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Lagard C, Chevillard L, Guillemyn K, Risède P, Laplanche JL, Spetea M, Ballet S, Mégarbane B. Bifunctional peptide-based opioid agonist/nociceptin antagonist ligand for dual treatment of nociceptive and neuropathic pain. Pain 2017; 158:505-515. [PMID: 28135212 PMCID: PMC5302413 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Drugs able to treat both nociceptive and neuropathic pain effectively without major side effects are lacking. We developed a bifunctional peptide-based hybrid (KGNOP1) that structurally combines a mu-opioid receptor agonist (KGOP1) with antinociceptive activity and a weak nociceptin receptor antagonist (KGNOP3) with anti-neuropathic pain activity. We investigated KGNOP1-related behavioral effects after intravenous administration in rats by assessing thermal nociception, cold hyperalgesia in a model of neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve, and plethysmography parameters including inspiratory time (TI) and minute ventilation (VM) in comparison to the well-known opioid analgesics, tramadol and morphine. Time-course and dose-dependent effects were investigated for all behavioral parameters to determine the effective doses 50% (ED50). Pain-related effects on cold hyperalgesia were markedly increased by KGNOP1 as compared to KGNOP3 and tramadol (ED50: 0.0004, 0.32, and 12.1 μmol/kg, respectively), whereas effects on thermal nociception were significantly higher with KGNOP1 as compared to morphine (ED50: 0.41 and 14.7 μmol/kg, respectively). KGNOP1 and KGOP1 produced a larger increase in TI and deleterious decrease in VM in comparison to morphine and tramadol (ED50(TI): 0.63, 0.52, 12.2, and 50.9 μmol/kg; ED50(VM): 0.57, 0.66, 10.6, and 50.0 μmol/kg, respectively). Interestingly, the calculated ratios of anti-neuropathic pain/antinociceptive to respiratory effects revealed that KGNOP1 was safer than tramadol (ED50 ratio: 5.44 × 10 vs 0.24) and morphine (ED50 ratio: 0.72 vs 1.39). We conclude that KGNOP1 is able to treat both experimental neuropathic and nociceptive pain, more efficiently and safely than tramadol and morphine, respectively, and thus should be a candidate for future clinical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Lagard
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Chevillard
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
| | - Karel Guillemyn
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patricia Risède
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Laplanche
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Paris, France
| | - Mariana Spetea
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Steven Ballet
- Research Group of Organic Chemistry, Departments of Chemistry and Bio-engineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Mégarbane
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Paris-Descartes University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Paris-Diderot University, UMR-S 1144, Paris, France
- Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris, Lariboisière Hospital, Department of Medical and Toxicological Critical Care, Paris, France
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Pilz M, Hohberg K, Pfanz H, Wittmann C, Xylander WER. Respiratory adaptations to a combination of oxygen deprivation and extreme carbon dioxide concentration in nematodes. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 239:34-40. [PMID: 28159631 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
To examine physiological adaptations to the two combined stressors O2 deprivation and extreme CO2 concentrations, we compared respiratory responses of two nematode species occurring in natural CO2 springs. The minimum O2 concentration allowing maintenance of respiration in both species was 0.0176μmol O2ml-1 (corresponds to 1.4% O2 in air). After exposure to anoxia, individuals resumed respiration immediately when O2 was added, but on a lower level compared to control and without showing a respiratory overshoot. A species-specific response was found in respiration rate during 20% CO2: the more tolerant species maintained respiration rates, whereas the sensitive species showed a decreased respiration rate as low as after anoxia. The results indicate that during 20% CO2 the sensitive species undergo a survival state. We conclude, that the ability to maintain respiration even under low oxygen and high CO2 concentrations may allow the better adapted species to occupy an ecological niche in the field, where others cannot exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pilz
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826 Görlitz, Germany.
| | - Karin Hohberg
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826 Görlitz, Germany.
| | - Hardy Pfanz
- Institute of Applied Botany and Volcano Biology, University Duisburg Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christiane Wittmann
- Institute of Applied Botany and Volcano Biology, University Duisburg Essen, Universitätsstraße 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Willi E R Xylander
- Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz, Am Museum 1, 02826 Görlitz, Germany.
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Fandos Esteruelas N, Cattet M, Zedrosser A, Stenhouse GB, Küker S, Evans AL, Arnemo JM. A Double-Blinded, Randomized Comparison of Medetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam and Dexmedetomidine-Tiletamine-Zolazepam Anesthesia in Free-Ranging Brown Bears (Ursus Arctos). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170764. [PMID: 28118413 PMCID: PMC5261618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared anesthetic features, blood parameters, and physiological responses to either medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam or dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam using a double-blinded, randomized experimental design during 40 anesthetic events of free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) either captured by helicopter in Sweden or by culvert trap in Canada. Induction was smooth and predictable with both anesthetic protocols. Induction time, the need for supplemental drugs to sustain anesthesia, and capture-related stress were analyzed using generalized linear models, but anesthetic protocol did not differentially affect these variables. Arterial blood gases and acid-base status, and physiological responses were examined using linear mixed models. We documented acidemia (pH of arterial blood < 7.35), hypoxemia (partial pressure of arterial oxygen < 80 mmHg), and hypercapnia (partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide ≥ 45 mmHg) with both protocols. Arterial pH and oxygen partial pressure were similar between groups with the latter improving markedly after oxygen supplementation (p < 0.001). We documented dose-dependent effects of both anesthetic protocols on induction time and arterial oxygen partial pressure. The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide increased as respiratory rate increased with medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, but not with dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam, demonstrating a differential drug effect. Differences in heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature among bears could not be attributed to the anesthetic protocol. Heart rate increased with increasing rectal temperature (p < 0.001) and ordinal day of capture (p = 0.002). Respiratory rate was significantly higher in bears captured by helicopter in Sweden than in bears captured by culvert trap in Canada (p < 0.001). Rectal temperature significantly decreased over time (p ≤ 0.05). Overall, we did not find any benefit of using dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam instead of medetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam in the anesthesia of brown bears. Both drug combinations appeared to be safe and reliable for the anesthesia of free-ranging brown bears captured by helicopter or by culvert trap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Fandos Esteruelas
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Marc Cattet
- RGL Recovery Wildlife Health & Veterinary Services, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Andreas Zedrosser
- Department of Environmental and Health Studies, University College of Southeast Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway
- Department of Integrative Biology and Biodiversity Research, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Susanne Küker
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Alina L. Evans
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
| | - Jon M. Arnemo
- Department of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Campus Evenstad, Elverum, Norway
- Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
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104
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Barends CRM, Absalom A, van Minnen B, Vissink A, Visser A. Dexmedetomidine versus Midazolam in Procedural Sedation. A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169525. [PMID: 28107373 PMCID: PMC5249234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To systematically review the literature comparing the efficacy and safety of dexmedetomidine and midazolam when used for procedural sedation. Materials and Methods We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and COCHRANE for clinical trials comparing dexmedetomidine and midazolam for procedural sedation up to June 20, 2016. Inclusion criteria: clinical trial, human subjects, adult subjects (≥18 years), article written in English, German, French or Dutch, use of study medication for conscious sedation and at least one group receiving dexmedetomidine and one group receiving midazolam. Exclusion criteria: patients in intensive care, pediatric subjects and per protocol use of additional sedative medication other than rescue medication. Outcome measures for efficacy comparison were patient and clinician satisfaction scores and pain scores; outcome measures for safety comparison were hypotension, hypoxia, and circulatory and respiratory complications. Results We identified 89 papers, of which 12 satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria; 883 patients were included in these studies. Dexmedetomidine was associated with higher patient and operator satisfaction than midazolam. Patients receiving dexmedetomidine experienced less pain and had lower analgesic requirements. Respiratory and hemodynamic safety were similar. Conclusions Dexmedetomidine is a promising alternative to midazolam for use in procedural sedation. Dexmedetomidine provides more comfort during the procedure for the patient and clinician. If carefully titrated, the safety profiles are similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens R. M. Barends
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Anthony Absalom
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baucke van Minnen
- Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Vissink
- Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anita Visser
- Department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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105
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Souza AP, Guerrero PNH, Nishimori CT, Paula DP, Santos PSP, de Rezende ML, Nunes N. Cardiopulmonary and acid–Base effects of desflurane and sevoflurane in spontaneously breathing cats. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 7:95-100. [PMID: 15771945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2004.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The cardiopulmonary effects of desflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia were compared in cats breathing spontaneously. Heart (HR) and respiratory (RR) rates; systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP) and mean arterial (MAP) pressures; partial pressure of end tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2), arterial blood pH (pH), arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and carbon dioxide (PaCO2); base deficit (BD), arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and bicarbonate ion concentration (HCO3) were measured. Anesthesia was induced with propofol (8±2.3 mg/kg IV) and maintained with desflurane (GD) or sevoflurane (GS), both at 1.3 MAC. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Tukey test ( P<0.05). Both anesthetics showed similar effects. HR and RR decreased when compared to the basal values, but remained constant during inhalant anesthesia and PETCO2 increased with time. Both anesthetics caused acidemia and hypercapnia, but BD stayed within normal limits. Therefore, despite reducing HR and SAP (GD) when compared to the basal values, desflurane and sevoflurane provide good stability of the cardiovascular parameters during a short period of inhalant anesthesia (T20–T60). However, both volatile anesthetics cause acute respiratory acidosis in cats breathing spontaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almir Pereira Souza
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary Surgery Program, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rod. Professor Paulo Donato Castelane, s/n. CEP: 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP., Brazil
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106
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Davis MP, Behm B, Balachandran D. Looking both ways before crossing the street: Assessing the benefits and risk of opioids in treating patients at risk of sleep -disordered breathing for pain and dyspnea. J Opioid Manag 2017; 13:183-196. [PMID: 28829519 DOI: 10.5055/jom.2017.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Opioids adversely influence respiration in five distinct ways. Opioids reduce the respiratory rate, tidal volume, amplitude, reflex responses to hypercapnia and hypoxia, and arousability related necessary for respiratory adaptive responses. Opioids cause impairment of upper pharyngeal dilator muscles leading to obstructive apnea. Opioids cause complex sleep disordered breathing (SDB) consisting of central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea. Clinically opioids worsen pre-existing SDB. Recent studies have shown increased morbidity and mortality in patients receiving opioids for chronic noncancer pain and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which appear to be related to cardiovascular events, not overdose. Both patient populations are at risk for sleep disordered breathing and increased risk for adverse cardiovascular events on opioids for dyspnea or pain. This review discusses the influence of opioids on respiration and SDB and will review the adverse respiratory and cardiovascular effects of opioid use in at risk populations. Recommendations regarding management will follow as a summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mellar P Davis
- Director of Palliative Medicine, Department of Palliative Care, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Bertrand Behm
- Faculty, Department of Palliative Care, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | - Diwakar Balachandran
- Associate Professor, Director, Sleep Center, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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107
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Lari E, Steinkey D, Pyle GG. A novel apparatus for evaluating contaminant effects on feeding activity and heart rate in Daphnia spp. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2017; 135:381-386. [PMID: 27788420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cladoceran are animals of significant importance to freshwater bodies such that changes in their populations may result in drastic shifts in the food web. Numerous studies have investigated the effects of toxicants, and the effects of chemical and physical habitat changes to these animals. Most of these studies investigated more general endpoints such as mortality, reproduction, growth, and food consumption over time, and less frequently examined molecular endpoints such as enzyme activity or gene expression. However, behavioral and physiological endpoints that link the organism and molecular level endpoints are scarce. In this study, we designed an apparatus that allows for the simultaneous investigation of three essential behavioral and physiological endpoints in Daphnia, including ventilation, food uptake rate, and heart rate. Using our apparatus, we studied the effect of cadmium (Cd), suspended particles, and food on the beating rate of thoracic limbs and the frequency of mandible rolling in Daphnia magna. We also studied the effect of temperature on the heart and thoracic limb beat frequency. The results show that both Cd and suspended particles reduce the activity of mandibles and thoracic limbs. Thoracic limb movements and heart rate increased gradually with temperature. Our toxicity tests show that changes in feeding, ventilation, and heart rate are easily detected using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Lari
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4.
| | - Dylan Steinkey
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
| | - Greg G Pyle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada T1K 3M4
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Wiese AJ, Muir WW. Anaesthetic and cardiopulmonary effects of intramuscular morphine, medetomidine and ketamine administered to telemetered cats. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 9:150-6. [PMID: 17198759 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2006.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The quality and duration of anaesthesia, cardiorespiratory effects and recovery characteristics of a morphine, medetomidine, ketamine (MMK) drug combination were determined in cats. Six healthy, adult female cats were administered 0.2 mg/kg morphine sulphate, 60 μg/kg medetomidine hydrochloride, and 5 mg/kg ketamine hydrochloride intramuscularly. Atipamezole was administered intramuscularly at 120 min after MMK administration. Time to lateral recumbency, intubation, extubation and sternal recumbency were recorded. Cardiorespiratory variables and response to a noxious stimulus were recorded before and at 3 min and 10 min increments after drug administration until sternal recumbency. The time to lateral recumbency and intubation were 1.9±1.2 and 4.3±1.2 min, respectively. Body temperature and haemoglobin saturation with oxygen remained unchanged compared to baseline values throughout anaesthesia. Respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, heart rate, and blood pressure were significantly decreased during anaesthesia compared to baseline values. One cat met criteria for hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg). End tidal carbon dioxide increased during anaesthesia compared to baseline values. All but one cat remained non-responsive to noxious stimuli from 3 to 120 min. Time to extubation and sternal recumbency following atipamezole were 2.9±1.1 and 4.7±1.0 min, respectively. MMK drug combination produced excellent short-term anaesthesia and analgesia with minimal cardiopulmonary depression. Anaesthesia lasted for at least 120 min in all but one cat and was effectively reversed by atipamezole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Wiese
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon Tharp Street, Columbus, OH 43210-1089, United States
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Matt F, Cole-Hunter T, Donaire-Gonzalez D, Kubesch N, Martínez D, Carrasco-Turigas G, Nieuwenhuijsen M. Acute respiratory response to traffic-related air pollution during physical activity performance. Environ Int 2016; 97:45-55. [PMID: 27776225 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) has beneficial, whereas exposure to traffic related air pollution (TRAP) has adverse, respiratory effects. Few studies, however, have examined if the acute effects of TRAP upon respiratory outcomes are modified depending on the level of PA. OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to disentangle acute effects of TRAP and PA upon respiratory outcomes and assess the impact of participants TRAP pre-exposure. METHODS We conducted a real-world crossover study with repeated measures of 30 healthy adults. Participants completed four 2-h exposure scenarios that included either rest or intermittent exercise in high- and low-traffic environments. Measures of respiratory function were collected at three time points. Pre-exposure to TRAP was ascertained from land-use-modeled address-attributed values. Mixed-effects models were used to estimate the impact of TRAP and PA on respiratory measures as well as potential effect modifications. RESULTS We found that PA was associated with a statistically significant increases of FEV1 (48.5mL, p=0.02), FEV1/FVC (0.64%, p=0.005) and FEF25-75% (97.8mL, p=0.02). An increase in exposure to one unit (1μg/m3) of PMcoarse was associated with a decrease in FEV1 (-1.31mL, p=0.02) and FVC (-1.71mL, p=0.01), respectively. On the other hand, for an otherwise equivalent exposure an increase of PA by one unit (1%Heart rate max) was found to reduce the immediate negative effects of particulate matter (PM) upon PEF (PM2.5, 0.02L/min, p=0.047; PM10, 0.02L/min p=0.02; PMcoarse, 0.03L/min, p=0.02) and the several hours delayed negative effects of PM upon FVC (PMcoarse, 0.11mL, p=0.02). The negative impact of exposure to TRAP constituents on FEV1/FVC and PEF was attenuated in those participants with higher TRAP pre-exposure levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that associations between various pollutant exposures and respiratory measures are modified by the level of PA during exposure and TRAP pre-exposure of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Matt
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Rudolf Boehm Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, PGS Toxicology and Environmental Protection, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Biological Safety & Risk Management, Institute Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Tom Cole-Hunter
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - David Donaire-Gonzalez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Physical Activity and Sports Sciences Department, Fundació Blanquerna, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nadine Kubesch
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Martínez
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Glòria Carrasco-Turigas
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mark Nieuwenhuijsen
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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Hendriksz CJ, Berger KI, Parini R, AlSayed MD, Raiman J, Giugliani R, Mitchell JJ, Burton BK, Guelbert N, Stewart F, Hughes DA, Matousek R, Jurecki E, Decker C, Harmatz PR. Impact of long-term elosulfase alfa treatment on respiratory function in patients with Morquio A syndrome. J Inherit Metab Dis 2016; 39:839-847. [PMID: 27553181 PMCID: PMC5065598 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present long-term respiratory function outcomes from an open-label, multi-center, phase 3 extension study (MOR-005) of elosulfase alfa enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in patients with Morquio A syndrome. METHODS In part 1 of MOR-005, patients initially randomized to ERT in the 24-week pivotal study (MOR-004) remained on their regimen (2.0 mg/kg/week or every other week); placebo patients were re-randomized to one of the two regimens. During part 2, all patients received elosulfase alfa 2.0 mg/kg/week. Respiratory function was one of the efficacy endpoints evaluated in MOR-005. Change from MOR-004 baseline to 120 weeks of treatment for the combined population was determined and compared with results from untreated patients from a Morquio A natural history study (MorCAP). RESULTS Maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) improved up to week 72 and then stabilized; forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) increased continuously over 120 weeks. Mean increases in the modified per-protocol population was 9.2 % for FVC, 8.8 % for FEV1, and 6.1 % for MVV after 120 weeks. All patients ≤14 years showed respiratory improvements, presumably in part related to growth; however, these were greater in treated patients. For those >14 years, treated patients showed improvements, while deterioration occurred in untreated. Altogether, the improvements were significantly greater (P < 0.05) in treated patients. CONCLUSIONS Long-term ERT is associated with sustained improvements in respiratory function in Morquio A. In younger patients (≤14 years), some improvement may be ascribed to growth. In older patients, other mechanisms, e.g., decreased glycosaminoglycan storage, are likely involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Hendriksz
- The Mark Holland Metabolic Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Ladywell NW2- 2nd Floor Room 112 Salford, Manchester, M6 8HD, UK.
| | - Kenneth I Berger
- New York University School of Medicine, André Cournand Pulmonary Physiology Laboratory, Bellevue Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Roberto Giugliani
- Med Genet Serv HCPA, Dep Genet UFRGS & INAGEMP, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul R Harmatz
- UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital Oakland, Oakland, CA, USA
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Flueck JL, Schaufelberger F, Lienert M, Schäfer Olstad D, Wilhelm M, Perret C. Acute Effects of Caffeine on Heart Rate Variability, Blood Pressure and Tidal Volume in Paraplegic and Tetraplegic Compared to Able-Bodied Individuals: A Randomized, Blinded Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165034. [PMID: 27776149 PMCID: PMC5077167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine increases sympathetic nerve activity in healthy individuals. Such modulation of nervous system activity can be tracked by assessing the heart rate variability. This study aimed to investigate the influence of caffeine on time- and frequency-domain heart rate variability parameters, blood pressure and tidal volume in paraplegic and tetraplegic compared to able-bodied participants. Heart rate variability was measured in supine and sitting position pre and post ingestion of either placebo or 6 mg caffeine in 12 able-bodied, 9 paraplegic and 7 tetraplegic participants in a placebo-controlled, randomized and double-blind study design. Metronomic breathing was applied (0.25 Hz) and tidal volume was recorded during heart rate variability assessment. Blood pressure, plasma caffeine and epinephrine concentrations were analyzed pre and post ingestion. Most parameters of heart rate variability did not significantly change post caffeine ingestion compared to placebo. Tidal volume significantly increased post caffeine ingestion in able-bodied (p = 0.021) and paraplegic (p = 0.036) but not in tetraplegic participants (p = 0.34). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure increased significantly post caffeine in able-bodied (systolic: p = 0.003; diastolic: p = 0.021) and tetraplegic (systolic: p = 0.043; diastolic: p = 0.042) but not in paraplegic participants (systolic: p = 0.09; diastolic: p = 0.33). Plasma caffeine concentrations were significantly increased post caffeine ingestion in all three groups of participants (p<0.05). Plasma epinephrine concentrations increased significantly in able-bodied (p = 0.002) and paraplegic (p = 0.032) but not in tetraplegic participants (p = 0.63). The influence of caffeine on the autonomic nervous system seems to depend on the level of lesion and the extent of the impairment. Therefore, tetraplegic participants may be less influenced by caffeine ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Leonie Flueck
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Martina Lienert
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Schäfer Olstad
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Wilhelm
- Division of Cardiovascular Prevention, Rehabilitation and Sports Medicine, University Clinic for Cardiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Perret
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Swiss Paraplegic Centre, Nottwil, Switzerland
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112
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Chen B, Deng X, Wang B, Liu H. Etanercept, an inhibitor of TNF-a, prevents propofol-induced neurotoxicity in the developing brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 55:91-100. [PMID: 27756568 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Propofol can induce acute neuronal apoptosis, neuronal loss or long-term cognitive impairment when exposed in neonatal rodents, but the mechanisms by which propofol induces developmental neurotoxicity are unclear. Recent studies have demonstrated that propofol can increase the TNF-α level in the developing brain, but there is a lack of direct evidence to show whether TNF-α is partially or fully involved in propofol-induced neurotoxicity. The present study shows that propofol exposure in neonatal rats induces an increase of TNF-α in the cerebral spinal fluid, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Etanercept, a TNF-α inhibitor, prevents propofol-induced short- or long-term neuronal apoptosis, neuronal loss, synaptic loss and long-term cognitive impairment. Furthermore, mTNF-α (precursor of TNF-α) expression in microglia cells is increased after propofol anaesthesia in either the hippocampus or PFC, but mTNF-α expression in neurons is only increased in the PFC. These findings suggest that TNF-α may mediate propofol-induced developmental neurotoxicity, and etanercept can provide neural protection. Microglia are the main cellular source of TNF-α after propofol exposure, while the synthesis of TNF-α in neurons is brain-region selective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 40030, PR China; Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, PR China
| | - Xiaoyuan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 40030, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, PR China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing Cancer Institute, Chongqing 40030, PR China.
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Abstract
A case is reported of a patient who presented to his family doctor with a short history of cough with signs and symptoms of thyrotoxicosis. Carbimazole treatment had little effect and his symptoms worsened to include severe shortness of breath. He was investigated further and found to have multiple lung and liver metastases from an unknown primary site. Biopsy and subsequent post-mortem investigations revealed a testicular tumour and a grossly elevated serum human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) concentration. The biochemical and clinical thyrotoxicosis is presumed to be due to the thyrotrophic activity of excess hCG secretion, in a situation analogous to that seen in hydatidiform mole or in hyperemesis gravidarum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Tilbrook
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Broomfield Hospital, Mid Essex Hospital Services, NHS Trust Broomfield, Chelmsford CM1 5ET, Essex, UK.
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Nowicka B, Pluciński B, Kuczyńska P, Kruk J. Physiological characterization of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii acclimated to chronic stress induced by Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu and Hg ions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2016; 130:133-145. [PMID: 27104807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acclimation to heavy metal-induced stress is a complex phenomenon. Among the mechanisms of heavy metal toxicity, an important one is the ability to induce oxidative stress, so that the antioxidant response is crucial for providing tolerance to heavy metal ions. The effect of chronic stress induced by ions of five heavy metals, Ag, Cu, Cr (redox-active metals) Cd, Hg (nonredox-active metals) on the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii was examined at two levels - the biochemical (content of photosynthetic pigments and prenyllipid antioxidants, lipid peroxidation) and the physiological (growth rate, photosynthesis and respiration rates, induction of nonphotochemical quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence). The expression of the genes which encode the enzymes participating in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species (APX1, CAT1, FSD1, MSD1) was measured. The other gene measured was one required for plastoquinone and α-tocopherol biosynthesis (VTE3). The application of heavy metal ions partly inhibited growth and biosynthesis of chlorophyll. The growth inhibition was accompanied by enhanced lipid peroxidation. An increase in the content of prenyllipid antioxidants was observed in cultures exposed to Cr2O7(2-), Cd(2+) (α- and γ-tocopherol and plastoquinone) and Cu(2+) (only tocopherols). The induction of nonphotochemical quenching was enhanced in cultures exposed to Cu(2+), Cr2O7(2-) and Cd(2+), as compared to the control. Chronic heavy metal-induced stress led to changes in gene expression dependent on the type and concentration of heavy metal ions. The up-regulation of antioxidant enzymes was usually accompanied by the up-regulation of the VTE3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrycze Nowicka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Bartosz Pluciński
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paulina Kuczyńska
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Abstract
Food intake and, subsequently, body weight are influenced by endogenous opioids acting in the central nervous system. Agonists for the opioid receptor increase food intake, whereas antagonists reduce food intake. Body weight, however, is the result of food consumed and energy expended. Although much has been reported about the effect of opioid antagonism on food intake, less has been reported about its effect on energy expended. This study investigated the effect of selective antagonism of the kappa opioid receptor on food intake, body weight, and indicators of energy expenditure in male obese Zucker rats (n= 10). Energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry, whereas general activity and body temperature were measured by implanted radio frequency telemetry. Central administration of 30 µg of the kappa opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist norbinaltorphamine resulted in a significant 34% reduction in food intake (p = .001), a small reduction in body weight, a reduction in resting energy expenditure (p = .06), a reduction in respiratory quotient (p = .06), a 14% reduction in general activity, and a reduction in core body temperature. Reduction in body weight as a result of KOR inhibition in this study was related to a decrease in food intake but not related to an increase in energy expended or activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Jarosz
- Wayne State University, College of Nursing, Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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Kalkan S, Ergur BU, Akgun A, Kaplan YC, Kinay AO, Tuncok Y. Efficacy of an adenosine A1 receptor agonist compared with atropine and pralidoxime in a rat model of organophosphate poisoning. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:369-75. [PMID: 16119251 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht540oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an adenosine A1 agonist, phenylisopropyl adenosine (PIA), on metamidophos poisoning compared to specific antidotes. Rats were poisoned with metamidophos (30 mg/kg, oral) and observed for 24 hours. One group received sodium chloride (1 mL/kg) and four experimental groups received atropine (5 mg/kg), pralidoxime (PAM, 20 mg/kg), atropine/PAM (5/20 mg/kg) or PIA (1 mg/kg) intraperitoneally. Atropine reduced salivation and prevented respiratory distress when compared to sodium chloride-treated rats. Treatment with PAM did not cause any suppression of cholinergic signs. Atropine and PAM combination prevented salivation, convulsion and respiratory distress. PIA delayed initial time of the salivation, convulsion and time to death. However, PIA was found ineffective against the metamidophos-induced cholinergic symptoms and mortality. All treatments, except PIA, lead to survival of these animals. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was not normalized by PIA or PAM. PIA prevented metamidophos-induced diaphragmatic muscle necrosis as much as PAM. In conclusion, a single dose of PIA was unable to protect the rats from metamidophos toxicity. Further studies are needed involving a combination of PAM and/or atropine with repeated doses of PIA to clarify the efficacy of adenosine agonists in OP poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalkan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Abstract
Sibutramine mesylate is a new anti-obesity drug. It is a crystalline salt of sibutramine developed to improve the solubility of sibutramine hydrochloride. Methanesulfonic acid was used as a salt-forming acid instead of hydrochloric acid, resulting in a greatly improved solubility of 1000 mg/mL in water. Sibutramine mesylate was administered orally to ICR mice, Sprague / respiratory system and the other organ systems. Following administration of sibutramine mesylate, spontaneous locomotor activity was significantly increased from 120 min to 24 hours at 3.45 mg/kg and from 30 min to 24 hours at 11.50 mg/kg. Furthermore, there were a decrease in hexobarbitalinduced sleep time, an increase in respiratory rate at 120 min, increases in intestinal transport capacity and gastric pH at 11.50 mg/kg, and decreases in gastric / Dawley rats, and beagle dogs at dose levels of 1.15, 3.45, and 11.50 mg/kg to measure its effects on the central nervous system (CNS), general behaviour, cardiovascular volume and total acidity at 3.45 and 11.50 mg/kg. However sibutramine mesylate caused no effects on general behaviour, motor coordination, body temperature, analgesia, convulsion, blood pressure, heart rate, electrocardiogram, cardiac functions of the isolated rat heart, isolated smooth muscles and renal function. Based on the above results, it was concluded that sibutramine mesylate caused effects on the spontaneous locomotor activity, hexobarbital-induced sleep time, respiration, gastrointestinal transport, and gastric secretion at a dose level of 3.45 mg/kg or greater but caused no effects on other general pharmacological reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Joo Kim
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, KRICT, Yusong, Taejon, South Korea.
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Martin E, Ramsay G, Mantz J, Sum-Ping STJ. The Role of the α2-Adrenoceptor Agonist Dexmedetomidine in Postsurgical Sedation in the Intensive Care Unit. J Intensive Care Med 2016; 18:29-41. [PMID: 15189665 DOI: 10.1177/0885066602239122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Dexmedetomidine was evaluated for sedation of 401 postsurgical patients in this double-blind, randomized, placebocontrolled, multicenter trial. Dexmedetomidine or saline was started on arrival in the intensive care unit (ICU) (1.0 mcg/kg for 10 minutes), then titrated at 0.2 to 0.7 mcg/kg/h to effect. Patients could be given propofol if necessary. Morphine was administered for pain. Sixty percent of the dexmedetomidine patients required no other sedative to maintain an RSS ≥ 3; 21% required < 50 mg propofol. In contrast, 76% of the control group received propofol; 59% required ≥ 50 mg. Dexmedetomidine patients required significantly less morphine for pain relief (P < .001). Continuously given throughout the ICU stay, dexmedetomidine had no effect on respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, duration of weaning, or times to extubation. Nurses judged the dexmedetomidine patients were easier to manage. Later, fewer dexmedetomidine patients remembered pain or discomfort. The majority of dexmedetomidine patients maintained blood pressures within normal range, without rebound. Hypertension, atelectasis, and rigors occurred more frequently in the control group, while hypotension and bradycardia occurred more frequently in the dexmedetomidine group. Preoperative cardiovascular conditions were not risk factors for dexmedetomidine patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike Martin
- Klinik für Anaesthesiologie Universitatskliniken, Heidelberg, Germany
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119
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Abstract
BACKGROUND: Data on the cardiorespiratory changes and complications following administration of naloxone in children are limited. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes and complications following naloxone treatment in children. METHODS: The maximal changes in respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure, and any complications within 1 and 2 hours following naloxone were tabulated. RESULTS: One hundred ninety-five children received naloxone over 3 years. The mean ± SD age was 9.7 ± 6 years. The total doses of naloxone ranged from 0.01 to 7 mg (0.001–0.5 mg/kg body weight), with a median dose of 0.1 mg. Group 1 patients consisted of 11 6 (60%) children who were postoperative and had been given naloxone by an anesthesiologist; group 2 patients consisted of 79 (40%) children who received naloxone in the emergency department or pediatric intensive care unit. Patients in group 1 were older: 10.6 ± 5.3 versus 8.2 ± 6.7 years (p < 0.006), but received significantly lower doses of naloxone (0.09 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.76 mg; p < 0.001). When the entire cohort was evaluated, a significant increase in RR (15 ± 7 vs. 21 ± 8 breaths/min; p < 0.001), HR (102 ± 29 vs.107 ± 29 beats/min; p < 0.001), SBP (109 ± 17 vs. 115 ± 15 mm Hg; p < 0.001), and DBP (56 ± 10 vs. 60 ± 13 mm Hg; p < 0.001) within 1 hour following naloxone was noted. When the 2 groups were compared, only the changes in RR were greater in group 2 patients (6.8 ± 7.9 vs. 4.7 ± 5 breaths/min; p < 0.001) following naloxone. Systolic hypertension occurred in 33 of 195 (16.9%) of all patients, while diastolic hypertension occurred in 13 (6.6%) of all patients after naloxone. Only the incidence of diastolic hypertension was higher in group 2 compared with group 1 patients following naloxone (16% vs. 2%; p < 0.001). Hypertension resolved spontaneously. One child developed pulmonary edema and required positive pressure ventilation for 22 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Moderate increases in RR, HR, and BP occur after naloxone administration to children, but development of more serious complications is rare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashed A Hasan
- Michigan State University, Hurley Medical Center, Flint, MI, USA.
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Taysse L, Daulon S, Calvet J, Delamanche S, Hilaire D, Bellier B, Breton P. Induction of Acute Lung Injury after Intranasal Administration of Toxin Botulinum A Complex. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 33:336-42. [PMID: 15814363 DOI: 10.1080/01926230590922884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The inhalation of aerozolized botulinum toxin may represent a potential significant hazard to both military and civilian personnel. Since the lung is the primary target organ for inhaled toxin, the investigation reported herein was conducted to examine lung function in mice exposed to botulinum toxin A complex by intranasal route. Data includes lethality, symptomatology, measurement of respiratory function (minute ventilation, respiratory frequency, and tidal volume), and histopathology of the lungs. The clinical signs of intoxication are similar to those observed in foodborne botulism. Plethysmography revealed severe impairment of all respiratory parameters tested from 7 hours postexposure. Severe lung lesions, possibly secondary to the intoxication, were observed in mice who survived 14 days after the toxin challenge. These included intra-alveolar hemorrhage and interstitial edema. Mice immunized by the pentavalent (ABCDE) toxoid were protected against the neurotoxin (4 LD50) as revealed by the decrease of lethality and severity of nervous signs of intoxication, but not against histopathological changes in the lungs. These effects are nonspecific and require further experiments in order to specify the relationships between the pathology and the inflammatory process in the lung due to mediators such as cytokines, and possibly permanent physiological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Taysse
- Centre d'Etudes du Bouchet (Defense Research Center) BP No. 3, 91710 Vert le Petit France.
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Pini A, Boccalini G, Lucarini L, Catarinicchia S, Guasti D, Masini E, Bani D, Nistri S. Protection from Cigarette Smoke-Induced Lung Dysfunction and Damage by H2 Relaxin (Serelaxin). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:451-8. [PMID: 27048661 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is the major etiologic factor of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), which is characterized by airway remodeling, lung inflammation and fibrosis, emphysema, and respiratory failure. The current therapies can improve COPD management but cannot arrest its progression and reduce mortality. Hence, there is a major interest in identifying molecules susceptible of development into new drugs to prevent or reduce CS-induced lung injury. Serelaxin (RLX), or recombinant human relaxin-2, is a promising candidate because of its anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic properties highlighted in lung disease models. Here, we used a guinea pig model of CS-induced lung inflammation, and remodeling reproducing some of the hallmarks of COPD. Animals exposed chronically to CS (8 weeks) were treated with vehicle or RLX, delivered by osmotic pumps (1 or 10 μg/day) or aerosol (10 μg/ml/day) during CS treatment. Controls were nonsmoking animals. RLX maintained airway compliance to a control-like pattern, likely because of its capability to counteract lung inflammation and bronchial remodeling. In fact, treatment of CS-exposed animals with RLX reduced the inflammatory recruitment of leukocytes, accompanied by a significant reduction of the release of proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β). Moreover, RLX was able to counteract the adverse bronchial remodeling and emphysema induced by CS exposure by reducing goblet cell hyperplasia, smooth muscle thickening, and fibrosis. Of note, RLX delivered by aerosol has shown a comparable efficacy to systemic administration in reducing CS-induced lung dysfunction and damage. In conclusion, RLX emerges as a new molecule to counteract CS-induced inflammatory lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Pini
- Anatomy and Histology Section and Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (A.P., G.B., S.C., D.G., D.B., S.N.), and Pharmacology Section, Department NEUROFARBA (L.L., E.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Giulia Boccalini
- Anatomy and Histology Section and Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (A.P., G.B., S.C., D.G., D.B., S.N.), and Pharmacology Section, Department NEUROFARBA (L.L., E.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Laura Lucarini
- Anatomy and Histology Section and Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (A.P., G.B., S.C., D.G., D.B., S.N.), and Pharmacology Section, Department NEUROFARBA (L.L., E.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Catarinicchia
- Anatomy and Histology Section and Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (A.P., G.B., S.C., D.G., D.B., S.N.), and Pharmacology Section, Department NEUROFARBA (L.L., E.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Guasti
- Anatomy and Histology Section and Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (A.P., G.B., S.C., D.G., D.B., S.N.), and Pharmacology Section, Department NEUROFARBA (L.L., E.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Emanuela Masini
- Anatomy and Histology Section and Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (A.P., G.B., S.C., D.G., D.B., S.N.), and Pharmacology Section, Department NEUROFARBA (L.L., E.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Daniele Bani
- Anatomy and Histology Section and Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (A.P., G.B., S.C., D.G., D.B., S.N.), and Pharmacology Section, Department NEUROFARBA (L.L., E.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Anatomy and Histology Section and Histology and Embryology Research Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (A.P., G.B., S.C., D.G., D.B., S.N.), and Pharmacology Section, Department NEUROFARBA (L.L., E.M.), University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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122
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Souday V, Koning NJ, Perez B, Grelon F, Mercat A, Boer C, Seegers V, Radermacher P, Asfar P. Enriched Air Nitrox Breathing Reduces Venous Gas Bubbles after Simulated SCUBA Diving: A Double-Blind Cross-Over Randomized Trial. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154761. [PMID: 27163253 PMCID: PMC4862661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To test the hypothesis whether enriched air nitrox (EAN) breathing during simulated diving reduces decompression stress when compared to compressed air breathing as assessed by intravascular bubble formation after decompression. Methods Human volunteers underwent a first simulated dive breathing compressed air to include subjects prone to post-decompression venous gas bubbling. Twelve subjects prone to bubbling underwent a double-blind, randomized, cross-over trial including one simulated dive breathing compressed air, and one dive breathing EAN (36% O2) in a hyperbaric chamber, with identical diving profiles (28 msw for 55 minutes). Intravascular bubble formation was assessed after decompression using pulmonary artery pulsed Doppler. Results Twelve subjects showing high bubble production were included for the cross-over trial, and all completed the experimental protocol. In the randomized protocol, EAN significantly reduced the bubble score at all time points (cumulative bubble scores: 1 [0–3.5] vs. 8 [4.5–10]; P < 0.001). Three decompression incidents, all presenting as cutaneous itching, occurred in the air versus zero in the EAN group (P = 0.217). Weak correlations were observed between bubble scores and age or body mass index, respectively. Conclusion EAN breathing markedly reduces venous gas bubble emboli after decompression in volunteers selected for susceptibility for intravascular bubble formation. When using similar diving profiles and avoiding oxygen toxicity limits, EAN increases safety of diving as compared to compressed air breathing. Trial Registration ISRCTN 31681480
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Souday
- Department of Medical Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Nick J. Koning
- Department of Medical Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
- INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6214, University Hospital, Angers, France
- Department of Anesthesiology. Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bruno Perez
- Department of Medical Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Fabien Grelon
- Department of Medical Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Alain Mercat
- Department of Medical Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Christa Boer
- Department of Anesthesiology. Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valérie Seegers
- Interactions Cellulaires et Applications Thérapeutique and DRCI Data management, SFR du pôle Santé; University Hospital, Angers, France
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institut für Anästhesiologische Pathophysiologie und Verfahrensentwicklung, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pierre Asfar
- Department of Medical Intensive Care and Hyperbaric Medicine, University Hospital, Angers, France
- INSERM U1083, CNRS UMR 6214, University Hospital, Angers, France
- * E-mail:
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123
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Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of mice requires that the physiology of the mouse (body temperature, respiration and heart rates, blood pH level) be maintained in order to prevent changes affecting the outcomes of functional scanning, namely blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) measures and cerebral blood flow (CBF). The anesthetic used to sedate mice for scanning can have major effects on physiology. While alpha chloralose has been commonly used for functional imaging of rats, its effects on physiology are not well characterized in the literature for any species. In this study, we anesthetized or sedated mice with isoflurane or alpha chloralose for up to two hours, and monitored physiological parameters and arterial blood gasses. We found that, when normal body temperature is maintained, breathing rates for both drugs decrease over the course of two hours. In addition, alpha chloralose causes a substantial drop in heart rate and blood pH with severe hypercapnia (elevated blood CO2) that is not seen in isoflurane-treated animals. We suggest that alpha chloralose does not maintain normal mouse physiology adequately for functional brain imaging outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie A. Low
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lucy C. Bauer
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Brenda A. Klaunberg
- NIH Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Patrizi A, Picard N, Simon AJ, Gunner G, Centofante E, Andrews NA, Fagiolini M. Chronic Administration of the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Antagonist Ketamine Improves Rett Syndrome Phenotype. Biol Psychiatry 2016; 79:755-764. [PMID: 26410354 PMCID: PMC7410367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurological disorder caused by mutation of the X-linked MECP2 gene, which results in the progressive disruption of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal circuits. To date, there is no effective treatment available for the disorder. Studies conducted in RTT patients and murine models have shown altered expression of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Genetic deletion of the NMDAR subunit, GluN2A, in mice lacking Mecp2 is sufficient to prevent RTT phenotypes, including regression of vision. METHODS We performed a systematic, randomized preclinical trial of chronic administration of low-dose (8 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) ketamine, an NMDAR antagonist, starting either early in development or at the onset of RTT phenotype in Mecp2-null mice. RESULTS Daily exposure to ketamine ameliorated RTT symptoms and extended the life span of treated Mecp2-null mice without adverse side effects. Furthermore, significant improvement was observed in cortical processing and connectivity, which were fully restored to a wild-type level, particularly when treatment was started at the onset of regression. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide strong evidence that targeting NMDA receptors can be a safe and effective treatment for RTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Patrizi
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nathalie Picard
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Alex Joseph Simon
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Georgia Gunner
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Eleonora Centofante
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nick Arthur Andrews
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Michela Fagiolini
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Silva JN, Lucena EV, Silva TM, Damasceno RS, Takakura AC, Moreira TS. Inhibition of the pontine Kölliker-Fuse nucleus reduces genioglossal activity elicited by stimulation of the retrotrapezoid chemoreceptor neurons. Neuroscience 2016; 328:9-21. [PMID: 27126558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The Kölliker-Fuse (KF) region, located in the dorsolateral pons, projects to several brainstem areas involved in respiratory regulation, including the chemoreceptor neurons within the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). Several lines of evidence indicate that the pontine KF region plays an important role in the control of the upper airways for the maintenance of appropriate airflow to and from the lungs. Specifically, we hypothesized that the KF region is involved in mediating the response of the hypoglossal motor activity to central respiratory chemoreflex activation and to stimulation of the chemoreceptor neurons within the RTN region. To test this hypothesis, we combined immunohistochemistry and physiological experiments. We found that in the KF, the majority of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA)-labeled axonal varicosities contained detectable levels of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (VGLUT2), but few contained glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD67). The majority of the RTN neurons that were FluorGold (FG)-immunoreactive (i.e., projected to the KF) contained hypercapnia-induced Fos, but did not express tyrosine hydroxylase. In urethane-anesthetized sino-aortic denervated and vagotomized male Wistar rats, hypercapnia (10% CO2) or N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) injection (0.1mM) in the RTN increased diaphragm (DiaEMG) and genioglossus muscle (GGEMG) activities and elicited abdominal (AbdEMG) activity. Bilateral injection of muscimol (GABA-A agonist; 2mM) into the KF region reduced the increase in DiaEMG and GGEMG produced by hypercapnia or NMDA into the RTN. Our data suggest that activation of chemoreceptor neurons in the RTN produces a significant increase in the genioglossus muscle activity and the excitatory pathway is dependent on the neurons located in the dorsolateral pontine KF region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiane N Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Elvis V Lucena
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Talita M Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Rosélia S Damasceno
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo (USP), 05508-000 São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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Rahbar S, Pan W, Jonz MG. Purinergic and Cholinergic Drugs Mediate Hyperventilation in Zebrafish: Evidence from a Novel Chemical Screen. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154261. [PMID: 27100625 PMCID: PMC4839714 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A rapid test to identify drugs that affect autonomic responses to hypoxia holds therapeutic and ecologic value. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a convenient animal model for investigating peripheral O2 chemoreceptors and respiratory reflexes in vertebrates; however, the neurotransmitters and receptors involved in this process are not adequately defined. The goals of the present study were to demonstrate purinergic and cholinergic control of the hyperventilatory response to hypoxia in zebrafish, and to develop a procedure for screening of neurochemicals that affect respiration. Zebrafish larvae were screened in multi-well plates for sensitivity to the cholinergic receptor agonist, nicotine, and antagonist, atropine; and to the purinergic receptor antagonists, suramin and A-317491. Nicotine increased ventilation frequency (fV) maximally at 100 μM (EC50 = 24.5 μM). Hypoxia elevated fV from 93.8 to 145.3 breaths min-1. Atropine reduced the hypoxic response only at 100 μM. Suramin and A-317491 maximally reduced fV at 50 μM (EC50 = 30.4 and 10.8 μM) and abolished the hyperventilatory response to hypoxia. Purinergic P2X3 receptors were identified in neurons and O2-chemosensory neuroepithelial cells of the gills using immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy. These studies suggest a role for purinergic and nicotinic receptors in O2 sensing in fish and implicate ATP and acetylcholine in excitatory neurotransmission, as in the mammalian carotid body. We demonstrate a rapid approach for screening neuroactive chemicals in zebrafish with implications for respiratory medicine and carotid body disease in humans; as well as for preservation of aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Rahbar
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen Pan
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G. Jonz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Jenkins BJ, Daly TM, Morrisey JM, Mather MW, Vaidya AB, Bergman LW. Characterization of a Plasmodium falciparum Orthologue of the Yeast Ubiquinone-Binding Protein, Coq10p. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152197. [PMID: 27015086 PMCID: PMC4807763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme Q (CoQ, ubiquinone) is a central electron carrier in mitochondrial respiration. CoQ is synthesized through multiple steps involving a number of different enzymes. The prevailing view that the CoQ used in respiration exists as a free pool that diffuses throughout the mitochondrial inner membrane bilayer has recently been challenged. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, deletion of the gene encoding Coq10p results in respiration deficiency without inhibiting the synthesis of CoQ, suggesting that the Coq10 protein is critical for the delivery of CoQ to the site(s) of respiration. The precise mechanism by which this is achieved remains unknown at present. We have identified a Plasmodium orthologue of Coq10 (PfCoq10), which is predominantly expressed in trophozoite-stage parasites, and localizes to the parasite mitochondrion. Expression of PfCoq10 in the S. cerevisiae coq10 deletion strain restored the capability of the yeast to grow on respiratory substrates, suggesting a remarkable functional conservation of this protein over a vast evolutionary distance, and despite a relatively low level of amino acid sequence identity. As the antimalarial drug atovaquone acts as a competitive inhibitor of CoQ, we assessed whether over-expression of PfCoq10 altered the atovaquone sensitivity in parasites and in yeast mitochondria, but found no alteration of its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany J. Jenkins
- Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Thomas M. Daly
- Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Joanne M. Morrisey
- Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Michael W. Mather
- Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Akhil B. Vaidya
- Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence W. Bergman
- Center for Molecular Parasitology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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"Weak" opioid analgesics. Codeine, dihydrocodeine and tramadol: no less risky than morphine. Prescrire Int 2016; 25:45-50. [PMID: 27042732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
So-called weak opioid analgesics are often used to treat severe pain, or when paracetamol or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) proves inadequate. But are weak opioids any more effective than paracetamol or NSAIDs on nociceptive pain, and are they better tolerated than morphine? To answer these questions, we conducted a review of literature using the standard Prescrire methodology. The potency of codeine and tramadol is strongly influenced by the cytochrome P450 isoenzyme CYP2D6 genotype, which varies widely from one person to another. This explains reports of overdosing or underdosing after administration of standard doses of the two drugs. The potency of morphine and that of buprenorphine, an opioid receptor agonist-antagonist, appears to be independent of CYP2D6 activity. All "weak" opioids can have the same dose-dependent adverse effects as morphine. There is no evidence that, at equivalent analgesic efficacy, weak opioids carry a lower risk of addiction than low-dose morphine. Respiratory depression can occur in ultrarapid metabolisers after brief exposure to standard doses of codeine or tramadol. Similar cases have been reported with dihydrocodeine in patients with renal failure. In addition, tramadol can cause a serotonin syndrome, hypoglycaemia, hyponatraemia and seizures. Several trials have compared different weak opioids in patients with post-operative pain. A single dose of a weak opioid, possibly combined with paracetamol, has greater analgesic efficacy than paracetamol alone but is not more effective than an NSAID alone. There is a dearth of evidence on weak opioids in patients with chronic pain. Available trials fail to show that a weak opioid has markedly superior analgesic efficacy to paracetamol or an NSAID. Sublingual buprenorphine at analgesic doses appears less likely to cause respiratory depression, but it seems to have weak analgesic efficacy. In practice, when opioid therapy is needed, there is no evidence that codeine, dihydrocodeine or tramadol is less risky than morphine at its lowest effective dose. Compared to morphine, the efficacy of these drugs varies more from one patient to another, and their multiple pharmacokinetic interactions can be difficult to manage. There is also a sometimes unpredictable risk of serious over-dose. Tramadol has additional adverse effects unrelated to its opioid effects. Weak opioids require at least as much vigilance as morphine, despite the major differences in their reputation and regulation.
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Basaran KE, Villongco M, Ho B, Ellis E, Zarndt R, Antonova J, Hopkins SR, Powell FL. Ibuprofen Blunts Ventilatory Acclimatization to Sustained Hypoxia in Humans. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146087. [PMID: 26726885 PMCID: PMC4699648 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia is a time-dependent increase in ventilation and the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) that involves neural plasticity in both carotid body chemoreceptors and brainstem respiratory centers. The mechanisms of such plasticity are not completely understood but recent animal studies show it can be blocked by administering ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, during chronic hypoxia. We tested the hypothesis that ibuprofen would also block the increase in HVR with chronic hypoxia in humans in 15 healthy men and women using a double-blind, placebo controlled, cross-over trial. The isocapnic HVR was measured with standard methods in subjects treated with ibuprofen (400mg every 8 hrs) or placebo for 48 hours at sea level and 48 hours at high altitude (3,800 m). Subjects returned to sea level for at least 30 days prior to repeating the protocol with the opposite treatment. Ibuprofen significantly decreased the HVR after acclimatization to high altitude compared to placebo but it did not affect ventilation or arterial O2 saturation breathing ambient air at high altitude. Hence, compensatory responses prevent hypoventilation with decreased isocapnic ventilatory O2-sensitivity from ibuprofen at this altitude. The effect of ibuprofen to decrease the HVR in humans provides the first experimental evidence that a signaling mechanism described for ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia in animal models also occurs in people. This establishes a foundation for the future experiments to test the potential role of different mechanisms for neural plasticity and ventilatory acclimatization in humans with chronic hypoxemia from lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kemal Erdem Basaran
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Erciyes University, Melikgazi, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Michael Villongco
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Baran Ho
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Erika Ellis
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Rachel Zarndt
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Julie Antonova
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Susan R. Hopkins
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Frank L. Powell
- Division of Physiology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pokorski M. Preface. Pathophysiology of Respiration. Adv Exp Med Biol 2016; 884:v-vi. [PMID: 27314145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Mendes A, Papoila AL, Carreiro-Martins P, Bonassi S, Caires I, Palmeiro T, Aguiar L, Pereira C, Neves P, Mendes D, Botelho MAS, Neuparth N, Teixeira JP. The impact of indoor air quality and contaminants on respiratory health of older people living in long-term care residences in Porto. Age Ageing 2016; 45:136-42. [PMID: 26563886 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afv157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND persons who are 65 years or older often spend an important part of their lives indoors thus adverse indoor climate might influence their health status. OBJECTIVE to evaluate the influence of indoor air quality and contaminants on older people's respiratory health. DESIGN cross-sectional study. SETTING 21 long-term care residences (LTC) in the city of Porto, Portugal. SUBJECTS older people living in LTC with ≥65 years old. METHODS the Portuguese version of BOLD questionnaire was administered by an interviewer to older residents able to participate (n = 143). Indoor air contaminants (IAC) were measured twice, during winter and summer in 135 areas. Mixed effects logistic regression models were used to study the association between the health questionnaire results and the monitored IAC, adjusted for age, smoking habits, gender and number of years living in the LTC. RESULTS cough (23%) and sputum (12%) were the major respiratory symptoms, and allergic rhinitis (22%) the main self-reported illness. Overall particulate matter up to 2.5 micrometres in size median concentration was above the reference levels both in winter and summer seasons. Peak values of particulate matter up to 10 micrometres in size (PM10), total volatile organic compounds, carbon dioxide, bacteria and fungi exceeded the reference levels. Older people exposed to PM10 above the reference levels demonstrated higher odds of allergic rhinitis (OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.1-7.2). CONCLUSION high levels of PM10 were associated with 3-fold odds of allergic rhinitis. No association was found between indoor air chemical and biological contaminants and respiratory symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mendes
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal Institute of Public Health (ISPUP), Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Papoila
- CEAUL, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal Epidemiology and Statistics Analysis Unit, Research Centre, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro Carreiro-Martins
- Epidemiology and Statistics Analysis Unit, Research Centre, Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Central, EPE, Lisboa, Portugal CEDOC - Respiratory Diseases Research Group, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Stefano Bonassi
- Unit of Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology, IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - Iolanda Caires
- CEDOC - Respiratory Diseases Research Group, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Palmeiro
- CEDOC - Respiratory Diseases Research Group, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lívia Aguiar
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal Institute of Public Health (ISPUP), Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Pereira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal Institute of Public Health (ISPUP), Porto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Neves
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Mendes
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Amália Silveira Botelho
- CEDOC - Respiratory Diseases Research Group, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal Departamento de Fisiologia, Faculty of Ciências Médicas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nuno Neuparth
- CEDOC - Respiratory Diseases Research Group, NOVA Medical School, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Environmental Health Department, National Institute of Health, Porto, Portugal Institute of Public Health (ISPUP), Porto University, Porto, Portugal
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Ricciardolo FLM, Rindone E, Schiavetti I, Ciprandi G. Perception of Bronchodilation Assessed by Visual Analog Scale in Asthmatics: A Real-life Study. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2016; 26:49-51. [PMID: 27012017 DOI: 10.18176/jiaci.0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
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Haddi K, Oliveira EE, Faroni LRA, Guedes DC, Miranda NNS. Sublethal Exposure to Clove and Cinnamon Essential Oils Induces Hormetic-Like Responses and Disturbs Behavioral and Respiratory Responses in Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J Econ Entomol 2015; 108:2815-2822. [PMID: 26318008 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tov255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Essential oils have been suggested as suitable alternatives for controlling insect pests. However, the potential adaptive responses elicited in insects for mitigating the actions of these compounds have not received adequate attention. Furthermore, as is widely reported with traditional insecticides, sublethal exposure to essential oils might induce stimulatory responses or contribute to the development of resistance strategies that can compromise the management of insect pests. The current study evaluated the locomotory and respiratory responses as well as the number of larvae per grain produced by the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, after being sublethally exposed to the essential oils of clove, Syzygium aromaticum L., and cinnamon, Cinnamomum zeylanicum L. The essential oils showed similar insecticidal toxicity (exposure route: contact with dried residues; Clove LC95 = 3.96 [2.78-6.75] µl/cm(2); Cinnamon LC95 = 3.47 [2.75-4.73] µl/cm(2)). A stimulatory effect on the median survival time (TL50) was observed when insects were exposed to low concentrations of each oil. Moreover, a higher number of larvae per grain was produced under sublethal exposure to clove essential oil. S. zeamais avoided the treated areas (in free-choice experiments) and altered their mobility when sublethally exposed to both essential oils. The respiratory rates of S. zeamais (i.e., CO2 production) were significantly reduced under low concentrations of the essential oils. We recommend the consideration of the potential sublethal effects elicited by botanical pesticides during the development of integrated pest management programs aiming to control S. zeamais.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Haddi
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil. Science Without Border Associate Researcher, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-000, Brasil.
| | - Eugênio E Oliveira
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lêda R A Faroni
- Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Daniela C Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Natalie N S Miranda
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
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Kaczyńska K, Szereda-Przestaszewska M. Contribution of CCK1 receptors to cardiovascular and respiratory effects of cholecystokinin in anesthetized rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 54:29-34. [PMID: 26342277 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated the share of vagal input at infra- and supra-nodosal level and the contribution of CCK1 and CCK2 receptors to the cardiorespiratory responses produced by an intravenous injection of sulfated cholecystokinin octapeptide (CCK-8) in anesthetized rats. This compound administered intravenously at a dose of 50μg/kg induced short-lived decline in tidal volume and respiratory rate resulting in depression of minute ventilation. Midcervical vagotomy had no effect on CCK-8-evoked ventilatory changes, whereas supranodosal denervation abolished slowing down of breathing. Cardiovascular response to CCK challenge was characterized by a transient decrease followed by an augmentation in the mean blood pressure (MAP) in the intact animals. Vagotomy performed at both levels abrogated the declining phase of MAP. Blood pressure changes were associated with decreased heart rate present in all neural states. All cardiovascular and respiratory effects were antagonized by pre-treatment with devazepide-CCK1 receptors' antagonist, whereas CI988-antagonist of CCK2 receptors was ineffective. In conclusion, our results indicate that CCK-8 modulates slowing down of respiratory rhythm via CCK1 receptors located in the nodose ganglia (NG) and depresses tidal volume via central CCK1 dependent mechanism. CCK-8-evoked decline in blood pressure may be due to activation of vagal afferents, whereas pressor responses seem to be mediated by an activation of CCK1 receptors in the central nervous system. Bradycardia was probably induced by the direct action of CCK-8 on the heart pacemaker cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kaczyńska
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Szereda-Przestaszewska
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Golder FJ, Dax S, Baby SM, Gruber R, Hoshi T, Ideo C, Kennedy A, Peng S, Puskovic V, Ritchie D, Woodward R, Wardle RL, Van Scott MR, Mannion JC, MacIntyre DE. Identification and Characterization of GAL-021 as a Novel Breathing Control Modulator. Anesthesiology 2015; 123:1093-104. [PMID: 26352381 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The authors describe the preclinical pharmacological properties of GAL-021, a novel peripheral chemoreceptor modulator. METHODS The ventilatory effects of GAL-021 were characterized using tracheal pneumotachometry (n = 4 to 6), plethysmography (n = 5 to 6), arterial blood gas analyses (n = 6 to 11), and nasal capnography (n = 3 to 4) in naive animals and those subjected to morphine-induced respiratory depression. Morphine analgesia in rats was evaluated by tail-flick test (n = 6). Carotid body involvement in GAL-021 ventilatory effects was assessed by comparing responses in intact and carotid sinus nerve-transected rats. Hemodynamic effects of GAL-021 were evaluated in urethane-anesthetized rats (n = 7). The pharmacological profile of GAL-021 in vitro was investigated using radioligand binding, enzyme inhibition, and cellular electrophysiology assays. RESULTS GAL-021 given intravenously stimulated ventilation and/or attenuated opiate-induced respiratory depression in rats, mice, and nonhuman primates, without decreasing morphine analgesia in rats. GAL-021 did not alter mean arterial pressure but produced a modest increase in heart rate. Ventilatory stimulation in rats was attenuated by carotid sinus nerve transection. GAL-021 inhibited KCa1.1 in GH3 cells, and the evoked ventilatory stimulation was attenuated in Slo1 mice lacking the pore-forming α-subunit of the KCa1.1 channel. CONCLUSIONS GAL-021 behaved as a breathing control modulator in rodents and nonhuman primates and diminished opioid-induced respiratory depression without compromising opioid analgesia. It acted predominantly at the carotid body, in part by inhibiting KCa1.1 channels. Its preclinical profile qualified the compound to enter clinical trials to assess effects on breathing control disorders such as drug (opioid)-induced respiratory depression and sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis J Golder
- From the Department of Drug Discovery, Galleon Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Horsham, Pennsylvania (F.J.G., S.D., S.M.B., R.G., C.I., A.K., S.P., V.P., D.R., R.W., J.C.M., D.E.M.); Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (T.H.); and Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina (R.L.W., M.R.V.S.)
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136
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Fedotcheva NI, Litvinova EG, Osipov AA, Olenin AY, Moroz VV, Beloborodova NV. [Influence of Microbial Metabolites of Phenolic Nature on the Activity of Mitochondrial Enzymes]. Biofizika 2015; 60:1118-1124. [PMID: 26841505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the effect of microbial metabolites of phenolic nature on the activity of enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle in isolated mitochondria, and determine metabolites of the tricarboxylic acid cycle as potential biomarkers of mitochondrial dysfunction in the blood of patients with sepsis. It is shown that microbial metabolites of phenolic nature have an inhibitory effect on the activity of dehydrogenases, determined by the reduction of dichlorophenolindophenol and nitroblue tetrazolium in liver mitochondria and liver homogenates. This effect is more pronounced in oxidation of the NAD-dependent substrates than succinate oxidation, and at lower concentrations of microbial metabolites than inhibition of respiration. By gas chromatography-mass spectrometry it was found that the content of the tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites in the blood of patients with sepsis decreased compared to healthy donors. The data obtained show that the microbial phenolic acids can contribute significantly to the dysfunction of mitochondria and suppression of general metabolism, characteristic of these pathologies.
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137
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Gueye Y, Marqueste T, Maurel F, Khrestchatisky M, Decherchi P, Feron F. Cholecalciferol (vitamin D₃) improves functional recovery when delivered during the acute phase after a spinal cord trauma. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:23-31. [PMID: 26159913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, based on a rat model of thoracic spinal cord compression, we demonstrated that cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3), delivered at the dose of 200 IU/kg/day, significantly improved ventilatory frequency and spasticity. In order to confirm the restorative potential of vitamin D, we performed a new study, using a rat model of left cervical hemisection (C2). From Day 1 or Day 7, animals received, during three months, a weekly oral bolus of either cholecalciferol, at the dose of 500 IU/kg/day, or vehicle, namely triglycerides. Rats were assessed every month, using a ladder test for sensori-locomotor ability and neuromuscular capacity. Three months after injury, H-reflex was recorded from left extensor digitorum muscle in order to measure the reflexivity of the sub-lesional region. Ventilatory frequency was also monitored during an electrically induced muscle fatigue of the hindlimb known to enhance muscle metaboreflex and increase respiratory rate. After recording the phrenic nerve activity, ipsilateral to the lesion, during spontaneous breathing, animals were artificially ventilated while paralyzed with a neuromuscular blocking agent and then the brainstem respiratory centres were provoked to maximal output by temporarily stopping the ventilator. Spinal cords were immunostained with an anti-neurofilament antibody to evaluate axon numbers. We show here that vitamin D-treated animals display i) an enhanced locomotor activity, ii) an improved breathing when hindlimb muscle was electrically stimulated to induce fatigue, iii) an H-reflex depression similar to control animals, iv) a phrenic nerve activity response to a temporary asphyxial stress and v) a non significant decreased number of axons in the proximal stump when compared with the Sham group. This new set of data confirms that vitamin D is a potent molecule that could be tested in clinical trials assessing functional recovery in para-/tetra-plegic patients, shortly after a trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yatma Gueye
- Aix-Marseille Université, NICN, CNRS, UMR 7259, 13916, Marseille cedex 20, France; Aix-Marseille Université, ISM, CNRS, UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Tanguy Marqueste
- Aix-Marseille Université, ISM, CNRS, UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Fanny Maurel
- Aix-Marseille Université, NICN, CNRS, UMR 7259, 13916, Marseille cedex 20, France
| | | | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix-Marseille Université, ISM, CNRS, UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France.
| | - François Feron
- Aix-Marseille Université, NICN, CNRS, UMR 7259, 13916, Marseille cedex 20, France; Inserm CBT 1409, Centre d'Investigations Cliniques en Biothérapie, Marseille, France.
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Aleksandrova NP, Merkuriev VA, Tumanova TS, Aleksandrov VG. [MECHANISMS OF MODULATION OF REFLEX CONTROL OF BREATHING AT ELEVATED SYSTEMIC LEVEL OF PROINFLAMMATORY CYTOKINE INTERLEUKIN-1β]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2015; 101:1158-1168. [PMID: 26827495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the hypothesis about the possible involvement of the cyclooxygenase pathway in the effects of interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) on the breathing pattern and Heuring-Breuer respiratory reflexes. Respiratory frequency (fR), tidal volume (VT) and esophageal pressure were recorded in 29 adult male Wistar rats anaesthetized with urethane. Heuring-Breuer reflexes were tested by airway occlusion at achieving functional residual capacity (inspiratory-inhibitory reflex), and at the height of inspiration (expiratory-promoting reflex). It had been shown that an elevation of IL-1β in the systemic circulation causes an increase in VT, fR, lung ventilation and strengthens respiratory reflexes. These respiratory effects had not been shown if IL-1β administered after intraperitoneal injection of diclofenac, which had not any significant respiratory effects by itself. Because diclofenac is a non-specific antagonist of cyclooxygenases, it had been concluded that the prostaglandins mediate respiratory effects of IL-1β in point of fact.
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Hepworth-Warren KL, Wong DM, Hay-Kraus BL, Wang C, Sun Y. Effects of administration of a synthetic low molecular weight/low molar substitution hydroxyethyl starch solution in healthy neonatal foals. Can Vet J 2015; 56:1069-1074. [PMID: 26483583 PMCID: PMC4572826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of IV administration of isotonic fluid therapy and colloidal fluid therapy in healthy neonatal foals. Fifteen healthy neonatal foals were used in a randomized blinded prospective clinical study. Foals were randomly assigned to receive a bolus of 20 mL/kg of tetrastarch (TES) or balanced crystalloid solution. Vital parameters, colloid osmotic pressure (COP), and various clinicopathologic variables were assessed prior to infusion and at various time points up to 120 h after infusion. The treatment group (TES) had a significant increase in both COP and percentage increase in COP at 1 and 3 h. The COP was significantly lower than baseline at 3 h in the control group. No significant changes were observed in coagulation parameters in either group. Tetrastarch was effective in increasing COP for 3 h after infusion and had no notable adverse clinical effects in this group of healthy foals. Further studies are warranted regarding optimal dosing and effects in clinically ill foals.
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Chen SS, Liu L, Hu P, Shi BZ, Fu YK, Luo R, Xie C. [Analgesic effect of fentanyl in neonates during mechanical ventilation]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2015; 17:1045-1050. [PMID: 26483221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the analgesic effect and safety of fentanyl in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation. METHODS Thirty neonates receiving mechanical ventilation between December 2010 and February 2011 were randomized into drug intervention group and control group (n=15 each). In addition to the conventional treatment for both groups, the drug intervention group received fentanyl as the analgesic treatment. Heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure changes, and premature infant pain profile (PIPP) score before treatment and at 30 minutes, 2 hours, and 4 hours after treatment were recorded in both groups. Follow-up visits were performed for these infants after discharge, and the CDCC intellectual development scale for infants was applied to measure mental development index (MDI) and psychomotor development index (PDI) at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of age. RESULTS The respiratory rate and heart rate decreased in the drug intervention group after fentanyl treatment compared with the control group (P<0.05), and the PIPP scores in the drug intervention group was significantly lower than in the control group (P<0.05). The results of follow-up visits showed no significant differences in MDI and PDI at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months of age between the drug intervention and control groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Fentanyl can relieve the pain response in neonates receiving mechanical ventilation, with no long-term adverse effects on neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shu Chen
- Department of Neonatology, Guiyang Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Guiyang 550003, China.
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Abstract
Recent advances have clarified how the brain detects CO2 to regulate breathing (central respiratory chemoreception). These mechanisms are reviewed and their significance is presented in the general context of CO2/pH homeostasis through breathing. At rest, respiratory chemoreflexes initiated at peripheral and central sites mediate rapid stabilization of arterial PCO2 and pH. Specific brainstem neurons (e.g., retrotrapezoid nucleus, RTN; serotonergic) are activated by PCO2 and stimulate breathing. RTN neurons detect CO2 via intrinsic proton receptors (TASK-2, GPR4), synaptic input from peripheral chemoreceptors and signals from astrocytes. Respiratory chemoreflexes are arousal state dependent whereas chemoreceptor stimulation produces arousal. When abnormal, these interactions lead to sleep-disordered breathing. During exercise, central command and reflexes from exercising muscles produce the breathing stimulation required to maintain arterial PCO2 and pH despite elevated metabolic activity. The neural circuits underlying central command and muscle afferent control of breathing remain elusive and represent a fertile area for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice G Guyenet
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA.
| | - Douglas A Bayliss
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, 1340 Jefferson Park Avenue, Charlottesville, VA 22908-0735, USA
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Tani M, Yazawa I, Ikeda K, Kawakami K, Onimaru H. Long-lasting facilitation of respiratory rhythm by treatment with TRPA1 agonist, cinnamaldehyde. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:989-98. [PMID: 26108952 PMCID: PMC4725117 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00282.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system. We examined the effects of TRP ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) agonists (cinnamaldehyde and allyl isothiocyanate) on respiratory rhythm generation in brainstem-spinal cord preparations from newborn rats [postnatal days 0-3 (P0-P3)] and in in situ-perfused preparations from juvenile rats (P11-P13). Preparations were superfused with modified Krebs solution at 25-26°C, and activity of inspiratory C4 ventral root (or phrenic nerve) was monitored. In the newborn rat, an in vitro preparation of cinnamaldehyde (0.5 mM) induced typically biphasic responses in C4 rate: an initial short increase and subsequent decrease, then a gradual recovery of rhythm during 15 min of bath application. After washout, the respiratory rhythm rate further increased, remaining 200% of control for >120 min, indicating long-lasting facilitation. Allyl isothiocyanate induced effects similar to those of cinnamaldehyde. The long-lasting facilitation of respiratory rhythm was partially antagonized by the TRPA1 antagonist HC-030031 (10 μM). We obtained similar long-lasting facilitation in an in situ-perfused reparation from P11-P13 rats. On the basis of results from transection experiments of the rostral medulla and whole-cell recordings from preinspiratory neurons in the parafacial respiratory group (pFRG), we suggest that the rostral medulla, including the pFRG, is important to the induction of long-lasting facilitation. A histochemical analysis demonstrated a wide distribution of TRPA1 channel-positive cells in the reticular formation of the medulla, including the pFRG. Our findings suggest that TRPA1 channel activation could induce long-lasting facilitation of respiratory rhythm and provide grounds for future study on the roles of TRPA1 channels in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariho Tani
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Itaru Yazawa
- Department of Anatomy, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiko Ikeda
- Division of Biology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan; and
| | - Kiyoshi Kawakami
- Division of Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Onimaru
- Department of Physiology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan;
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Olafsdottir OB, Eliasdottir TS, Kristjansdottir JV, Hardarson SH, Stefánsson E. Retinal Vessel Oxygen Saturation during 100% Oxygen Breathing in Healthy Individuals. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128780. [PMID: 26042732 PMCID: PMC4456093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To detect how systemic hyperoxia affects oxygen saturation in retinal arterioles and venules in healthy individuals. Methods Retinal vessel oxygen saturation was measured in 30 healthy individuals with a spectrophotometric retinal oximeter (Oxymap T1). Oximetry was performed during breathing of room air, 100% oxygen (10 minutes, 6L/min) and then again room air (10 minutes recovery). Results Mean oxygen saturation rises modestly in retinal arterioles during 100% oxygen breathing (94.5%±3.8 vs. 92.0%±3.7% at baseline, p<0.0001) and dramatically in retinal venules (76.2%±8.0% vs. 51.3%±5.6%, p<0.0001). The arteriovenous difference decreased during 100% oxygen breathing (18.3%±9.0% vs. 40.7%±5.7%, p<0.0001). The mean diameter of arterioles decreased during 100% oxygen breathing compared to baseline (9.7±1.4 pixels vs. 10.3±1.3 pixels, p<0.0001) and the same applies to the mean venular diameter (11.4±1.2 pixels vs. 13.3±1.5 pixels, p<0.0001). Conclusions Breathing 100% oxygen increases oxygen saturation in retinal arterioles and more so in venules and constricts them compared to baseline levels. The dramatic increase in oxygen saturation in venules reflects oxygen flow from the choroid and the unusual vascular anatomy and oxygen physiology of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Birna Olafsdottir
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali—The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorunn Scheving Eliasdottir
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali—The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Jona Valgerdur Kristjansdottir
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali—The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Sveinn Hakon Hardarson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali—The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Einar Stefánsson
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Landspitali—The National University Hospital of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- * E-mail:
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Lei X, Li H, Huang B, Rizak J, Li L, Xu L, Liu L, Wu J, Lü L, Wang Z, Hu Y, Le W, Deng X, Li J, Yao Y, Xu L, Hu X, Zhang B. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium stereotactic infusion completely and specifically ablated the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway in rhesus macaque. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127953. [PMID: 26010745 PMCID: PMC4444358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Complete and specific ablation of a single dopaminergic (DA) pathway is a critical step to distinguish the roles of DA pathways in vivo. However, this kind of technique has not been reported in non-human primates. This study aimed to establish a lesioning method with a complete and specific ablation. Method A carefully designed infusion route based on a MRI stereotactic technique was developed to deliver the highly selective dopaminergic toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) unilaterally into multiple sites of compact part of substantia nigra (SNc) and striatum in monkeys. The nigrostriatal DA pathway was selected because lesioning of this pathway may induce symptoms that are suitable for evaluation. The pathological, behavioral, neuropharmacological, and clinical laboratorial data were collected to evaluate the lesioning effects. Result Pathological examination revealed a complete ablation of tyrosine hydroxylase positive (TH+) neurons in the SNc, while preserving intact TH+ neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) nearby. TH+ projections in the striatum were also unilaterally lost. The monkeys displayed stable (>28 weeks) rotations and symptoms which were expected with loss of DA neurons in the SNc, with rest tremor being an exception. No item implied the presence of a severe side effect caused by the operation or the intracerebral MPP+ infusion. The results suggested that rest tremor may not directly rely on the nigrostriatal pathway. Conclusion Taken together, in addition to providing a specific nigrostriatal DA lesioned model, this method, combined with brain stimulation or other techniques, can be applied as a powerful tool for the complete lesion of any desired DA pathway in order to study its specific functions in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoguang Lei
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baihui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Joshua Rizak
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ling Li
- Medical Imaging Department, Kunming General Hospital of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liqi Xu
- Medical Imaging Department, Kunming General Hospital of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Liu
- Medical Imaging Department, Kunming General Hospital of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Longbao Lü
- Kunming Primate Research Center, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhengbo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yingzhou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Weidong Le
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingli Deng
- Neurosurgery Department, 1st Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jiali Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yonggang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xintian Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (BZ)
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (XH); (BZ)
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Mahling M, Fuchs K, Thaiss WM, Maier FC, Feger M, Bukala D, Harant M, Eichner M, Reutershan J, Lang F, Reischl G, Pichler BJ, Kneilling M. A Comparative pO2 Probe and [18F]-Fluoro-Azomycinarabino-Furanoside ([18F]FAZA) PET Study Reveals Anesthesia-Induced Impairment of Oxygenation and Perfusion in Tumor and Muscle. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124665. [PMID: 25902054 PMCID: PMC4406741 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia can be identified by [18F]FAZA positron emission tomography, or invasively using oxygen probes. The impact of anesthetics on tumor hypoxia remains controversial. The aim of this comprehensive study was to investigate the impact of isoflurane and ketamine/xylazine anesthesia on [18F]FAZA uptake and partial oxygen pressure (pO2) in carcinoma and muscle tissue of air- and oxygen-breathing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Mahling
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (BJP); (MM)
| | - Kerstin Fuchs
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M. Thaiss
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Radiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian C. Maier
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martina Feger
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Bukala
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Maren Harant
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Eichner
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biometry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Silcherstraße 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Reutershan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Florian Lang
- Department of Physiology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Gmelinstrasse 5, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Reischl
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Bernd J. Pichler
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- * E-mail: (BJP); (MM)
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Röntgenweg 13, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Liebermeisterstraße 25, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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146
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Degkwitz R, Heushgem C, Hollister LE, Jacob J, Julou L, Lambert PA, Marsboom R, Meier-Ruge W, Schaper WK, Tuchmann-Duplessis HC. The neuroleptics. 4. Toxicity and side effects in man and in the laboratory animal. Mod Probl Pharmacopsychiatry 2015; 5:71-84. [PMID: 5527173 DOI: 10.1159/000387376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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147
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Pant J, Pant MK, Chouhan S, Singh SP, Deshpande SB. Toxic Chemical from Plastics Attenuates Phenylbiguanide-induced Cardio-respiratory Reflexes in Anaesthetized Rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2015; 59:204-210. [PMID: 26685510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) attenuated phenylbiguanide (PBG)-induced cardio-respiratory reflexes involving decreased vagal afferent activity. BPA leaches out from plastics thus it is expected that chronic exposure to plastic boiled (PBW) water will also produce similar changes. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of chronic ingestion of PBW on PBG evoked reflexes and were compared with BPA. Adult female rats were ingested BPA containing pellets (2 µg/kg body weight)/PBW/tap water (ad libitum) for 30 days. On day 30, the animals were anaesthetized and BP, ECG and respiratory excursions were recorded. Further, PBG was injected intravenously to evoke cardio-respiratory reflexes and at the end lungs were excised for histopathological examination. BPA concentration in PBW was 6.6 µg/ml estimated by HPLC. In rats receiving tap water, PBG produced bradycardia, hypotension and tachypnoea. In PBW/BPA treated groups, PBG-induced reflexes were attenuated significantly along with emphysematous and consolidative changes in lungs. The present results indicate that PBW attenuates the protective cardio-respiratory reflexes and also produces histopathological changes in lungs.
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148
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Tomé HVV, Barbosa WF, Martins GF, Guedes RNC. Spinosad in the native stingless bee Melipona quadrifasciata: regrettable non-target toxicity of a bioinsecticide. Chemosphere 2015; 124:103-9. [PMID: 25496737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The risks imposed by novel insecticides, mainly bioinsecticides, are largely unknown despite their increased use and their perceived environmental safety, which is based on their natural origin. Furthermore, unlike honeybees, native pollinator species have received little attention. In the present study, the lethal and sublethal effects of the neonicotinoid imidacloprid and the bioinsecticide spinosad were assessed in the stingless bee species Meliponaquadrifasciata, an important native pollinator in the Neotropical region. The adult stingless bee workers exhibited high oral insecticide susceptibility, with LD50s of 23.54 and 12.07 ng a.i./bee for imidacloprid and spinosad, respectively. Imidacloprid also impaired worker respiration and overall group activity and flight, while spinosad significantly impaired only worker flight despite exhibiting higher oral toxicity to adult workers than imidacloprid. These findings indicate the hazardous nature not only of imidacloprid but also the bioinsecticide spinosad to adult workers of the native pollinator M. quadrifasciata. Therefore, bioinsecticides should not be exempted from risk assessment analysis due to their lethal and sublethal components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson Vaner V Tomé
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Wagner F Barbosa
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo F Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Raul Narciso C Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
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149
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Ji ML, Qian ZB, Wu YH. [Effect of prenatal alcohol exposure on rhythmic respiratory discharge activity in medullary slices of neonatal rats]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2015; 35:598-601. [PMID: 25907953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on rhythmic respiratory discharge activity (RRDA) in the medullary slices of neonatal rats. METHODS Ten pregnant female SD rats were exposed to 0, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% alcohol in drinking water from 1 week before till 3 days after delivery. The medullary slices of the neonatal rats containing the medial region of the nucleus retrofacialis (mNRF) with the hypoglossal nerve rootlets were prepared and perfused with modified Kreb's solution to record RRDA from the hypoglossal nerve rootlets using suction electrodes. RESULTS No significant difference was found in RRDA in 50 min among the neonatal rats with prenatal exposure to 0, 4%, 6%, and 8% alcohol, but the RRDA in 10% alcohol exposure group became irregular. Prenatal exposure to increased alcohol concentrations caused attenuated RRDA attenuated in the neonatal rats, shown by shortened inspiratory time (TI), decreased respiratory frequency (RF), and reduced integral amplitude (IA) as compared with those in the control group. CONCLUSION Prenatal alcohol exposure inhibits RRDA in medullary slices of neonatal rats, which might be a mechanism by which maternal alcohol exposure causes suppressed offspring respiratory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Li Ji
- Department of physiology, College of Basic Medical Science, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China. E-mail:
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150
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Karrasch NM, Hubbell JA, Aarnes TK, Bednarski RM, Lerche P. Comparison of cardiorespiratory variables in dorsally recumbent horses anesthetized with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine spontaneously breathing 50% or maximal oxygen concentrations. Can Vet J 2015; 56:387-92. [PMID: 25829559 PMCID: PMC4357912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study compared cardiorespiratory variables in dorsally recumbent horses anesthetized with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine and spontaneously breathing 50% or maximal (> 90%) oxygen (O2) concentrations. Twelve healthy mares were randomly assigned to breathe 50% or maximal O2 concentrations. Horses were sedated with xylazine, induced to recumbency with ketamine-diazepam, and anesthesia was maintained with guaifenesin-ketamine-xylazine to effect. Heart rate, arterial blood pressures, respiratory rate, lithium dilution cardiac output (CO), inspired and expired O2 and carbon dioxide partial pressures, and tidal volume were measured. Arterial and mixed-venous blood samples were collected prior to sedation (baseline), during 30 minutes of anesthesia, 10 minutes after disconnection from O2, and 30 minutes after standing. Shunt fraction, O2 delivery, and alveolar-arterial O2 partial pressures difference [P(A-a)O2] were calculated. Recovery times were recorded. There were no significant differences between groups in cardiorespiratory parameters or in P(A-a)O2 at baseline or 30 minutes after standing. Oxygen partial pressure difference in the 50% group was significantly less than in the maximal O2 group during anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Karrasch
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - John A.E. Hubbell
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Turi K. Aarnes
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Richard M. Bednarski
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
| | - Phillip Lerche
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 601 Vernon L. Tharp Street, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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