h were 100.0% with 50.0% concentration and were (23.2 +/- 4.6)%, (29.5 +/- 5.2)%, (31.1 +/- 5.5)% respectively with 20.0% concentration (F = 1.97, P = 0.377). (3) MTT assay: The results of the three groups revealed cell viability decreased significantly with increasing concentration and longer exposure time at all the concentrations except 0.8%. MTT values for A, B and C group at the concentration of 20.0%, at 6 h were 0.429 +/- 0.028, 0.367 +/- 0.038, 0.379 +/- 0.012 and 4% at 24 h were 0.457 +/- 0.025, 0.401 +/- 0.008, 0.387 +/- 0.012, respectively. The data for olopatadine 0.1% were significantly improved over those of ketotifen fumarate 0.025% and pemirolast potassium 0.1%. The q value of A to B group, A to C group were 3.01, 3.77 (P < 0.05) at the concentration of 20.0%, 6 h and were 3.63, 4.11 (P < 0.05) at the concentration, 24 h. There were no statistical significant results at other concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The topical ocular anti-allergic agent, olopatadine 0.1%, showed less toxic effects on human corneal epithelial cells compared to ketotifen fumarate 0.025% and pemirolast potassium 0.1%. Olopatadine 0.1% may offer a safer option to the corneal epithelium when used to treat allergic keratoconjunctivitis over an extended period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Usifoh C, Igbinaduwa P. Reactions of azaisatoic anhydrides: formation of pyridopyrimidinones. Acta Pol Pharm 2007; 64:281-4. [PMID: 17695153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Usifoh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Persaud D, Palumbo P, Ziemniak C, Chen J, Ray SC, Hughes M, Havens P, Purswani M, Gaur AH, Chadwick EG. Early archiving and predominance of nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 among recently infected infants born in the United States. J Infect Dis 2007; 195:1402-10. [PMID: 17436219 DOI: 10.1086/513871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The extent to which drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) acquired through mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) or failed chemoprophylaxis populates viral reservoirs and limits responses to antiretroviral treatment in infants is unknown. METHODS We evaluated the presence, type, and persistence of drug-resistant HIV-1 in pretreatment plasma and resting CD4(+) T cells from US infants enrolled in a multicenter, open-label, phase 1/2 treatment trial of lopinavir/ritonavir (Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group Protocol 1030) in young infants. RESULTS Twenty-two consecutively enrolled infants initiating highly active antiretroviral therapy at a median age of 9.7 weeks and treated for up to 96 weeks were studied. Drug-resistant HIV-1 was present in 5 (23.8%) of 21 infants analyzed; 4 (80.0%) had nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-resistant HIV-1, only 1 of whom had a history of receiving nevirapine chemoprophylaxis. All 4 infants had NNRTI-resistant variants other than the K103N mutation. The fifth infant had the M184V mutation. Drug-resistant virus was archived in the resting CD4(+) T cell latent reservoir in all 5 infants. CONCLUSIONS The high rate, types, and early archiving of drug-resistant HIV-1 suggests that resistance testing be considered for infants, especially when an NNRTI-based regimen is planned. Furthermore, drug-resistance outcomes in infants should be an important secondary end point in MTCT trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Persaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Vidal F, Domingo JC, Guallar J, Saumoy M, Cordobilla B, Sánchez de la Rosa R, Giralt M, Alvarez ML, López-Dupla M, Torres F, Villarroya F, Cihlar T, Domingo P. In vitro cytotoxicity and mitochondrial toxicity of tenofovir alone and in combination with other antiretrovirals in human renal proximal tubule cells. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:3824-32. [PMID: 16940060 PMCID: PMC1635212 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00437-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/11/2006] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
We assessed the in vitro toxicity of tenofovir (TFV) and compared it with those of zidovudine (AZT), didanosine (ddI), ritonavir (RTV), and lopinavir (LPV) alone and in combination in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells (RPTECs). The cells were treated with various concentrations and combinations of the tested antiretrovirals for up to 22 days, and cytotoxicity was determined. In addition, we assessed the levels of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and cytochrome oxidase II (COII) mRNA in RPTECs treated with reverse transcriptase inhibitors. TFV alone was not associated with significant cytotoxicity. ddI showed pronounced cytotoxicity that was greater than those of AZT (P = 0.002) and TFV (P = 0.0001). The combination of 10 muM RTV and 40 muM LPV significantly reduced RPTEC viability (P < 0.0001), and TFV tended to partially reduce this effect. TFV alone affected neither mtDNA nor COII mRNA levels, whereas ddI caused a profound depletion of mtDNA and a parallel reduction in COII mRNA expression. The effects of ddI, but not those of AZT, on mtDNA and COII mRNA were further enhanced in the presence of TFV, a finding consistent with the inhibition of ddI clearance by TFV. The addition of TFV to ddI or AZT appeared to slightly increase the COII mRNA/mtDNA ratio relative to that in cells treated with ddI or AZT alone. Together, these in vitro results indicate that combination with other antiretrovirals does not significantly increase the toxic potential of TFV in RPTECs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesc Vidal
- Infectious Diseases and AIDS Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Cunha AM, Hagemann CCF, Simões RS, Oliveira-Filho RM, Simões MJ, Soares JM, Maciel GAR, Oliveira FHM, Amed AA, Kulay L. Effects of lopinavir-ritonavir combined therapy during the rat pregnancy. Morphological and biochemical aspects. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 133:60-3. [PMID: 16989938 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2006.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2005] [Revised: 06/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the biochemical and morphological effects in rats subjected to three different dose associations of the protease inhibitors lopinavir and ritonavir administered throughout the entire period of pregnancy. STUDY DESIGN The animals were treated throughout pregnancy with daily oral doses of lopinavir+ritonavir starting at the day one of pregnancy, and were divided into four groups: E1, 13.3+3.3 mg/kg; E2, 39.9+9.9 mg/kg; E3, 119.7+29.9 mg/kg and C, control (drug vehicle, propyleneglycol). The animals were then sacrificed and maternal blood and fetal and maternal organ samples were taken for morphological and biochemical analysis. RESULTS No major changes were identified in the group treated with the lowest dose as compared with the control. In the group E2, we found hepatocytes with signs of atrophy, eosinophilic cytoplasm, picnotic nuclei and vasodilatation. The proximal convoluted tubules of maternal kidneys showed eosinophilic areas and hyperchromatic nuclei, as well as signs of vasodilation. In the group treated with the highest dose (group E3), in the maternal kidneys and livers, the morphological changes were similar to those found in E2, although more prominent. Regarding the fetal organs, the single abnormality observed was some liver vasodilation in the group E3 (highest dose). The treatment with lopinavir+ritonavir caused discrete, yet significant, alterations of aspartate aminotransferase activity, blood urea nitrogen and creatinine plasma levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the administration of a combination of lopinavir plus ritonavir to pregnant rats can cause morphological as well as functional changes in maternal and fetal liver and kidneys and, in higher than therapeutic doses, might be toxic to those animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A M Cunha
- Department of Obstetrics, Federal University of São Paulo, School of Medicine, S. Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
McMillan DC, Powell CL, Bowman ZS, Morrow JD, Jollow DJ. Lipids versus proteins as major targets of pro-oxidant, direct-acting hemolytic agents. Toxicol Sci 2005; 88:274-83. [PMID: 16107547 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfi290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation and the accompanying translocation of phosphatidylserine (PS) from the inner to the outer leaflet of the lipid bilayer have recently been identified as key components of a signaling pathway for phagocytosis of apoptotic cells by macrophages. Drug-induced hemolytic anemia has long been known to be caused by an accelerated uptake of damaged (but intact) erythrocytes by macrophages in the spleen, and this process has been associated with enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the role of lipid peroxidation in hemolytic injury has remained unclear, and the effect of hemolytic agents on the distribution of PS in the erythrocyte membrane is unknown. The present studies were undertaken to determine whether lipid peroxidation and PS translocation could be detected in rat and human erythrocytes by three types of direct-acting hemolytic agents--dapsone hydroxylamine, divicine hydroquinone, and phenylhydrazine. 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was employed as a probe for intracellular ROS formation; lipid peroxidation was assessed by GC/MS analysis of F2-isoprostanes; and PS externalization was measured by annexin V labeling and the prothrombinase assay. The data confirmed that all three hemolytic agents generate ROS within erythrocytes under hemolytic conditions; however, no evidence for lipid peroxidation or PS translocation was detected. Instead, ROS production by these hemolytic agents was associated with extensive binding of oxidized and denatured hemoglobin to the membrane cytoskeleton. The data suggest that the transmembrane signal for macrophage recognition of hemolytic injury may be derived from oxidative alterations to erythrocyte proteins rather than to membrane lipids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C McMillan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Canta F, Marrone R, Bonora S, D'Avolio A, Sciandra M, Sinicco A, De Rosa FG, Di Perri G. Pharmacokinetics and hepatotoxicity of lopinavir/ritonavir in non-cirrhotic HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) co-infected patients. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 55:280-1. [PMID: 15650005 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkh516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
26
|
González-Requena D, Núñez M, Jiménez-Nacher I, González-Lahoz J, Soriano V. Short communication: liver toxicity of lopinavir-containing regimens in HIV-infected patients with or without hepatitis C coinfection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:698-700. [PMID: 15307912 DOI: 10.1089/0889222041524562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver toxicity is a common side effect of antiretroviral therapy, particularly in subjects coinfected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV). The incidence of severe liver toxicity after initiation of treatment with lopinavir (LPV) as well as its possible association with LPV plasma levels were assessed in 120 HIV-infected patients (52% coinfected by HCV). The incidence of severe liver toxicity at 3 months was 1.7% and the cumulative incidence at 12 months was 4%. The development of severe liver toxicity was associated with HCV coinfection but not with LPV plasma levels.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lee GA, Mafong DD, Noor MA, Lo JC, Mulligan K, Schwarz JM, Schambelan M, Grunfeld C. HIV Protease Inhibitors Increase Adiponectin Levels in HIV-Negative Men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36:645-7. [PMID: 15097312 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200405010-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
28
|
Chern JH, Shia KS, Chang CM, Lee CC, Lee YC, Tai CL, Lin YT, Chang CS, Tseng HY. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of 5-substituted 2-cyanoimino-4-imidazodinone and 2-cyanoimino-4-pyrimidinone derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2004; 14:1169-72. [PMID: 14980658 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Revised: 12/18/2003] [Accepted: 12/18/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of 5-substituted 2-cyanoimino-4-imidazodinone and 2-cyanoimino-4-pyrimidinone derivatives were synthesized and their anticancer cytotoxicity were evaluated in in vitro assay. It was found that the bulky aryl functionality in the 5-position of the 2-cyanoimino-4-imidazolidinone compounds was essential for the cytotoxicity of these heterocyclic compounds. Some of the derivatives exhibited modest cytotoxicity against a variety of cancer cell lines. One of the derivatives, [1-[6-(4-chlorophenoxy)hexyl]-5-oxo-4-phenyl-3-(4-pyridyl)tetrahydro-1H-2-imidazolyliden]aminomethanenitrile (Compound 11), exhibited the most potent cytotoxic activity with IC(50) in the nanomolar range. The cytotoxicity of these derivatives was selection with no apparent toxic effect toward normal fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Haur Chern
- Division of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Matarrese P, Gambardella L, Cassone A, Vella S, Cauda R, Malorni W. Mitochondrial membrane hyperpolarization hijacks activated T lymphocytes toward the apoptotic-prone phenotype: homeostatic mechanisms of HIV protease inhibitors. J Immunol 2003; 170:6006-15. [PMID: 12794128 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.12.6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential has been hypothesized to be a marker of apoptotic cells, including activated T lymphocytes. It was recently demonstrated that HIV protease inhibitors, independently from any viral infection, can hinder lymphocyte apoptosis by influencing mitochondrial homeostasis. To analyze the mechanisms underlying these effects, a specific study was undertaken in both resting and activated human PBL exposed to either receptor (e.g., anti-Fas)- or nonreceptor (e.g., radiation)-mediated apoptotic stimuli. T cell activation was found to be accompanied by a significant increase in mitochondrial membrane potential, or hyperpolarization, which was undetectable in resting cells. We also detected apoptotic hindering by HIV protease inhibitors only in activated T lymphocytes. This was apparently due to the ability of these drugs to block activation-associated mitochondria hyperpolarization, which, in turn, was paralleled by an impairment of cell cycle progression. Remarkably, protease inhibitors also prevented zidovudine-mediated mitochondrial toxicity. Finally, HIV-infected cells from naive patients behaved identically to activated T cells, displaying hyperpolarized mitochondria, while lymphocytes from patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (which included HIV protease inhibitors) seemed to react as resting cells. Altogether these results clearly indicate that the hyperpolarization state of mitochondria may represent a prerequisite for the sensitization of lymphocytes to the so-called activation-induced cell death. They also suggest that HIV protease inhibitors, by interfering with induction of the mitochondrial hyperpolarization state, can result in cell survival even independent of any viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Matarrese
- Department of Ultrastructures, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Santagati A, Granata G, Santagati M, Cutuli V, Mangano NG, Caruso A. Synthesis and activity of phenyl derivatives containing 5,6-dimethylthieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one or 4H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indol-4-one heterocyclic system as potential nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Arzneimittelforschung 2002; 52:448-54. [PMID: 12109045 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1299913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of two series of phenyl derivatives containing 5,6-dimethyl-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(1H)-one and 4H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indol-4-one system, respectively, are reported. Two of these derivatives, 6A and 9B, showed interesting activities. The results of the pharmacological assays are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Santagati
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Farran MT, Darwish AH, Uwayjan MG, Sleiman FT, Ashkarian VM. Vicine and convicine in common vetch (Vicia sativa) seeds enhance beta-cyanoalanine toxicity in male broiler chicks. Int J Toxicol 2002; 21:201-9. [PMID: 12055021 DOI: 10.1080/10915810290096333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Two studies were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding raw and water-soaked vetch seeds to male broiler chicks on performance, organ weights, and blood parameters. Intact and ground vetch seeds were soaked in water (1:5) at room temperature for 24 hours (study 1), and (1:10) at 40 degrees C for 24, 48, and 72 hours, with water change every 12 hours (study 2). In study 1, untreated vetch contained, on dry matter basis, 0.530%, 0.731%, and 0.081% total beta-cyanoalanine (BCA), vicine, and convicine, respectively. Toxins were not appreciably reduced in soaked intact and ground vetch. Diets containing untreated, soaked intact, and soaked ground vetch, each at 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%, were fed to 7-day-old male broilers until onset of neurotoxicity symptoms. Survival time was not only decreased by BCA level but also by those of vicine and convicine (p <.05). In study 2, 60% of untreated or treated vetch seeds were incorporated in chick diets. Although untreated vetch used in this study contained 32% less BCA but 8% and 81% more vicine and convicine, respectively, yet, the chicks on 60% untreated vetch showed toxicity symptoms earlier than those of study 1. Soaking ground vetch for 48 hours or more reduced BCA and totally removed vicine and convicine. Consequently, birds on 60% ground vetch soaked for 48 and 72 hours survived through the starter period and had mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and organ weights comparable to those of control at 4 days post trial. The results indicated that "high levels" of vicine or convicine or both might have shortened the birds' survival time by enhancing the neurotoxicity induced by "lower levels" of BCA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M T Farran
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Riad El-Solh, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
The insecticidal activities of materials derived from the fruit of star anise, Illicium verum, against adults of Blattella germanica were examined by direct contact application and fumigation methods, and compared with those of DDVP, deltamethrin and hydramethylnon. The biologically active constituent of the Illicium fruit was characterized as the phenylpropene, (E)-anethole, by spectroscopic analysis. In a filter paper diffusion test with females, (E)-anethole caused 80.3% mortality at 0.159 mg cm-2 at 1 and 3 days after treatment (DAT), whereas 16.7% mortality at 3 DAT was achieved at 0.079 mg cm-2. DDVP and deltamethrin gave > 90% mortality at 0.019 mg cm-2 at 1 DAT. At 0.009 mg cm-2, DDVP and deltamethrin showed 73.3 and 60% mortality at 1 DAT, respectively, but 93.3 and 76.7% mortality at 3 DAT. Hydramethylnon exhibited 0 and 93.3% mortality at 0.159 mg cm-2 at 1 and 3 DAT, respectively, whereas 6.7% mortality at 3 DAT was observed at 0.079 mg cm-2. In a fumigation test with females, (E)-anethole was much more effective in closed cups than in open ones, indicating that the insecticidal activity of the compound was largely attributable to fumigant action. (E)-Anethole and DDVP caused 100% mortality at 0.398 and 0.051 mg cm-2 4 and 1 h after treatment, respectively. (E)-Anethole showed 46.7% mortality at 0.199 mg cm-2 at 3 DAT, whereas deltamethrin and hydramethylnon at 0.796 mg cm-2 was ineffective for 3-day period. As naturally occurring insect-control agents, the I verum fruit-derived materials described could be useful for managing populations of B germanica.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Sik Chang
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Suwon 441-744, Republic of Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
LoRusso PM, Prakash S, Wozniak A, Flaherty L, Zalupski M, Shields A, Sands H, Parchment R, Jasti B. Phase I clinical trial of 5-fluoro-pyrimidinone (5FP), an oral prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5FU). Invest New Drugs 2002; 20:63-71. [PMID: 12003195 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014430216434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 5-Fluoro-Pyrimidinone (5FP) is an oral pro-drug of 5-Fluorouracil (5FU), and is converted to 5FU by hepatic aldehyde oxidase. Preclinically, 5FP demonstrated anti-tumor activity against colon 38 and P 388 leukemia models in mice. Using an accelerated titration trial design with one patient cohorts and initial 100% escalations, a Phase I trial was conducted to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of 5FP and describe its toxicity and pharmacokinetic profile. PATIENTS AND METHODS 5FP was administered orally once daily for 5 days every 4 weeks. The initial dose level was 23 mg/m2/d. Using single patient cohorts, escalation proceeded according to accelerated titration 4B design, initially by 100% and subsequently 30-35% escalations (exact escalation determined by pill size) until dose limiting toxicity was observed. A total of 19 patients were enrolled with a median age of 56 years and median performance status of 1. Most patients were heavily pre-treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both, and patient population included a wide variety of tumor types. RESULTS Dose escalation proceeded rapidly to 1715 mg/m2/d with the only toxicities observed being nausea and vomiting. The large number of pills necessary at that point required a formulation change, which resulted in appreciable hematologic toxicity. This led to rapid de-escalation of dose in subsequent patients, with the MTD finally being determined to be 625 mg/m2/d. The DLTs observed were grade 4 neutropenia for greater than 5 days and grade 3 anemia. Other toxicities included nausea, vomiting, fatigue, constipation and mucositis. Pharmacology studies confirmed that SFP was converted to 5FU in humans at all dose levels. However, the extent of conversion decreased over the five daily treatments, but returned for the subsequent cycle. The hematologic toxicity was not related to 5FU exposure per course. CONCLUSION 5FP is a tolerable oral outpatient therapy. Accelerated titration was an efficient way of conducting this phase I trial. The recommended phase 2 dose is 625 mg/m2/d orally for 5 days every 28 days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M LoRusso
- Karmanos Cancer Institute at Wayne State University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Sikurová L, Cabánik A, Ruttkay-Nedecký G. Peroxidation damage of erythrocyte membranes by merocyanine 540. Pharmazie 2001; 56:974-5. [PMID: 11802665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Sikurová
- Department of Biophysics, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hooper-Bùi LM, Rust MK. An oral bioassay for the toxicity of hydramethylnon to individual workers and queens of Argentine ants, Linepithema humile. Pest Manag Sci 2001; 57:1011-1016. [PMID: 11721517 DOI: 10.1002/ps.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have developed an oral bioassay to determine the toxicity of hydramethylnon to individual workers and queens of the Argentine ant, Linepithema humile. We fed seven concentrations of hydramethylnon in suspension to individual workers or queens, determined the amount of hydramethylnon ingested and evaluated the individual ants for mortality 14 days later. At concentrations > or = 0.37 g liter-1, the amount of liquid the queens ingested decreased dramatically, indicating that Argentine ant queens may detect hydramethylnon. Significantly larger volumes of the two highest concentrations of the hydramethylnon suspension were ingested by the workers, compared to the lower concentrations, suggesting that hydramethylnon may act as a feeding stimulant for the workers. Worker mortality was higher than queen mortality at the highest concentrations tested. The highest worker mortality resulted when the ants ingested 1.03 micrograms of hydramethylnon per mg of ant tissue. At the highest concentration (1.0 g liter-1) tested, workers ingested almost 12 times as much active ingredient per mg of body weight as did queens, suggesting that, in order to increase mortality of queens, multiple feedings must occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Hooper-Bùi
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Aoki M, Fukunaga M, Sugimoto T, Hirano Y, Kobayashi M, Honda K, Yamada T. Studies on mechanisms of low emetogenicity of YM976, a novel phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2001; 298:1142-9. [PMID: 11504812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023] Open
Abstract
YM976 is a novel and selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) with a different chemical structure from rolipram. Orally administered YM976 showed anti-inflammatory activity (ED(50) = 2.8 mg/kg) similar to rolipram (3.5 mg/kg). On the other hand, the emetogenicity of YM976, one of the main adverse effects of PDE4 inhibitors, was lower (maximal non-emetic dose = 10 mg/kg) than that of rolipram (1 mg/kg). The reasons for this low emetogenicity of YM976 remain unclear, and the present study endeavored to elucidate the mechanisms. Candidates for the possible mechanisms included 1) PDE4 subtype selectivity, 2) binding affinity for HAR-conformation, and 3) brain penetration. YM976 exhibited affinity for high affinity for rolipram-conformation (HAR-conformation) (IC(50) = 2.6 nM) identical to that of rolipram (1.2 nM), and failed to show significant selectivity for the individual PDE4 subtype. These results suggested that neither subtype selectivity nor the affinity for HAR-conformation may be related to the low emetogenicity of YM976. YM976 showed a minor effect on reserpine-induced hypothermia, in contrast to rolipram. To estimate brain penetration, we then measured cAMP contents in peripheral tissues (peritoneal macrophages) and in the brain. YM976 increased the cAMP content of peritoneal macrophages, but caused no significant increase in brain cAMP levels, while rolipram elevated the cAMP content of both tissues at the same dose. In conclusion, YM976 shows an apparent dissociation between its anti-inflammatory effects and emetogenicity, perhaps because of the poor brain penetration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aoki
- Inflammation Research, Pharmacology Laboratories, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
In this study, some new 3-alkyl-6-arylhexahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione derivatives were synthesized as anticonvulsant agents. 6-Arylhexahydropyrimidine-2,4-diones which were used as starting materials in the synthesis of the compounds were prepared in acidic media by the cyclization of potassium cyanate and the appropriate ureido acids that were gained by the reaction of beta-aminoacids, malonic acid and ammonium acetate. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by UV, IR, 1H-NMR and elementary analysis. Their anticonvulsant activities were determined by maximal electroshock (MES), subcutaneous metrazol (scMet) and rotorod toxicity tests for neurological deficits. According to the activity studies, 3-arylalkyl-6-(p-chlorophenyl) derivatives were found to be protective against scMet, whereas 6-phenyl derivatives were not. 6-Phenyl-3-(2-morpholinoethyl)hexahydropyrimidine-2,4-dione was the only compound determined to be active against MES at 300 mg/kg dose at half an hour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Caliş
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Ankara, Turkey. sucalis@tr-net
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
McMillan DC, Bolchoz LJ, Jollow DJ. Favism: effect of divicine on rat erythrocyte sulfhydryl status, hexose monophosphate shunt activity, morphology, and membrane skeletal proteins. Toxicol Sci 2001; 62:353-9. [PMID: 11452148 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/62.2.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Favism is an acute anemic crisis that can occur in susceptible individuals who ingest fava beans. The fava bean pyrimidine aglycone divicine has been identified as a hemotoxic constituent; however, its mechanism of toxicity remains unknown. We have shown recently that divicine can induce a favic-like response in rats and that divicine is directly toxic to rat red cells. In the present study, we have examined the effect of hemotoxic concentrations of divicine on rat erythrocyte sulfhydryl status, hexose monophosphate (HMP) shunt activity, morphology, and membrane skeletal proteins. In vitro exposure of rat red cells to divicine markedly stimulated HMP shunt activity and resulted in depletion of reduced glutathione with concomitant formation of glutathione-protein mixed-disulfides. Examination of divicine-treated red cells by scanning electron microscopy revealed transformation of the cells to an extreme echinocytic morphology. SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting analysis of the membrane skeletal proteins indicated that hemotoxicity was associated with the apparent loss of skeletal protein bands 2.1, 3, and 4.2, and the appearance of membrane-bound hemoglobin. Treatment of divicine-damaged red cells with dithiothreitol reversed the protein changes, which indicated that the observed alterations were due primarily to the formation of disulfide-linked hemoglobin-skeletal protein adducts. The data suggest that oxidative modification of hemoglobin and membrane skeletal proteins by divicine may be key events in the mechanism underlying favism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C McMillan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, 171 Ashley Avenue, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Kicska GA, Long L, Hörig H, Fairchild C, Tyler PC, Furneaux RH, Schramm VL, Kaufman HL. Immucillin H, a powerful transition-state analog inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase, selectively inhibits human T lymphocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:4593-8. [PMID: 11287638 PMCID: PMC31879 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.071050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transition-state theory has led to the design of Immucillin-H (Imm-H), a picomolar inhibitor of purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP). In humans, PNP is the only route for degradation of deoxyguanosine, and genetic deficiency of this enzyme leads to profound T cell-mediated immunosuppression. This study reports the biological effects and mechanism of action of Imm-H on malignant T cell lines and on normal activated human peripheral T cells. Imm-H inhibits the growth of malignant T cell leukemia lines with the induction of apoptosis. Imm-H also inhibits activated normal human T cells after antigenic stimulation in vitro. However, Imm-H did not inhibit malignant B cells, colon cancer cell lines, or normal human nonstimulated T cells, demonstrating the selective activity of Imm-H. The effects on leukemia cells were mediated by the cellular phosphorylation of deoxyguanosine and the accumulation of dGTP, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide diphosphate reductase. Cells were protected from the toxic effects of Imm-H when deoxyguanosine was absent or when deoxycytidine was present. Guanosine incorporation into nucleic acids was selectively blocked by Imm-H with no effect on guanine, adenine, adenosine, or deoxycytidine incorporation. Imm-H may have clinical potential for treatment of human T cell leukemia and lymphoma and for other diseases characterized by abnormal activation of T lymphocytes. The design of Imm-H from an enzymatic transition-state analysis exemplifies a powerful approach for developing high-affinity enzyme inhibitors with pharmacologic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Kicska
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sbardella G, Mai A, Artico M, Chimenti P, Massa S, Loddo R, Marongiu ME, La Collat P, Pani A. Structure-activity relationship studies on new DABOS: effect of substitutions at pyrimidine C-5 and C-6 positions on anti-HIV-1 activity. Antivir Chem Chemother 2001; 12:37-50. [PMID: 11437321 DOI: 10.1177/095632020101200102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Several 5-alkyl, 5-alkenyl, 5-iso-alkyl, 5-halo, 5-aminomethyl and 5-carboxy derivatives of S-DABOs (dihydro-alkyl (or cyclo-alkyl)thio-benzyloxopyrimidines), DATNOs (dihydro-alkylthionaphthylmethyl-oxopyrimidines) and F2-S-DABOs (dihydro-alkyl (or cyclo-alkyl)thio-2,6-difluorobenzyl-oxopyrimidines) have been prepared and tested as anti-HIV-1 agents. S-DABO derivatives bearing at C-6 position monosubstituted phenylmethyl or heteroarylmethyl units have also been synthesized. 2-Alkylthio-3,4-dihydropyrimidin-4(3H)-one derivatives of F2-S-DABO series bearing small alkyl groups at C-5 proved to be potent inhibitors of HIV-1 replication in vitro with selectivity indexes ranging from 250 to >2,500.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Sbardella
- Farmaceutici Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Dipartimento di Studi Farmaceutici, Università di Roma, La Sapienza, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Aoki M, Kobayashi M, Ishikawa J, Saita Y, Terai Y, Takayama K, Miyata K, Yamada T. A novel phosphodiesterase type 4 inhibitor, YM976 (4-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,7-diethylpyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2(1H)-one), with little emetogenic activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2000; 295:255-60. [PMID: 10991987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We synthesized a novel phosphodiesterase type 4 (PDE4) inhibitor, YM976, that is structurally different from the other PDE4 inhibitors like rolipram. In the present study, the pharmacological profile of YM976 was investigated. YM976 exhibited a strong and competitive inhibition against PDE4 purified from human peripheral leukocytes with an IC(50) of 2.2 nM. IC(50) values of rolipram and RP73401 were 820 and 0.43 nM, respectively. Test compounds had no effects on the other PDE isozymes, PDE1, -2, -3, and -5. YM976 potentiated prostaglandin E(2)-induced cAMP accumulation in a human mononuclear cell line, U937, and inhibited tumor necrosis factor-alpha production from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharide. Anti-inflammatory activities of PDE4 inhibitors were compared in rat carrageenan-induced pleurisy models. YM976, rolipram, and RP73401 inhibited the cell infiltration into the pleural cavity with oral ED(30) values of 9.1, 10, and 7.4 mg/kg, respectively. YM976 produced no emesis up to 10 mg/kg, whereas rolipram and RP73401 induced emesis at oral doses of 3 mg/kg. To evidence the dissociation of anti-inflammatory activity from emesis, the anti-inflammatory effect of YM976 was examined in ferrets. YM976 dose dependently reduced carrageenan-induced leukocyte infiltration at the doses of 1, 3, and 10 mg/kg, p.o. On the other hand, rolipram failed to show obvious inhibition at doses that do not induce emesis. In conclusion, YM976 is a novel and orally active PDE4 inhibitor and possesses a good separation of emetogenicity from anti-inflammatory activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Aoki
- Inflammation Research, Pharmacology Laboratories, Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Saladino R, Mezzetti M, Mincione E, Palamara AT, Savini P, Marini S. Synthesis, cytotoxic effect and antiviral activity of 1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-bromo-N4-substituted cytosine and 1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)-5-bromo-4-methoxypyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives. Nucleosides Nucleotides 1999; 18:2499-510. [PMID: 10639751 DOI: 10.1080/07328319908044622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A convenient and mild synthesis of 5-bromo-N4-substituted-1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)cytosine and 5-bromo-O4-methyl-1-(beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)pyrimidin-2(1H)-one derivatives by selective oxyfunctionalization of the corresponding 4-thionucleosides with 3,3-dimethyldioxirane is reported. The cytotoxicity and the antiviral activity against parainfluenza 1 (Sendai virus) of all new synthesized products are also reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Saladino
- Dipartimento Agrochimico Agrobiologico, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Liégeois JF, Bruhwyler J, Petit C, Damas J, Delarge J, Géczy J, Kauffmann JM, Lamy M, Meltzer H, Mouithys-Mickalad A. Oxidation sensitivity may be a useful tool for the detection of the hematotoxic potential of newly developed molecules: application to antipsychotic drugs. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 370:126-37. [PMID: 10496986 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Some antipsychotic agents have been found to produce agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia. The oxidation phenomena and/or the formation of free radicals has been suggested to be causally related to various hematological disorders, e.g., agranulocytosis. Using five experimental conditions, we tested the oxidative potential of compounds with and without a history of hematological side effects, e.g., agranulocytosis and aplastic anemia. A statistical analysis was undertaken for each experimental condition and a multivariate analysis combining all results was performed. Two peroxidase-induced free radical models did not successfully discriminate between drugs with and without a history of causing hematologic problems (<70%). The lipid peroxidation system provided even less satisfactory discrimination, with only 56.25% correct classification. However, an 87.5% correct classification was obtained when using the oxidation potentials of these drugs determined at pH 4.7 and at pH 7.4. A multivariate analysis taking into account the five variables provided 87.5% success in classification. The two clusters were better discriminated in terms of a "distance coefficient." In a second analysis, the putative antipsychotic pyridobenzodiazepine analogues (JL5, JL8, JL18, and JL25) were classified in the cluster of toxic compounds, while the oxa- and thiazepine analogues (JL2, JL3, and JL13) were classified as nontoxic compounds. On the other hand, a few metabolites of clozapine and fluperlapine were classified in the toxic compound group. The procedure described herein is, to our knowledge, the first which classifies molecules of different structures as well as different pharmacological profiles according to their hematotoxic potential. Such a procedure could be used to predict drug-induced hematological side effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J F Liégeois
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Liège, 1 avenue de l'Hôpital B36, Liège 1, B-4000, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
Favism is an acute hemolytic anemia known to occur in susceptible individuals who ingest fava beans. Susceptibility to favism is conferred by a genetic deficiency in erythrocytic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) activity. Although the fava bean pyrimidine aglycones, divicine and isouramil, have been implicated in the onset of favism in humans, the lack of a well-defined experimental animal model for favism has hampered progress in elucidating the mechanism underlying hemotoxicity. We have examined whether a favic-like response could be provoked in G6PD-normal rats treated with synthetic divicine. Intraperitoneal administration of divicine to rats preloaded with 51Cr-tagged erythrocytes resulted in a severe, dose-dependent decrease in blood radioactivity (TD50 approximately 0.5 mmol/kg) within 24 h. The increased rate of removal of blood radioactivity was accompanied by a rapid decline in reduced glutathione levels in the blood, decreased hematocrits, marked hemoglobinuria, splenic enlargement, and reticulocytosis. In vitro exposure of 51Cr-tagged red cells to divicine before their re-administration to isologous rats also resulted in a sharp, concentration-dependent decrease in erythrocyte survival in vivo (TC50 approximately 1.5 mM), and these divicine-damaged red cells were removed from the circulation by the spleen. These data demonstrate that a favic response can be induced in G6PD-normal rats treated with divicine, and that hemolytic activity can be reproduced in isolated red cells under conditions that will allow a direct examination of the mechanism underlying this hemotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D C McMillan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen JY, Mak NK, Wen JM, Leung WN, Chen SC, Fung MC, Cheung NH. A comparison of the photodynamic effects of temoporfin (mTHPC) and MC540 on leukemia cells: efficacy and apoptosis. Photochem Photobiol 1998; 68:545-54. [PMID: 9796437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
The photodynamic effects of temoporfin (meso-tetrahydroxyphenylchlorin, mTHPC) and merocyanine 540 (MC540) in murine myeloid leukemia M1 and WEHI 3B (JCS) cells were compared. The mTHPC was found to be more potent and selective. At a lethal dosage of 90% killing (LD90), only 1.3 microM of mTHPC and 4.2 kJ/m2 of light irradiation was required, which was a 20-fold lower drug concentration and 11-fold smaller light dose than that required when using MC540. Meanwhile, three times less, or 15%, of the coincubated erythrocytes were destroyed by mTHPC than by MC540. Confocal micrographs showed that both drugs accumulated diffusely inside the cytoplasm in a very similar fashion, but mTHPC induced a more extensive apoptosis in photosensitized JCS cells. For example, at LD90, mTHPC practically killed all JCS cells via apoptosis and cleaved the DNA to extremely small 150 base-pair fragments. In contrast, among the JCS cells killed by MC540, about 88% died via apoptosis and large DNA fragments were abundant. Relative to MC540, the ability of mTHPC to trigger large-scale and thorough apoptosis in leukemia cells may help explain its potency and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Chen
- Department of Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Romeo G, Russo F, Caruso A, Cutuli V, Amico-Roxas M. Synthesis of new thieno [2,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones with analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. Arzneimittelforschung 1998; 48:167-72. [PMID: 9541728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A series of new 1,3-disubstituted thieno[1,3-d]pyrimidine-2,4(1H,3H)-diones were prepared to investigate their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of synthesized compounds were investigated by the phenylquinone-induced writhing syndrome test, carrageenan rat paw oedema test and acetic acid-induced peritonitis assay. Most of the new compounds were found to be superior to mefenamic acid, as they were devoid of any ulcerogenic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Romeo
- Istituto di Farmacologia, Facoltá di Medicina, Università di Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Merocyanine 540 (MC540)-mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT) inactivates experimental leukemia, lymphoma, and neuroblastoma cells by a singlet oxygen-mediated mechanism but is relatively well tolerated by normal pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells and granulocyte/macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM). MC540 is currently undergoing phase I clinical testing for the extracorporeal purging of autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells. We report here that performing MC540-mediated PDT at 4.7 degrees C (hypothermia) instead of at ambient temperature enhanced the photoinactivation of L1210 cells and CFU-GM but left the photoinactivation of K562 cells unchanged. Hypothermia reduced dye binding in K562 but not in L1210 cells, whereas the photogeneration of lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) was affected in neither cell line. Post-PDT incubation at 4 degrees C delayed the decay of LOOH and enhanced the photoinactivation of CFU-GM as well as L1210 and K562 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that hypothermia interfered with the repair of potentially lethal photodynamic damage. They stress the importance of temperature control during and immediately after the photochemical purging of autologous bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Yamazaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Tantcheva LP, Rangelova DS. Toxicity and enzyme-inducing effect of the antiviral compound mopyridone in mice. Arzneimittelforschung 1996; 46:931-3. [PMID: 8876945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Mopyridone (CAS 82822-14-8, MP) is a new antiviral compound with low acute toxicity in mice. Phenobarbital (PB) induction did not alter MP oral acute toxicity, while methylcholanthrene (MC) and dexamethasone (DEX) induction increased it. MP (1/10 of LD50, 5 days) increased aniline hydroxylase activity (by 158%) and cytochrome P-450 content (by 43%), but has no significant effect on liver N-demethylase activity (ethylmorphine N-demethylase, amidopyrine N-demethylase and benzphetamine N-demethylase) in mouse liver 10,000 x g supernatant. The inducing effect of MP was similar to the effect of MC and differed from the effect of PB. The combination MP + PB exerted an additive inducing effect on aniline hydroxylase (by 390%) and cytochrome P-450 content (by 183%) without affecting PB induced N-demethylases. The character of the MP + PB interaction was similar to that of the MC + PB interaction and suggested different inducing mechanisms of MP and PB. The participation of some cytochrome P-450 isozymes, induced by MC and DEX, in biotransformation of MP to more toxic product(s) was suggested.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L P Tantcheva
- Institute of Physiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lydaki E, Dimitriou H, Papazoglou T, Bolonaki E, Kalmanti M. Merocyanine 540 mediated photoirradiation of leukemic cells. In vitro inference on cell survival. J Photochem Photobiol B 1996; 32:27-32. [PMID: 8725050 DOI: 10.1016/1011-1344(95)07210-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the selective killing of merocyanine 540 (MC 540) mediated photoirradiation in neoplastic cells, bone narrow cells from children with leukaemia or neuroblastoma and normal children as well as peripheral blood cells and Reh-6 and HL-60 cell lines were studied. Cell suspensions were incubated with MC 540 and exposed to various argon laser 514 nm doses. Cell survival was estimated with trypan blue supravital stain following a 24 h incubation and has been followed in continuous cell cultures of 4 weeks duration. Our results showed that the inhibition of survival of neoplastic haemopoietic cells by laser in the presence of MC 540 is proportional to the MC 540 and photoirradiation doses. A 99.9999% inhibition of Reh-6 and HL-60 was noted at irradiation doses where the corresponding mean survival of normal bone narrow cells was (33.6 +/- 15.5)% and (50.6 +/- 10.7)% respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were not sensitive to MC 540 mediated photoirradiation. The inhibition of survival of bone marrow metastatic neuroblastoma cells was (69.9 +/- 4.1)%. In conclusion, it seems that MC 540 mediated photoirradiation in neoplastic cells exerts selective cytotoxicity and can be used in ex vivo purging of malignant cells in the bone marrow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Lydaki
- Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Crete Medical School, Greece
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Santagati NA, Caruso A, Cutuli VM, Caccamo F. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2,4-dione and 5H-pyrimido [5,4-b]indol-2,4-dione derivatives. Farmaco 1995; 50:689-695. [PMID: 8590576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two series of novel derivatives based on the thienopyrimidine and pyrimidoindole ring systems, both N-substituted in position 3, have been synthesized. The compounds were obtained by reaction of N-amino groups of 5,6-dimethyl-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2,4-dione and of 5H-pyrimido[5,4-b]indol-2,4-dione with aromatic aldehydes. Some of these substances showed an appreciable analgesic activity, a good antiinflammatory activity, a low acute toxicity with an optimal gastric tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N A Santagati
- Instituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università di Catania, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|