1951
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Abstract
Nanometer-scale crystals of the two-dimensional oxide molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) were formed atop the transition metal dichalcogenides MoS2 and MoSe2. The MoO3 nanocrystals are partially commensurate with the dichalcogenide substrates, being aligned only along one of the substrate's crystallographic axes. These nanocrystals can be slid only along the aligned direction and maintain their alignment with the substrate during motion. Using an AFM probe to oscillate the nanocrystals, it was found that the lateral force required to move them increased linearly with nanocrystal area. The slope of this curve, the interfacial shear strength, was significantly lower than for macroscale systems. It also depended strongly on the duration and the velocity of sliding of the crystal, suggesting a thermal activation model for the system. Finally, it was found that lower commensuration between the nanocrystal and the substrate increased the interfacial shear, a trend opposite that predicted theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul E Sheehan
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6177, Washington, DC 20375, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Charles M Lieber
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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1952
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Liu K, Lihter M, Sarathy A, Caneva S, Qiu H, Deiana D, Tileli V, Alexander DTL, Hofmann S, Dumcenco D, Kis A, Leburton JP, Radenovic A. Geometrical Effect in 2D Nanopores. Nano Lett 2017; 17:4223-4230. [PMID: 28592108 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b01091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing problem in the application of solid-state nanopores is the lack of the precise control over the geometry of artificially formed pores compared to the well-defined geometry in their biological counterpart, that is, protein nanopores. To date, experimentally investigated solid-state nanopores have been shown to adopt an approximately circular shape. In this Letter, we investigate the geometrical effect of the nanopore shape on ionic blockage induced by DNA translocation using triangular h-BN nanopores and approximately circular molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanopores. We observe a striking geometry-dependent ion scattering effect, which is further corroborated by a modified ionic blockage model. The well-acknowledged ionic blockage model is derived from uniform ion permeability through the 2D nanopore plane and hemisphere like access region in the nanopore vicinity. On the basis of our experimental results, we propose a modified ionic blockage model, which is highly related to the ionic profile caused by geometrical variations. Our findings shed light on the rational design of 2D nanopores and should be applicable to arbitrary nanopore shapes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sabina Caneva
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge , JJ Thomson Avenue, CB3 0FA Cambridge, United Kingdom
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1953
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Noever SJ, Eder M, Del Giudice F, Martin J, Werkmeister FX, Hallwig S, Fischer S, Seeck O, Weber NE, Liewald C, Keilmann F, Turchanin A, Nickel B. Transferable Organic Semiconductor Nanosheets for Application in Electronic Devices. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1606283. [PMID: 28480616 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A method has been developed to stabilize and transfer nanofilms of functional organic semiconductors. The method is based on crosslinking of their topmost layers by low energy electron irradiation. The films can then be detached from their original substrates and subsequently deposited onto new solid or holey substrates retaining their structural integrity. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, X-ray specular reflectivity, and UV-Vis spectroscopy measurements reveal that the electron irradiation of ≈50 nm thick pentacene films results in crosslinking of their only topmost ≈5 nm (3-4 monolayers), whereas the deeper pentacene layers preserve their pristine crystallinity. The electronic performance of the transferred pentacene nanosheets in bottom contact field-effect devices is studied and it is found that they are fully functional and demonstrate superior charge injection properties in comparison to the pentacene films directly grown on the contact structures by vapor deposition. The new approach paves the way to integration of the organic semiconductor nanofilms on substrates unfavorable for their direct growth as well as to their implementation in hybrid devices with unusual geometries, e.g., in devices incorporating free-standing sheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Noever
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Eder
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabio Del Giudice
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Martin
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz X Werkmeister
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Hallwig
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Fischer
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Seeck
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, 22603, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nils-Eike Weber
- Faculty of Physics, University of Bielefeld, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Clemens Liewald
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), 80799, Munich, Germany
| | - Fritz Keilmann
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrey Turchanin
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry (CEEC), 07743, Jena, Germany
- Abbe Center of Photonics (ACP), 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bert Nickel
- Faculty of Physics and CeNS, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 80539, Munich, Germany
- Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), 80799, Munich, Germany
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1954
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Walia S, Balendhran S, Ahmed T, Singh M, El-Badawi C, Brennan MD, Weerathunge P, Karim MN, Rahman F, Rassell A, Duckworth J, Ramanathan R, Collis GE, Lobo CJ, Toth M, Kotsakidis JC, Weber B, Fuhrer M, Dominguez-Vera JM, Spencer MJS, Aharonovich I, Sriram S, Bhaskaran M, Bansal V. Ambient Protection of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus via Sequestration of Reactive Oxygen Species. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1700152. [PMID: 28497880 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Few-layer black phosphorous (BP) has emerged as a promising candidate for next-generation nanophotonic and nanoelectronic devices. However, rapid ambient degradation of mechanically exfoliated BP poses challenges in its practical deployment in scalable devices. To date, the strategies employed to protect BP have relied upon preventing its exposure to atmospheric conditions. Here, an approach that allows this sensitive material to remain stable without requiring its isolation from the ambient environment is reported. The method draws inspiration from the unique ability of biological systems to avoid photo-oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species. Since BP undergoes similar photo-oxidative degradation, imidazolium-based ionic liquids are employed as quenchers of these damaging species on the BP surface. This chemical sequestration strategy allows BP to remain stable for over 13 weeks, while retaining its key electronic characteristics. This study opens opportunities to practically implement BP and other environmentally sensitive 2D materials for electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Walia
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Sivacarendran Balendhran
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Taimur Ahmed
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Mandeep Singh
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher El-Badawi
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Mathew D Brennan
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3001, Victoria, Australia
| | - Pabudi Weerathunge
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Md Nurul Karim
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fahmida Rahman
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Andrea Rassell
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jonathan Duckworth
- School of Media and Communication, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rajesh Ramanathan
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gavin E Collis
- CSIRO Manufacturing, CSIRO, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, 3168, Victoria, Australia
| | - Charlene J Lobo
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Milos Toth
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Jimmy Christopher Kotsakidis
- School of Physics and Monash Centre for Atomically Thin Materials, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bent Weber
- School of Physics and Monash Centre for Atomically Thin Materials, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Fuhrer
- School of Physics and Monash Centre for Atomically Thin Materials, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jose M Dominguez-Vera
- Departamento de Química Inorganica, Instituto de Biotecnologia, Universidad de Granada, E-18071, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Igor Aharonovich
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, 2007, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharath Sriram
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Madhu Bhaskaran
- Functional Materials and Microsystems Research Group and Micro Nano Research Facility, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001, Australia
| | - Vipul Bansal
- Ian Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, 3000, Victoria, Australia
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1955
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Kong X, Zhang C, Hwang SY, Chen Q, Peng Z. Free-Standing Holey Ni(OH) 2 Nanosheets with Enhanced Activity for Water Oxidation. Small 2017; 13:1700334. [PMID: 28544425 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical water oxidation is the key technology in water-splitting reactions and rechargeable metal-air batteries, which is very attractive for renewable energy conversion and storage. Replacement of precious catalysts with cost-effective and highly active alternatives is still a great challenge. Herein, based on theoretical predictions, holey structures are designed and fabricated on the free-standing conventional 2D OER catalyst. By well-controlled defects engineering, uniform tiny holes are created on the free-standing Ni(OH)2 nanosheets via a sol-gel method, with the embedded Zn components as the template for holes production. The whole preparation process is feasible and effective to make full use of the basal plane of 2D nanomaterials, which can provide higher surface area, richer defects, more grain boundaries, and edge sites, as well as greater distorted surfaces. Meanwhile, these holes developed inside the sheet structure can supply tremendous permeable channels for ions adsorption and transportation, enable a fast interfacial charge transfer and accelerate the reaction process. The as-prepared 2D holey Ni(OH)2 nanostructures exhibit excellent catalytic performance toward electrochemical water oxidation, with lower onset overpotentials and higher current densities compared with the pristine Ni(OH)2 catalyst, suggesting the holey defects engineering is a promising strategy for efficient water-splitting devices and rechargeable metal-air batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangkai Kong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
- School of Physics and Electronic Information, Huaibei Normal University, Huaibei, Anhui, 235000, P. R. China
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
| | - Changlin Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Sang Youp Hwang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Qianwang Chen
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, P. R. China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhenmeng Peng
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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1956
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Li H, Wang J, Gao S, Chen Q, Peng L, Liu K, Wei X. Superlubricity between MoS 2 Monolayers. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1701474. [PMID: 28497859 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201701474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ultralow friction between atomic layers of hexagonal MoS2 , an important solid lubricant and additive of lubricating oil, is thought to be responsible for its excellent lubricating performances. However, the quantitative frictional properties between MoS2 atomic layers have not been directly tested in experiments due to the lack of conventional tools to characterize the frictional properties between 2D atomic layers. Herein, a versatile method for studying the frictional properties between atomic-layered materials is developed by combining the in situ scanning electron microscope technique with a Si nanowire force sensor, and the friction tests on the sliding between atomic-layered materials down to monolayers are reported. The friction tests on the sliding between incommensurate MoS2 monolayers give a friction coefficient of ≈10-4 in the regime of superlubricity. The results provide the first direct experimental evidence for superlubricity between MoS2 atomic layers and open a new route to investigate frictional properties of broad 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jinhuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lianmao Peng
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xianlong Wei
- Key Laboratory for the Physics and Chemistry of Nanodevices and Department of Electronics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
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1957
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Kwieciñski W, Sotthewes K, Poelsema B, Zandvliet HJW, Bampoulis P. Chemical vapor deposition growth of bilayer graphene in between molybdenum disulfide sheets. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 505:776-782. [PMID: 28666222 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.06.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Direct growth of flat micrometer-sized bilayer graphene islands in between molybdenum disulfide sheets is achieved by chemical vapor deposition of ethylene at about 800°C. The temperature assisted decomposition of ethylene takes place mainly at molybdenum disulfide step edges. The carbon atoms intercalate at this high temperature, and during the deposition process, through defects of the molybdenum disulfide surface such as steps and wrinkles. Post growth atomic force microscopy images reveal that circular flat graphene islands have grown at a high yield. They consist of two graphene layers stacked on top of each other with a total thickness of 0.74nm. Our results demonstrate direct, simple and high yield growth of graphene/molybdenum disulfide heterostructures, which can be of high importance in future nanoelectronic and optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kwieciñski
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands; Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Kai Sotthewes
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bene Poelsema
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Harold J W Zandvliet
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Pantelis Bampoulis
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands; Physics of Fluids and J.M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Mechanics, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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1958
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Abstract
We present results of density functional theory calculations on the lithium (Li) ion storage capacity of biphenylene (BP) membrane and phagraphene (PhG) which are two-dimensional defected-graphene-like membranes. Both membranes show a larger capacity than graphene, Li2C6 and Li1.5C6 compared to LiC6. We find that Li is very mobile on these materials and does not interact as strongly with the membranes. In the case of BP we also investigated the possible volume expansion on Li insertion. We find a 11% expansion, which is very similar to the one found in graphite. Our findings show that both membranes are suitable materials for lithium ion battery anodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ferguson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Debra J Searles
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Marlies Hankel
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology and ‡School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland , Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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1959
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Abstract
Using liquid-liquid interfacial assembly, we control the deposition of CdSe nanoplatelets into face-down or edge-up configurations. Controlled assembly, combined with back focal plane imaging, enabled unambiguous determination of the transition dipole orientation. The transition dipole moment of the emissive band-edge exciton in CdSe nanoplatelets was found to be isotropically oriented within the plane of the nanoplatelet with no measurable out-of-plane component and no preference for the long- or short-axis of the nanoplatelet. Importantly, CdSe nanoplatelet films in the face-down configuration exhibited unity dipole orientation within the plane of the film, which could improve the external efficiency of nanoplatelet LEDs, lasers, photodetectors, and photovoltaic cells beyond that which is possible with isotropic emitters. We also show that the two self-assembled configurations have different Förster energy transfer rates, as a result of different dipole orientation and internanoplatelet distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Gao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Mark C Weidman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - William A Tisdale
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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1960
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Yu Y, Yu Y, Huang L, Peng H, Xiong L, Cao L. Giant Gating Tunability of Optical Refractive Index in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Monolayers. Nano Lett 2017; 17:3613-3618. [PMID: 28505462 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report that the refractive index of transition metal dichacolgenide (TMDC) monolayers, such as MoS2, WS2, and WSe2, can be substantially tuned by >60% in the imaginary part and >20% in the real part around exciton resonances using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatible electrical gating. This giant tunablility is rooted in the dominance of excitonic effects in the refractive index of the monolayers and the strong susceptibility of the excitons to the influence of injected charge carriers. The tunability mainly results from the effects of injected charge carriers to broaden the spectral width of excitonic interband transitions and to facilitate the interconversion of neutral and charged excitons. The other effects of the injected charge carriers, such as renormalizing bandgap and changing exciton binding energy, only play negligible roles. We also demonstrate that the atomically thin monolayers, when combined with photonic structures, can enable the efficiencies of optical absorption (reflection) tuned from 40% (60%) to 80% (20%) due to the giant tunability of the refractive index. This work may pave the way toward the development of field-effect photonics in which the optical functionality can be controlled with CMOS circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Haowei Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19405, United States
| | - Liwei Xiong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plasma Chemistry and Advanced Materials, Wuhan Institute of Technology , Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
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1961
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Chen PY, Liu M, Wang Z, Hurt RH, Wong IY. From Flatland to Spaceland: Higher Dimensional Patterning with Two-Dimensional Materials. Adv Mater 2017; 29:10.1002/adma.201605096. [PMID: 28244157 PMCID: PMC5549278 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The creation of three-dimensional (3D) structures from two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterial building blocks enables novel chemical, mechanical or physical functionalities that cannot be realized with planar thin films or in bulk materials. Here, we review the use of emerging 2D materials to create complex out-of-plane surface topographies and 3D material architectures. We focus on recent approaches that yield periodic textures or patterns, and present four techniques as case studies: (i) wrinkling and crumpling of planar sheets, (ii) encapsulation by crumpled nanosheet shells, (iii) origami folding and kirigami cutting to create programmed curvature, and (iv) 3D printing of 2D material suspensions. Work to date in this field has primarily used graphene and graphene oxide as the 2D building blocks, and we consider how these unconventional approaches may be extended to alternative 2D materials and their heterostructures. Taken together, these emerging patterning and texturing techniques represent an intriguing alternative to conventional materials synthesis and processing methods, and are expected to contribute to the development of new composites, stretchable electronics, energy storage devices, chemical barriers, and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Yen Chen
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Muchun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Zhongying Wang
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Robert H Hurt
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Ian Y Wong
- School of Engineering, Institute for Molecular and Nanoscale Innovation, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912
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1962
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Zhu L, Ong WL, Lu X, Zeng K, Fan HJ, Ho GW. Substrate-Friendly Growth of Large-Sized Ni(OH) 2 Nanosheets for Flexible Electrochromic Films. Small 2017; 13:1700084. [PMID: 28464534 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201700084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Large-area, 2D, anisotropic, direct growth of nanostructures is considered an effective and straightforward way to readily fulfill transparent, flexible technology requirements. In addition, formation of thin hybrid structures by combining with another 2D material brings about dimensional advantages, such as intimate heterostructure functionalities, large specific area, and optical transparency. Here, we demonstrate 2D planar growth of thin Ni(OH)2 nanosheets on arbitrary rigid and soft supports, by exploiting the growth strategies of oriented attachment induced by interfacial chemistry and the intrinsic driving force of layered structure constitution. Moreover, large-scale 2D heterohybrids have successfully been prepared by direct conformal growth of Ni(OH)2 nanosheets overlying MoO3 nanobelts. Unlike the exfoliation and transfer of 2D materials technique, this approach minimizes multiple process contamination and physical-handling structural defects. Accordingly, proof-of-concept flexible electrochromism is demonstrated in view of its prerequisite to the access of a large homogeneous material coating. The as-synthesized 2D layered structure affirms its optical and electrochemical superiority through the display of wide optical modulation, high coloration efficiency, good cyclic stability, and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore
| | - Wei Li Ong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore
| | - Xin Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore
| | - Kaiyang Zeng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117576, Singapore
| | - Hong Jin Fan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Ghim Wei Ho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, 117583, Singapore
- Engineering Science Programme, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, 117575, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, 117602, Singapore
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1963
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Li H, Ding Y, Ha H, Shi Y, Peng L, Zhang X, Ellison CJ, Yu G. An All-Stretchable-Component Sodium-Ion Full Battery. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1700898. [PMID: 28387425 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable energy-storage devices receive considerable attention due to their promising applications in future wearable technologies. However, they currently suffer from many problems, including low utility of active materials, limited multidirectional stretchability, and poor stability under stretched conditions. In addition, most proposed designs use one or more rigid components that fail to meet the stretchability requirement for the entire device. Here, an all-stretchable-component sodium-ion full battery based on graphene-modified poly(dimethylsiloxane) sponge electrodes and an elastic gel membrane is developed for the first time. The battery exhibits reasonable electrochemical performance and robust mechanical deformability; its electrochemical characteristics can be well-maintained under many different stretched conditions and after hundreds of stretching-release cycles. This novel design integrating all stretchable components provides a pathway toward the next generation of wearable energy devices in modern electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongsen Li
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Yu Ding
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Heonjoo Ha
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ye Shi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Lele Peng
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Xiaogang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, College of Material Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing, 210016, China
| | - Christopher J Ellison
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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1964
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Gramse G, Kölker A, Lim T, Stock TJZ, Solanki H, Schofield SR, Brinciotti E, Aeppli G, Kienberger F, Curson NJ. Nondestructive imaging of atomically thin nanostructures buried in silicon. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1602586. [PMID: 28782006 PMCID: PMC5489266 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
It is now possible to create atomically thin regions of dopant atoms in silicon patterned with lateral dimensions ranging from the atomic scale (angstroms) to micrometers. These structures are building blocks of quantum devices for physics research and they are likely also to serve as key components of devices for next-generation classical and quantum information processing. Until now, the characteristics of buried dopant nanostructures could only be inferred from destructive techniques and/or the performance of the final electronic device; this severely limits engineering and manufacture of real-world devices based on atomic-scale lithography. Here, we use scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) to image and electronically characterize three-dimensional phosphorus nanostructures fabricated via scanning tunneling microscope-based lithography. The SMM measurements, which are completely nondestructive and sensitive to as few as 1900 to 4200 densely packed P atoms 4 to 15 nm below a silicon surface, yield electrical and geometric properties in agreement with those obtained from electrical transport and secondary ion mass spectroscopy for unpatterned phosphorus δ layers containing ~1013 P atoms. The imaging resolution was 37 ± 1 nm in lateral and 4 ± 1 nm in vertical directions, both values depending on SMM tip size and depth of dopant layers. In addition, finite element modeling indicates that resolution can be substantially improved using further optimized tips and microwave gradient detection. Our results on three-dimensional dopant structures reveal reduced carrier mobility for shallow dopant layers and suggest that SMM could aid the development of fabrication processes for surface code quantum computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Gramse
- Johannes Kepler University, Biophysics Institute, Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
- Corresponding author. (G.G.); (N.J.C.)
| | - Alexander Kölker
- London Centre of Nanotechnology, University College London (UCL), 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, UCL, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Tingbin Lim
- London Centre of Nanotechnology, University College London (UCL), 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Taylor J. Z. Stock
- London Centre of Nanotechnology, University College London (UCL), 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Hari Solanki
- London Centre of Nanotechnology, University College London (UCL), 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Steven R. Schofield
- London Centre of Nanotechnology, University College London (UCL), 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Enrico Brinciotti
- Keysight Laboratories, Keysight Technologies Inc., Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Gabriel Aeppli
- Department of Physics, ETH, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
- Institut de Physique, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen CH-5232, Switzerland
- Bio Nano Consulting, Gridiron Building, One Pancras Square, London N1C 4AG, UK
| | - Ferry Kienberger
- Keysight Laboratories, Keysight Technologies Inc., Gruberstrasse 40, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Neil J. Curson
- London Centre of Nanotechnology, University College London (UCL), 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, UCL, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, UK
- Corresponding author. (G.G.); (N.J.C.)
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1965
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Chow WL, Yu P, Liu F, Hong J, Wang X, Zeng Q, Hsu CH, Zhu C, Zhou J, Wang X, Xia J, Yan J, Chen Y, Wu D, Yu T, Shen Z, Lin H, Jin C, Tay BK, Liu Z. High Mobility 2D Palladium Diselenide Field-Effect Transistors with Tunable Ambipolar Characteristics. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 28370566 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201602969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to the intriguing optical and electronic properties, 2D materials have attracted a lot of interest for the electronic and optoelectronic applications. Identifying new promising 2D materials will be rewarding toward the development of next generation 2D electronics. Here, palladium diselenide (PdSe2 ), a noble-transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC), is introduced as a promising high mobility 2D material into the fast growing 2D community. Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on ultrathin PdSe2 show intrinsic ambipolar characteristic. The polarity of the FET can be tuned. After vacuum annealing, the authors find PdSe2 to exhibit electron-dominated transport with high mobility (µe (max) = 216 cm2 V-1 s-1 ) and on/off ratio up to 103 . Hole-dominated-transport PdSe2 can be obtained by molecular doping using F4 -TCNQ. This pioneer work on PdSe2 will spark interests in the less explored regime of noble-TMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Leong Chow
- Centre for Micro-/Nano-electronics (NOVITAS), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA UMI CNRS/NTU/THALES, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Peng Yu
- Centre for Programmed Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Fucai Liu
- Centre for Programmed Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jinhua Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xingli Wang
- Centre for Micro-/Nano-electronics (NOVITAS), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA UMI CNRS/NTU/THALES, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qingsheng Zeng
- Centre for Programmed Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chuang-Han Hsu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Chao Zhu
- Centre for Programmed Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Juan Xia
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiaxu Yan
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Di Wu
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Ting Yu
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Zexiang Shen
- CINTRA UMI CNRS/NTU/THALES, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Hsin Lin
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117542, Singapore
| | - Chuanhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Beng Kang Tay
- Centre for Micro-/Nano-electronics (NOVITAS), School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA UMI CNRS/NTU/THALES, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- CINTRA UMI CNRS/NTU/THALES, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
- Centre for Programmed Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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1966
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Pumera M, Sofer Z. 2D Monoelemental Arsenene, Antimonene, and Bismuthene: Beyond Black Phosphorus. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 28185366 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional materials are responsible for changing research in materials science. After graphene and its counterparts, graphane, fluorographene, and others were introduced, waves of renewed interest in 2D binary compounds occurred, such as in metal oxides, transition-metal dichalcogenides (most often represented by MoS2 ), metal oxy/hydroxide borides, and MXenes, to name the most prominent. Recently, interest has turned to two-dimensional monoelemental structures, such as monolayer black phosphorus and, very recently, to monolayer arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. Here, a short overview is provided of the area of exponentially increasing research in arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthene, which belong to the fifth main group of elements, the so-called pnictogens. A short review of historical work is provided, the properties of bulk allotropes of As, Sb, and Bi discussed, and then theoretical and experimental research on mono- and few-layered arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthene addressed, discussing their structures and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pumera
- Division of Chemistry & Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - Zdeněk Sofer
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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1967
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Li D, Wang B, Chen M, Zhou J, Zhang Z. Gate-Controlled BP-WSe 2 Heterojunction Diode for Logic Rectifiers and Logic Optoelectronics. Small 2017; 13:1603726. [PMID: 28383160 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
p-n junctions play an important role in modern semiconductor electronics and optoelectronics, and field-effect transistors are often used for logic circuits. Here, gate-controlled logic rectifiers and logic optoelectronic devices based on stacked black phosphorus (BP) and tungsten diselenide (WSe2 ) heterojunctions are reported. The gate-tunable ambipolar charge carriers in BP and WSe2 enable a flexible, dynamic, and wide modulation on the heterojunctions as isotype (p-p and n-n) and anisotype (p-n) diodes, which exhibit disparate rectifying and photovoltaic properties. Based on such characteristics, it is demonstrated that BP-WSe2 heterojunction diodes can be developed for high-performance logic rectifiers and logic optoelectronic devices. Logic optoelectronic devices can convert a light signal to an electric one by applied gate voltages. This work should be helpful to expand the applications of 2D crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Mingyuan Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Center for Phononics and Thermal Energy Science, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zengxing Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- The Institute of Dongguan-Tongji University, Dongguan, 523808, China
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1968
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Cheng H, Zhou Y, Feng Y, Geng W, Liu Q, Guo W, Jiang L. Electrokinetic Energy Conversion in Self-Assembled 2D Nanofluidic Channels with Janus Nanobuilding Blocks. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1700177. [PMID: 28397411 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the microstructure of nacre, material design, and large-scale integration of artificial nanofluidic devices step into a completely new stage, termed 2D nanofluidics, in which mass and charge transportation are confined in the interstitial space between reconstructed 2D nanomaterials. However, all the existing 2D nanofluidic systems are reconstituted from homogeneous nanobuilding blocks. Herein, this paper reports the bottom-up construction of 2D nanofluidic materials with kaolinite-based Janus nanobuilding blocks, and demonstrates two types of electrokinetic energy conversion through the network of 2D nanochannels. Being different from previous 2D nanofluidic systems, two distinct types of sub-nanometer- and nanometer-wide fluidic channels of about 6.8 and 13.8 Å are identified in the reconstructed kaolinite membranes (RKM), showing prominent surface-governed ion transport behaviors and nearly perfect cation-selectivity. The RKMs exhibit superior capability in osmotic and hydraulic energy conversion, compared to graphene-based membranes. The mineral-based 2D nanofluidic system opens up a new avenue to self-assemble asymmetric 2D nanomaterials for energy, environmental, and healthcare applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfei Cheng
- School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhou
- School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yaping Feng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiao Geng
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Qinfu Liu
- School of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
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1969
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Matsuba K, Wang C, Saruwatari K, Uesusuki Y, Akatsuka K, Osada M, Ebina Y, Ma R, Sasaki T. Neat monolayer tiling of molecularly thin two-dimensional materials in 1 min. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1700414. [PMID: 28695198 PMCID: PMC5493418 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Controlled arrangement of molecularly thin two-dimensional (2D) materials on a substrate, particularly into precisely organized mono- and multilayer structures, is a key to design a nanodevice using their unique and enhanced physical properties. Several techniques such as mechanical transfer process and Langmuir-Blodgett deposition have been applied for this purpose, but they have severe restrictions for large-scale practical applications, for example, limited processable area and long fabrication time, requiring skilled multistep operations. We report a facile one-pot spin-coating method to realize dense monolayer tiling of various 2D materials, such as graphene and metal oxide nanosheets, within 1 min over a wide area (for example, a 30-mmφ substrate). Centrifugal force drives the nanosheets in a thin fluid layer to the substrate edge where they are packed edge to edge all the way to the central region, without forming overlaps. We investigated the relationship between precursor concentration, rotation speed, and ultraviolet-visible absorbance and developed an effective method to optimize the parameters for neat monolayer films. The multilayer buildup is feasible by repeating the spin-coating process combined with a heat treatment at moderate temperature. This versatile solution-based technique will provide both fundamental and practical advancements in the rapid large-scale production of artificial lattice-like films and nanodevices based on 2D materials.
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1970
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Li M, Song M, Wu G, Tang Z, Sun Y, He Y, Li J, Li L, Gu H, Liu X, Ma C, Peng Z, Ai Z, Lewis DJ. A Free-Standing and Self-Healable 2D Supramolecular Material Based on Hydrogen Bonding: A Nanowire Array with Sub-2-nm Resolution. Small 2017; 13. [PMID: 28387470 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201604077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In many 2D materials reported thus far, the forces confining atoms in a 2D plane are often strong interactions, such as covalent bonding. Herein, the first demonstration that hydrogen (H)-bonding can be utilized to assemble polydiacetylene (a conductive polymer) toward a 2D material, which is stable enough to be free-standing, is shown. The 2D material is well characterized by a large number of techniques (mainly different microscopy techniques). The H-bonding allows splitting of the material into ribbons, which can reassemble, similar to a zipper, leading to the first example of a healable 2D material. Moreover, such technology can easily create 2D, organic, conductive nanowire arrays with sub-2-nm resolution. This material may have potential applications in stretchable electronics and nanowire cross-bar arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengyao Song
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Guitai Wu
- Faculty of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenyu Tang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunfeng Sun
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunbin He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoshuang Gu
- Faculty of Physics and Electronic Sciences, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiong Liu
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Carl-Zeiss-Str. 22, 73447, Oberkochen, Germany
| | - Chuang Ma
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Zefei Peng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaoquan Ai
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials and Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, 430062, Wuhan, China
| | - David J Lewis
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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1971
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Long M, Gao A, Wang P, Xia H, Ott C, Pan C, Fu Y, Liu E, Chen X, Lu W, Nilges T, Xu J, Wang X, Hu W, Miao F. Room temperature high-detectivity mid-infrared photodetectors based on black arsenic phosphorus. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1700589. [PMID: 28695200 PMCID: PMC5493419 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1700589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The mid-infrared (MIR) spectral range, pertaining to important applications, such as molecular "fingerprint" imaging, remote sensing, free space telecommunication, and optical radar, is of particular scientific interest and technological importance. However, state-of-the-art materials for MIR detection are limited by intrinsic noise and inconvenient fabrication processes, resulting in high-cost photodetectors requiring cryogenic operation. We report black arsenic phosphorus-based long-wavelength IR photodetectors, with room temperature operation up to 8.2 μm, entering the second MIR atmospheric transmission window. Combined with a van der Waals heterojunction, room temperature-specific detectivity higher than 4.9 × 109 Jones was obtained in the 3- to 5-μm range. The photodetector works in a zero-bias photovoltaic mode, enabling fast photoresponse and low dark noise. Our van der Waals heterojunction photodetectors not only exemplify black arsenic phosphorus as a promising candidate for MIR optoelectronic applications but also pave the way for a general strategy to suppress 1/f noise in photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingsheng Long
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Anyuan Gao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Peng Wang
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Hui Xia
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Claudia Ott
- Synthesis and Characterization of Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München 85748, Germany
| | - Chen Pan
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yajun Fu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Erfu Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Wei Lu
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
| | - Tom Nilges
- Synthesis and Characterization of Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München 85748, Germany
| | - Jianbin Xu
- Department of Electronic Engineering and Materials Science and Technology Research Center, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaomu Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- School of Electronic Science and Technology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Corresponding author. (F.M.); (W.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Weida Hu
- National Laboratory for Infrared Physics, Shanghai Institute of Technical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200083, China
- Corresponding author. (F.M.); (W.H.); (X.W.)
| | - Feng Miao
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Corresponding author. (F.M.); (W.H.); (X.W.)
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1972
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Bayer BC, Caneva S, Pennycook TJ, Kotakoski J, Mangler C, Hofmann S, Meyer JC. Introducing Overlapping Grain Boundaries in Chemical Vapor Deposited Hexagonal Boron Nitride Monolayer Films. ACS Nano 2017; 11:4521-4527. [PMID: 28410557 PMCID: PMC5444048 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b08315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the growth of overlapping grain boundaries in continuous, polycrystalline hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) monolayer films via scalable catalytic chemical vapor deposition. Unlike the commonly reported atomically stitched grain boundaries, these overlapping grain boundaries do not consist of defect lines within the monolayer films but are composed of self-sealing bilayer regions of limited width. We characterize this overlapping h-BN grain boundary structure in detail by complementary (scanning) transmission electron microscopy techniques and propose a catalytic growth mechanism linked to the subsurface/bulk of the process catalyst and its boron and nitrogen solubilities. Our data suggest that the overlapping grain boundaries are comparatively resilient against deleterious pinhole formation associated with grain boundary defect lines and thus may reduce detrimental breakdown effects when polycrystalline h-BN monolayer films are used as ultrathin dielectrics, barrier layers, or separation membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard C. Bayer
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Sabina Caneva
- Department
of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 J.J. Thomson Avenue, CB3 0FA, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Timothy J. Pennycook
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jani Kotakoski
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Mangler
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Hofmann
- Department
of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 9 J.J. Thomson Avenue, CB3 0FA, Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Jannik C. Meyer
- Faculty
of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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1973
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Kim H, Lien DH, Amani M, Ager JW, Javey A. Highly Stable Near-Unity Photoluminescence Yield in Monolayer MoS 2 by Fluoropolymer Encapsulation and Superacid Treatment. ACS Nano 2017; 11:5179-5185. [PMID: 28467698 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, there has been considerable research interest in two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) for future optoelectronic applications. It has been shown that surface passivation with the organic nonoxidizing superacid bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide (TFSI) produces MoS2 and WS2 monolayers whose recombination is at the radiative limit, with a photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) of ∼100%. While the surface passivation persists under ambient conditions, exposure to conditions such as water, solvents, and low pressure found in typical semiconductor processing degrades the PL QY. Here, an encapsulation/passivation approach is demonstrated that yields near-unity PL QY in MoS2 and WS2 monolayers which are highly stable against postprocessing. The approach consists of two simple steps: encapsulation of the monolayers with an amorphous fluoropolymer and a subsequent TFSI treatment. The TFSI molecules are able to diffuse through the encapsulation layer and passivate the defect states of the monolayers. Additionally, we demonstrate that the encapsulation layer can be patterned by lithography and is compatible with subsequent fabrication processes. Therefore, our work presents a feasible route for future fabrication of highly efficient optoelectronic devices based on TMDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjin Kim
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Der-Hsien Lien
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Matin Amani
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Joel W Ager
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ali Javey
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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1974
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Li Q, Lian T. Area- and Thickness-Dependent Biexciton Auger Recombination in Colloidal CdSe Nanoplatelets: Breaking the "Universal Volume Scaling Law". Nano Lett 2017; 17:3152-3158. [PMID: 28418671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanoplatelets (NPLs) have shown great potentials for lasing applications due to their sharp absorption and emission peaks, large absorption cross sections, large radiative decay rates, and long multiexciton lifetimes. How multiexciton lifetimes depend on material dimensions remains unknown in two-dimensional (2D) materials, despite being a key parameter affecting optical gain threshold and many other properties. Herein, we report a study of room-temperature biexciton Auger recombination time of CdSe NPLs as a function of thickness and lateral area. Comparison of all NPLs shows that the biexciton lifetime does not increase linearly with volume, unlike previously reported "universal volume scaling law" for quantum dots. For NPLs of the same thickness (∼1.8 nm), the biexciton lifetime increase linearly with their lateral area (from 143.7 ± 12.6 to 320.1 ± 17.1 ps when the area increases from 90.5 ± 21.4 to 234.2 ± 41.9 nm2). The biexciton lifetime depends linearly on (1/Ek(e))7/2 (Ek(e) is the electron confinement energy) or nearly linearly on d7 (d is NPL thickness). The observed dependence is consistent with a model in which biexciton Auger recombination rate scales with the product of exciton binary collision frequency and Auger recombination probability in biexciton complexes. The linear increase of Auger lifetimes with NPL lateral areas reflects a 1/area dependence of the binary collision frequency for 2D excitons and the thickness-dependent biexciton Auger recombination time is attributed to its strong dependence on the degree of quantum confinement. This model may be generally applicable to exciton Auger recombination in quantum confined 1D and 2D nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University , 1515 Dickey Drive, NE, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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1975
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Sheng Y, Wang X, Fujisawa K, Ying S, Elias AL, Lin Z, Xu W, Zhou Y, Korsunsky AM, Bhaskaran H, Terrones M, Warner JH. Photoluminescence Segmentation within Individual Hexagonal Monolayer Tungsten Disulfide Domains Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:15005-15014. [PMID: 28426197 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We show that hexagonal domains of monolayer tungsten disulfide (WS2) grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) with powder precursors can have discrete segmentation in their photoluminescence (PL) emission intensity, forming symmetric patterns with alternating bright and dark regions. Two-dimensional maps of the PL reveal significant reduction within the segments associated with the longest sides of the hexagonal domains. Analysis of the PL spectra shows differences in the exciton to trion ratio, indicating variations in the exciton recombination dynamics. Monolayers of WS2 hexagonal islands transferred to new substrates still exhibit this PL segmentation, ruling out local strain in the regions as the dominant cause. High-power laser irradiation causes preferential degradation of the bright segments by sulfur removal, indicating the presence of a more defective region that is higher in oxidative reactivity. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images of topography and amplitude modes show uniform thickness of the WS2 domains and no signs of segmentation. However, AFM phase maps do show the same segmentation of the domain as the PL maps and indicate that it is caused by some kind of structural difference that we could not clearly identify. These results provide important insights into the spatially varying properties of these CVD-grown transition metal dichalcogenide materials, which may be important for their effective implementation in fast photo sensors and optical switches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuewen Sheng
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaochen Wang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Siqi Ying
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Wenshuo Xu
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Yingqiu Zhou
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander M Korsunsky
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Harish Bhaskaran
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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1976
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Butun S, Palacios E, Cain JD, Liu Z, Dravid VP, Aydin K. Quantifying Plasmon-Enhanced Light Absorption in Monolayer WS 2 Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:15044-15051. [PMID: 28393525 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transition metal dichalcogenide semiconductors hold great promise in photonic and optoelectronic applications, such as flexible solar cells and ultrafast photodetectors, because of their direct band gap and few-atom thicknesses. However, it is crucial to understand and improve the absorption characteristics of these monolayer semiconducting materials. In this study, we conducted a systematic numerical and experimental investigation to demonstrate and quantify absorption enhancement in WS2 monolayer films, in the presence of silver plasmonic nanodisk arrays. Our analysis combining full-field electromagnetic simulations and optical absorption spectroscopy measurements indicates a fourfold enhancement in the absorption of an WS2 film near its band edge, close to the plasmonic resonance wavelength of Ag nanodisk arrays. The proposed Ag/WS2 heterostructure exhibited a 2.5-fold enhancement in calculated short-circuit current. Such hybrid plasmonic or two-dimensional (2D) materials with enhanced absorption pave the way for the practical realization of 2D optoelectronic devices, including ultrafast photodetectors and solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Butun
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN) Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Edgar Palacios
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN) Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Cain
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN) Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zizhuo Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN) Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN) Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Koray Aydin
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, ‡Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and §International Institute for Nanotechnology (IIN) Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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1977
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Amit I, Octon TJ, Townsend NJ, Reale F, Wright CD, Mattevi C, Craciun MF, Russo S. Role of Charge Traps in the Performance of Atomically Thin Transistors. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1605598. [PMID: 28295639 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Transient currents in atomically thin MoTe2 field-effect transistors (FETs) are measured during cycles of pulses through the gate electrode. The curves of the transient currents are analyzed in light of a newly proposed model for charge-trapping dynamics that renders a time-dependent change in the threshold voltage as the dominant effect on the channel hysteretic behavior over emission currents from the charge traps. The proposed model is expected to be instrumental in understanding the fundamental physics that governs the performance of atomically thin FETs and is applicable to the entire class of atomically thin-based devices. Hence, the model is vital to the intelligent design of fast and highly efficient optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iddo Amit
- Centre for Graphene Science, Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Tobias J Octon
- Centre for Graphene Science, Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Nicola J Townsend
- Centre for Graphene Science, Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
| | - Francesco Reale
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - C David Wright
- Centre for Graphene Science, Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Cecilia Mattevi
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Monica F Craciun
- Centre for Graphene Science, Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QF, UK
| | - Saverio Russo
- Centre for Graphene Science, Department of Physics, University of Exeter, Stocker Road, Exeter, EX4 4QL, UK
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1978
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Martella C, Mennucci C, Cinquanta E, Lamperti A, Cappelluti E, Buatier de Mongeot F, Molle A. Anisotropic MoS 2 Nanosheets Grown on Self-Organized Nanopatterned Substrates. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 28294440 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating the anisotropy in 2D nanosheets is a promising way to tune or trigger functional properties at the nanoscale. Here, a novel approach is presented to introduce a one-directional anisotropy in MoS2 nanosheets via chemical vapor deposition (CVD) onto rippled patterns prepared on ion-sputtered SiO2 /Si substrates. The optoelectronic properties of MoS2 are dramatically affected by the rippled MoS2 morphology both at the macro- and the nanoscale. In particular, strongly anisotropic phonon modes are observed depending on the polarization orientation with respect to the ripple axis. Moreover, the rippled morphology induces localization of strain and charge doping at the nanoscale, thus causing substantial redshifts of the phonon mode frequencies and a topography-dependent modulation of the MoS2 workfunction, respectively. This study paves the way to a controllable tuning of the anisotropy via substrate pattern engineering in CVD-grown 2D nanosheets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Martella
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, via C. Olivetti 2, I-20864, Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - Carlo Mennucci
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Genova, via Dodecaneso 33, I-16146, Genova (Ge), Italy
| | - Eugenio Cinquanta
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, via C. Olivetti 2, I-20864, Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - Alessio Lamperti
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, via C. Olivetti 2, I-20864, Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
| | - Emmanuele Cappelluti
- Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi (ISC)-CNR, U.O.S. Sapienza, 00185, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università "La Sapienza,", P.le A. Moro 2, I-00185, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Molle
- Laboratorio MDM, IMM-CNR, via C. Olivetti 2, I-20864, Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy
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1979
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Xu J, Chen L, Dai YW, Cao Q, Sun QQ, Ding SJ, Zhu H, Zhang DW. A two-dimensional semiconductor transistor with boosted gate control and sensing ability. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1602246. [PMID: 28560330 PMCID: PMC5438220 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Transistors with exfoliated two-dimensional (2D) materials on a SiO2/Si substrate have been applied and have been proven effective in a wide range of applications, such as circuits, memory, photodetectors, gas sensors, optical modulators, valleytronics, and spintronics. However, these devices usually suffer from limited gate control because of the thick SiO2 gate dielectric and the lack of reliable transfer method. We introduce a new back-gate transistor scheme fabricated on a novel Al2O3/ITO (indium tin oxide)/SiO2/Si "stack" substrate, which was engineered with distinguishable optical identification of exfoliated 2D materials. High-quality exfoliated 2D materials could be easily obtained and recognized on this stack. Two typical 2D materials, MoS2 and ReS2, were implemented to demonstrate the enhancement of gate controllability. Both transistors show excellent electrical characteristics, including steep subthreshold swing (62 mV dec-1 for MoS2 and 83 mV dec-1 for ReS2), high mobility (61.79 cm2 V-1 s-1 for MoS2 and 7.32 cm2 V-1 s-1 for ReS2), large on/off ratio (~107), and reasonable working gate bias (below 3 V). Moreover, MoS2 and ReS2 photodetectors fabricated on the basis of the scheme have impressively leading photoresponsivities of 4000 and 760 A W-1 in the depletion area, respectively, and both have exceeded 106 A W-1 in the accumulation area, which is the best ever obtained. This opens up a suite of applications of this novel platform in 2D materials research with increasing needs of enhanced gate control.
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1980
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Zhong D, Seyler KL, Linpeng X, Cheng R, Sivadas N, Huang B, Schmidgall E, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, McGuire MA, Yao W, Xiao D, Fu KMC, Xu X. Van der Waals engineering of ferromagnetic semiconductor heterostructures for spin and valleytronics. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1603113. [PMID: 28580423 PMCID: PMC5451195 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1603113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The integration of magnetic material with semiconductors has been fertile ground for fundamental science as well as of great practical interest toward the seamless integration of information processing and storage. We create van der Waals heterostructures formed by an ultrathin ferromagnetic semiconductor CrI3 and a monolayer of WSe2. We observe unprecedented control of the spin and valley pseudospin in WSe2, where we detect a large magnetic exchange field of nearly 13 T and rapid switching of the WSe2 valley splitting and polarization via flipping of the CrI3 magnetization. The WSe2 photoluminescence intensity strongly depends on the relative alignment between photoexcited spins in WSe2 and the CrI3 magnetization, because of ultrafast spin-dependent charge hopping across the heterostructure interface. The photoluminescence detection of valley pseudospin provides a simple and sensitive method to probe the intriguing domain dynamics in the ultrathin magnet, as well as the rich spin interactions within the heterostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Zhong
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kyle L. Seyler
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiayu Linpeng
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ran Cheng
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nikhil Sivadas
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
| | - Bevin Huang
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Emma Schmidgall
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Michael A. McGuire
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Wang Yao
- Department of Physics and Center of Theoretical and Computational Physics, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Di Xiao
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburg, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kai-Mei C. Fu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Corresponding author.
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1981
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Zhou J, Zha X, Zhou X, Chen F, Gao G, Wang S, Shen C, Chen T, Zhi C, Eklund P, Du S, Xue J, Shi W, Chai Z, Huang Q. Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of Two-Dimensional Hafnium Carbide. ACS Nano 2017; 11:3841-3850. [PMID: 28375599 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate fabrication of a two-dimensional Hf-containing MXene, Hf3C2Tz, by selective etching of a layered parent Hf3[Al(Si)]4C6 compound. A substitutional solution of Si on Al sites effectively weakened the interfacial adhesion between Hf-C and Al(Si)-C sublayers within the unit cell of the parent compound, facilitating the subsequent selective etching. The underlying mechanism of the Si-alloying-facilitated etching process is thoroughly studied by first-principles density functional calculations. The result showed that more valence electrons of Si than Al weaken the adhesive energy of the etching interface. The MXenes were determined to be flexible and conductive. Moreover, this 2D Hf-containing MXene material showed reversible volumetric capacities of 1567 and 504 mAh cm-3 for lithium and sodium ions batteries, respectively, at a current density of 200 mAg-1 after 200 cycles. Thus, Hf3C2Tz MXenes with a 2D structure are candidate anode materials for metal-ion intercalation, especially for applications where size matters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Engineering Laboratory of Specialty Fibers and Nuclear Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xianhu Zha
- Engineering Laboratory of Specialty Fibers and Nuclear Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Xiaobing Zhou
- Engineering Laboratory of Specialty Fibers and Nuclear Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Fanyan Chen
- Engineering Laboratory of Specialty Fibers and Nuclear Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Guoliang Gao
- Energy Storage Division, Ningbo Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Shuwei Wang
- Energy Storage Division, Ningbo Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Cai Shen
- Energy Storage Division, Ningbo Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Engineering Laboratory of Specialty Fibers and Nuclear Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Chunyi Zhi
- Department of Physics and Material Science, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Per Eklund
- Thin Film Physics Division, Linköping University, IFM , 581 83 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Shiyu Du
- Engineering Laboratory of Specialty Fibers and Nuclear Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Jianming Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, CAPT and IFSA Collaborative Innovation Center of MoE, Peking University , Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weiqun Shi
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- Laboratory of Nuclear Energy Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Huang
- Engineering Laboratory of Specialty Fibers and Nuclear Energy Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
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1982
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Liu S, van Duin ACT, van Duin DM, Liu B, Edgar JH. Atomistic Insights into Nucleation and Formation of Hexagonal Boron Nitride on Nickel from First-Principles-Based Reactive Molecular Dynamics Simulations. ACS Nano 2017; 11:3585-3596. [PMID: 28319661 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Atomistic-scale insights into the growth of a continuous, atomically thin hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) lattice from elemental boron and nitrogen on Ni substrates were obtained from multiscale modeling combining density functional theory (DFT) and reactive molecular dynamics. The quantum mechanical calculations focused on the adsorption and reaction energetics for the hBN building-block species, i.e., atomic B, N, BxNy (x, y = 1, 2), on Ni(111) and Ni(211), and the diffusion pathways of elemental B and N on these slab model surfaces and in the sublayer. B can diffuse competitively on both the surface and in the sublayer, while N diffuses strictly on the substrate surface. The DFT data were then used to generate a classical description of the Ni-B and Ni-N pair interactions within the formulation of the reactive force field, ReaxFF. Using the potential developed from this work, the elementary nucleation and growth process of an hBN monolayer structure from elemental B and N is shown at the atomistic scale. The nucleation initiates from the growth of linear BN chains, which evolve into branched and then hexagonal lattices. Subsequent DFT calculations confirmed the structure evolution energetically and validate the self-consistency of this multiscale modeling framework. On the basis of this framework, the fundamental aspects regarding crystal quality and the role of temperature and substrates used during hBN growth can also be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University , Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - Adri C T van Duin
- RxFF_Consulting LLC , State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Diana M van Duin
- RxFF_Consulting LLC , State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University , Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University , Durland Hall, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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1983
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Abstract
Nanomaterials have recently been found to exhibit auxetic behavior, or a negative Poisson's ratio, whereby the lateral dimensions of the material expand, rather than shrink, in response to applied tensile loading. In this brief review, we use the form of question-answer to highlight key points and outstanding issues related to the field of auxetic nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold S. Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Sung Youb Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919 South Korea
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1984
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Abstract
Current interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials is driven in part by the ability to dramatically alter their optoelectronic properties through strain and phase engineering. A combination of these approaches can be applied in quasi-2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayers to induce displacive structural transformations between semiconducting (H) and metallic/semimetallic (T') phases. We classify such transformations in Group VI TMDs, and formulate a multiscale, first-principles-informed modeling framework to describe evolution of microstructural domain morphologies in elastically bendable 2D monolayers. We demonstrate that morphology and mechanical response can be controlled via application of strain either uniformly or through local probes to generate functionally patterned conductive T' domains. Such systems form dynamically programmable electromechanical 2D materials, capable of rapid local switching between domains with qualitatively different transport properties. This enables dynamic "drawing" of localized conducting regions in an otherwise semiconducting TMD monolayer, opening several interesting device-relevant functionalities such as the ability to dynamically "rewire" a device in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Berry
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
| | | | | | | | - Mikko P Haataja
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University , Princeton, New Jersey 08544, United States
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1985
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Sun P, Ma R, Bai X, Wang K, Zhu H, Sasaki T. Single-layer nanosheets with exceptionally high and anisotropic hydroxyl ion conductivity. Sci Adv 2017; 3:e1602629. [PMID: 28439551 PMCID: PMC5392023 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
When the dimensionality of layered materials is reduced to the physical limit, an ultimate two-dimensional (2D) anisotropy and/or confinement effect may bring about extraordinary physical and chemical properties. Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), bearing abundant hydroxyl groups covalently bonded within 2D host layers, have been proposed as inorganic anion conductors. However, typical hydroxyl ion conductivities for bulk or lamellar LDHs, generally up to 10-3 S cm-1, are considered not high enough for practical applications. We show that single-layer LDH nanosheets exhibited exceptionally high in-plane conductivities approaching 10-1 S cm-1, which were the highest among anion conductors and comparable to proton conductivities in commercial proton exchange membranes (for example, Nafion). The in-plane conductivities were four to five orders of magnitude higher than the cross-plane or cross-membrane values of restacked LDH nanosheets. This 2D superionic transport characteristic might have great promises in a variety of applications including alkaline fuel cells and water electrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhan Sun
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Renzhi Ma
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
- Corresponding author. (R.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Xueyin Bai
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kunlin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Corresponding author. (R.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Takayoshi Sasaki
- World Premier International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
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1986
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Yu S, Wu X, Wang Y, Guo X, Tong L. 2D Materials for Optical Modulation: Challenges and Opportunities. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 28220971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Owing to their atomic layer thickness, strong light-material interaction, high nonlinearity, broadband optical response, fast relaxation, controllable optoelectronic properties, and high compatibility with other photonic structures, 2D materials, including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides and black phosphorus, have been attracting increasing attention for photonic applications. By tuning the carrier density via electrical or optical means that modifies their physical properties (e.g., Fermi level or nonlinear absorption), optical response of the 2D materials can be instantly changed, making them versatile nanostructures for optical modulation. Here, up-to-date 2D material-based optical modulation in three categories is reviewed: free-space, fiber-based, and on-chip configurations. By analysing cons and pros of different modulation approaches from material and mechanism aspects, the challenges faced by using these materials for device applications are presented. In addition, thermal effects (e.g., laser induced damage) in 2D materials, which are critical to practical applications, are also discussed. Finally, the outlook for future opportunities of these 2D materials for optical modulation is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoliang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Yipei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Limin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
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1987
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Li F, Qi J, Xu M, Xiao J, Xu Y, Zhang X, Liu S, Zhang Y. Layer Dependence and Light Tuning Surface Potential of 2D MoS 2 on Various Substrates. Small 2017; 13:1603103. [PMID: 28092427 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201603103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Here surface potential of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) grown 2D MoS2 with various layers is reported, and the effect of adherent substrate and light illumination on surface potential of monolayer MoS2 are investigated. The surface potential of MoS2 on Si/SiO2 substrate decreases from 4.93 to 4.84 eV with the increase in the number of layer from 1 to 4 or more. Especially, the surface potentials of monolayer MoS2 are strongly dependent on its adherent substrate, which are determined to be 4.55, 4.88, 4.93, 5.10, and 5.50 eV on Ag, graphene, Si/SiO2 , Au, and Pt substrates, respectively. Light irradiation is introduced to tuning the surface potential of monolayer MoS2 , with the increase in light intensity, the surface potential of MoS2 on Si/SiO2 substrate decreases from 4.93 to 4.74 eV, while increases from 5.50 to 5.56 eV on Pt substrate. The I-V curves on vertical of monolayer MoS2 /Pt heterojunction show the decrease in current with the increase of light intensity, and Schottky barrier height at MoS2 /Pt junctions increases from 0.302 to 0.342 eV. The changed surface potential can be explained by trapped charges on surface, photoinduced carriers, charge transfer, and local electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Minxuan Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Jiankun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Xiankun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
- Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of New Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
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1988
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Yoo Y, DeGregorio ZP, Su Y, Koester SJ, Johns JE. In-Plane 2H-1T' MoTe 2 Homojunctions Synthesized by Flux-Controlled Phase Engineering. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 28221704 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The fabrication of in-plane 2H-1T' MoTe2 homojunctions by the flux-controlled, phase-engineering of few-layer MoTe2 from Mo nanoislands is reported. The phase of few-layer MoTe2 is controlled by simply changing Te atomic flux controlled by the temperature of the reaction vessel. Few-layer 2H MoTe2 is formed with high Te flux, while few-layer 1T' MoTe2 is obtained with low Te flux. With medium flux, few-layer in-plane 2H-1T' MoTe2 homojunctions are synthesized. As-synthesized MoTe2 is characterized by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Kelvin probe force microscopy and Raman mapping confirm that in-plane 2H-1T' MoTe2 homojunctions have abrupt interfaces between 2H and 1T' MoTe2 domains, possessing a potential difference of about 100 mV. It is further shown that this method can be extended to create patterned metal-semiconductor junctions in MoTe2 in a two-step lithographic synthesis. The flux-controlled phase engineering method could be utilized for the large-scale controlled fabrication of 2D metal-semiconductor junctions for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngdong Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | | | - Yang Su
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Steven J Koester
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - James E Johns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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1989
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Liu X, Guo Q, Qiu J. Emerging Low-Dimensional Materials for Nonlinear Optics and Ultrafast Photonics. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1605886. [PMID: 28225160 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional (LD) materials demonstrate intriguing optical properties, which lead to applications in diverse fields, such as photonics, biomedicine and energy. Due to modulation of electronic structure by the reduced structural dimensionality, LD versions of metal, semiconductor and topological insulators (TIs) at the same time bear distinct nonlinear optical (NLO) properties as compared with their bulk counterparts. Their interaction with short pulse laser excitation exhibits a strong nonlinear character manifested by NLO absorption, giving rise to optical limiting or saturated absorption associated with excited state absorption and Pauli blocking in different materials. In particular, the saturable absorption of these emerging LD materials including two-dimensional semiconductors as well as colloidal TI nanoparticles has recently been utilized for Q-switching and mode-locking ultra-short pulse generation across the visible, near infrared and middle infrared wavelength regions. Beside the large operation bandwidth, these ultrafast photonics applications are especially benefit from the high recovery rate as well as the facile processibility of these LD materials. The prominent NLO response of these LD materials have also provided new avenues for the development of novel NLO and photonics devices for all-optical control as well as optical circuits beyond ultrafast lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qiangbing Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jianrong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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1990
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Zhu H, Lai Z, Fang Y, Zhen X, Tan C, Qi X, Ding D, Chen P, Zhang H, Pu K. Ternary Chalcogenide Nanosheets with Ultrahigh Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Photoacoustic Theranostics. Small 2017; 13:1604139. [PMID: 28186370 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201604139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2D materials (TDMs) have been explored for photonic theranostics. To achieve deep-tissue penetration, near-infrared (NIR) light is essential for photoacoustic (PA) theranostics. However, because the absorption profiles of existing TDMs are generally featureless with no obvious NIR absorption peaks, their PA signals and therapeutic efficacies are limited. This paper herein reports the synthesis and application of ternary chalcogenide nanosheets (Ta2 NiS5 -P) for PA theranostics. In contrast to the current TDMs for such application, Ta2 NiS5 -P has a ternary instead of binary composition. This difference brings in the strong and featured NIR for Ta2 NiS5 -P. To the best of the knowledge, this is the first example using ternary chalcogenide nanosheets for such application; moreover, the photothermal conversion efficiency of Ta2 NiS5 -P is the highest (35%) among all the reported TDMs based on the same calculation method. These advantages allow Ta2 NiS5 -P to passively target, effectively delineate, and completely eradicate the tumor of living mice after systemic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjuan Zhu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Zhuangchai Lai
- Center for Programmable Materials, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xu Zhen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Chaoliang Tan
- Center for Programmable Materials, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoying Qi
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), 71 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 638075, Singapore
| | - Dan Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Hua Zhang
- Center for Programmable Materials, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
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1991
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Xin X, Fei Z, Ma T, Chen L, Chen ML, Xu C, Qian X, Sun DM, Ma XL, Cheng HM, Ren W. Circular Graphene Platelets with Grain Size and Orientation Gradients Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1605451. [PMID: 28240393 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monolayer circular graphene platelets with a grain structure gradient in the radial direction are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition on immiscible W-Cu substrates. Because of the different interactions and growth behaviors of graphene on Cu and tungsten carbide, such substrates cause the formation of grain size and orientation gradients through the competition between Cu and tungsten carbide in graphene growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xin
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Zeyuan Fei
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Teng Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Long Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Lin Chen
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Xu
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xitang Qian
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Dong-Ming Sun
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Xiu-Liang Ma
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Ming Cheng
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, 1001 Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Wencai Ren
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, P. R. China
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1992
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Yang S, Li W, Ye C, Wang G, Tian H, Zhu C, He P, Ding G, Xie X, Liu Y, Lifshitz Y, Lee ST, Kang Z, Jiang M. C 3 N-A 2D Crystalline, Hole-Free, Tunable-Narrow-Bandgap Semiconductor with Ferromagnetic Properties. Adv Mater 2017; 29. [PMID: 28240434 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201605625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has initiated intensive research efforts on 2D crystalline materials due to its extraordinary set of properties and the resulting host of possible applications. Here the authors report on the controllable large-scale synthesis of C3 N, a 2D crystalline, hole-free extension of graphene, its structural characterization, and some of its unique properties. C3 N is fabricated by polymerization of 2,3-diaminophenazine. It consists of a 2D honeycomb lattice with a homogeneous distribution of nitrogen atoms, where both N and C atoms show a D6h -symmetry. C3 N is a semiconductor with an indirect bandgap of 0.39 eV that can be tuned to cover the entire visible range by fabrication of quantum dots with different diameters. Back-gated field-effect transistors made of single-layer C3 N display an on-off current ratio reaching 5.5 × 1010 . Surprisingly, C3 N exhibits a ferromagnetic order at low temperatures (<96 K) when doped with hydrogen. This new member of the graphene family opens the door for both fundamental basic research and possible future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- Department of Physics and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Caichao Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - He Tian
- Center of Electron Microscopy and State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Peng He
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Guqiao Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoming Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yeshayahu Lifshitz
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
| | - Shuit-Tong Lee
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhenhui Kang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Mianheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai, 200050, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, 200031, P. R. China
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1993
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Pramoda K, Gupta U, Chhetri M, Bandyopadhyay A, Pati SK, Rao CNR. Nanocomposites of C 3N 4 with Layers of MoS 2 and Nitrogenated RGO, Obtained by Covalent Cross-Linking: Synthesis, Characterization, and HER Activity. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:10664-10672. [PMID: 28267317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Generation of hydrogen by photochemical, electrochemical, and other means is a vital area of research today, and a variety of materials have been explored as catalysts for this purpose. C3N4, MoS2, and nitrogenated RGO (NRGO) are some of the important catalytic materials investigated for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) reaction, but the observed catalytic activities are somewhat marginal. Prompted by preliminary reports that covalent cross-linking of 2D materials to generate heteroassemblies or nanocomposites may have beneficial effect on the catalytic activity, we have synthesized nanocomposites wherein C3N4 is covalently bonded to MoS2 or NRGO nanosheets. The photochemical HER activity of the C3N4-MoS2 nanocomposite is found to be remarkable with an activity of 12778 μmol h-1 g-1 and a turnover frequency of 2.35 h-1. The physical mixture of C3N4 and MoS2, on the other hand, does not exhibit notable catalytic activity. Encouraged by this result, we have studied electrochemical HER activity of these composites as well. C3N4-MoS2 shows superior activity relative to a physical mixture of MoS2 and C3N4. Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to understand the HER activity of the nanocomposites. Charge-transfer between the components and greater planarity of cross-linked layers are important causes of the superior catalytic activity of the nanocomposites. Covalent linking of such 2D materials appears to be a worthwhile strategy for catalysis and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pramoda
- New Chemistry Unit, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Sheikh Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur P. O., Bangalore 560064, India
| | - U Gupta
- New Chemistry Unit, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Sheikh Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur P. O., Bangalore 560064, India
| | - M Chhetri
- New Chemistry Unit, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Sheikh Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur P. O., Bangalore 560064, India
| | - A Bandyopadhyay
- New Chemistry Unit, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Sheikh Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur P. O., Bangalore 560064, India
| | - S K Pati
- New Chemistry Unit, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Sheikh Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur P. O., Bangalore 560064, India
| | - C N R Rao
- New Chemistry Unit, Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, CSIR Centre of Excellence in Chemistry, Sheikh Saqr Laboratory, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR) , Jakkur P. O., Bangalore 560064, India
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1994
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Li H, Wang S, Sawada H, Han GGD, Samuels T, Allen CS, Kirkland AI, Grossman JC, Warner JH. Atomic Structure and Dynamics of Single Platinum Atom Interactions with Monolayer MoS 2. ACS Nano 2017; 11:3392-3403. [PMID: 28256826 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
We have studied atomic level interactions between single Pt atoms and the surface of monolayer MoS2 using aberration-corrected annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy at an accelerating voltage of 60 kV. Strong contrast from single Pt atoms on the atomically resolved monolayer MoS2 lattice enables their exact position to be determined with respect to the MoS2 lattice, revealing stable binding sites. In regions of MoS2 free from surface contamination, the Pt atoms are localized in S vacancy sites and exhibit dynamic hopping to nearby vacancy sites driven by the energy supplied by the electron beam. However, in areas of MoS2 contaminated with carbon surface layers, the Pt atoms appear at various positions with respect to the underlying MoS2 lattice, including on top of Mo and in off-axis positions. These variations are due to the Pt bonding with the surrounding amorphous carbon layer, which disrupts the intrinsic Pt-MoS2 interactions, leading to more varied positions. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that Pt atoms on the surface of MoS2 have a small barrier for migration and are stabilized when bound to either a single or double sulfur vacancies. DFT calculations have been used to understand how the catalytic activity of the MoS2 basal plane for hydrogen evolution reaction is influenced by Pt dopants by variation of the hydrogen adsorption free energy. This strong dependence of catalytic effect on interfacial configurations is shown to be common for a series of dopants, which may provide a means to create and optimize reaction centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huashan Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Hidetake Sawada
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- JEOL Ltd. , 3-1-2 Musashino, Akishima, Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Center, Diamond Light Source Ltd , Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Thomas Samuels
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher S Allen
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Center, Diamond Light Source Ltd , Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Angus I Kirkland
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
- Electron Physical Sciences Imaging Center, Diamond Light Source Ltd , Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jamie H Warner
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford , Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PH, United Kingdom
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1995
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Ai R, Guan X, Li J, Yao K, Chen P, Zhang Z, Duan X, Duan X. Growth of Single-Crystalline Cadmium Iodide Nanoplates, CdI 2/MoS 2 (WS 2, WSe 2) van der Waals Heterostructures, and Patterned Arrays. ACS Nano 2017; 11:3413-3419. [PMID: 28303713 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) have attracted considerable recent interest for their layer-number-dependent physical and chemical properties, as well as potential technological opportunities. Here we report the synthesis of two-dimensional layered cadmium iodide (CdI2) nanoplates using a vapor transport and deposition approach. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies show that the resulting CdI2 nanoplates predominantly adopt hexagonal and triangular morphologies with a lateral dimension of ∼2-10 μm. Atomic force microscopy studies show that the resulting nanoplates exhibit a thickness in the range of 5-220 nm with a relatively smooth surface. X-ray diffraction studies reveal highly crystalline CdI2 in hexagonal phase, which is also confirmed by the characteristic Raman Ag mode at 110 cm-1. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction reveal that the resulting CdI2 nanoplates are single crystals. Taking a step further, we show the CdI2 nanoplates were readily grown on other 2DLMs (e.g., WS2, WSe2, MoS2), forming diverse van der Waals heterostructures. Using prepatterned WS2 monolayer square arrays as the nucleation and growth templates, we also show that regular arrays of CdI2/WS2 vertical heterostructures can be prepared. The synthesis of the CdI2 nanoplates, heterostructures, and heterostructure arrays offers a valuable material system for 2D materials science and technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Ai
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xun Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jia Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Kangkang Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Peng Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhengwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xidong Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University , Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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1996
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Abstract
As a new family member of two-dimensional layered materials, black phosphorus (BP) has attracted significant attention for chemical sensing applications due to its exceptional electrical, mechanical, and surface properties. However, producing air-stable BP sensors is extremely challenging because BP atomic layers degrade rapidly in ambient conditions. In this study, we explored the humidity sensing properties of BP field-effect transistors fully encapsulated by a 6 nm-thick Al2O3 encapsulation layer deposited by atomic layer deposition. The encapsulated BP sensors exhibited superior ambient stability with no noticeable degradation in sensing response after being stored in air for more than a week. Compared with the bare BP devices, the encapsulated ones offered long-term stability with a trade-off in slightly reduced sensitivity. Capacitance-voltage measurement results further reveal that instead of direct charge transfer, the electrostatic gating effect on BP flakes arising from the dipole moment of adsorbed water molecules is the basic mechanism governing the humidity sensing behavior of both bare and encapsulated BP sensors. This work demonstrates a viable approach for achieving air-stable BP-based humidity or chemical sensors for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Junghyo Nah
- Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134, Korea
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1997
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Kuntz KL, Wells RA, Hu J, Yang T, Dong B, Guo H, Woomer AH, Druffel DL, Alabanza A, Tománek D, Warren SC. Control of Surface and Edge Oxidation on Phosphorene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:9126-9135. [PMID: 28218508 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorene is emerging as an important two-dimensional semiconductor, but controlling the surface chemistry of phosphorene remains a significant challenge. Here, we show that controlled oxidation of phosphorene determines the composition and spatial distribution of the resulting oxide. We used X-ray photoemission spectroscopy to measure the binding energy shifts that accompany oxidation. We interpreted these spectra by calculating the binding energy shift for 24 likely bonding configurations, including phosphorus oxides and hydroxides located on the basal surface or edges of flakes. After brief exposure to high-purity oxygen or high-purity water vapor at room temperature, we observed phosphorus in the +1 and +2 oxidation states; longer exposures led to a large population of phosphorus in the +3 oxidation state. To provide insight into the spatial distribution of the oxide, transmission electron microscopy was performed at several stages during the oxidation. We found crucial differences between oxygen and water oxidants: while pure oxygen produced an oxide layer on the van der Waals surface, water oxidized the material at pre-existing defects such as edges or steps. We propose a mechanism based on the thermodynamics of electron transfer to interpret these observations. This work opens a route to functionalize the basal surface or edges of two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus through site-selective chemical reactions and presents the opportunity to explore the synthesis of 2D phosphorene oxide by oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaci L Kuntz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Rebekah A Wells
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jun Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Teng Yang
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Baojuan Dong
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenyang 110016, P.R. China
| | - Huaihong Guo
- College of Sciences, Liaoning Shihua University , Fushun 113001, P.R. China
| | - Adam H Woomer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Daniel L Druffel
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Anginelle Alabanza
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - David Tománek
- Physics and Astronomy Department, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Scott C Warren
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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1998
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Wagner S, Dieing T, Centeno A, Zurutuza A, Smith AD, Östling M, Kataria S, Lemme MC. Noninvasive Scanning Raman Spectroscopy and Tomography for Graphene Membrane Characterization. Nano Lett 2017; 17:1504-1511. [PMID: 28140595 PMCID: PMC5345116 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b04546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has extraordinary mechanical and electronic properties, making it a promising material for membrane-based nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS). Here, chemical-vapor-deposited graphene is transferred onto target substrates to suspend it over cavities and trenches for pressure-sensor applications. The development of such devices requires suitable metrology methods, i.e., large-scale characterization techniques, to confirm and analyze successful graphene transfer with intact suspended graphene membranes. We propose fast and noninvasive Raman spectroscopy mapping to distinguish between free-standing and substrate-supported graphene, utilizing the different strain and doping levels. The technique is expanded to combine two-dimensional area scans with cross-sectional Raman spectroscopy, resulting in three-dimensional Raman tomography of membrane-based graphene NEMS. The potential of Raman tomography for in-line monitoring is further demonstrated with a methodology for automated data analysis to spatially resolve the material composition in micrometer-scale integrated devices, including free-standing and substrate-supported graphene. Raman tomography may be applied to devices composed of other two-dimensional materials as well as silicon micro- and nanoelectromechanical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Wagner
- Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, University
of Siegen, Hölderlinstrasse
3, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Thomas Dieing
- WITec Wissenschaftliche Instrumente und
Technologie GmbH, Lise-Meitner-Strasse
6, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Alba Centeno
- Graphenea S.A., Avenida de Tolosa 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Amaia Zurutuza
- Graphenea S.A., Avenida de Tolosa 76, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Anderson D. Smith
- School of Information and Communication
Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, E229, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Mikael Östling
- School of Information and Communication
Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, E229, 16440 Kista, Sweden
| | - Satender Kataria
- Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, University
of Siegen, Hölderlinstrasse
3, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Max C. Lemme
- Department of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science, University
of Siegen, Hölderlinstrasse
3, 57076 Siegen, Germany
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1999
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Joung D, Nemilentsau A, Agarwal K, Dai C, Liu C, Su Q, Li J, Low T, Koester SJ, Cho JH. Self-Assembled Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons Inducing Volumetric Light Confinement. Nano Lett 2017; 17:1987-1994. [PMID: 28147479 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b05412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The ability to transform two-dimensional (2D) materials into a three-dimensional (3D) structure while preserving their unique inherent properties might offer great enticing opportunities in the development of diverse applications for next generation micro/nanodevices. Here, a self-assembly process is introduced for building free-standing 3D, micro/nanoscale, hollow, polyhedral structures configured with a few layers of graphene-based materials: graphene and graphene oxide. The 3D structures have been further modified with surface patterning, realized through the inclusion of metal patterns on their 3D surfaces. The 3D geometry leads to a nontrivial spatial distribution of strong electric fields (volumetric light confinement) induced by 3D plasmon hybridization on the surface of the graphene forming the 3D structures. Due to coupling in all directions, resulting in 3D plasmon hybridization, the 3D closed box graphene generates a highly confined electric field within as well as outside of the cubes. Moreover, since the uniform coupling reduces the decay of the field enhancement away from the surface, the confined electric field inside of the 3D structure shows two orders of magnitude higher than that of 2D graphene before transformation into the 3D structure. Therefore, these structures might be used for detection of target substances (not limited to only the graphene surfaces, but using the entire volume formed by the 3D graphene-based structure) in sensor applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeha Joung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Andrei Nemilentsau
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kriti Agarwal
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Chunhui Dai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Qun Su
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Tony Low
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Steven J Koester
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jeong-Hyun Cho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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2000
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Xie J, Zhang X, Zhang H, Zhang J, Li S, Wang R, Pan B, Xie Y. Intralayered Ostwald Ripening to Ultrathin Nanomesh Catalyst with Robust Oxygen-Evolving Performance. Adv Mater 2017; 29:1604765. [PMID: 28060435 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201604765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
An etching-intralayered Ostwald ripening process is proposed, which leads to the formation of a β-Ni(OH)2 ultrathin nanomesh with abundant and uniformly distributed nanopores of 3-4 nm. The nanomesh catalyst exhibits outstanding oxygen evolution reaction performance, with high catalytic current density and superior long-term stability, making this Earth-abundant nanomesh catalyst a promising candidate for commercial water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Li
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ruoxing Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Bicai Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yi Xie
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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