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Vascotto SG, Griffith M. Localization of candidate stem and progenitor cell markers within the human cornea, limbus, and bulbar conjunctiva in vivo and in cell culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 288:921-31. [PMID: 16779811 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Corneal diseases are some of the most prevalent causes of blindness worldwide. While the most common treatment for corneal blindness is the transplantation of cadaver corneas, expanded limbal stem cells are finding recent application. Unknown, however, is the identity of the actual repopulating stem cell fraction utilized in both treatments and the critical factors governing successful engraftment and repopulation. In order to localize potential stem cell populations in vivo, we have immunohistochemically mapped a battery of candidate stem and progenitor cell markers including c-Kit and other growth factor receptors, nuclear markers including DeltaNp63, as well as adhesion factors across the cornea and distal sclera. Cell populations that differentially and specifically stained for some of these markers include the basal and superficial limbal/conjunctival epithelium and scattered cells within the substantia propria of the bulbar conjunctiva. We have also determined that the culture of differentiated cornea epithelial cells as dissociated and explant cultures induces the expression of several markers previously characterized as candidate limbal stem cell markers. This study provides a foundation to explore candidate corneal stem cell populations. As well, we show that expression of traditional stem cell markers may not be reliable indicator of stem cell content during limbal stem cell expansion in vitro and could contribute to the variable success rates of corneal stem cell transplantation.
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152
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Abstract
PURPOSE In a Strampelli osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis, a patch of oral mucosa is frequently used to cover the ocular surface after implantation of an osteodental lamina into the eye. In many cases, gross modifications in the eye covering become apparent a few years later. The aim of this study was to investigate the histologic findings in the clinically modified ocular surface. METHOD Biopsies were performed in 7 patients at the junction between the osteodental acrylic lamina and surrounding modified oral mucosa, during surgery for local plastic reconstruction or positioning of antiglaucoma silicone tubes. Specimens were examined by light microscopy. RESULTS Six of the 7 clinically modified specimens corresponded microscopically to conjunctiva. Typical oral mucosa could still be observed overlying the osteodental acrylic lamina. CONCLUSIONS The production of local regulatory factors is a possible explanation for the survival of oral mucosa over the osteodental acrylic lamina, whereas their absence in distant areas may have induced the oral mucosa to transdifferentiate into a conjunctival-type lining. Alternatively, conjunctival regrowth from forniceal stem cells should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pecorella
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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153
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Liu H, Meagher CK, Moore CP, Phillips TE. M cells in the follicle-associated epithelium of the rabbit conjunctiva preferentially bind and translocate latex beads. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:4217-23. [PMID: 16249501 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigates the presence of M cells in the rabbit conjunctiva. Resolving whether the conjunctiva contains M cells is important, because at other mucosal sites, these antigen sampling cells are known to initiate the mucosal immune response and to act as a site of entry for opportunistic pathogens. METHODS Fluorescent 0.2-microm polystyrene latex beads were either instilled into the conjunctival sac for 20 to 120 minutes in vivo or applied to flat mounts in vitro. Specimens were assessed by epi-fluorescence stereomicroscopy, widefield fluorescence microscopy, confocal scanning laser microscopy, and transmission and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS Latex beads preferentially bound to a subpopulation of cells in the epithelium overlying mucosal lymphoid follicles in the fornix region. At 4 degrees C, the beads were associated with the apical surface of cells that had longer, more irregular microvilli than the surrounding epithelial cells. Within 20 minutes of an in vivo exposure, latex beads were internalized by the follicle-associated epithelial cells and with time moved into the underlying follicle region. After 120 minutes of in vivo exposure, latex beads could be found in cervical lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the follicle-associated epithelium of the rabbit conjunctiva contains a cell with morphologic characteristics and the ability to bind and translocate latex beads, which make it indistinguishable from antigen sampling M cells in the rabbit cecum and tonsils. Consistent with its hypothesized antigen sampling role, beads that have been translocated by this cell are rapidly transferred to cervical lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongshan Liu
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, 65211, USA
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154
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Ozaki A, Seki YI, Fukushima A, Kubo M. The control of allergic conjunctivitis by suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)3 and SOCS5 in a murine model. J Immunol 2005; 175:5489-97. [PMID: 16210657 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.5489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is a common allergic eye disease characterized by clinical symptoms such as itchiness, conjunctival congestion, elevated Ag-specific IgE, mast cell activation, and local eosinophil infiltration. In this study we established a murine model for Ag-induced AC to understand the pathogenesis of the disease. Cell transfer experiments indicated that AC can be divided into early and late phase responses (EPR and LPR). EPR was associated with IgE responses, leading to itchiness, whereas LPR was characterized by local eosinophil infiltration. Both EPR and LPR were significantly inhibited in STAT6-deficient mice, and adoptive transfer of Th2 cells reconstituted LPR. Furthermore, SOCS3 was highly expressed at the disease site, and T cell-specific expression of SOCS3 deteriorated clinical and pathological features of AC, indicating that Th2-mediated SOCS3 expression controls the development and persistence of AC. Reduction of the expression level in SOCS3 heterozygous mice or inhibition of function in dominant-negative SOCS3 transgenic mice clearly reduced the severity of AC. In contrast, constitutive expression of SOCS5, a specific inhibitor of IL-4 signaling, resulted in reduced eosinophil infiltration. These results suggest that negative regulation of the Th2-mediated response by dominant-negative SOCS3 and SOCS5 could be a target for therapeutic intervention in allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akemi Ozaki
- Laboratory for Signal Network, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN Yokohama Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
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155
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Fukushima A, Yamaguchi T, Ishida W, Fukata K, Mittler RS, Yagita H, Ueno H. Engagement of 4-1BB inhibits the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice. J Immunol 2005; 175:4897-903. [PMID: 16210591 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.8.4897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The 4-1BB receptor acts as a costimulator in CD8(+) T cell activation. Agonistic stimulation through this molecule by treatment with anti-4-1BB Abs has been demonstrated to inhibit various experimentally induced diseases in animals. However, the effect of anti-4-1BB Abs on experimental allergic diseases has not been reported. We investigated the effect of anti-4-1BB Abs on the development and progression of experimental allergic conjunctivitis in mice. To examine the effects of Abs during the induction or effector phase, actively immunized mice or passively immunized mice by splenocyte transfer were treated with agonistic anti-4-1BB Abs, blocking anti-4-1BB ligand Abs, or normal rat IgG. Eosinophil infiltration into the conjunctiva was significantly reduced in wild-type mice by the anti-4-1BB Ab treatment during either induction or effector phase. Th2 cytokine production by splenocytes and total serum IgE were significantly reduced by the anti-4-1BB Ab treatment, while IFN-gamma production was increased. The anti-4-1BB Ab treatment induced a relative increase of CD8-positive cell numbers in the spleens. Moreover, inhibition of eosinophil infiltration by the treatment with anti-4-1BB Abs was also noted in actively immunized IFN-gamma knockout mice. Taken altogether, in vivo treatment with agonistic anti-4-1BB Abs in either induction or effector phase inhibits the development of experimental allergic conjunctivitis, and this inhibition is likely to be mediated by suppression of Th2 immune responses rather than up-regulation of IFN-gamma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Conjunctiva/cytology
- Conjunctiva/immunology
- Conjunctivitis, Allergic/immunology
- Conjunctivitis, Allergic/metabolism
- Conjunctivitis, Allergic/prevention & control
- Eosinophils/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/agonists
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Fukushima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku-city, Japan.
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156
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Guenoun JM, Baudouin C, Rat P, Pauly A, Warnet JM, Brignole-Baudouin F. In Vitro Comparison of Cytoprotective and Antioxidative Effects of Latanoprost, Travoprost, and Bimatoprost on Conjunctiva-Derived Epithelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 46:4594-9. [PMID: 16303954 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-0776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In a previous study, it was demonstrated that in vitro in a human conjunctiva-derived cell line, latanoprost in its commercial presentation appeared to be less toxic than the benzalkonium chloride (BAC) it contains as a preservative. Through a microplate cytometry technique, the investigation was furthered by study of whether the three commercially available antiglaucoma prostaglandin analogs could protect the same cell line in vitro against BAC toxicity and whether an antioxidative mechanism could be involved in such prostaglandin effects. METHODS Human conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells from the Chang cell line were exposed to three prostaglandins in their commercial presentation (latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost) and to three concentrations of BAC (0.02%, 0.015%, and 0.005%), corresponding to the concentrations contained in the three prostaglandin eyedrops. Each solution was diluted to 1/10 and was applied for 30 minutes Cellular membrane integrity, cytosolic H2O2, cytosolic O2*- and apoptosis were evaluated using neutral red, H2DCF-DA, hydroethidine, and Yopro-1 probes, respectively. RESULTS Cellular viability decreased as BAC concentration increased, but it was accompanied by concentration-dependent toxicity. Toxicity of latanoprost and travoprost commercial solutions was statistically significantly lower than their respective BAC concentrations (P < 0.01), whereas bimatoprost induced no significant effects. There was a statistically significant decrease in H2O2 detection with cells exposed to latanoprost (P < 0.01) and travoprost (P < 0.01) and a lower detection of O2*- with cells exposed to latanoprost (P < 0.01) compared with the corresponding BAC concentration alone. The Yopro-1 test showed a BAC-induced apoptotic effect that increased with its concentration. Latanoprost and travoprost produced proapoptotic effects compared with control (P < 0.01), but these were lower than their respective preservative concentrations (statistically significant difference; P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Latanoprost and travoprost were responsible for significant protective effects against BAC toxicity on conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells in vitro, probably related to their antioxidative properties. The low toxicity of the bimatoprost solution did not reveal a possible antioxidative effect. Reduced reactive oxygen species production could be the main mechanism by which prostaglandin analogs protect epithelial cells from the proapoptotic effects of BAC. Further studies will be useful to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Guenoun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, Paris France
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157
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Li DQ, Luo L, Chen Z, Kim HS, Song XJ, Pflugfelder SC. JNK and ERK MAP kinases mediate induction of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-8 following hyperosmolar stress in human limbal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:588-96. [PMID: 16202406 PMCID: PMC2198933 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2005] [Revised: 08/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyperosmolarity has been recognized to be a pro-inflammatory stress to the corneal epithelium. The cell signalling pathways linking hyperosmolar stress and inflammation have not been well elucidated. This study investigated whether exposure of human limbal epithelial cells to hyperosmotic stress activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways and induces production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL) -1beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, and the C-X-C chemokine IL-8. Primary human limbal epithelial cultures in normal osmolar media (312 mOsM) were exposed to media with higher osmolarity (400-500 mOsM) by adding 50-90 mM NaCl, with or without SB202190, an inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) pathway, PD 98059, an inhibitor of extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, dexamethasone or doxycycline for different lengths of time. The conditioned media were collected after 24 hr of treatment for ELISA. Total RNA was extracted from cultures treated for 6 hr for semi-quantitative RT-PCR. Cells treated for 15-60 min were lysed in RIPA buffer and subjected to Western blot with phospho (p)-specific antibodies against p-JNK and p-ERK. The concentrations of IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-8 proteins in 24 hr conditioned media of limbal epithelial cells progressively increased as the media osmolarity increased from 312 to 500 mOsM. Active p-JNK-1/p-JNK-2 and p-ERK-1/p-ERK-2 were detected by Western blot and peaked at 60 min in cells exposed to hyperosmolar media. The levels of p-JNK-1/p-JNK-2 and p-ERK1/p-ERK2 were positively correlated with the medium osmolarity. SB202190, PD98059 and doxycycline markedly suppressed the levels of p-JNK-1/p-JNK-2 and/or p-ERK1/p-ERK2, as well as IL-1beta, TNF-alpha and IL-8 mRNAs and proteins stimulated by hyperosmolar media. These findings provide direct evidence that hyperosmolarity induces inflammation in human limbal epithelial cells by increasing expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, a process that appears to be mediated through activation of the JNK and ERK MAPK signalling pathways. The efficacy of doxycycline in treating ocular surface diseases may be due to its ability to suppress JNK and ERK signalling activation and inflammatory mediator production in the limbal epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Quan Li
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, NC-205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Lihui Luo
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, NC-205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhuo Chen
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, NC-205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hyun-Seung Kim
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, NC-205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, South Korea
| | - Xiu Jun Song
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, NC-205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, NC-205, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- * Corresponding author. Address: Dr. Stephen C. Pflugfelder, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, 6565 Fannin Street, NC-205, Houston, TX 77030, USA. E-mail address: (S.C. Pflugfelder)
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158
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Budak MT, Alpdogan OS, Zhou M, Lavker RM, Akinci MM, Wolosin JM. Ocular surface epithelia contain ABCG2-dependent side population cells exhibiting features associated with stem cells. J Cell Sci 2005; 118:1715-24. [PMID: 15811951 PMCID: PMC1237017 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When cell populations are incubated with the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342 and subjected to flow cytometry analysis for Hoechst 33342 emissions, active efflux of the dye by the ABCG2/BCRP1 transporter causes certain cells to appear as a segregated cohort, known as a side population (SP). Stem cells from several tissues have been shown to possess the SP phenotype. As the lack of specific surface markers has hindered the isolation and subsequent biochemical characterization of epithelial stem cells this study sought to determine the existence of SP cells and expression of ABCG2 in the epithelia of the ocular surface and evaluate whether such SP cells had features associated with epithelial stem cells. Human and rabbit limbal-corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells were incubated with Hoechst 33342, and analyzed and sorted by flow cytometry. Sorted cells were subjected to several tests to determine whether the isolated SP cells displayed features consistent with the stem cell phenotype. Side populations amounting to <1% of total cells, which were sensitive to the ABCG2-inhibitor fumitremorgin C, were found in the conjunctival and limbal epithelia, but were absent from the stem cell-free corneal epithelium. Immunohistochemistry was used to establish the spatial expression pattern of ABCG2. The antigen was detected in clusters of conjunctival and limbal epithelia basal cells but was not present in the corneal epithelium. SP cells were characterized by extremely low light side scattering and contained a high percentage of cells that: showed slow cycling prior to tissue collection; exhibited an initial delay in proliferation after culturing; and displayed clonogenic capacity and resistance to phorbol-induced differentiation; all features that are consistent with a stem cell phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat T. Budak
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Onder S. Alpdogan
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Mingyuan Zhou
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Robert M. Lavker
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- * Authors for correspondence (e-mail:
;
)
| | - M.A. Murat Akinci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - J. Mario Wolosin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
- * Authors for correspondence (e-mail:
;
)
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159
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Lu R, Ge J, Huang B, Huang DP, Gao N, Wei YT, Wang ZC, Peng Z. [Induction of epidermal stem cells of rhesus monkey into human conjunctival epithelial cells: an in vitro experiment]. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2005; 85:2554-8. [PMID: 16321302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the possibility of inducing the epidermal stem cells of rhesus monkey into human conjunctival epithelial cells and to investigate the plasticity of epidermal stem cells. METHODS Epidermal stem cells of rhesus monkey were cultured in vitro and separated with type IV collagen. The cells were analyzed before and after isolation with beta1 integrin and keratin 15 by flow cytometry. The separated stem cells were characterized with markers, beta1 integrin and keratin 15 by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. The stem cells were transfected by green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene. 24 hours later, the fluorescent cells were selected out and co-cultured with human conjunctival epithelial cells in Transwell for 10 days. Then the cells were characterized with the markers of beta1 integrin, keratin 15, mucin 4 and keratin 4 by immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS The purity of the separated epidermal stem cells was almost 90%, and all the cells were positive of beta1 integrin and keratin 15. After being transfected with GFP gene for 24 hours, the cells expressed green fluorescence. 10 days later, after co-culture with human conjunctival epithelial cells, the epidermal stem cells were positive of mucin 4 and keratin 4. CONCLUSION Epidermal stem cells of rhesus monkey can be induced into conjunctival epithelial cells in vitro by co-culturing with primary passage conjunctival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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160
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Santagati MG, La Terra Mulè S, Amico C, Pistone M, Rusciano D, Enea V. Lactoferrin Expression by Bovine Ocular Surface Epithelia: A Primary Cell Culture Model to Study Lactoferrin Gene Promoter Activity. Ophthalmic Res 2005; 37:270-8. [PMID: 16103737 DOI: 10.1159/000087372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2005] [Accepted: 05/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tear lactoferrin, mainly secreted by the lachrymal glands, exerts a protective effect on the ocular surface, and an abnormal decrease of its production may lead to an increased risk of infection and pathological alterations of ocular surface epithelia. In this study we analyzed whether corneal and conjunctival epithelia could be an additional source of tear lactoferrin, and whether conjunctival epithelial cells in culture could be a suitable model system to address regulation of lactoferrin gene expression. Real-time PCR and Western immunoblotting showed that in bovines lactoferrin is indeed produced by these epithelia, and that the human lactoferrin promoter can direct the expression of a CAT reporter gene, thus indicating that these cells are a true source of lactoferrin, and may be used in vitro to study the regulation of lactoferrin expression.
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161
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare Schirmer tear test (STT) values, corneal sensitivity, tear film break up times (TFBUTs), and tear glucose concentrations in relation to conjunctival microflora, and conjunctival cytologic and histologic findings among diabetic cataractous, nondiabetic cataractous, and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Procedures Fifteen dogs in each category underwent neuro-ophthalmic examination; aerobic, anaerobic and fungal conjunctival cultures; assessment of corneal touch threshold (CTT), STT, tear glucose, TFBUT; and conjunctival cytology and histology (in certain cases only). Degree of cataract and uveitis were critically graded. Glycemic control was estimated using serum fructosamine and glycosylated hemoglobin. RESULTS STT values were significantly lower in diabetic cataractous than nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. CTT of diabetic cataractous dogs was significantly lower than that of nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Mean TFBUTs were significantly less in diabetic cataractous dogs than nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Tear glucose concentrations were significantly higher in diabetic cataractous dogs than nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs. Conjunctival microbial isolates did not differ among groups. There were no significant differences in degree of cataract or uveitis between diabetic cataractous and nondiabetic cataractous groups. There was mild submucosal inflammatory infiltrate in conjunctival specimens from diabetic dogs. Conjunctival epithelial dysplasia and/or squamous metaplasia was/were detected in conjunctival biopsies of 5/7 diabetic dogs. Reductions in conjunctival goblet cell (GC) densities were noted in 4/7 diabetic dogs; there were no significant differences in mean GC densities among the three groups. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic cataractous dogs have significantly altered keratoconjunctival characteristics compared to nondiabetic cataractous and nondiabetic noncataractous dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Cullen
- Department of Companion Animals, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Avenue, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada C1A 4P3.
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162
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Xiao QG, Liu ZG, Zhang M, Zheng JL, Zhang ZH, Luo LH, Chen JQ. [Effect of doxycycline on inflammation-related cytokines and apoptosis in human conjunctival epithelial cells]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2005; 41:842-6. [PMID: 16191354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of doxycycline on the regulation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, CD54), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) and apoptosis in human conjunctival epithelial cells. METHODS Human primary conjunctival epithelial cells were isolated and cultured from donors and identified by immunohistochemistry. Cultured epithelial cells were treated with either 0 U/ml IFN-gamma, 300 U/ml IFN-gamma, 300 U/ml IFN-gamma with 10 microg/ml doxycycline, 300 U/ml IFN-gamma with 20 microg/ml doxycycline, 300 U/ml IFN-gamma with 40 microg/ml doxycycline or 300 U/ml IFN-gamma with 100 microg/ml dexamethasone for 24 hours. The amount of CD54, HLA-DR and IL-1beta was measured by flow cytometry and western blot analysis. Apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry after the cultured epithelial cells were treated for 72 hours. RESULTS Cultured conjunctival epithelial cells can express CD54 and IL-1beta. IFN-gamma increased the amount of CD54 and IL-1beta (P < 0.01). Doxycycline and dexamethasone inhibited the IFN-gamma induced increase of express of CD54 and IL-1beta of cultured conjunctival epithelial cells, and the inhibiting effect was dependent on the concentration of doxycycline (P < 0.01). Very little HLA-DR and apoptosis were detected before and after treatment with IFN-gamma. CONCLUSION Doxycycline can suppress the expression of inflammatory cytokine such as CD54 and IL-1beta, which suggests that doxycycline may be a potent drug for the treatment of ocular surface inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-guo Xiao
- Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Zhongshan University, Guangzhou 510060, China
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163
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Liu S, Chen L. Inhibitive effects of quercetin on rabbit tenon capsule fibroblasts proliferation. Yan Ke Xue Bao 2005; 21:175-8. [PMID: 17162857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the inhibitive effects of quercetin (QU) on the fibroblasts proliferation of rabbit Tenon's capsule and its mechanism. METHODS Cultured fibroblasts were exposed to different concentrations of QU solution and investigated by microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The effect of QU was observed on cells cycle using the flow cytometer. RESULTS QU can suppress the proliferation of rabbit Tenon's capsule fibroblasts in vitro and show a dose-time dependent tendency. Flow cytometer results showed 26.92% cell increase in G1 phase, 23.50% decrease in S phase and 3.42% decrease in G2 phase. CONCLUSIONS QU can suppress the proliferation of rabbit Tenon's capsule fibroblasts in vitro and show a dose-time dependent tendency. QU may effect all phase of cell cycle and inhibit cell proliferation by inhibiting G1 phase transitting to S phase and G2 phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
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164
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Gordon YJ, Huang LC, Romanowski EG, Yates KA, Proske RJ, McDermott AM. Human cathelicidin (LL-37), a multifunctional peptide, is expressed by ocular surface epithelia and has potent antibacterial and antiviral activity. Curr Eye Res 2005; 30:385-94. [PMID: 16020269 PMCID: PMC1497871 DOI: 10.1080/02713680590934111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study determined whether LL-37 (cathelicidin) is expressed by conjunctival and corneal epithelia as part of ocular host defense. The antimicrobial activity of LL-37 was also assessed in vitro against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA), Staphylococcus aureus (SA), Staphylococcus epidermidis (SE), herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), and adenovirus (Ad). METHODS Expression of LL-37/hCAP 18 mRNA and LL-37 protein was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunoblotting, respectively, in scraped human corneal epithelium and primary cultured human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. The EC50 values for three strains of PA and one each of SA and SE were determined for LL-37. LL-37 antiviral inhibition of HSV-1 and adenovirus was assessed by direct inactivation assays. Toxicity of LL-37 to A549 cells was evaluated by a MTT assay. RESULTS LL-37/hCAP18 mRNA and LL-37 peptide were expressed by human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Antibacterial activity for LL-37 was demonstrated (EC50 values for the three PA strains were 2.8 +/- 1.3, 1.9 +/- 0.3, and 3.6 +/- 2.1; for SA: 1.6 +/- 1.5; for SE: 1.3 +/- 1.9 microg/ml). LL-37 produced a significant reduction (p < 0.001 ANOVA) in HSV-1 and Ad19 viral titers with distinctly different time-kill curves (p < 0.001). LL-37 (up to 111 microM) produced no toxicity in A549 cells. CONCLUSIONS Corneal and conjunctival epithelia express LL-37 as part of mucosal innate immunity to protect against bacterial and viral ocular infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Jerold Gordon
- The Charles T. Campbell Ophthalmic Microbiology Laboratory, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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165
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Guenoun JM, Baudouin C, Rat P, Pauly A, Warnet JM, Brignole-Baudouin F. In vitro study of inflammatory potential and toxicity profile of latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost in conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46:2444-50. [PMID: 15980234 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-1331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Conjunctiva-derived epithelial cells were used to investigate, in vitro, the expression of various inflammation-associated markers known to be overexpressed in patients with glaucoma after contact with the three major commercially available eye drops containing prostaglandin analogues. The impact on cellular viability and apoptosis in the same cell line was evaluated, to address the possible proinflammatory and/or toxic origin of the most frequent clinical impairments induced by prostanoids (i.e., conjunctival hyperemia). METHODS Conjunctiva-derived cells were treated in vitro with the commercial solutions of latanoprost, travoprost, bimatoprost, prostaglandin (PG)F2alpha, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, and different concentrations of benzalkonium chloride (BAC). Expressions of three inflammation- and immune-related markers, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule (PECAM)-1 and HLA DR, were evaluated with flow cytometry after 24 to 72 hours of contact at low, subtoxic concentrations. Toxicological tests were also performed with cold-light cytofluorometry, in which cellular viability and apoptosis were evaluated with the neutral red and Hoechst/propidium iodide tests, respectively. RESULTS TNFalpha induced or stimulated expression of the three inflammatory markers, whereas the PGF2alpha, latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost solutions did not induce an increase in these markers and even produced a marked reduction of ICAM-1 and PECAM-1 expression in those solutions most concentrated in BAC, thus suggesting a toxic phenomenon in cellular membranes induced by the preservative rather than the medication itself. Cytotoxic assays confirmed this hypothesis and showed significant toxicity with prostaglandin analogues after prolonged contact, proportional to the concentration of BAC in the solution and similar to that of the corresponding concentration of BAC alone, bimatoprost having both the least concentration of BAC and the least cytotoxic in these experimental conditions. CONCLUSIONS The comparison of latanoprost, travoprost, and bimatoprost, in their commercial formulations, showed that none of them appeared to induce direct stimulation of the inflammatory pathways involving adhesion molecules or class II antigens, although these markers have been found ex vivo in conjunctival specimens from patients treated with prostaglandins. In fact, their toxicity was mild and seemed to be primarily related to the concentration of BAC, their common preservative, which may be the major factor responsible for long-term ocular surface reactions in patients receiving topical prostaglandins, but most likely is not a factor in early and transient conjunctival hyperemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Guenoun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, Paris, France
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166
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Santos MS, Gomes JAP, Hofling-Lima AL, Rizzo LV, Romano AC, Belfort R. Survival analysis of conjunctival limbal grafts and amniotic membrane transplantation in eyes with total limbal stem cell deficiency. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140:223-30. [PMID: 16023069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2004] [Revised: 03/02/2005] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the survival of conjunctival limbal grafts and amniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) for total limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) and the influence of several parameters as cause of LSCD, dry eye, keratinization, eyelid abnormalities, HLA compatibility, systemic immunosuppression, and keratoplasty (PKP) on surgical outcome. DESIGN Prospective, noncomparative, interventional case series. METHODS Thirty-three eyes of 31 patients with total LSCD that underwent conjunctival limbal grafts and AMT at the Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo were included in this study. Cumulative graft survival as well as the influence of several variables on surgical outcome was analyzed. RESULTS Ten eyes (30%) underwent conjunctival limbal autograft and 23 (70%) underwent conjunctival limbal allograft from living HLA-matched donor. Graft survival was seen in 13 eyes (40%) at 1 year and in 11 eyes (33.3%) at 2 years, with a cumulative survival of 33% after a mean follow-up time of 33 months. Increase in postoperative visual acuity was observed in 20 eyes (60.6%) during this period. Marked impact on graft survival was observed for patients with Stevens-Johnson syndrome, dry eye, keratinization, eyelid abnormalities, and allogeneic conjunctival limbal transplantation (independently of HLA compatibility) (P < .05). Preoperative dry eye was the most important prognostic parameter for surgical outcome (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS Conjunctival limbal grafts associated with AMT are useful for restoring corneal epithelium phenotype in eyes with total LSCD. However, the cumulative survival declines substantially over a 2-year period. Considering all investigated variables, dry eye was the most important prognostic parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrna S Santos
- Cornea and External Disease Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.
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167
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Dogru M, Tsubota K. Survival analysis of conjunctival limbal grafts and amniotic membrane transplantation in eyes with total limbal stem cell deficiency. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140:305-6. [PMID: 16086951 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2005.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2005] [Revised: 04/10/2005] [Accepted: 04/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the tear film qualitatively and conjunctival goblet cell numbers in cats with and without corneal sequestra. ANIMALS STUDIED AND PROCEDURES: This was a prospective evaluation of 11 cats with corneal sequestra and 14 control eyes that were either the contralateral normal eye when the sequestrum was unilateral or from control cats of similar age with no ocular disease. All cats in this study were examined by a veterinary ophthalmologist. The ophthalmic examinations included a neuro-ophthalmic evaluation, Schirmer tear tests, fluorescein staining, tear film break-up times, applanation tonometry, biomicroscopy, and indirect ophthalmoscopy. The palpebral conjunctiva at the dorsal nasal, ventral nasal, dorsal temporal and ventral temporal fornices were biopsied after topical anesthetic was applied to the cornea and conjunctiva. The conjunctival biopsies were fixed in formalin and sectioned routinely and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and periodic acid-Schiff. These slides were examined by light microscopy by a blinded examiner. Goblet cell numbers were compared to conjunctival basal epithelial cell numbers by region. The goblet cell numbers by region from the eyes with sequestra was statistically compared to those from eyes without sequestra, with a student's paired t-test. Conjunctival swabs were collected from the cats with corneal sequestra and submitted for polymerase chain reaction for Herpes felis, Chlamydia psiitticia, and Mycoplasma felis. The corneal sequestra were removed by surgical keratectomy and fixed and stained routinely, and examined by light microscopy. RESULTS No neurologic abnormalities were detected in any of the cats. The Schirmer tear tests (eyes with sequestra 14+/-5.1 mm/min; normal eyes 15+/-6.8 mm/min) and intraocular pressures (eyes with sequestra 21+/-6.6; normal eyes 22+/-5.8) were within normal reference ranges for cats. Biomicroscopic examinations revealed varied sizes and depths of brown- and amber-colored corneal sequestra. No abnormalities were noted on indirect ophthalmoscopic examinations. The tear film break-up time was 21 s (+/-12) for the normal eyes (n=14) and 14 s (+/-13) in eyes with corneal sequestra (n=11). The average goblet/epithelial cell ratios by region for the normal eyes and the eyes with sequestra respectively were 0.66, 0.56 for the dorsal nasal fornix, 0.68, 0.57 for the ventral nasal fornix, 0.63, 0.48 for the temporal dorsal fornix, and 0.55, 0.49 for the temporal ventral fornix. There were no significant differences in tear film break-up times and goblet cell numbers in eyes with corneal sequestra and those without sequestra. Three conjunctival swabs from two of 11 cats with sequestra were positive with PCR for Herpes felis virus. These included one cat with bilateral sequestra and one cat with unilateral corneal sequestrum. CONCLUSIONS The pathogenesis of feline corneal sequestra does not appear to be linked primarily to abnormal goblet cell numbers, qualitative tear film abnormalities, and accelerated tear film break-up time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce H Grahn
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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169
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Ang LPK, Tan DTH, Seah CJY, Beuerman RW. The use of human serum in supporting the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of human conjunctival epithelial cells. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:748-52. [PMID: 15923513 PMCID: PMC1772683 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.055046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the use of human serum (HS) in supporting the in vitro and in vivo proliferation of human conjunctival epithelial cells, and compare it with fetal bovine serum (FBS) and bovine pituitary extract (BPE). METHODS Conjunctival epithelial cells were cultivated in media supplemented with HS (5%, 10%), FBS (5%, 10%), and BPE (70 microg/ml, 140 microg/ml). The colony forming efficiency (CFE), bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) ELISA proliferation assay, and cell generations were analysed. Cells were evaluated for keratin (K4, K19, and K3) and MUC5AC expression by immunostaining and RT-PCR. Conjunctival equivalents constructed on amniotic membranes were transplanted onto severe combined immune deficient (SCID) mice for 10 days and analysed histologically. RESULTS The proliferation assays of HS supplemented cultures (CFE, 6.7% (SD 1.8%); BrdU absorbance, 0.86 (0.16)) were comparable to FBS supplemented (CFE, 9.3% (1.8%); BrdU absorbance, 1.11 (0.18)) and BPE supplemented cultures (CFE, 5.9 (1.5); BrdU absorbance, 0.65 (0.12)). Goblet cell densities for HS, FBS, and BPE supplemented media were 52 cells/cm(2), 60 cells/cm(2), and 50 cells/cm(2), respectively. HS supplemented cultures formed stratified epithelial sheets in vivo following transplantation. CONCLUSIONS The proliferative capacity of conjunctival epithelial cells cultivated in HS supplemented cultures was comparable to FBS and BPE supplemented cultures. The elimination of animal material from the culture system is advantageous when cultivating cells for clinical transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P K Ang
- Singapore National Eye Center, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, Singapore 168751.
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170
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Zhang H, Hara M, Seki K, Fukuda K, Nishida T. Eyelid fusion and epithelial differentiation at the ocular surface during mouse embryonic development. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2005; 49:195-204. [PMID: 15944823 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-004-0189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2004] [Accepted: 11/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate epithelial differentiation at the ocular surface of the developing mouse eye by examining temporal and spatial changes in the expression of specific keratins. METHODS Ocular tissues, including the entire eyeball, conjunctiva, and eyelid, of mouse embryos at embryonic day (E) 12.5 to E18.5 as well as of adult mice were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and by immunohistochemistry with antibodies to keratins K4, K10, K12, and K14. RESULTS Hematoxylin-eosin staining revealed that eyelid fusion occurred at E17.5. Keratin immunohistochemistry demonstrated that: (1) K4 was expressed before K12, which in turn was expressed before K10; (2) expression of K4, K12, and K14 was spatially heterogeneous in the epithelia of the eyelid invaginations before eyelid fusion, but thereafter was continuous and homogeneous in the entire conjunctival epithelium, corneal epithelium, and basal cell layer of the surface epithelia, respectively; and (3) K10 immunoreactivity was not detected before eyelid fusion but was apparent in the epidermis of the eyelid thereafter. CONCLUSIONS Eyelid fusion is a critical period for differentiation of the ocular surface ectoderm into the epithelia of the conjunctiva, cornea, and eyelid skin. The conjunctival epithelium differentiates before the corneal epithelium, which in turn differentiates before the eyelid epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition and Ophthalmology, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube, Japan
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171
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Krzyzowska M, Polanczyk M, Bas M, Cymerys J, Schollenberger A, Chiodi F, Niemialtowski M. Mousepox conjunctivitis: the role of Fas/FasL-mediated apoptosis of epithelial cells in virus dissemination. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:2007-2018. [PMID: 15958680 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BALB/c mice infected with the Moscow strain of Ectromelia virus (ECTV-MOS) show a large number of apoptotic cells, and an influx of lymphoid cells in the epithelium and substantia propria of conjunctivae, respectively. The presence of ECTV-MOS antigens in the epithelium of conjunctivae significantly upregulates Fas in the epithelial layer and FasL in the suprabasal layer of conjunctiva. Inhibition of FasL with blocking antibodies in cultures of conjunctival cells isolated from ECTV-MOS-infected BALB/c mice showed that the Fas/FasL pathway is important in apoptosis of ECTV-MOS-infected cells. The results also showed that the presence of cytokines, in particular interferon (IFN)-γ, upregulated expression of Fas. Interleukin (IL) 2, 4, 10 and IFN-γ were produced at the peak of conjunctivitis (at day 15 of infection) with a predominance of IFN-γ and a small, but significant, production of IL4 and IL10 compared with non-infected animals. These results suggest that not only is Fas/FasL expression in conjunctiva involved in elimination of migrating Fas+ cells but also plays an important role in the turnover of conjunctival epithelium and thus may be crucial for ECTV spreading to the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Krzyzowska
- Immunology Laboratory, Division of Virology, Mycology and Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Polanczyk
- Department of Neuroimmunology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR 97201, USA
- Immunology Laboratory, Division of Virology, Mycology and Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Bas
- Immunology Laboratory, Division of Virology, Mycology and Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Cymerys
- Immunology Laboratory, Division of Virology, Mycology and Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ada Schollenberger
- Immunology Laboratory, Division of Virology, Mycology and Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marek Niemialtowski
- Immunology Laboratory, Division of Virology, Mycology and Immunology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw Agricultural University, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
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172
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Chen YH, Sun XH. [Effects of latanoprost eye drops on the proliferation of human Tenon's fibroblasts in tissue culture]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2005; 41:620-4. [PMID: 16080897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe whether there is a direct effect of latanoprost eye drops on the proliferation of cultured human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (HTCFs) in vitro. METHODS Human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts were cultured in vitro. Latanoprost eye drops was serially diluted in order to make nine concentrations ranging from 5.00 microg/ml, 0.50 microg/ml, 0.05 microg/ml to 5 x 10(-8) microg/ml. Fibroblasts growth was evaluated with MTT assay. Morphological changes were observed under phase contrast microscope. RESULTS Majority of cultured human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts was dead at the concentration of Latanoprost (5 microg/ml), the A values were significantly decreased (P < 0.01). There were no significant changes of the A values (P > 0.05) in lower concentration (under 0.05 microg/ml) compared with control. there was no statistical difference in proliferation of HTCFs after latanoprost treatment for 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours. CONCLUSIONS Latanoprost has the toxic effect on the fibroblast at higher concentrations, but there is no influence on the proliferation of HTCFs at the lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hong Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200031, China
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173
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Ang LPK, Tan DTH. Autologous cultivated conjunctival transplantation for recurrent viral papillomata. Am J Ophthalmol 2005; 140:136-8. [PMID: 16038659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2004.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Accepted: 12/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the use of an autologous serum-free derived cultivated conjunctival epithelial equivalent in the treatment of extensive recurrent viral papillomata. DESIGN Interventional case report. METHODS A 10-year-old child with extensive recurrent viral papillomata involving the superior and inferior tarsal, forniceal, and bulbar conjunctiva underwent surgical excision of all diseased areas and double freeze-thaw cryotherapy. Autologous serum-free cultivated conjunctival equivalents were used to reconstruct the ocular surface and conjunctival fornices. RESULTS Almost complete epithelialization was achieved within 5 days postoperatively. A good cosmetic and functional result was obtained, and no recurrences or cicatricial complications developed during 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSION Transplantation of autologous cultivated conjunctiva was effectively used in the reconstruction of the ocular surface after extensive excision of recurrent viral papillomata. This modality of treatment may be useful in the treatment of ocular surface disorders in which extensive conjunctival and fornix reconstruction is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard P K Ang
- Singapore National Eye Centre and Department of Ophthalmology, National University of Singapore
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174
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether the expression of apoptosis-related genes in normal conjunctival epithelial cells is age-related (as a prerequisite to assessing whether dysregulation of apoptosis may be involved during degenerative diseases). METHODS Differential expression of apoptosis-related genes (e.g. apoptosis protease-activating factor 1 [Apaf-1]; caspases [casp] 3, 5, 8 and 9; Bad, Bax, Bcl-2, Bim, c-myc, Bag-1, as well as p53) was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Samples were obtained from impression cytology (IC) specimens taken from 50 healthy subjects. Group A comprised 27 subjects aged 19-32 years and group B included 23 subjects aged 53-84 years. RESULTS Reverse transcription-PCR revealed the detection of apoptosis-related m-RNAs as follows (group A compared to group B): Apaf-1 0%/0%; Bcl-2 0%/35%; Bim 0%/9%; Bag-1 0%/9%; p53 0%/4%; casp-3 11%/52%; casp-5 59%/48%; casp-8 44%/22%; casp-9 4%/9%; Bax 81%/52%; Bad 96%/56%, and c-myc 89%/96%. CONCLUSION The data show an age-related expression of apoptosis-related genes such as casp-3, Bad, Bax and Bcl-2 in normal conjunctival cells. These results provide basic information which will help us understand the expression pattern of apoptotic genes during physiological ageing of the conjunctiva and the possible dysregulation of apoptotic genes during acute and chronic diseases such as dry eye disease, allergic conjunctivitis or cicatrizing conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Giebel
- Institute of Anatomy, Ernst Moritz Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany
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175
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Asano-Kato N, Fukagawa K, Okada N, Kawakita T, Takano Y, Dogru M, Tsubota K, Fujishima H. TGF-beta1, IL-1beta, and Th2 cytokines stimulate vascular endothelial growth factor production from conjunctival fibroblasts. Exp Eye Res 2005; 80:555-60. [PMID: 15781283 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Giant papillary formation containing newly formed vessels is a major characteristic of severe allergic conjunctivitis, such as atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) or vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). We examined production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) from cultured conjunctival fibroblasts from normal volunteers under stimulation with type 1-, type 2-helper T cell derived and proinflammatory cytokines to investigate the mechanism of giant papillae formation in AKC/VKC. Primary cultured conjunctival fibroblasts were incubated with interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, IL-1beta, IL-2, tumor necrotizing factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, or transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1. Effects of cytokines on VEGF protein secretion in supernatant were assessed by ELISA, and VEGF mRNA expression in cultured cells were assessed by quantitative PCR. TGF-beta1 most effectively increased VEGF concentration with dose- and time-dependent manner IL-1beta, IL-4, and IL-13 significantly increased VEGF concentration. Though IL-2 also showed slight increase of VEGF concentration, it was not statistically significant. TNF-alpha and INF-gamma did not increase VEGF concentration. Quantitative PCR showed significant increase of VEGF mRNA in TGF-beta1, IL-1beta, and IL-4 stimulated fibroblasts. TGF-beta1, IL-1beta, and Th2 cytokines from allergic inflammatory cells induced VEGF production in conjunctival fibroblasts, and may play a crucial role in neovascularization and formation of giant papillae in AKC/VKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Asano-Kato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, Sugano 5-11-13, Ichikawa, Chiba 272-8513, Japan.
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176
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Meagher CK, Liu H, Moore CP, Phillips TE. Conjunctival M cells selectively bind and translocate Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin. Exp Eye Res 2005; 80:545-53. [PMID: 15781282 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2004] [Revised: 11/01/2004] [Accepted: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antigen-sampling M cells are found in the follicle-associated epithelium above organized lymphoid tissue in many mucosae. They play a key role in initiating the mucosal immune response and act as a site of entry for opportunistic pathogens. This study investigates the presence of M cells in the Guinea pig conjunctiva. Maackia amurensis leukoagglutinin I and II (MAL-I and MAL-II) were identified as potential conjunctival M cell markers based on a screening of 12 lectins and 5 carbohydrate epitope antibodies on aldehyde-fixed follicles. Biotinylated or fluorescein-conjugated MAL-I was then instilled into conjunctival sacs in vivo for 15-60 min. Specimens were assessed by epi-fluorescence stereomicroscopy, confocal scanning laser microscopy and transmission and scanning electron microscopy (TEM and SEM). Selective labelling of a subset of epithelial cells overlying lymphoid follicles was observed following in vivo exposure to MAL-I. MAL-I labelling was restricted to cells with sparse, irregular microvilli. Cells preferentially labelled with MAL-I were found to internalize the lectin during a 60 min in vivo exposure. MAL-I was transcytosed to basolateral membranes of cells filled with intracellular vesicles during a 45 min in vivo incubation. This study demonstrates that the Guinea pig conjunctiva contains a cell with morphological and functional characteristics of antigen-sampling M cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carisa K Meagher
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, 3 Tucker Hall, Columbia, MO, USA.
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177
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Micera A, Puxeddu I, Lambiase A, Antonelli A, Bonini S, Bonini S, Aloe L, Pe'er J, Levi-Schaffer F. The pro-fibrogenic effect of nerve growth factor on conjunctival fibroblasts is mediated by transforming growth factor-beta. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:650-6. [PMID: 15898989 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2005.02241.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nerve growth factor (NGF) and nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) expressions have been found to be increased in sub-conjunctival scarring. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of NGF on some pro-fibrogenic properties of human conjunctival fibroblasts. METHODS Expression of NGF, trkA(NGFR) and p75NTR on human fibroblasts grown from conjunctival biopsies and incubated for 2 or 6 days with NGF were evaluated by immunofluorescence, RT-PCR, flow cytometry and ELISA. The fibrogenic effect of NGF on conjunctival fibroblasts was investigated by evaluating their migration (wound model), proliferation ([3H]-thymidine incorporation), collagen production (3H]-proline incorporation), expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) (cell surface ELISA) and contraction of 3D collagen gels. RESULTS NGF induced the expression of p75NTR in the fibroblasts that constitutively expressed only trkA(NGF) and increased the migration of wounded fibroblasts, but not their proliferation and collagen production. NGF induced the conversion of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts expressing alpha-SMA, and enhanced their contraction of a collagen matrix. Interestingly, chronic NGF treatment induced transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) production by fibroblasts, and following specific TGF-beta neutralization, all the NGF-induced effects were completely abrogated. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that NGF, via TGF-beta induction, is likely to be involved in the healing or fibrotic processes occurring in conjunctiva during some pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Micera
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Xu DD, Li RM, Lian L, Liu XP. [Modulation of cell proliferation and collagen synthesis of porcine Tenon's fibroblasts by extracts of lens and vitreous with treatment of dexamethasone]. Zhonghua Yan Ke Za Zhi 2005; 41:443-8. [PMID: 15938811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the effects of lens extract (LE), vitreous extract (VE) and dexamethasone on the modulating of the proliferation and collagen synthesis of Tenon's capsule fibroblast. METHODS Cell proliferation and collagen synthesis of Tenon's fibroblast were measured using MTT and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction techniques in the presence or absence of LE, VE, or dexamethasone, respectively. RESULTS The growth of Tenon's fibroblasts was stimulated by LE and VE in dose and time-dependent manners. Dexamethasone significantly inhibited the proliferation of the cells either in the presence or absence of LE and VE. Similarly, LE and VE significantly stimulated the collagen synthesis of the cells. However, dexamethasone showed no significant effect on the LE or VE-enhanced collagen synthesis of the cells. CONCLUSION These results suggested that there might be some ingredients in LE or VE that could stimulate the cell proliferation and collagen synthesis of Tenon's capsule fibroblasts. These ingredients, if released, may affect the success rate of filtration surgery for glaucoma. The application of glucocorticoid itself might not be sufficient to retard the scar formation following the filtering surgery in refractory glaucoma after cataract surgery or vitrectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-dong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Eye Research Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China.
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179
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Paladino G, Marino C, La Terra Mulè S, Civiale C, Rusciano D, Enea V. Cytokeratin expression in primary epithelial cell culture from bovine conjunctiva. Tissue Cell 2005; 36:323-32. [PMID: 15385149 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 05/07/2004] [Accepted: 05/17/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aim of the present study is to extend our previous observations on a model of primary epithelial cell culture obtained from bovine conjunctiva, and analyse the maintenance of the conjunctival phenotype, relative to cytokeratin (CK) expression, through extended periods of cultivation under different conditions. Conjunctival epithelial cells were grown in transwell filters, and cultured either under liquid covered (LC), or air-interface (AI) conditions. The physiological state of the cells was monitored daily by measurement of the trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER). Analysis of cytokeratin expression was then carried out at different time points (up until 14 days), and compared to the original profile of the conjunctival tissue in order to assess deviations from the primitive phenotype. Immunodetection studies, carried out by both western immunoblot and immunofluorescence analyses, revealed constant expression of the pan-epithelial marker AE3 (recognizing basic type cytokeratins), confirming the epithelial nature of the culture. Other cytokeratins characteristic of non-keratinized stratified epithelia (CK4 and CK13) were absent in corneal tissue, while in conjunctival epithelial cells were more expressed under AI than under LC culture conditions. Expression of CK12, a specific marker of corneal tissue, revealed by the antibody AE5, was never observed in conjunctival epithelial cells. These results indicate that the conjunctival phenotype is conserved during extended periods of culturing, making this system a reliable substitute of conjunctival tissue for pharmaceutical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Paladino
- Research and Development Department, SIFI SpA, Via E. Patti 36, 95020 Lavinaio (Catania), Italy
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180
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Johnson KTM, Rödicker F, Heise K, Heinz C, Steuhl KP, Pützer BM, Hudde T. Adenoviral p53 gene transfer inhibits human Tenon's capsule fibroblast proliferation. Br J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:508-12. [PMID: 15774934 PMCID: PMC1772611 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2004.051664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Although antiproliferative drugs have been used successfully to prevent scarring after filtration surgery in patients with glaucoma, complications associated with their use (such as hypotony or endophthalmitis) energise the search for an alternative treatment. Single application of beta radiation leads to long term growth arrest and expression of p53 in human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (hTf). The authors assume that the activation of p53 is one of the cellular triggers. Their aim was to analyse the effect of p53 overexpression on hTf and to determine which pathways are involved. METHODS A recombinant adenoviral vector (rAd.p53) containing transgenes encoding for human p53 and green fluorescent protein (GFP) was used to induce overexpression of p53 in hTF and a control vector (rAd.GFP). Transgene expression was detected by western blot (p53 and p21WAF-1/Cip1). Cell proliferation and viability were investigated using cell counts, 5'-bromodeoxyuridine incorporation (BrdU assay) and tetrazolium reduction (MTT assay). RESULTS Infection of hTf with rAd.p53 resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and metabolic activity in vitro. Western blot showed increased levels of p53 and p21WAF-1/Cip1 in rAd.p53 infected cells, but not in rAd.GFP and uninfected cells. Apoptosis was excluded with flow cytometry. CONCLUSIONS Adenoviral p53 gene transfer leads to significant growth inhibition in hTf. P53 induces p21(WAF-1/Cip1) expression and does not cause apoptosis in hTf in vitro. p53 as an antiproliferative drug has the potential to replace mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil in glaucoma surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T M Johnson
- Zentrum für Augenheilkunde, Abteilung für Erkrankungen des vorderen Augenabschnitts, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether conjunctival lymphoid follicles are preferential sites for uptake of foreign material in the preocular tear film. METHODS Iron oxide suspension was applied to the eyes of New Zealand white rabbits for selected times, and the conjunctiva was examined histochemically for the presence of iron. RESULTS Iron was observed by histochemical staining within conjunctival follicle-associated epithelium at 1 hour and deep within the follicles at 4 hours after exposure. Iron was not seen within nonfollicular conjunctival epithelium or underlying substantia propria at any time after iron oxide application. CONCLUSIONS Iron oxide in the preocular tear film is taken up preferentially by conjunctival lymphoid tissue, supporting the hypothesis that mammalian conjunctival lymphoid follicles may participate in the acquired immune response to pathogens in the preocular tear film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger A Astley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Molecular Pathogenesis of Eye Infection Research Center, Dean A. McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the safety and efficacy of autologous cultivated conjunctival transplantation for the treatment of primary pterygium. DESIGN Prospective nonrandomized clinical trial. METHODS Forty patients with primary pterygium were recruited. Excision of the pterygium was followed by reconstruction using a serum-free derived autologous cultivated conjunctival equivalent in 22 patients (group A) and conventional denuded amniotic membrane transplantation in 18 patients (group B). In group A patients, conjunctival epithelial equivalents were constructed by the ex vivo expansion of conjunctival epithelial cells on human amniotic membranes (HAM). The main outcome measures were conjunctival epithelialization, recurrence, survival analysis, and incidence of complications. RESULTS The mean follow-up was 14.1 +/- 3.9 months (range, 12 to 25 months). Complete epithelialization was achieved within five days after surgery in group A patients compared with approximately three weeks for group B patients. The proportion of patients that had true recurrences was 22.7% in group A and 25.0% in group B. The mean time to recurrence was 4.8 +/- 1.6 months in group A and 5.0 +/- 2.9 months in group B. No ocular complications were noted in group A, while one eye (6.0%) in group B developed scleral necrosis associated with a persistent epithelial defect. CONCLUSIONS Transplantation of an autologous cultivated conjunctival epithelial sheet facilitated early postoperative epithelialization and recovery, and may aid in preventing serious complications associated with simple denuded HAM transplantation, such as scleral necrosis and secondary infection. This may provide a novel method for conjunctival epithelial replacement in the treatment of ocular surface disorders.
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183
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Leonardi A, Brun P, Sartori MT, Cortivo R, Dedominicis C, Saggiorato G, Abatangelo G, Secchi AG. Urokinase Plasminogen Activator, uPa Receptor, and Its Inhibitor in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 46:1364-70. [PMID: 15790903 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Plasminogen activators play a role, not only in fibrinolysis but also in events such as chemotaxis, collagen degradation, and cell spreading. The serine protease urokinase (uPA) is a potent chemoattractant for leukocytes that may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe forms of allergic conjunctivitis such as vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC). METHODS Tear and peripheral blood samples were obtained from 20 patients with active VKC and from 19 normal subjects who formed the control group. Levels of plasminogen activity, uPA, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and their inhibitor, plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1) were measured in tears and plasma of patients with VKC. The presence of tPA, uPA, and urokinase receptor (uPAR) in conjunctival tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 expression and production were measured in conjunctival epithelial cell and fibroblast cultures treated with cytokines. RESULTS Tear levels of uPA and tPA and tear plasminogen activity levels were significantly greater in patients with VKC than in control subjects. Increased staining for uPA and uPAR was found in VKC tissues compared with normal conjunctiva. Both conjunctival epithelial cells and fibroblasts demonstrated an increased expression of uPAR after exposure to IL-4 or -13, whereas uPA was highly expressed by epithelial cells exposed to IL-4. PAI-1 levels in culture medium were increased in IL-4-exposed epithelial cells compared to nonstimulated cells and were decreased in fibroblast culture. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of fibrinolytic system components and imbalance between plasminogen activators and PAI may be involved in the pathogenesis of severe allergic conjunctivitis, thus contributing to inflammatory cell migration and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Leonardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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184
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Abstract
Ocular allergy includes several clinical subtypes ranging from the mild seasonal allergic conjunctivitis to the potentially sight-threatening atopic keratoconjunctivitis. Current therapies, particularly for the severe forms of disease, need to be more localized and with fewer side effects. For this to be achieved, it requires a better understanding of the basic mechanisms involved. In this chapter, recent findings are discussed that suggest that it is important to take an integrated approach, including both immune and structural elements of the eye. This provides potential new strategies for therapy, addressing the influence of structural cells in disease. These might influence the immune processes that take place and, as the structural cells are precisely localized, topical application is likely to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia L Calder
- Division of Clinical Ophthalmology, Institute of Ophthalmology, UCL, 11/43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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185
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Berry M, Radburn-Smith M. Conjunctiva organ and cell culture. Methods Mol Med 2005; 107:325-41. [PMID: 15492383 DOI: 10.1385/1-59259-861-7:325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Berry
- Division of Ophthalmology, Bristol Eye Hospital, University of Bristol, UK
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186
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Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the binding and uptake pattern of three plant lectins in rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells (RCECs) with respect to their potential for enhancing cellular macromolecular uptake. METHODS Three fluorescein-labeled plant lectins (Lycoperison esculentum, TL; Solanum tuberosum, STL; and Ulex europaeus 1, UEA-1) were screened with respect to time-, concentration-, and temperature-dependent binding and uptake. Chitin (30 mg/ml) and L-alpha-fucose (10 mM) were used as inhibitory sugars to correct for nonspecific binding of TL or STL and UEA-1, respectively. Confocal microscopy was used to confirm internalization of STL. RESULTS The binding and uptake of all three lectins in RCECs was time-dependent (reaching a plateau at 1-2 h period) and saturable at 1-h period. The rank order of affinity constants (km) was STL>TL>UEA-1 with values of 0.39>0.48>4.81 microM, respectively. However, maximal, specific binding/uptake potential was in the order UEA-1>STL>TL with values of 53.7, 52.3, and 15.0 nM/mg of cell protein, respectively. Lectins showed temperature dependence in their uptake, with STL exhibiting the highest endocytic capacity. Internalized STL was visualized by confocal microscopy to be localized to the cell membrane and cytoplasm. CONCLUSION Based on favorable binding and uptake characteristics, potato lectin appears to be a useful candidate for further investigation as an ocular drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Qaddoumi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
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187
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Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effect of intramuscular cyclosporine A (CsA) and amniotic membrane (AM) on conjunctival limbal allograft survival in a rabbit model. METHODS Eighty-two female rabbits (59 New Zealand white rabbits, 23 Dutch pigmented rabbits) were used. The New Zealand white rabbits were divided into 4 treatment groups: group 1 (n=13), conjunctival limbal autograft transplantation; group 2 (n=12), conjunctival limbal allograft transplantation without additional treatment; group 3 (n=18), conjunctival limbal allograft transplantation and human AM; and group 4 (n=16), conjunctival limbal allograft transplantation and systemic CsA (10 mg/kg/day intramuscularly). The 23 Dutch pigmented rabbits were used as limbal stem cell allograft donors. The rejection index, the mean survival time, and the rejection rates were calculated for each group. RESULTS After 28 days of follow-up, there were no episodes of limbal rejection in groups 1 and 4, whereas the rejection rate was 100% in groups 2 and 3. There was no significant difference in mean survival time of the rejected grafts between groups 2 and 3. CONCLUSIONS A model of rejection of conjunctival limbal transplantation was developed in the rabbit. Intramuscularly injected CsA effectively prevents limbal allograft rejection. Human AM is not useful for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Dios
- Instituto de Oftalmobiología Aplicada, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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188
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Fujitsu Y, Fukuda K, Kimura K, Seki K, Kumagai N, Nishida T. Protection of Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts from NO-Induced Apoptosis by Interleukin-4 or Interleukin-13. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 46:797-802. [PMID: 15728533 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the possible roles of T helper type 2 (Th2) cell-derived cytokines in formation of the giant papillae characteristic in individuals with vernal keratoconjunctivitis, the effects of these cytokines on the proliferation and apoptosis of cultured human conjunctival fibroblasts were investigated. METHODS Apoptosis was induced by the NO donor sodium nitroprusside. Cell viability was determined by measurement of mitochondrial metabolic activity, and apoptotic cells were identified on the basis either of nuclear morphology after staining with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole or of TUNEL staining. The activation of antiapoptotic signaling mediated by the protein kinase Akt was assessed by immunoblot analysis and by an in vitro kinase assay. Expression of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 receptor subunits was examined by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction analysis and by flow cytometry. RESULTS IL-4 and IL-13, but not IL-5, IL-9, or IL-10, induced the proliferation of conjunctival fibroblasts as well as protecting these cells from NO-induced apoptosis. Both IL-4 and IL-13 induced the phosphorylation of Akt and increased the kinase activity of this enzyme in a manner that was sensitive to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors LY294002 or wortmannin. These inhibitors also blocked the antiapoptotic effects of IL-4 and IL-13. Transcripts encoding IL-4 and IL-13 receptor components were detected in conjunctival fibroblasts, and the proteins were expressed at the cell surface. CONCLUSIONS Among the various Th2 cytokines tested, only IL-4 and IL-13 induced the proliferation of human conjunctival fibroblasts and protected these cells from apoptosis. These effects may contribute to the formation of giant papillae in individuals with vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youichiro Fujitsu
- Department of Biomolecular Recognition, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, Ube City, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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189
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Levin MH, Verkman AS. Aquaporin-dependent water permeation at the mouse ocular surface: in vivo microfluorimetric measurements in cornea and conjunctiva. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 45:4423-32. [PMID: 15557451 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.04-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Fluorescence methods were developed to quantify membrane and tissue water permeabilities at the ocular surface and to compare water transport in wild-type mice versus transgenic mice lacking each of the water channels, aquaporin (AQP)-1, -3, and -5, normally expressed in cornea or conjunctiva. METHODS Membrane water permeabilities (P(f)(mem)) of calcein-stained surface epithelial cells were measured from the kinetics of fluorescence quenching in response to rapid (<0.2 seconds) changes in extraocular fluid osmolarity. Tissue water permeabilities (P(f)(tiss)) across intact cornea and conjunctiva--the relevant parameters describing water movement into the hyperosmolar tear film in vivo--were determined by a dye-dilution method from the fluorescence of Texas red-dextran in an anisosmolar solution in a microchamber at the ocular surface. RESULTS Osmotic equilibration occurred with an exponential time constant (tau) of 1.3 +/- 0.2 seconds (P(f)(mem) = 0.045 cm/s) in calcein-loaded corneal epithelial cells of wild-type mice, slowing 2.1 +/- 0.4-fold in AQP5-deficient mice; tau was 2.4 +/- 0.1 seconds in conjunctiva (P(f)(mem) = 0.025 cm/s), slowing 3.6 +/- 0.7-fold in AQP3-deficient mice. In dye-dilution experiments, P(f)(tiss) of cornea was 0.0017 cm/s and decreased by greater than fivefold in AQP5-deficient mice. P(f)(tiss) in AQP5-null mice was restored to 0.0015 cm/s after removal of the epithelium. P(f)(tiss) of conjunctiva was 0.0011 cm/s and was not sensitive to AQP3 deletion. CONCLUSIONS These results define for the first time the water-transporting properties of the two principal ocular surface barriers in vivo. The permeability data were incorporated into a mathematical model of tear film osmolarity, providing insights into the pathophysiology of dry eye disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Levin
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0521, USA
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190
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Odintsova NF. [Twenty-four hour blood pressure monitoring and condition of microcirculation in geriatric patients with hypertension]. Adv Gerontol 2005; 16:110-3. [PMID: 16075687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Features of a daily structure of blood pressure elderly patients with isolated systolic or systolo-diastolic essential hypertension are shown, features of microcirculation in conjunctivae vessels are revealed depending on essential hypertension from, attempt to estimate daily average parameters of blood pressure elderly patients with isolated systolic or systolo-diastolic essential hypertension is made.
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191
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Massaro-Giordano M, Marshall CM, Lavker RM, Jensen PJ, Risse Marsh BC. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) is present in normal human conjunctiva. J Cell Physiol 2005; 205:295-301. [PMID: 15887231 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.20398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to characterize plasminogen activator inhibitor type 2 (PAI-2) expression in normal human conjunctiva in vivo and in vitro. PAI-2 antigen was assayed by immunostaining and immunoblotting of extracts from normal human conjunctival epithelial lysates and conditioned media (CM) of cultured human conjunctival keratinocytes. Immunostaining of normal human conjunctival epithelia revealed that PAI-2 was found consistently in the superficial keratinocytes and, in some biopsies, also in the lower keratinocyte layers. In all cases, PAI-2 was concentrated around the cell periphery. In extracts of conjunctival epithelia and cultured conjunctival keratinocytes, PAI-2 had an apparent molecular weight of 45 kDa, consistent with the non-glycosylated form. The majority of PAI-2, approximately 90%, was cell associated, however, a small percentage of PAI-2 was released into the CM in a linear manner with time. PAI-2 in the conditioned medium had a higher molecular weight, consistent with a glycosylated form. Conjunctival PAI-2 was active, as shown by its ability to complex with a target enzyme, urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA). Although PAI-2 was detectable both in monolayer (i.e., relatively undifferentiated) conjunctival keratinocyte cultures as well as in stratified (i.e., more differentiated) cultures, steady state levels of PAI-2 were greater in the latter. PAI-2 is constitutively expressed by normal human conjunctival epithelial cells. The expression of PAI-2 throughout all epithelial layers in some biopsies of conjunctiva in vivo contrasts with the previously established distribution of PAI-2 in corneal epithelia, where it is present exclusively in the most superficial (i.e. most highly differentiated) cells. The role of PAI-2 in either tissue is unclear. However, we speculate that its distinct distribution in conjunctival versus corneal epithelia underscores inherent differences between these tissues, and may reflect specific functions of this proteinase inhibitor in both conjunctival and corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Massaro-Giordano
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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192
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Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the distribution of epithelial stem cells in the bulbar conjunctiva by measuring homeostatic movements and mitosis of epithelial cells in this region. METHODS The ubiquitous GFP mouse was used to monitor movement of conjunctival epithelial cells. Cell movement was determined by histology, analyzing the shape and distribution of GFP cell clusters in flat wholemount specimens, and by in vivo time-lapse microscopy, tracking the movement of GFP-positive cells in the bulbar conjunctiva near the limbus. Mitoses were determined by labeling DNA of adult mice with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) for 3 days. Label-retaining cells (LRCs) were determined by a pulse label of newborn mice with BrdU, followed by a chase of 6 to 7 weeks. RESULTS Similar to the corneal epithelium, only some of the conjunctival epithelial cells expressed a high level of GFP. Histology showed that GFP-positive cells existed as clusters of several to several dozen cells. No stripe pattern of GFP was observed in any part of the conjunctiva, suggesting that directed cell movement was rare or nonexistent. Time-lapse analyses revealed that none of the tracked GFP clusters exhibited a continuous and directed movement and that most GFP clusters were stationary for several weeks and much longer in some occasions. BrdU labeling showed that GFP-positive cells in this region were mitotically active. BrdU pulse-chase experiments demonstrated that LRCs were distributed uniformly in this region. CONCLUSIONS Epithelial cells of the bulbar conjunctiva near the limbus are mitotically active and yet they are generally immobile in a lateral direction, indicating that these cells are self-sufficient. These results, combined with the uniform distribution of LRCs, suggest that epithelial stem cells are distributed uniformly in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Nagasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, USA.
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193
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Mrugacz M, Zywalewska N. [HLA-DR antigen expression on conjunctival epithelial cells in patients with dry eye]. Klin Oczna 2005; 107:278-9. [PMID: 16118938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of HLA-DR antigen on conjunctival epithelial cells from patients with dry eye. MATERIAL AND METHODS Ophthalmic examination and dry eye diagnostic tests were performed. Impression cytology specimens were collected in thirty patients with dry eye and in thirty people of control group. Conjunctival epithelial cells were processed for flow cytometry, by using monoclonal antibodies to HLA-DR. RESULTS A significant increase of HLA-DR expression on epithelial cells was found in patients with dry eye compared with normal eyes. We also found positive correlation of increased expression HLA-DR with ocular complaints and diagnostic tests for dry eye such as Schirmer test, FBUT and lissamine green staining. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the presence of immunological processes in the pathogenesis of dry eye syndrome. Increased expression of HLA-DR antigen positively correlates with the parameters of dry eye diagnostic tests. HLA-DR measurement might be a useful method for monitoring inflammatory conjunctival changes in this disorder.
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Papa V, Leonardi A, Getuli C, Pacelli V, Russo P, Milazzo G. Effect of ofloxacin and netilmicin on human corneal and conjunctival cells in vitro. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2004; 19:535-45. [PMID: 14733711 DOI: 10.1089/108076803322660459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the cytotoxic effects of the fluoroquinolone ofloxacin with that of the aminoglycoside netilmicin. Human corneal epithelial cells (HCE-T) and human conjunctival epithelial cells (Wong-Kilbourne derivative of Chang conjunctiva) were exposed to antibiotics (0.08-5.0 mg/mL) for 4 or 24 hours. Cell proliferation and viability were assessed with the MTT assay, neutral red uptake, and bromo deoxy uridine incorporation. In both cell lines, ofloxacin inhibited cell proliferation and viability. These effects were time and dose dependent. Concentrations of ofloxacin ranging from 0.4 to 2.4 mg/mL (0.04% to 0.24%) produced a 50% inhibition of proliferation and viability. In contrast, netilmicin induced no toxic effect. The differences between ofloxacin and netilmicin were highly statistically significant (p < 0.001). This finding is particularly relevant in deciding the optimal antibiotic to be applied in clinical situations in which the epithelium is compromised.
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195
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Kase S, Imaki J, Harada T, Harada C, Ohgami K, Shiratori K, Sakai M, Nishi S, Ohno S, Yoshida K. Expression of maf-B mRNA in the epithelium around the eyelid closure of the mouse eye at embryonic day 18. Anat Embryol (Berl) 2004; 209:153-6. [PMID: 15597194 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-004-0428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Maf encodes a transcription factor protein containing a typical basic leucine zipper domain structure, a motif for protein dimerization and DNA binding. We examined the expression of maf-B mRNA in the epithelium around the eyelid closure. Expression of maf-B mRNA was examined in C57Bl6 mice at the embryonic stages in 12.5 days of gestation (E12.5) and E18 using in situ hybridization with 35S-labeled antisense riboprobes. In embryos studied 12.5 days postconception, a message specific for maf-B was not detected around the developing eyelid. In contrast, maf-B was strongly expressed in the epithelium of the eyelid closure at E18. Expression of maf-B was strongly noted in the suprabasal differentiating cells derived from the basal layer of the conjunctiva and epidermis. In contrast, basal cells in the eyelid closure and in the epidermis, as well as keratinizing cells, did not express maf-B. These data indicate that maf-B mRNA is expressed during development of the eyelid closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Kase
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, N15 W7, Kita-ku, 060-8638, Sapporo, Japan
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196
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Abstract
AIM The preocular fluid is renewed with molecules secreted by the underlying cells and with lacrimal gland secretions, while maintaining a stable surface topography. The authors tested the hypothesis that interactions between gelled and newly inserted mucins are the key to this stability. METHODS Using atomic force microscopy, the authors studied the topography of the freshly isolated preocular fluid obtained by impression cytology. The effects of adding mucins to this impression were compared with adding mucins to a pure mucin macromolecular assembly as a single component control to the more complex preocular fluid. The control structure was built up by repeated addition of pure ocular mucin to a tethering surface. RESULTS Imaging at molecular resolution showed a thin layer of superficial preocular fluid with an appearance consistent with a gel that was very flat, with surface roughness of approximately 0.1 nm. Mucin molecules adhering to a clean flat surface maintained their individual character when overlapping, whereas molecules integrating in the impression could not be followed individually. Both the preocular impression and the pure mucin assembly were stable under imaging for at least 90 minutes. The roughness of the pure mucin network decreased as more mucin was added. In contrast, there was a small increase in the roughness of the 2.25 microm2 area of impression over the 60 minutes of continuous imaging, although locally there appeared to be infill of low height features. Disulphide bond breaking resulted in the collapse of the imaged structure in both the pure mucin control and the more complex ex vivo preocular impression. CONCLUSIONS Polymeric mucins linked by disulphide bonds prevent or lessen loss of ocular surface material into the surrounding aqueous tears.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Berry
- Ophthalmology, University of Bristol, Bristol Eye Hospital, UK.
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197
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Horwath-Winter J, Simon M, Kölli H, Trummer G, Schmut O. Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Soft Contact Lens Care Solutions on Human Conjunctival Fibroblasts. Ophthalmologica 2004; 218:385-9. [PMID: 15564756 DOI: 10.1159/000080941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2003] [Accepted: 11/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine whether different contact lens care solutions for soft lenses cause damage to human conjunctival cells. METHODS Primary cultured human conjunctival fibroblasts were incubated with various concentrations of four different commercially available soft contact lens care solutions (OptiFree, Renu, SoloCare, Titmus) at concentrations of 5, 10 and 50 microl/ml medium. Toxicity was examined by determination of (1) the cell viability and mitochondrial activity with the colorimetric MTT test, and (2) the number of living cells with a cell analysis system (CASY 1) as compared with untreated cells. RESULTS For all four soft contact lens care solutions at a concentration of 5 mul/ml medium, no significant decrease in mitochondrial activity of the human conjunctival fibroblasts was found by the MTT test. At 10 microl/ml, only OptiFree and Titmus reduced mitochondrial viability significantly. The greatest reduction in mitochondrial activity occurred with all of the four soft contact lens care solutions at a concentration of 50 microl/ml. No significant decrease in the number of living conjunctival fibroblasts was observed by CASY 1 even at higher concentrations of the four solutions investigated. CONCLUSION This in vitro study demonstrates that the examined soft contact lens care solutions induce changes in mitochondria of human conjunctival cells only at higher doses as observed by the MTT test. However, this damage to the mitochondria did not lead to cell death as shown by the cell analysis system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Horwath-Winter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
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198
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Kobayashi A, Yoshita T, Sugiyama K. In vivo laser and white-light confocal microscopic findings of human conjunctiva. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2004; 35:482-4. [PMID: 15580971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To report in vivo laser and white-light confocal microscopic findings of human conjunctiva to investigate the potential application of these confocal microscopes as diagnostic devices for normal and pathologic conjunctiva. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two healthy volunteers, 28- and 35-year-old men, participated in this study. The temporal bulbar conjunctiva, which was approximately 5 mm away from the limbus, was examined by in vivo laser and white-light confocal microscopic analysis. RESULTS Using laser confocal microscopy, at least two different cell types could be distinguished in both subjects: conjunctival superficial epithelial cells and conjunctival basal epithelial cells. In contrast, conjunctival epithelial cells could not be visualized using white-light confocal microscopy. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that laser confocal microscopy, but not white-light confocal microscopy, can be used to visualize in vivo human conjunctiva. Further investigations in a large number of normal subjects and in patients with conjunctival pathologies are required to fully evaluate the usefulness of this device in daily clinical ophthalmology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Kobayashi
- Department of Ophthalmolog, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa, Ishikawa-prefecture 920-8641, Japan
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199
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Ang LPK, Tan DTH. Ocular surface stem cells and disease: current concepts and clinical applications. Ann Acad Med Singap 2004; 33:576-80. [PMID: 15531952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Corneal and conjunctival epithelial stem cells are responsible for the homeostasis and regeneration of the ocular surface epithelium. Corneal epithelial stem cells reside in the basal region of the limbus, while the conjunctival forniceal region appears to be the site that is enriched in conjunctival stem cells. Ocular surface disease arising from limbal stem cell deficiency is characterised by persistent epithelial defects, corneal vascularisation, chronic inflammation, scarring and conjunctivalisation, resulting in visual loss. Limbal stem cell transplantation replaces the corneal stem cell population in these eyes with the hope of restoring vision. More recently, the use of bioengineered ocular surface tissue-equivalents has had promising results, and may represent the future for replacement and regeneration of ocular tissues in various ocular disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L P K Ang
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
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200
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Ang LPK, Tan DTH, Phan TT, Li J, Beuerman R, Lavker RM. The in vitro and in vivo proliferative capacity of serum-free cultivated human conjunctival epithelial cells. Curr Eye Res 2004; 28:307-17. [PMID: 15287367 DOI: 10.1076/ceyr.28.5.307.28677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the in vitro and in vivo proliferative capacity of human conjunctival epithelial cells cultured in serum-free media, and to compare this with current methods that utilize serum-containing media and 3T3 feeder layers. METHODS Human conjunctival epithelial cells were cultivated in serum-free media alone, serum-free media with a 3T3 feeder layer, and serum-containing media with a 3T3 feeder layer. The areas of outgrowth, colony-forming efficiencies and number of population doublings were compared. The in vivo proliferative potential was assessed by analyzing the number of cells generated by the implantation of cultured cells into athymic mice. Cultured cells were evaluated for the expression of cytokeratins K3, K4, K12, K19, as well as the gel-forming goblet cell mucin, MUC5AC. RESULTS Cells cultivated in serum-free media, serum-free media and feeder cells, and serum-containing media and feeder cells achieved colony-forming efficiencies of 14.5 +/- 4.1%, 10.1 +/- 3.1%, and 20.4 +/- 6.7%, respectively, and number of population doublings of 24.8 +/- 4.3, 14.8 +/- 3.6, and 30.0 +/- 5.0, respectively. Nine-day old athymic mice conjunctival cysts derived from serum-free cultures comprised 1.29 x 10(6) +/- 0.46 x 10(6) cells, while cysts derived from serum-containing cultures comprised 1.30 x 10(6) +/- 0.53 x 10(6) cells. The degree of epithelial stratification was similar in both conditions. Serum-free cultivated conjunctival cells retained their in vivo characteristics and expressed K4, K19 and MUC5AC. The presence of MUC5AC mRNA in these cells was confirmed by RT-PCR. CONCLUSIONS Conjunctival epithelial cells propagated in serum-free media demonstrated a similar in vivo proliferative capability, as compared to serum-containing media with 3T3 feeder cells. This has important clinical implications, as the serum-free ex vivo expansion of cells for clinical transplantation overcomes the problems associated with the use of animal serum and cells.
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