ROS and p53: a versatile partnership

Dual-upregulation of p53 for self-sensitized cuproptosis via microwave dynamic and NO gas therapy

Cuproptosis-a novel cell death mechanism-is an innovative strategy for tumor therapy. However, the insufficient efficacy of cuproptosis, primarily owing to the low sensitivity of tumor cells to Cu ions, remains a major challenge. In this study, we design TiCuMOF@PEG@l-Arg@TPP (TCPAT) nanoparticles to facilitate self-sensitized cuproptosis for anti-tumor therapy through the dual upregulation of p53. TiMOF serves as a microwave sensitizer by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS). Notably, the uniformly distributed Cu ions within the MOF serve as co-catalysts to provide reactive sites that enhance ROS generation. Additionally, the ROS generated are utilized to oxidize l-arginine, thus resulting in the release of nitric oxide (NO), which has a long half-life and diffusion distance, thereby enabling it to penetrate deep into the tumor regions that are typically inaccessible to ROS. Furthermore, TCPAT not only induces cuproptosis but also leverages the efficiently generated ROS and cascade-released NO for the dual upregulation of p53. This upregulation subsequently inhibits glycolysis, increases cellular sensitivity to Cu ions, and facilitates self-sensitized cuproptosis. Consequently, the self-sensitized cuproptosis strategy, dependent on the efficient generation of ROS, presents a promising avenue for tumor therapy based on cuproptosis mechanisms.

Genetic Variations Related to Angiotensin II Production and Risk for Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most prevalent human neoplasm, with constantly increasing annual incidence. Despite its slow growth, BCC is locally invasive and, if left untreated, can cause severe complications, including metastasis and death. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in electrolyte balance, atrial pressure, tissue development, homeostasis, and inflammation, but also in cancer development. After binding to its type 1 receptor (AT1R), angiotensin II (ANGII), the system's principal hormonal effector, regulates cancer pathways spanning from the formation of the initial cancer cell to the construction and nutrition of the tumor microenvironment, angiogenesis, proliferation, and metastasis. Although the role of RAS in the development of skin pathologies has not been widely researched, RAS-targeting antihypertensive medications have been shown to have a chemoprotective effect against BCC. Based on those findings, our group conducted a series of genetic association studies to investigate the association between common functional variations in key genes related to ANGII production (AGT, ACE, ACE2, AT1R, AT2R, and CMA1) and the risk of BCC occurrence. This review provides a summary of the current understanding of the ANGII involvement in BCC development. The reliable and easily assessed pool of genetic biomarkers may be used for predictive testing and prevention purposes in high-risk individuals.

ATG16L1 restrains macrophage NLRP3 activation and alveolar epithelial cell injury during septic lung injury

BACKGROUND

The lung is the organ most commonly affected by sepsis. Additionally, acute lung injury (ALI) resulting from sepsis is a major cause of death in intensive care units. Macrophages are essential for maintaining normal lung physiological functions and are implicated in various pulmonary diseases. An essential autophagy protein, autophagy-related protein 16-like 1 (ATG16L1), is crucial for the inflammatory activation of macrophages.

METHODS

ATG16L1 expression was measured in lung from mice with sepsis. ALI was induced in myeloid ATG16L1-, NLRP3- and STING-deficient mice by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg). Using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry to assess the inflammatory status of LPS-treated bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). A co-culture system of BMDMs and MLE-12 cells was established in vitro.

RESULTS

Myeloid ATG16L1-deficient mice exhibited exacerbated septic lung injury and a more intense inflammatory response following LPS treatment. Mechanistically, ATG16L1-deficient macrophages exhibited impaired LC3B lipidation, damaged mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. These abnormalities led to the activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3), subsequently enhancing proinflammatory response. Overactivated ATG16L1-deficient macrophages aggravated the damage to alveolar epithelial cells and enhanced the release of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), thereby promoting STING activation and subsequent NLRP3 activation in macrophages, leading to positive feedback activation of macrophage NLRP3 signalling. Scavenging mitochondrial ROS or inhibiting STING activation effectively suppresses NLRP3 activation in macrophages and alleviates ALI. Furthermore, overexpression of myeloid ATG16L1 limits NLRP3 activation and reduces the severity of ALI.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings reveal a new role for ATG16L1 in regulating macrophage NLRP3 feedback activation during sepsis, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target for treating sepsis-induced ALI.

KEY POINTS

Myeloid-specific ATG16L1 deficiency exacerbates sepsis-induced lung injury. ATG16L1-deficient macrophages exhibit impaired LC3B lipidation and ROS accumulation, leading to NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Uncontrolled inflammatory responses in ATG16L1-deficient macrophages aggravate alveolar epithelial cell damage. Alveolar epithelial cells release dsDNA, activating the cGAS-STING-NLRP3 signaling pathway, which subsequently triggers a positive feedback activation of NLRP3. Overexpression of ATG16L1 helps mitigate lung tissue inflammation, offering a novel therapeutic direction for sepsis-induced lung injury.

Harnessing the Sulfur-for-Oxygen Shift: A Magic Bullet for Dynamic Photophysical and Anticancer Activities of Indole-Barbituric Acid Construct

The development of small molecule-based drugs emerged as a cornerstone of modern drug discovery. Structural activity relationship (SAR) studies in medicinal chemistry are crucial for lead optimization, where a subtle change in the substituent can significantly alter its binding affinity with the biological target. Herein, a highly efficient single-atom substitution (SAS) approach has been developed, where sulfur for oxygen strategy is utilized as a powerful molecular editing technique to identify N-vinyl Indole-thiobarbituric acid (6 a) as a novel small molecule-based scaffold with tunable photophysical and antiproliferative activities. A series of NIR-emitting indole-barbituric/thiobarbituric acid conjugates exhibiting aggregation-induced emission (AIE) were prepared, where the replacement of oxygen for sulfur strategy emerged as a magic bullet. On the evaluation of photophysical properties and chemopreventive efficacies, a significant improvement in the absorption and emission profile, cellular uptake, and antiproliferative activity was noted for sulfur counterparts. From the pool of the molecules, the lead molecule 6 a unveils a 55 nm emission shift, 142-fold increased anticancer profile, and ~4-fold elevated cellular uptake. Furthermore, the colocalization experiment unravels the nuclear localization of 6 a, where it causes severe DNA damage, arrests the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, and leads to the activation of p53-mediated apoptosis. Our experimental findings represent 6 a as a potential lead molecule possessing excellent anticancer potency in the HCT 116 cell line and HCT 116-derived 3D spheroid model.

Molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-Colon Cancer effects of Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharides (CLP)

Colon cancer (CC) ranks is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths globally. Despite chemotherapy being a primary treatment its effectiveness significantly declines in advanced in stage. Emerging evidence suggests that dietary components particularly polysaccharides, play a role in CC progression. This study employed multi-omics and network pharmacology to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the apoptotic effects of Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharide (CLP) in CC, validated through in vitro and in vivo experiments. Transcriptomics and network pharmacology analysis identified the p53/Bax/Caspase-3 pathway as a key regulatory axis. Further targeted analysis of amino acid metabolism revealed that CLP significantly decreased intracellular aspartate (Asp) levels. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation was detected in cells. CLP treatment reduced Asp content, leading to ROS accumulation, which activated the p53/Bax/Caspase-3 pathway, triggering apoptosis. In vivo, CLP effectively inhibited tumor growth in BALB/c mice bearing CT26 colon cancer cells. These findings suggest that CLP exerts anti-colon cancer effects by modulating amino acid metabolism and inducing apoptosis via the p53/Bax/Caspase-3 axis, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for CC.

Ceramide and DNA damage in liver fibrosis: Exploring the implications of eicosapentaenoic acid encapsulation in cellulose nanocrystals

Ceramide plays a crucial role in promoting liver fibrosis by inducing apoptosis and inflammation in hepatocytes. Oxidative stress accelerates fibrosis by elevating levels of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), an indicator for the damage of DNA. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy of eicosapentaenoic acid encapsulated in cellulose nanocrystals (EPA-CNC) in inhibiting ceramide accumulation and reducing urinary 8-OHdG levels, thus providing protective effects against the progression of liver fibrosis. In this study, twenty-four adult male Wistar albino rats were allocated into a negative control group, a group with liver fibrosis induced by diethylnitrosamine (DEN), and a group with DEN-induced liver fibrosis treated simultaneously with EPA-CNC. Key parameters assessed included liver paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), plasma ceramide, liver hydroxyproline (Hyp) content, and urinary 8-OHdG. DEN-induced liver fibrosis led to a significant increase in inflammatory markers, including ceramide, IL-6, and notably urinary 8-OHdG. This was accompanied by a decrease in PON-1 activity and increased collagen deposition in liver tissues (Hyp content). Histopathological analysis revealed a substantial loss of liver architecture, with inflammation and fibrosis surrounding necrotic areas. In contrast, treatment with encapsulated EPA-CNC resulted in a significant decrease in plasma ceramide, IL-6, liver Hyp content, and urinary 8-OHdG levels, along with an improvement in liver PON-1 activity. Histopathological findings showed nearly normal liver architecture. In conclusion, increased levels of ceramide and urinary 8-OHdG could serve as indicators of ongoing hepatocellular damage due to their positive correlations with fibrotic markers. Encapsulated EPA-CNC may offer a promising approach for halting oxidative stress and inflammation in liver fibrosis.

Ubiquitin-specific protease: an emerging key player in cardiomyopathy

Protein quality control (PQC) plays a vital role in maintaining normal heart function, as cardiomyocytes are relatively sensitive to misfolded or damaged proteins, which tend to accumulate under pathological conditions. Ubiquitin-specific protease (USP) is the largest deubiquitinating enzyme family and a key component of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), which is a non-lysosomal protein degradation machinery to mediate PQC in cells. USPs regulate the stability or activity of the target proteins that involve intracellular signaling, transcriptional control of inflammation, antioxidation, and cell growth. Recent studies demonstrate that the USPs can regulate fibrosis, lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, hypertrophic response, post-ischemic recovery and cell death such as apoptosis and ferroptosis in cardiomyocytes. Since myocardial cell loss is an important component of cardiomyopathy, therefore, these findings suggest that the UPSs play emerging roles in cardiomyopathy. This review briefly summarizes recent literature on the regulatory roles of USPs in the occurrence and development of cardiomyopathy, giving us new insights into the molecular mechanisms of USPs in different cardiomyopathy and potential preventive strategies for cardiomyopathy.

Fasting enhances the efficacy of Sorafenib in breast cancer via mitophagy mediated ROS-driven p53 pathway

The multi-kinase inhibitor sorafenib has shown potential to inhibit tumor cell growth and intra-tumoral angiogenesis by targeting several kinases, including VEGFR2 and RAF. Abnormal activation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK/ERK kinase cascade and the VEGF pathway is a common feature in breast cancer. However, the efficacy of sorafenib in breast cancer treatment remains limited. Recently, fasting has emerged as a promising non-pharmacological approach to modulate cancer metabolism and enhance the effectiveness of cancer therapies. In this study, we found that fasting significantly enhances the anti-cancer effects of sorafenib monotherapy and its combination with immunotherapy in breast cancer models without causing obvious side effects. This combined treatment effectively inhibits tumor cell proliferation and intra-tumoral angiogenesis. The fasting-induced reduction in peripheral blood glucose levels strongly correlated with enhanced sensitivity to sorafenib. Mechanistically, the combined treatment induced mitophagy, characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and activation of the PINK1-Parkin pathway. Consequently, increased mitochondrial ROS levels promoted p53 expression, amplifying cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Furthermore, fasting reduced lactate levels within the tumor, and the consequent glucose limitation synergized with sorafenib to activate AMPK, which in turn elevated PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, potentially enhancing their sensitivity to immunotherapy. In summary, our findings demonstrate that fasting and sorafenib, as a rational combination therapy, induce mitophagy, thereby enhancing sorafenib's efficacy in treating breast cancer through the ROS-driven p53 pathway. This study underscores the potential of fasting in breast cancer therapy and provides a foundation for optimizing the clinical application of sorafenib.

Exploring the role and application of mitochondria in radiation therapy

Mitochondria are pivotal in cellular energy metabolism, the oxidative stress response and apoptosis. Recent research has focused on harnessing their functions to enhance the efficacy of radiation therapy (RT). This review focuses on the critical functions and applications of mitochondria in radiation therapy, including the targeting of mitochondrial metabolism and the modulation of mitochondria-mediated cell death and immune responses. While these strategies have demonstrated considerable potential in preclinical studies to improve radiotherapy outcomes, challenges remain, such as optimizing drug delivery systems, ensuring safety and overcoming resistance to therapy.

Molecular Response and Metabolic Reprogramming of the Spleen Coping with Cold Stress in the Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis)

The Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis), as a type of warm-water reptile, could be induced to massive death by sharp temperature decline. Hence, the mechanism of spleen tissue responding to cold stress in the P. sinensis was investigated. The present results showed that the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity declined from 4 to 16 days post-cold-stress (dps), while the catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities increased, from 4 to 8 dps in the 14 °C (T14) and 7 °C (T7) stress groups. The spleen transcriptome in the T7 group and the control group (CG) at 4 dps obtained 2625 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 1462 upregulated and 1663 downregulated genes. The DEGs were enriched mainly in the pathways "intestinal immune network for IgA production" (Pigr, Il15ra, Tnfrsf17, Aicda, and Cd28), "toll-like receptor signaling pathway" (Mapk10, Tlr2, Tlr5, Tlr7, and Tlr8), and "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction" (Cx3cl1, Cx3cr1, Cxcl14, Cxcr3, and Cxcr4). The metabolomic data showed that esculentic acid, tyrosol, diosgenin, heptadecanoic acid, and 7-ketodeoxycholic acid were obviously increased, while baccatin III, taurohyocholate, parthenolide, enterolactone, and tricin were decreased, in the CG vs. T7 comparison. Integrated analysis of the two omics revealed that "glycine, serine and threonine metabolism", "FoxO signaling pathway", and "neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction" were the main pathways responding to the cold stress. Overall, this work found that low temperature remarkably influenced the antioxidant enzyme activities, gene expression pattern, and metabolite profile in the spleen, indicating that immunity might be weakened by cold stress in P. sinensis.

Gambogic acid induces GSDME dependent pyroptotic signaling pathway via ROS/P53/Mitochondria/Caspase-3 in ovarian cancer cells

Gambogic acid (GA) is a naturally active compound extracted from the Garcinia hanburyi with various anticancer activities. However, whether GA induces pyroptosis (a newly discovered inflammation-mediated programmed cell death mechanism) in ovarian cancer (OC) has not yet been reported. This study revealed that GA treatment reduced cell viability by inducing pyroptosis in OC cell lines. Typical pyroptosis morphological manifestations such as cell swelling with large bubbles and loss of cell membrane integrity, were observed. Cleaved caspase-3 and GSDME-N levels increased after GA treatment, and knocking out GSDME or using a caspase-3 inhibitor could switch GA-induced cell death from pyroptosis to apoptosis, indicating GA induced caspase-3/GSDME-dependent pyroptosis. Furthermore, this research indicated that GA significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and p53 phosphorylation. OC cells pretreated with ROS inhibitor N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) and the specific p53 inhibitor pifithrin-μ could completely reverse the pyroptosis post-treatment. Elevated p53 and phosphorylated p53 reduced mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and Bcl-2, increase the expression of Bax, and damage mitochondria by releasing cytochrome c to activate the downstream pyroptosis pathway. Different doses of GA inhibited tumor growth in ID8 tumor-bearing mice, and high-dose GA increased in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes CD3, CD4, and CD8 were detected in tumor tissues. Notably, the expressions of GSDME-N, cleaved caspase-3 and other proteins were increased in tumor tissues with high-dose GA groups. These findings demonstrate that GA-treated OC cells could induce GSDME-mediated pyroptosis through the ROS/p53/mitochondria signaling pathway and caspase-3/-9 activation. Thus, GA is a promising therapeutic agent for OC treatment.

High Frequency of PIK3R1 Alterations in Ovarian Cancers: Clinicopathological and Molecular Associations

BACKGROUND

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is activated in multiple cancers. However, the significance of PIK3R1 encoding the PI3K regulatory subunit, an inhibitor of the PI3K catalytic subunit encoded by PIK3CA, in ovarian cancer development is largely unknown.

METHODS

Here, we investigated PIK3R1 genomic alterations and gene expression by direct sequencing and qPCR methods in 197 ovarian cancers. The results were correlated with clinicopathological and molecular variables and patient outcomes.

RESULTS

In addition to mutations (3.5%) and allelic losses (28.4%), we observed a very high frequency of decreased PIK3R1 mRNA levels in ovarian carcinomas (95.8%). Tumors with PIK3R1 mutations mostly represented low-stage cancers of endometrioid and clear-cell type. Tumors with PIK3R1 deletion and underexpression shared similar phenotypes of high-grade carcinomas (p = 0.003 and p = 0.025, respectively). Allelic loss was also associated with advanced stages (p = 0.003) and high-grade serous histotypes (p = 0.004). The PIK3R1 copy number correlated with mRNA levels (p = 0.009). PIK3R1 mutations coexisted with PTEN mutations (p = 0.041), whereas PIK3R1 deletion and underexpression were linked to PIK3CA amplification (p = 0.038 and p = 0.033, respectively). Low PIK3R1 expression diminished the probability of a complete response (OR 0.07, p = 0.03) in patients treated with platinum-based regimens.

CONCLUSIONS

PIK3R1 alterations may contribute to the development of ovarian cancers with different malignant potential and molecular changes. The high frequency of PIK3R1 aberrations suggests their importance in PI3K pathway deregulation, and they may potentially serve as an alternative to PIK3CA markers for therapy with these pathway inhibitors.

Dnmt3a-mediated DNA Methylation Regulates P. gingivalis-suppressed Cementoblast Mineralization Partially Via Mitochondria-dependent Apoptosis Pathway

BACKGROUND

DNA methyltransferase 3A (Dnmt3a) is an enzyme that catalyzes the de novo methylation of DNA, and plays essential roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. However, it remains unclear whether Porphyromonas gingivalis affects cementoblasts, the cells responsible for cementum formation, through Dnmt3a.

METHODS

The samples were collected from models of mouse periapical lesions and mice of different ages, and the expression of Dnmt3a was detected through immunofluorescence. Porphyromonas gingivalis was co-cultured with cementoblasts that simultaneously overexpressed Dnmt3a. Additionally, cementoblasts were subjected to either Dnmt3a knockout or DNA methylation inhibition. Changes in global DNA methylation were analyzed, and quantitative PCR, western blotting, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assays, and Alizarin Red staining were employed to evaluate alterations in the mineralization capacity of cementoblasts.RNA sequencing further showed the mechanisms by which Dnmt3a regulated mineralization. Flow cytometry, MitoSox, and TRMR staining were used to verify the participation of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis.

RESULTS

The effect of P. gingivalis on Dnmt3a and global DNA methylation in cementoblasts was first verified. Dnmt3a expression and global DNA methylation were upregulated during cementoblast mineralization. Samples with periapical inflammation exhibited reduced Dnmt3a expression. P. gingivalis stimulation reduced the global DNA methylation and the mineralization ability of cementoblasts. Both the knockdown of Dnmt3a and using DNA methylation inhibitors suppressed cementoblast mineralization. In addition, Dnm3a depletion was significantly correlated with the mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathway in cementoblasts.

CONCLUSIONS

P. gingivalis blocks DNA methylation by silencing Dnmt3a in cementoblasts, thereby inducing mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis and, ultimately, impaired cementogenesis.

Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Diabetic Periodontitis: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Diabetic periodontitis is a common oral complication of diabetes characterized by progressive destruction of periodontal tissues. Recent evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of this condition. This review aims to systematically summarize the role and potential mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic periodontitis. We first explore the relationship between diabetes and mitochondrial dysfunction, then analyze the specific manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic periodontitis, including morphological changes, energy metabolism disorders, increased oxidative stress, and enhanced apoptosis. We further delve into the connections between mitochondrial dysfunction and the pathogenic mechanisms of diabetic periodontitis, such as exacerbated inflammatory responses, decreased tissue repair capacity, and autophagy dysregulation. Finally, we discuss potential therapeutic targets based on mitochondrial function, including antioxidant strategies, mitochondria-targeted drugs, and autophagy regulators. We also propose future research directions, emphasizing the need for in-depth exploration of molecular mechanisms, development of new diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies, and personalized treatment approaches. This review provides new insights into understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of diabetic periodontitis and offers a theoretical basis for developing targeted prevention and treatment strategies to improve oral health in diabetic patients.

NOSH-aspirin (NBS-1120) inhibits estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer in vitro and in vivo by modulating redox-sensitive signaling pathways

Estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancers are known to be aggressive and unresponsive to antiestrogen therapy, and triple-negative breast cancers are associated with poor prognosis and metastasis. Thus, new targeted therapies are needed. Forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) is abundantly expressed in human cancers and implicated in protecting tumor cells from oxidative stress by reducing the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Aspirin, a prototypical anticancer agent with deleterious side effects that has been modified to release nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide is called nitric oxide-hydrogen sulfide-releasing aspirin (NOSH-aspirin, NOSH-ASA), generating a "safer" class of new anti-inflammatory agents. We evaluated NOSH-ASA against ER-negative breast cancer using cell lines and a xenograft mouse model. NOSH-ASA strongly inhibited growth of MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 breast cancer cells with low IC50s of 90 ± 5 and 82 ± 5 nM, respectively, with marginal effects on a normal breast epithelial cell line. NOSH-ASA inhibited cell proliferation, caused G0/G1 phase arrest, increased apoptosis, and was associated with increases in ROS. In MDA-MB-231 cell xenografts, NOSH-ASA reduced tumor size markedly, which was associated with reduced proliferation (decreased proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression), induction of apoptosis (increased terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive cells), and increased ROS, whereas nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and FoxM1 that were high in untreated xenografts were significantly reduced. mRNA data for FoxM1, p21, and cyclin D1 corroborated with the respective protein expressions and arrest of cells. Taken together, these molecular events contribute to NOSH-ASA-mediated growth inhibition and apoptotic death of ER-negative breast cells in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, as a ROS inducer and FOXM1 inhibitor, NOSH-ASA has potential as a targeted therapy. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We examined the cellular effects and xenograft tumor inhibitory potential of NOSH-aspirin, a nitric oxide- and hydrogen sulfide-donating hybrid, against estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer, which currently lacks effective therapeutic options. Inducing reactive oxygen species and downregulating forkhead box M1 are plausible mechanisms contributing to decreased cell proliferation and increased apoptosis. NOSH-aspirin reduced tumor size by 90% without inducing any observable gross toxicity, underscoring its promising translational potential.

Ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits the uptake of cystine through SLC7A11 and impairs de novo synthesis of glutathione

Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is a naturally occurring, low-toxicity, and hydrophilic bile acid (BA) in the human body that is converted by intestinal flora using primary BA. Solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11) functions to uptake extracellular cystine in exchange for glutamate, and is highly expressed in a variety of human cancers. Retroperitoneal liposarcoma (RLPS) refers to liposarcoma originating from the retroperitoneal area. Lipidomics analysis revealed that UDCA was one of the most significantly downregulated metabolites in sera of RLPS patients compared with healthy subjects. The augmentation of UDCA concentration (≥25 μg/mL) demonstrated a suppressive effect on the proliferation of liposarcoma cells. [15N2]-cystine and [13C5]-glutamine isotope tracing revealed that UDCA impairs cystine uptake and glutathione (GSH) synthesis. Mechanistically, UDCA binds to the cystine transporter SLC7A11 to inhibit cystine uptake and impair GSH de novo synthesis, leading to reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and mitochondrial oxidative damage. Furthermore, UDCA can promote the anti-cancer effects of ferroptosis inducers (Erastin, RSL3), the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) inhibitors (Nutlin 3a, RG7112), cyclin dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) inhibitor (Abemaciclib), and glutaminase inhibitor (CB839). Together, UDCA functions as a cystine exchange factor that binds to SLC7A11 for antitumor activity, and SLC7A11 is not only a new transporter for BA but also a clinically applicable target for UDCA. More importantly, in combination with other antitumor chemotherapy or physiotherapy treatments, UDCA may provide effective and promising treatment strategies for RLPS or other types of tumors in a ROS-dependent manner.

Simultaneous binding of quercetin and catechin to FOXO3 enhances IKKα transcription inhibition and suppression of oxidative stress-induced acute alcoholic liver injury in rats

INTRODUCTION

Oxidative stress is one of the major contributors to acute alcoholic liver injury (AALI), which is a common alcoholic liver disease. Quercetin and catechin are flavonoid antioxidants present in plant foods and possess chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities. Quercetin and catechin are often included in the same meal and ingested together. While they show cooperative actions against oxidative damage, the underlying mechanisms behind their counteracting effects against oxidative stress-induced AALI remain poorly understood.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was to understand the mechanism underlying the enhanced antioxidant effect of quercetin-catechin combination to alleviate AALI in rats.

METHODS

The ethanol (EtOH)-treated rats and H2O2-treated liver cells were used to demonstrate the enhanced antioxidant effect of quercetin and catechin. Then we used RNA-sequencing to compare quercetin alone, catechin alone and quercetin-catechin combination and then identified the critical role of IKKα combining with gene silencing and overexpression techniques. Its transcription factor, FOXO3 was found through yeast one-hybrid assay, luciferase reporter assay, EMSA and ChIP assay. Finally, the interaction between quercetin, catechin and FOXO3 was verified through molecular docking, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, and CD spectroscopy.

RESULTS

The study demonstrated the enhanced antioxidant effect of a quercetin-catechin combination in EtOH-treated rats and in H2O2-treated liver cells. Quercetin and catechin cooperatively inhibited IKKα/p53 pathway and activated Nrf2 signaling pathway. IKKα was a critical negative regulator in their joint action. FOXO3 bound to IKKα promoter to regulate IKKα transcription. Quercetin and catechin influenced FOXO3-IKKα binding through attaching directly to FOXO3 at different sites and altering FOXO3's secondary structures.

CONCLUSION

Our study revealed the mechanism of quercetin and catechin against oxidative stress-induced AALI through jointly interacting with transcription factor. This research opens new vistas for examining the joint effect of therapeutics towards functional proteins and confirms the chemopreventive effects of multiple flavonoids via co-regulation.

Albumin nanoparticles-mediated doxorubicin delivery enhances the anti-tumor efficiency in ovarian cancer cells through controlled release

Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anthracycline commonly used as a first-line treatment option for various malignancies, either as a stand-alone treatment or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents. However, its efficacy in advanced cancer stages requires high doses, resulting in significant cytotoxicity to normal cells and severe side effects. Nanotechnology offers a promising strategy to mitigate these drawbacks through controlled drug release. In this study, bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (BSA-NPs) were synthesized via the desolvation method and successfully loaded with DOX (DOX-BSA-NPs). Characterization using dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography confirmed efficient drug loading. In vitro studies demonstrated that DOX-BSA-NPs enabled sustained drug release and enhanced intracellular delivery. After treatment with DOX-BSA-NPs, ovarian cancer cells showed a twofold increase in cytotoxicity compared to free DOX. Scratch assays further revealed a significant reduction in cancer cell migration and invasion. Additionally, LDH assays and Annexin V-FITC flow cytometry indicated a shift toward apoptosis over necrosis, enhancing the anti-tumor efficacy of DOX. This was supported by increased reactive oxygen species production, upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes, downregulation of anti-apoptotic genes, and elevated caspase 3 and 7 activity, collectively promoting apoptosis. These findings underscore the potential of DOX-BSA-NPs as a superior alternative for targeted and controlled drug delivery, offering enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects in ovarian cancer treatment.

Rutin Attenuates the Oxidative Damage Induced by Zearalenone in Piglet Endometrial Stromal Cells via the p53 Signaling Pathway

Zearalenone (ZEA) induces oxidative damage in porcine endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), which is a critical factor affecting the growth and reproduction of female pigs. We hypothesize that rutin, a flavonoid antioxidant, can alleviate ZEA-induced cellular damage through the p53 signaling pathway. In this experiment, porcine ESCs were used as a research model. After transfection with siRNA to silence the p53 gene, rutin and ZEA were added to the cocultured porcine ESCs. Rutin notably reduced the ZEA-induced apoptosis rate, ROS, MDA, and 4-HNE levels via the p53 pathway; lowered the expression of LC3, Beclin-1, p62, Bax, and CHOP; and significantly improved cell viability, GSH-Px, T-SOD enzyme activity, and Bcl-2 expression. It also inhibited both apoptosis and autophagy. These findings suggested a novel antioxidant mechanism by which rutin mitigated the toxic effects of ZEA, highlighting the role of the p53 gene knockdown in this process.

Transcriptional regulation in the absence of inositol trisphosphate receptor calcium signaling

The activation of IP3 receptor (IP3R) Ca2+ channels generates agonist-mediated Ca2+ signals that are critical for the regulation of a wide range of biological processes. It is therefore surprising that CRISPR induced loss of all three IP3R isoforms (TKO) in HEK293 and HeLa cell lines yields cells that can survive, grow and divide, albeit more slowly than wild-type cells. In an effort to understand the adaptive mechanisms involved, we have examined the activity of key Ca2+ dependent transcription factors (NFAT, CREB and AP-1) and signaling pathways using luciferase-reporter assays, phosphoprotein immunoblots and whole genome transcriptomic studies. In addition, the diacylglycerol arm of the signaling pathway was investigated with protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors and siRNA knockdown. The data showed that agonist-mediated NFAT activation was lost but CREB activation was maintained in IP3R TKO cells. Under base-line conditions transcriptome analysis indicated the differential expression of 828 and 311 genes in IP3R TKO HEK293 or HeLa cells, respectively, with only 18 genes being in common. Three main adaptations in TKO cells were identified in this study: 1) increased basal activity of NFAT, CREB and AP-1; 2) an increased reliance on Ca2+- insensitive PKC isoforms; and 3) increased production of reactive oxygen species and upregulation of antioxidant defense enzymes. We suggest that whereas wild-type cells rely on a Ca2+ and DAG signal to respond to stimuli, the TKO cells utilize the adaptations to allow key signaling pathways (e.g., PKC, Ras/MAPK, CREB) to transition to the activated state using a DAG signal alone.

Cytotoxicity evaluation of organophosphorus flame retardants using electrochemical biosensors and elucidation of associated toxic mechanisms

In recent years, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been widely used as substitutes for brominated flame retardants with excellent properties, and their initial toxicological effects on the water ecosystem and human health have gradually emerged. However, to date, research on the cytotoxicity and health risks of OPFRs is still limited. Therefore, this study aims to systematically explore the cytotoxic effects and toxic mechanisms of OPFRs on cells. Human liver cancer (HepG2) cells were adopted as an ideal model for toxicity evaluation due to their rapid growth and metabolism. This study proposes a sensitive electrochemical cell-based sensor constructed on a graphitized multi-walled carbon nanotube/ionic liquid/gold nanoparticle-modified electrode. The sensor was used to detect the cytotoxicity of tri(2-butylxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP), tributyl phosphate (TnBP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tri(2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) in the liquid medium, providing insight into their toxicity in water environments. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of TBEP, TnBP, TPhP, TDCIPP, TCPP and TCEP on HepG2 cells were 179.4, 194.9, 219.8, 339.4, 511.8 and 859.0 μM, respectively. Additionally, the cytotoxic mechanism of six OPFRs was discussed from the perspective of oxidative stress and apoptosis, and four indexes were correlated with toxicity. Furthermore, transcriptome sequencing was conducted, followed by a thorough analysis of the obtained sequencing results. This analysis demonstrated a significant enrichment of the p53 and PPAR pathways, both of which are closely associated with oxidative stress and apoptosis. This study presents a simplified and efficient technique for conducting in vitro toxicity studies on organophosphorus flame retardants in a water environment. Moreover, it establishes a scientific foundation for further investigation into the mechanisms of cytotoxicity associated with these compounds.

Disruption of NADPH homeostasis by total flavonoids from Adinandra nitida Merr. ex Li leaves triggers ROS-dependent p53 activation leading to apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer cells

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Adinandra nitida Merr. ex Li leaves serve as a herbal tea and hold a significant role in traditional Chinese medicine, being applied to assist in tumor treatment. Flavonoids present the primary bioactive constituents in Adinandra nitida Merr. ex Li leaves.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the potential of total flavonoids from Adinandra nitida Merr. ex Li Leaves (TFAN) in inhibiting non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and further elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Human NSCLC cell lines and normal lung cell line were employed to assess the impact of TFAN (0-160 μg/mL for 24, 28 and 72 h) on cell proliferation in vitro. Immunofluorescence (IF) staining gauged p53 expression changes in NSCLC cells under TFAN present condition (150 μg/mL for 24 h). In vivo study utilized NSCLC cell derived xenograft tumors in nude mice, administering TFAN orally (200 and 400 mg/kg) for 14 days. Immunohistochemistry assessed Cleaved Caspase 3 expression change in A549 xenograft tumors treated with TFAN (400 mg/kg for 14 days). RNA-seq and KEGG analysis identified gene expression changes and enriched processes in A549 xenograft tumors treated with TFAN. CM-H2DCFDA and metabolomics assessed ROS level and GSH/GSSG pool changes in A549 cells under TFAN present condition. Cell viability assay and IF staining assessed A549 cell proliferation and p53 expression changes under H2O2-induced oxidative stress (0-40 μM for 24 h) and TFAN present conditions. GSEA and N-Acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) rescue (0-1 μM for 24 h) analyzed the impact of TFAN on GSH de novo synthesis. NADPH/NADP+ pool measurement and NADPH rescue (0-10 μM for 24 h) analyzed the impact of TFAN on GSH salvage synthesis. GC-FID and HPLC-MS were utilized to detect ethanol and ethyl acetate residues, and to characterize the chemical constituents in TFAN, respectively. The total flavonoid content of TFAN was determined using a 330 nm wavelength.

RESULTS

TFAN significantly inhibited A549 cells (wild-type p53) but not NCI-H1299 cells (p53-deficient), NCI-H596 cells (p53-mutant) or BEAS-2B in vitro. IF staining validated p53 genotype for the cell lines and revealed an increase in p53 expression in A549 cells after TFAN treatment. In vivo, TFAN selectively inhibited A549 xenograft tumor growth without discernible toxicity, inducing apoptosis evidenced by Cleaved Caspase 3 upregulation. RNA-seq and KEGG analysis suggested ROS biosynthesis was involved in TFAN-induced p53 activation in A549 cells. Elevated ROS level in TFAN-treated A549 cells were observed. Moreover, TFAN sensitized A549 cells to H2O2-induced oxidative stress, with higher p53 expression. Additionally, A549 cells compensated with GSH de novo synthesis under TFAN present condition, confirmed by GSEA and NAC rescue experiment. TFAN disrupted NADPH homeostasis to impair GSH salvage biosynthesis, supported by NADPH/NADP+ change and NADPH rescue experiment. The chemical constituents of TFAN, with acceptable limits for ethanol and ethyl acetate residues and a total flavonoid content of 68.87%, included Catechin, Epicatechin, Quercitroside, Camellianin A, and Apigenin.

CONCLUSION

The disruption of NADPH homeostasis by TFAN triggers ROS-dependent p53 activation that leads to apoptotic cell death, ultimately suppressing NSCLC growth. These findings offer potential therapeutic implications of Adinandra nitida Merr. ex Li leaves in combating NSCLC.

Synergistic Dual Targeting of Thioredoxin and Glutathione Systems Irrespective of p53 in Glioblastoma Stem Cells

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an incurable primary brain cancer characterized by increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The redox-sensitive tumor suppressor gene TP53, wild-type (wt) for 70% of patients, regulates redox homeostasis. Glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) increase thioredoxin (Trx) and glutathione (GSH) antioxidant systems as survival redox-adaptive mechanisms to maintain ROS below the cytotoxic threshold. Auranofin, an FDA-approved anti-rheumatoid drug, inhibits thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1). L-buthionine sulfoximine (L-BSO) and the natural product piperlongumine (PPL) inhibit the GSH system. We evaluated the cytotoxic effects of Auranofin alone and in combination with L-BSO or PPL in GBM cell lines and GSCs with a known TP53 status. The Cancer Genome Atlas/GBM analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between wtp53 and TrxR1 expression in GBM. Auranofin induced ROS-dependent cytotoxicity within a micromolar range in GSCs. Auranofin decreased TrxR1 expression, AKT (Ser-473) phosphorylation, and increased p53, p21, and PARP-1 apoptotic cleavage in wtp53-GSCs, while mutant-p53 was decreased in a mutant-p53 GSC line. Additionally, p53-knockdown in a wtp53-GSC line decreased TrxR1 expression and significantly increased sensitivity to Auranofin, suggesting the role of wtp53 as a negative redox-sensitive mechanism in response to Auranofin in GSCs. The combination of Auranofin and L-BSO synergistically increased ROS, decreased IC50s, and induced long-term cytotoxicity irrespective of p53 in GBM cell lines and GSCs. Intriguingly, Auranofin increased the expression of glutathione S-transferase pi-1 (GSTP-1), a target of PPL. Combining Auranofin with PPL synergistically decreased IC50s to a nanomolar range in GSCs, supporting the potential to repurpose Auranofin and PPL in GBM.

Cloning, characterization of β-glucosidase from Furfurilactobacillus rossiae in bioconversion and its efficacy

Minor ginsenosides produced by β-glucosidase are interesting biologically and pharmacologically. In this study, new ginsenoside-hydrolyzing glycosidase from Furfurilactobacillus rossiae DCYL3 was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21. The enzyme converted Rb1 and Gyp XVII into Rd and compound K following the pathways: Rb1→Rd and Gyp XVII→F2→CK, respectively at optimal condition: 40 °C, 15 min, and pH 6.0. Furthermore, we examined the cytotoxicity, NO production, ROS generation, and gene expression of Gynostemma extract (GE) and bioconverted Gynostemma extract (BGE) in vitro against A549 cell lines for human lung cancer and macrophage RAW 264.7 cells for antiinflammation, respectively. As a result, BGE demonstrated significantly greater toxicity than GE against lung cancer at a dose of 500 µg/mL but in normal cells showed lower toxicity. Then, we indicated an enhanced generation of ROS, which may be boosting cancer cell toxicity. By blocking the intrinsic way, BGE increased p53, Bax, Caspase 3, 9, and while Bcl2 is decreased. At 500 µg/mL, the BGE sample was less toxic in normal cells and decreased the LPS-treated NO and ROS level to reduce inflammation. In addition, BGE inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory genes COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, and IL-8 in RAW 264.7 cells than the sample of GE. In conclusion, FrBGL3 has considerable downstream applications for high-yield, low-cost, effective manufacture of minor ginsenosides. Moreover, the study's findings imply that BGE would be potential materials for anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory agent after consideration of future studies.

Dual targeting of wild-type p53 and gut microbiota by Magnolol represses key metabolic process and kills CRC cells

Cancer cells consume considerable glucose quantities and majorly employ glycolysis for ATP generation. This metabolic signature (the Warburg effect) allows cancer cells to channel glucose to biosynthesis to support and maintain their dramatic growth along with proliferation. Currently, our understanding of the metabolic and mechanistic implications of the Warburg effect along with its relationship with biosynthesis remains unclear. Herein, we illustrate that the tumor repressor p53 mediate Magnolol (MAG) triggers colon cancer cell apoptosis. And MAG regulates the glycolytic and oxidative phosphorylation steps through transcriptional modulation of its downstream genes TP53-induced glycolysis modulator and biosynthesis of cytochrome c oxidase, attenuating cell proliferation and tumor growth in vivo and in vitro. Meanwhile, we show that MAG cooperates with its own intestinal microflora characteristic metabolites to repress tumors, especially remarkably declined kynurenine (Kyn)/tryptophan (Trp) ratio. Besides, strong relationships of MAG influenced genes, microbiota, as well as metabolites, were explored. Therefore, we established that p53-microbiota-metabolites function as a mechanism, which enable therapy approaches against metabolism-implicated colorectal cancer, in particular MAG as a prospective candidate for treating colorectal cancer.

Cryopreservation and passaging optimization for Galea spixii (Wagler, 1831) adult skin fibroblast lines: A step forward in species management and genetic studies

BACKGROUND

In vitro culture of fibroblasts is a technique based on cell isolation, physiological characterization, and cryopreservation. This technique has not been described for Galea spixii, therefore, it can be used to learn about its cellular biology and genetic diversity.

OBJECTIVE

We established fibroblast lines of six G. spixii individuals from several passages (second, fifth, eighth, and tenth) and cryopreserved them.

METHODS

Fibroblasts recovered from skin biopsies were identified based on morphology, immunocytochemistry, and karyotyping. The cells were analyzed for morphology, ultrastructure, viability, proliferation, metabolism, oxidative stress, bioenergetic potential, and apoptosis before and after cryopreservation.

RESULTS

After the eighth passage, the fibroblasts showed morphological and karyotypic changes, although their viability, metabolism, and proliferation did not change. An increase in oxidative stress and bioenergetic potential from the fifth to the eighth passages were also observed. Post cryopreservation, cell damage with respect to the ultrastructure, viability, proliferative rate, apoptotic levels, oxidative stress, and bioenergetic potential were verified.

CONCLUSION

Fibroblasts up to the tenth passage could be cultured in vitro. However, cells at the fifth passage were of better quality to be used for reproductive techniques. Additionally, optimization of the cryopreservation protocol is essential to improve the physiological parameters of these cells.

Hepatitis B Virus X Protein Induces Reactive Oxygen Species Generation via Activation of p53 in Human Hepatoma Cells

Hepatitis B virus (HBV), particularly through the HBx protein, induces oxidative stress during liver infections. This study reveals that HBx increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) via two distinct mechanisms. The first mechanism is p53-independent, likely involving mitochondrial dysfunction, as demonstrated by elevated ROS levels in p53-deficient Hep3B cells and p53-knocked-down HepG2 cells after HBx expression or HBV infection. The increase in ROS persisted even when p53 transcriptional activity was inhibited by pifithrin-α (PFT-α), a p53 inhibitor. The second mechanism is p53-dependent, wherein HBx activates p53, which then amplifies ROS production through a feedback loop involving ROS and p53. The ability of HBx to elevate ROS levels was higher in HepG2 than in Hep3B cells. Knocking down p53 in HepG2 cells lowered ROS levels, while ectopic p53 expression in Hep3B cells raised ROS. HBx-activated p53 downregulated catalase and upregulated manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase, contributing to ROS amplification. The transcriptional activity of p53 was crucial for these effects, as cells with a p53 R175H mutation or those treated with PFT-α generated less ROS. Additionally, HBx variants with Ser-101 increased p53 and ROS levels, whereas variants with Pro-101 did not. These dual mechanisms of HBx-induced ROS generation are likely significant in the pathogenesis of HBV and may contribute to liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma.

Attenuation of aggressive tumor progression of anaplastic thyroid cancer by p53

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is the most aggressive thyroid cancer, with very limited treatment options. Mutations of p53 are associated with lethal outcomes of ATC. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that wild type p53 (WTp53) mitigates its aggressive progression. We used human 8505C cells (from human ATC tumors) as a model, harboring a BRAFV600E mutation and single of mutated p53C742G allele. We exogenously expressed WTp53 or mutant p53C742G into 8505C cells (8505C-WTp53 or 8505C-MTp53, respectively). The expressed WTp53 inhibited cell proliferation, decreased cell migration, and induced apoptosis via induction of proapoptotic WTp53 target BAX and PUMA genes in vitro. Mouse xenograft studies showed suppression of tumors induced by 8505C-WTp53 but not by 8505C-MTp53 cells. Consistent with in vitro findings, WTp53 inhibited proliferation of tumor cells, evidenced by decreased proliferation marker Ki-67 in tumors. WTp53 also induced apoptosis in xenograft tumors as shown by increased cleaved caspase-3 proteins and pro-apoptotic regulators, BAX and PUMA. Single cells RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) of tumors induced by 8505C, 8505C-WTp53, and 8505C-MTp53 cells demonstrated differential expression gene (DEG) patterns between 8505C-WTp53 and 8505C tumors. DEGs analysis identified alteration of multiple pathways, leading to attenuating the oncogenic actions of mutant p53. The discovery of the suppression of TNFα via NFκB pathway topped the pathways list, resulting in subduing the deleterious inflammatory responses caused by mutant p53. Our findings that exogenously expressed WTp53 could counter act the oncogenic actions of p53 has heightened the feasibility of using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to modify the p53 alleles for potential treatment of ATC.

Oxidative cell death in cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules generated as natural byproducts during cellular processes, including metabolism. Under normal conditions, ROS play crucial roles in diverse cellular functions, including cell signaling and immune responses. However, a disturbance in the balance between ROS production and cellular antioxidant defenses can lead to an excessive ROS buildup, causing oxidative stress. This stress damages essential cellular components, including lipids, proteins, and DNA, potentially culminating in oxidative cell death. This form of cell death can take various forms, such as ferroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, paraptosis, parthanatos, and oxeiptosis, each displaying distinct genetic, biochemical, and signaling characteristics. The investigation of oxidative cell death holds promise for the development of pharmacological agents that are used to prevent tumorigenesis or treat established cancer. Specifically, targeting key antioxidant proteins, such as SLC7A11, GCLC, GPX4, TXN, and TXNRD, represents an emerging approach for inducing oxidative cell death in cancer cells. This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent progress, opportunities, and challenges in targeting oxidative cell death for cancer therapy.

Dissecting the pleiotropic roles of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in lung cancer: From carcinogenesis toward therapy

Lung cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. The specific pulmonary structure to directly connect with ambient air makes it more susceptible to damage from airborne toxins. External oxidative stimuli and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a crucial role in promoting lung carcinogenesis and development. The biological properties of higher ROS levels in tumor cells than in normal cells make them more sensitive and vulnerable to ROS injury. Therefore, the strategy of targeting ROS has been proposed for cancer therapy for decades. However, it is embarrassing that countless attempts at ROS-based therapies have had very limited success, and no FDA approval in the anticancer list was mechanistically based on ROS manipulation. Even compared with the untargetable proteins, such as transcription factors, ROS are more difficult to be targeted due to their chemical properties. Thus, the pleiotropic roles of ROS provide therapeutic potential for anticancer drug discovery, while a better dissection of the mechanistic action and signaling pathways is a prerequisite for future breakthroughs. This review discusses the critical roles of ROS in cancer carcinogenesis, ROS-inspired signaling pathways, and ROS-based treatment, exemplified by lung cancer. In particular, an eight considerations rule is proposed for ROS-targeting strategies and drug design and development.

Unveiling the impact of glutathione (GSH) and p53 gene deletion on tumor cell metabolism by amino acid and proteomics analysis

Background

Tumor cell inhibition is a pivotal focus in anti-cancer research, and extensive investigations have been conducted regarding the role of p53. Numerous studies have highlighted its close association with reactive oxygen species (ROS). However, the precise impact of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) in this context remains inadequately elucidated. Here, we will elucidate the anti-cancer mechanisms mediated by p53 following treatment with GSH.

Methods

In this study, we employed a p53 gene knockout approach in SW480 colorectal cells and conducted comprehensive analyses of 20 amino acids and proteomics using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).

Results

These analyses unveiled profound alterations in amino acids and proteins triggered by GSH treatment, shedding light on novel phenomena and delineating the intricate interplay between GSH and cellular proteins. The deletion of the p53 gene exerts a profound influence on tumor cell proliferation. Moreover, tumor cell proliferation is significantly affected by elevated GSH levels. Importantly, in the absence of the p53 gene, cells exhibit heightened sensitivity to GSH, leading to inhibited cell growth. The combined therapeutic approach involving GSH and p53 gene deletion expedites the demise of tumor cells. It is noteworthy that this treatment leads to a marked decline in amino acid metabolism, particularly affecting the down-regulation of methionine (Met) and phenylalanine (Phe) amino acids. Among the 41 proteins displaying significant changes, 8 exhibit consistent alterations, with 5 experiencing decreased levels and 3 demonstrating increased quantities. These proteins primarily participate in crucial cellular metabolic processes and immune functions.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the concurrent administration of GSH treatment and p53 gene deletion triggers substantial modifications in the amino acid and protein metabolism of tumor cells, primarily characterized by down-regulation. This, in turn, compromises cell metabolic activity and immune function, ultimately culminating in the demise of tumor cells. These newfound insights hold promising implications and could pave the way for the development of straightforward and efficacious anti-cancer treatments.

Atox1-cyclin D1 loop activity is critical for survival of tumor cells with inactivated TP53

The search for relevant molecular targets is one of the main tasks of modern tumor chemotherapy. To successfully achieve this, it is necessary to have the most complete understanding of the functioning of a transcriptional apparatus of the cell, particularly related to proliferation. The p53 protein plays an important role in regulating processes such as apoptosis, repair, and cell division, and the loss of its functionality often accompanies various types of tumors and contributes to the development of chemoresistance. Additionally, the proliferative activity of tumor cells is closely related to the metabolism of transition metals. For example, the metallochaperone Atox1 - a copper transporter protein - acts as a transcription activator for cyclin D1, promoting progression through the G1/S phase of the cell cycle. On the other hand, p53 suppresses cyclin D1 at the transcriptional level, thereby these proteins have divergent effects on cell cycle progression. However, the contribution of the interaction between these proteins to cell survival is poorly understood. This work demonstrates that not only exists a positive feedback loop between Atox1 and cyclin D1 but also that the activity of this loop depends on the status of the TP53 gene. Upon inactivation of TP53 in A549 and HepG2 cell lines, the expression of ATOX1 and CCND1 genes is enhanced, and their suppression in these cells leads to pronounced apoptosis. This fundamental observation may be useful in selecting more precise interventions for combined therapy of p53-negative tumors.

Reactive Oxygen Species Induction by Hepatitis B Virus: Implications for Viral Replication in p53-Positive Human Hepatoma Cells

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects approximately 300 million people worldwide, causing chronic infections. The HBV X protein (HBx) is crucial for viral replication and induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to cellular damage. This study explores the relationship between HBx-induced ROS, p53 activation, and HBV replication. Using HepG2 and Hep3B cell lines that express the HBV receptor NTCP, we compared ROS generation and HBV replication relative to p53 status. Results indicated that HBV infection significantly increased ROS levels in p53-positive HepG2-NTCP cells compared to p53-deficient Hep3B-NTCP cells. Knockdown of p53 reduced ROS levels and enhanced HBV replication in HepG2-NTCP cells, whereas p53 overexpression increased ROS and inhibited HBV replication in Hep3B-NTCP cells. The ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) reversed these effects. The study also found that ROS-induced degradation of the HBx is mediated by the E3 ligase Siah-1, which is activated by p53. Mutations in p53 or inhibition of its transcriptional activity prevented ROS-mediated HBx degradation and HBV inhibition. These findings reveal a p53-dependent negative feedback loop where HBx-induced ROS increases p53 levels, leading to Siah-1-mediated HBx degradation and HBV replication inhibition. This study offers insights into the molecular mechanisms of HBV replication and identifies potential therapeutic targets involving ROS and p53 pathways.

Redox signaling in cell fate: Beyond damage

This review explores the nuanced role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cell fate, challenging the traditional view that equates ROS with cellular damage. Through significant technological advancements in detecting localized redox states and identifying oxidized cysteines, a paradigm shift has emerged: from ROS as merely damaging agents to crucial players in redox signaling. We delve into the intricacies of redox mechanisms, which, although confined, exert profound influences on cellular physiological responses. Our analysis extends to both the positive and negative impacts of these mechanisms on cell death processes, including uncontrolled and programmed pathways. By unraveling these complex interactions, we argue against the oversimplified notion of a 'stress response', advocating for a more nuanced understanding of redox signaling. This review underscores the importance of localized redox states in determining cell fate, highlighting the sophistication and subtlety of ROS functions beyond mere damage.

Multiomics analysis identifies oxidative phosphorylation as a cancer vulnerability arising from myristoylation inhibition

BACKGROUND

In humans, two ubiquitously expressed N-myristoyltransferases, NMT1 and NMT2, catalyze myristate transfer to proteins to facilitate membrane targeting and signaling. We investigated the expression of NMTs in numerous cancers and found that NMT2 levels are dysregulated by epigenetic suppression, particularly so in hematologic malignancies. This suggests that pharmacological inhibition of the remaining NMT1 could allow for the selective killing of these cells, sparing normal cells with both NMTs.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Transcriptomic analysis of 1200 NMT inhibitor (NMTI)-treated cancer cell lines revealed that NMTI sensitivity relates not only to NMT2 loss or NMT1 dependency, but also correlates with a myristoylation inhibition sensitivity signature comprising 54 genes (MISS-54) enriched in hematologic cancers as well as testis, brain, lung, ovary, and colon cancers. Because non-myristoylated proteins are degraded by a glycine-specific N-degron, differential proteomics revealed the major impact of abrogating NMT1 genetically using CRISPR/Cas9 in cancer cells was surprisingly to reduce mitochondrial respiratory complex I proteins rather than cell signaling proteins, some of which were also reduced, albeit to a lesser extent. Cancer cell treatments with the first-in-class NMTI PCLX-001 (zelenirstat), which is undergoing human phase 1/2a trials in advanced lymphoma and solid tumors, recapitulated these effects. The most downregulated myristoylated mitochondrial protein was NDUFAF4, a complex I assembly factor. Knockout of NDUFAF4 or in vitro cell treatment with zelenirstat resulted in loss of complex I, oxidative phosphorylation and respiration, which impacted metabolomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting of both, oxidative phosphorylation and cell signaling partly explains the lethal effects of zelenirstat in select cancer types. While the prognostic value of the sensitivity score MISS-54 remains to be validated in patients, our findings continue to warrant the clinical development of zelenirstat as cancer treatment.

The involvement of ROS-regulated programmed cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma

Reactive oxidative species (ROS) is a crucial factor in the regulation of cellular biological activity and function, and aberrant levels of ROS can contribute to the development of a variety of diseases, particularly cancer. Numerous discoveries have affirmed that this process is strongly associated with "programmed cell death (PCD)," which refers to the suicide protection mechanism initiated by cells in response to external stimuli, such as apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, etc. Research has demonstrated that ROS-induced PCD is crucial for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). These activities serve a dual function in both facilitating and inhibiting cancer, suggesting the existence of a delicate balance within healthy cells that can be disrupted by the abnormal generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby influencing the eventual advancement or regression of a tumor. In this review, we summarize how ROS regulates PCD to influence the tumorigenesis and progression of HCC. Studying how ROS-induced PCD affects the progression of HCC at a molecular level can help develop better prevention and treatment methods and facilitate the design of more effective preventative and therapeutic strategies.

5-Aminolevulinic acid treatment mitigates pesticide stress in bean seedlings by regulating stress-related gene expression and retrotransposon movements

Overdoses of pesticides lead to a decrease in the yield and quality of plants, such as beans. The unconscious use of deltamethrin, one of the synthetic insecticides, increases the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by causing oxidative stress in plants. In this case, plants tolerate stress by activating the antioxidant defense mechanism and many genes. 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) improves tolerance to stress by acting exogenously in low doses. There are many gene families that are effective in the regulation of this mechanism. In addition, one of the response mechanisms at the molecular level against environmental stressors in plants is retrotransposon movement. In this study, the expression levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and stress-associated protein (SAP) genes were determined by Q-PCR in deltamethrin (0.5 ppm) and various doses (20, 40, and 80 mg/l) of ALA-treated bean seedlings. In addition, one of the response mechanisms at the molecular level against environmental stressors in plants is retrotransposon movement. It was determined that deltamethrin increased the expression of SOD (1.8-fold), GPX (1.4-fold), CAT (2.7-fold), and SAP (2.5-fold) genes, while 20 and 40 mg/l ALA gradually increased the expression of these genes at levels close to control, but 80 mg/l ALA increased the expression of these genes almost to the same level as deltamethrin (2.1-fold, 1.4-fold, 2.6-fold, and 2.6-fold in SOD, GPX, CAT, and SAP genes, respectively). In addition, retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism (REMAP) was performed to determine the polymorphism caused by retrotransposon movements. While deltamethrin treatment has caused a decrease in genomic template stability (GTS) (27%), ALA treatments have prevented this decline. At doses of 20, 40, and 80 mg/L of ALA treatments, the GTS ratios were determined to be 96.8%, 74.6%, and 58.7%, respectively. Collectively, these findings demonstrated that ALA has the utility of alleviating pesticide stress effects on beans.

Modulating Nitric Oxide: Implications for Cytotoxicity and Cytoprotection

Despite the significant progress in the fields of biology, physiology, molecular medicine, and pharmacology; the designation of the properties of nitrogen monoxide in the regulation of life-supporting functions of the organism; and numerous works devoted to this molecule, there are still many open questions in this field. It is widely accepted that nitric oxide (•NO) is a unique molecule that, despite its extremely simple structure, has a wide range of functions in the body, including the cardiovascular system, the central nervous system (CNS), reproduction, the endocrine system, respiration, digestion, etc. Here, we systematize the properties of •NO, contributing in conditions of physiological norms, as well as in various pathological processes, to the mechanisms of cytoprotection and cytodestruction. Current experimental and clinical studies are contradictory in describing the role of •NO in the pathogenesis of many diseases of the cardiovascular system and CNS. We describe the mechanisms of cytoprotective action of •NO associated with the regulation of the expression of antiapoptotic and chaperone proteins and the regulation of mitochondrial function. The most prominent mechanisms of cytodestruction-the initiation of nitrosative and oxidative stresses, the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and participation in apoptosis and mitosis. The role of •NO in the formation of endothelial and mitochondrial dysfunction is also considered. Moreover, we focus on the various ways of pharmacological modulation in the nitroxidergic system that allow for a decrease in the cytodestructive mechanisms of •NO and increase cytoprotective ones.

Aberrantly High FBXO31 Impairs Oocyte Quality in Premature Ovarian Insufficiency

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), which is defined as loss of ovarian function that occurs before the age of 40, causes menstrual disturbances, infertility, and diverse health problems in females. Despite the limited understanding of the molecular basis underlying POI pathology, we had previously demonstrated that the cooperation of miR-106a and FBXO31 plays a pivotal role in diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), with FBXO31 serving as a putative target of miR-106a. In this study, we found that FBXO31 is aberrantly expressed in granulosa cells of POI patients, leading to accumulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis via the p53/ROS pathway. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that high levels of FBXO31 in mouse ovaries impair oocyte quality. Our study revealed that FBXO31 may serve as a novel indicator and play a significant role in the etiology of POI.

Aged polystyrene microplastics exacerbate alopecia associated with tight junction injuries and apoptosis via oxidative stress pathway in skin

Microplastics (MPs) are pervasive pollutants in the natural environment and contribute to increased levels of illness in both animals and humans. However, thespecific impacts of MPs on skin damage and alopeciaare not yet well understood. In this study, we have examined the effects of two types of polystyrene MPs (pristine and aged) on skin and hair follicle damage in mice. UV irradiation changed the chemical and physical properties of the aged MPs, including functional groups, surface roughness, and contact angles. In both in vivo and in vitro experiments, skin and cell injuries related to oxidative stress, apoptosis, tight junctions (TJs), alopecia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and other damages were observed. Mechanistically, MPs and aged MPs can induce TJs damage via the oxidative stress pathway and inhibition of antioxidant-related proteins, and this can lead to alopecia. The regulation of cell apoptosis was also observed, and this is involved in the ROS-mediated mitochondrial signaling pathway. Importantly, aged MPs showed exacerbated toxicity, which may be due to their elevated surface irregularities and altered chemical compositions. Collectively, this study suggests a potential therapeutic approach for alopecia and hair follicle damage caused by MPs pollution.

ROS-Responsive Bola-Lipid Nanoparticles as a Codelivery System for Gene/Photodynamic Combination Therapy

The nonviral delivery systems that combine genes with photosensitizers for multimodal tumor gene/photodynamic therapy (PDT) have attracted much attention. In this study, a series of ROS-sensitive cationic bola-lipids were applied for the gene/photosensitizer codelivery. Zn-DPA was introduced as a cationic headgroup to enhance DNA binding, while the hydrophobic linking chains may facilitate the formation of lipid nanoparticles (LNP) and the encapsulation of photosensitizer Ce6. The length of the hydrophobic chain played an important role in the gene transfection process, and 14-TDZn containing the longest chains showed better DNA condensation, gene transfection, and cellular uptake. 14-TDZn LNPs could well load photosensitizer Ce6 to form 14-TDC without a loss of gene delivery efficiency. 14-TDC was used for codelivery of p53 and Ce6 to achieve enhanced therapeutic effects on the tumor cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis. Results showed that the codelivery system was more effective in the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation than individual p53 or Ce6 monotherapy. Mechanism studies showed that the production of ROS after Ce6 irradiation could increase the accumulation of p53 protein in tumor cells, thereby promoting caspase-3 activation and inducing apoptosis, indicating some synergistic effect. These results demonstrated that 14-TDC may serve as a promising nanocarrier for gene/PDT combination therapy.

Icaritin activates p53 and inhibits aerobic glycolysis in liver cancer cells

Metabolic reprogramming enables cancer cells to generate energy mainly through aerobic glycolysis, which is achieved by increasing the expression levels of glycolysis-related enzymes. Therefore, the development of drugs targeting aerobic glycolysis could be an effective strategy for cancer treatment. Icaritin (ICT) is an active ingredient from the Chinese herbal plant Epimedium with several biological activities, but its anti-cancer mechanism remains inconclusive. Using normal hepatocytes and hepatoma cells, our results showed that ICT suppressed cell proliferation and clonal formation and decreased glucose consumption and lactate production in liver cancer cells. In consistent, the mRNA and protein levels of several aerobic glycolysis-related genes were decreased upon ICT treatment. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that the expression levels of the aerobic glycolysis-related proteins were correlated with the p53 status in hepatoma cells. Using PFT-α or siRNA-p53, our results confirmed that ICT regulated aerobic glycolysis in a p53-dependent manner. In addition, ICT was found to stabilize p53 at the post-translational level which might be mediated by inhibiting MDM2 expression and affecting its interaction with p53. Finally, our results demonstrated that ICT increased the levels of ROS that activated p53 via the p38 MAPK pathway. In conclusion, ICT increased intracellular ROS levels in liver cancer cells, which promoted the stabilization and activation of p53, inhibiting the expression of aerobic glycolysis-related genes and glycolysis, and ultimately leading to the suppression of liver cancer development.

Antiproliferative and Apoptotic Effects of Murici (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth and verbascifolia (L.) DC) and Taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) Extracts in Human Prostate Cell Line (PC-3)

OBJECTIVE

The present study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of extracts obtained from the murici (Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth and verbascifolia (L.) DC) and taperebá (Spondias mombin L.) pulps, on cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis on human prostate cell line (PC-3).

METHODS

Four extract was produced from the pulps:  murici aqueous extract (MA), taperebá aqueous extract (TA), murici ethanolic extract (ME) and taperebá ethanolic extract (TE). In the present study, the analysis of cell viability, cell cycle and apoptosis analyze were performed using the MTT method and flow cytometry.

RESULTS

The results showed that murici and taperebá extracts proved to be inhibitors of cell growth, modulation of cell cycle promoters and capable of enhancing the death in prostate carcinoma cells PC-3; suggesting a regulatory effect in prostate cell line, depending on type of extract and dosage used.

CONCLUSION

These results open a series of perspectives on the use of these bioactive extracts in the prevention and treatment of prostate cancer.

AQP8 Modulates Mitochondrial H2O2 Transport to Influence Glioma Proliferation

BACKGROUND

Aquaporin-8 (AQP8) is involved in impacting glioma proliferation and can effect tumour growth by regulating Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling levels. In addition to transporting H2O2, AQP8 has been shown to affect ROS signaling, but evidence is lacking in gliomas. In this study, we aimed to investigate how AQP8 affects ROS signaling in gliomas.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We constructed A172 and U251 cell lines with AQP8 knockdown and AQP8 rescue by CRISPR/Cas9 technology and overexpression of lentiviral vectors. We used CCK-8 and flow cytometry to test cell proliferation and cycle, immunofluorescence and Mito-Tracker CMXRos to observe the distribution of AQP8 expression in glioma cells, Amplex and DHE to study mitochondria release of H2O2, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and NAD+/NADH ratio to assess mitochondrial function and protein blotting to detect p53 and p21 expression.

RESULT

We found that AQP8 co-localised with mitochondria and that knockdown of AQP8 inhibited the release of H2O2 from mitochondria and led to increased levels of ROS in mitochondria, thereby impairing mitochondrial function. We also discovered that AQP8 knockdown resulted in suppression of cell proliferation and was blocked at the G0/G1 phase with increased expression of mitochondrial ROS signalling-related p53/p21.

CONCLUSIONS

This finding provides further evidence for mechanistic studies of AQP8 as a prospective target for the treatment of gliomas.

The role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases: an overview

Dysregulation of oxidative stress serves as a pivotal predisposing or exacerbating factor in the intricate development of numerous pathological processes and diseases. In recent years, substantial evidence has illuminated the crucial role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in many fundamental cellular functions, including proliferation, inflammation, apoptosis, and gene expression. Notably, producing free radicals within ROS profoundly impacts a wide range of biomolecules, such as proteins and DNA, instigating cellular damage and impairing vital cellular functions. Consequently, oxidative stress emerges as a closely intertwined factor across diverse disease spectra. Remarkably, the pathogenesis of several eye diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy, manifests an intrinsic association with oxidative stress. In this comprehensive review, we briefly summarize the recent progress in elucidating the intricate role of oxidative stress in the development of ophthalmic diseases, shedding light on potential therapeutic avenues and future research directions.

Selenium deficiency exacerbated Bisphenol A-induced intestinal toxicity in chickens: Apoptosis and cell cycle arrest mediated by ROS/P53

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a phenolic organic synthetic compound that is used as the raw material of polycarbonate plastics, and its safety issues have recently attracted wide attention. Selenium (Se) deficiency has gradually developed into a global disease affecting intestinal function via oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, the toxic effects and potential mechanisms of BPA exposure and Se deficiency in the chicken intestines have not been studied. In this study, BPA exposure and/or Se deficiency models were established in vivo and in vitro to investigate the effects of Se deficiency and BPA on chicken jejunum. The results showed that BPA exposure and/or Se deficiency increased jejunum oxidative stress and DNA damage, activated P53 pathway, led to mitochondrial dysfunction, and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Using protein-protein molecular docking, we found a strong binding ability between P53 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1, thereby regulating mitochondrial dysfunctional apoptosis. In addition, we used N-acetyl-L-cysteine and pifithrin-α for in vitro intervention and found that N-acetyl-L-cysteine and pifithrin-α intervention reversed the aforementioned adverse effects. This study clarified the potential mechanism by which Se deficiency exacerbates BPA induced intestinal injury in chickens through reactive oxygen species/P53, which provides a new idea for the study of environmental combined toxicity of Se deficiency, and insights into animal intestinal health from a new perspective.

Reactive oxygen species in biological systems: Pathways, associated diseases, and potential inhibitors-A review

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced under normal physiological conditions and may have beneficial and harmful effects on biological systems. ROS are involved in many physiological processes such as differentiation, proliferation, necrosis, autophagy, and apoptosis by acting as signaling molecules or regulators of transcription factors. In this case, maintaining proper cellular ROS levels is known as redox homeostasis. Oxidative stress occurs because of the imbalance between the production of ROS and antioxidant defenses. Sources of ROS include the mitochondria, auto-oxidation of glucose, and enzymatic pathways such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate reduced (NAD[P]H) oxidase. The possible ROS pathways are NF-κB, MAPKs, PI3K-Akt, and the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. This review covers the literature pertaining to the possible ROS pathways and strategies to inhibit them. Additionally, this review summarizes the literature related to finding ROS inhibitors.

Demonstrating drug treatment efficacies by monitoring superoxide dynamics in human lung cancer cells with time-lapse fluorescence microscopy

Metformin hydrochloride, an antihyperglycemic agent, and sulindac, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, are FDA-approved drugs known to exert anticancer effects. Previous studies demonstrated sulindac and metformin's anticancer properties through mitochondrial dysfunction and inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain complex I and key signaling pathways. In this study, various drugs were administered to A549 lung cancer cells, and results revealed that a combination of sulindac and metformin enhanced cell death compared to the administration of the drugs separately. To measure superoxide production over time, we employed a time-lapse fluorescence imaging technique using mitochondrial-targeted hydroethidine. Fluorescence microscopy data showed the most significant increases in superoxide production in the combination treatment of metformin and sulindac. Results showed significant differences between the combined drug treatment and control groups and between the positive control and control groups. This approach can be utilized to quantify the anticancer efficacy of drugs, creating possibilities for additional therapeutic options.

The Tumor Suppressor SOCS1 Diminishes Tolerance to Oxidative Stress in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

SOCS1 is a tumor suppressor in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Recently, we showed that a loss of SOCS1 in hepatocytes promotes NRF2 activation. Here, we investigated how SOCS1 expression in HCC cells affected oxidative stress response and modulated the cellular proteome. Murine Hepa1-6 cells expressing SOCS1 (Hepa-SOCS1) or control vector (Hepa-Vector) were treated with cisplatin or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). The induction of NRF2 and its target genes, oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, cell survival and cellular proteome profiles were evaluated. NRF2 induction was significantly reduced in Hepa-SOCS1 cells. The gene and protein expression of NRF2 targets were differentially induced in Hepa-Vector cells but markedly suppressed in Hepa-SOCS1 cells. Hepa-SOCS1 cells displayed an increased induction of reactive oxygen species but reduced lipid peroxidation. Nonetheless, Hepa-SOCS1 cells treated with cisplatin or t-BHP showed reduced survival. GCLC, poorly induced in Hepa-SOCS1 cells, showed a strong positive correlation with NFE2L2 and an inverse correlation with SOCS1 in the TCGA-LIHC transcriptomic data. A proteomic analysis of Hepa-Vector and Hepa-SOCS1 cells revealed that SOCS1 differentially modulated many proteins involved in diverse molecular pathways, including mitochondrial ROS generation and ROS detoxification, through peroxiredoxin and thioredoxin systems. Our findings indicate that maintaining sensitivity to oxidative stress is an important tumor suppression mechanism of SOCS1 in HCC.

Therapeutic Potential of Myricetin in the Treatment of Neurological, Neuropsychiatric, and Neurodegenerative Disorders

Myricetin (MC), 3,5,7,3',4',5'-hexahydroxyflavone, chemically belongs to a flavonoid category known to confer antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, and neuroprotective effects. MC is known to suppress the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (MDA), and inflammatory markers. It has been reported to improve insulin function in the human brain and periphery. Besides this, it modulates several neurochemicals including glutamate, GABA, serotonin, etc. MC has been shown to reduce the expression of the enzyme Mono Amine Oxidase (MAO), which is responsible for the metabolism of monoamines. MC treatment reduces levels of plasma corticosterone and restores hippocampal BDNF (full form) protein in stressed animals. Further, MC has shown its protective effect against amyloid-beta, MPTP, rotenone, 6-OHDA, etc. suggesting its potential role against neurodegenerative disorders. The aim of the present review is to highlight the therapeutic potential of MC in the treatment of several neurological, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative disorders.