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Watanabe T, Hayashi S, Zhaoyu Y, Inada H, Nagaoka K, Tateyama M, Tanaka Y. A novel, small anti-HBV compound reduces HBsAg and HBV-DNA by destabilizing HBV-RNA. J Gastroenterol 2024; 59:315-328. [PMID: 38315437 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-023-02070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, standard treatments for chronic hepatitis B such as nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs), effectively reduce hepatitis B virus (HBV) loads but rarely result in a functional cure (defined as sustained HBsAg loss). We report the discovery of a novel, 4-pyridone compound, SAG-524, a potent and orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of HBV replication. METHODS The antiviral characteristics and selectivity of SAG-524 and its derivative compound against HBV were evaluated in HBV-infection assays and HBV-infected chimeric urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficiency mice with humanized livers (PXB mice), alone or in combination with entecavir. Toxicity studies were conducted in mice and monkeys. RESULTS SAG-524 reduced HBV-DNA (IC50 = 0.92 nM) and HBsAg (IC50 = 1.4 nM) in the supernatant of the HepG2.2.15 cells. SAG-524 selectively destabilized HBV-RNA via PAPD5, but not GAPDH or albumin mRNA, by shortening the poly(A) tail. PAPD5 may also be involved in HBV regulation via ELAVL1. In a study of HBV-infected PXB mice, SAG-524 produced potent reductions of serum HBsAg and HBcrAg, and the minimum effective dose was estimated to be 6 mg/kg/day. The combination therapy with entecavir greatly reduced HBsAg and cccDNA in the liver due to reduction of human hepatocytes with good tolerability. Administration of SAG-524 to monkeys, up to 1000 mg/kg/day for two weeks, led to no significant toxicity, as determined by blood tests and pathological images. CONCLUSIONS We have identified SAG-524 as novel and orally bioavailable HBV-RNA destabilizers which can reduce HBsAg and HBV-DNA levels, and possibly contribute a functional cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehisa Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Sanae Hayashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yan Zhaoyu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Hiroki Inada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Katsuya Nagaoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Masakuni Tateyama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo 1-1-1, Chuo, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan.
- Department of Virology and Liver Unit, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, Japan.
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2
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Vimali J, Yong YK, Murugesan A, Tan HY, Zhang Y, Ashwin R, Raju S, Balakrishnan P, Larsson M, Velu V, Shankar EM. Chronic viral infection compromises the quality of circulating mucosal-invariant T cells and follicular T helper cells via expression of both activating and inhibitory receptors. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2862719. [PMID: 37163092 PMCID: PMC10168456 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2862719/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral infection results in impaired immune responses rendering viral persistence. Here, we investigated the role of immune activation and compared the quality of T-cell responses in chronic HBV, HCV, and HIV infections. Cytokines were measured using a commercial Bio-plex Pro Human Cytokine Grp I Panel 17-plex kit (BioRad, Hercules, CA, USA). Inflammation was assessed by measuring an array of plasma cytokines, and peripheral CD4+ T cells including circulating Tfh cells, CD8+ T cells, and TCR iVα7.2+ MAIT cells in chronic HBV, HCV, and HIV-infected patients and healthy controls. The cells were characterized based markers pertaining to immune activation (CD69, ICOS, and CD27) proliferation (Ki67), cytokine production (TNF-α, IFN-γ) and exhaustion (PD-1). The cytokine levels and T cell phenotypes together with cell markers were correlated with surrogate markers of disease progression. The activation marker CD69 was significantly increased in CD4+ hi T cells, while CD8+ MAIT cells expressing IFN-γ were significantly increased in chronic HBV, HCV and HIV infections. Six cell phenotypes, viz., TNF-α+CD4+ lo T cells, CD69+CD8+ T cells, CD69+CD4+ MAIT cells, PD-1+CD4+ hi T cells, PD-1+CD8+ T cells, Ki67+CD4+ MAIT cells were independently associated with decelerating the plasma viral load (PVL). TNF-α levels showed a positive correlation with increase in cytokine levels and decrease in PVL. Chronic viral infection negatively impacts the quality of peripheral MAIT cells and TFH cells via expression of both activating and inhibitory receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaisheela Vimali
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | | | - Amudhan Murugesan
- Department of Microbiology, Government Theni Medical College and Hospital, Theni, India
| | | | | | - Rajeev Ashwin
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Sivadoss Raju
- Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai, India
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Centre for Infectious Diseases, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, 58185 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Vijayakumar Velu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta GA, United States
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
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3
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Shirakawa K, Sano M. Drastic transformation of visceral adipose tissue and peripheral CD4 T cells in obesity. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1044737. [PMID: 36685567 PMCID: PMC9846168 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1044737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has a pronounced effect on the immune response in systemic organs that results in not only insulin resistance but also altered immune responses to infectious diseases and malignant tumors. Obesity-associated microenvironmental changes alter transcriptional expression and metabolism in T cells, leading to alterations in T-cell differentiation, proliferation, function, and survival. Adipokines, cytokines, and lipids derived from obese visceral adipose tissue (VAT) may also contribute to the systemic T-cell phenotype, resulting in obesity-specific pathogenesis. VAT T cells, which have multiple roles in regulating homeostasis and energy utilization and defending against pathogens, are most susceptible to obesity. In particular, many studies have shown that CD4 T cells are deeply involved in the homeostasis of VAT endocrine and metabolic functions and in obesity-related chronic inflammation. In obesity, macrophages and adipocytes in VAT function as antigen-presenting cells and contribute to the obesity-specific CD4 T-cell response by inducing CD4 T-cell proliferation and differentiation into inflammatory effectors via interactions between major histocompatibility complex class II and T-cell receptors. When obesity persists, prolonged stimulation by leptin and circulating free fatty acids, repetitive antigen stimulation, activating stress responses, and hypoxia induce exhaustion of CD4 T cells in VAT. T-cell exhaustion is characterized by restricted effector function, persistent expression of inhibitory receptors, and a transcriptional state distinct from functional effector and memory T cells. Moreover, obesity causes thymic regression, which may result in homeostatic proliferation of obesity-specific T-cell subsets due to changes in T-cell metabolism and gene expression in VAT. In addition to causing T-cell exhaustion, obesity also accelerates cellular senescence of CD4 T cells. Senescent CD4 T cells secrete osteopontin, which causes further VAT inflammation. The obesity-associated transformation of CD4 T cells remains a negative legacy even after weight loss, causing treatment resistance of obesity-related conditions. This review discusses the marked transformation of CD4 T cells in VAT and systemic organs as a consequence of obesity-related microenvironmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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4
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Persistent virus-specific and clonally expanded antibody-secreting cells respond to induced self-antigen in the CNS. Acta Neuropathol 2023; 145:335-355. [PMID: 36695896 PMCID: PMC9925600 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-023-02537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
B cells contribute to the pathogenesis of both cellular- and humoral-mediated central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory diseases through a variety of mechanisms. In such conditions, B cells may enter the CNS parenchyma and contribute to local tissue destruction. It remains unexplored, however, how infection and autoimmunity drive transcriptional phenotypes, repertoire features, and antibody functionality. Here, we profiled B cells from the CNS of murine models of intracranial (i.c.) viral infections and autoimmunity. We identified a population of clonally expanded, antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) that had undergone class-switch recombination and extensive somatic hypermutation following i.c. infection with attenuated lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (rLCMV). Recombinant expression and characterisation of these antibodies revealed specificity to viral antigens (LCMV glycoprotein GP), correlating with ASC persistence in the brain weeks after resolved infection. Furthermore, these virus-specific ASCs upregulated proliferation and expansion programs in response to the conditional and transient induction of the LCMV GP as a neo-self antigen by astrocytes. This class-switched, clonally expanded, and mutated population persisted and was even more pronounced when peripheral B cells were depleted prior to autoantigen induction in the CNS. In contrast, the most expanded B cell clones in mice with persistent expression of LCMV GP in the CNS did not exhibit neo-self antigen specificity, potentially a consequence of local tolerance induction. Finally, a comparable population of clonally expanded, class-switched, and proliferating ASCs was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) patients. Taken together, our findings support the existence of B cells that populate the CNS and are capable of responding to locally encountered autoantigens.
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5
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Kuhn R, Sandu I, Agrafiotis A, Hong KL, Shlesinger D, Neimeier D, Merkler D, Oxenius A, Reddy ST, Yermanos A. Clonally Expanded Virus-Specific CD8 T Cells Acquire Diverse Transcriptional Phenotypes During Acute, Chronic, and Latent Infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:782441. [PMID: 35185882 PMCID: PMC8847396 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.782441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells play a crucial role in the control and resolution of viral infections and can adopt a wide range of phenotypes and effector functions depending on the inflammatory context and the duration and extent of antigen exposure. Similarly, viral infections can exert diverse selective pressures on populations of clonally related T cells. Technical limitations have nevertheless made it challenging to investigate the relationship between clonal selection and transcriptional phenotypes of virus-specific T cells. We therefore performed single-cell T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire and transcriptome sequencing of virus-specific CD8 T cells in murine models of acute, chronic and latent infection. We observed clear infection-specific populations corresponding to memory, effector, exhausted, and inflationary phenotypes. We further uncovered a mouse-specific and polyclonal T cell response, despite all T cells sharing specificity to a single viral epitope, which was accompanied by stereotypic TCR germline gene usage in all three infection types. Persistent antigen exposure during chronic and latent viral infections resulted in a higher proportion of clonally expanded T cells relative to acute infection. We furthermore observed a relationship between transcriptional heterogeneity and clonal expansion for all three infections, with highly expanded clones having distinct transcriptional phenotypes relative to less expanded clones. Together our work relates clonal selection to gene expression in the context of viral infection and further provides a dataset and accompanying software for the immunological community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Kuhn
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Agrafiotis
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kai-Lin Hong
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Shlesinger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Neimeier
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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6
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Shirakawa K, Sano M. T Cell Immunosenescence in Aging, Obesity, and Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092435. [PMID: 34572084 PMCID: PMC8464832 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although advances in preventive medicine have greatly improved prognosis, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. This clearly indicates that there remain residual cardiovascular risks that have not been targeted by conventional therapies. The results of multiple animal studies and clinical trials clearly indicate that inflammation is the most important residual risk and a potential target for CVD prevention. The immune cell network is intricately regulated to maintain homeostasis. Ageing associated changes to the immune system occurs in both innate and adaptive immune cells, however T cells are most susceptible to this process. T-cell changes due to thymic degeneration and homeostatic proliferation, metabolic abnormalities, telomere length shortening, and epigenetic changes associated with aging and obesity may not only reduce normal immune function, but also induce inflammatory tendencies, a process referred to as immunosenescence. Since the disruption of biological homeostasis by T cell immunosenescence is closely related to the development and progression of CVD via inflammation, senescent T cells are attracting attention as a new therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss the relationship between CVD and T cell immunosenescence associated with aging and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Shirakawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 1138421, Japan;
| | - Motoaki Sano
- Department of Cardiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 1608582, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-(3)-5363-3874
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7
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Stoycheva D, Sandu I, Gräbnitz F, Amorim A, Borsa M, Weber S, Becher B, Oxenius A. Non-neutralizing antibodies protect against chronic LCMV infection by promoting infection of inflammatory monocytes in mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:1423-1435. [PMID: 33547634 PMCID: PMC8247883 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202049068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies play an important role in host defense against microorganisms. Besides direct microbicidal activities, antibodies can also provide indirect protection via crosstalk to constituents of the adaptive immune system. Similar to many human chronic viral infections, persistence of Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) is associated with compromised T- and B-cell responses. The administration of virus-specific non-neutralizing antibodies (nnAbs) prior to LCMV infection protects against the establishment of chronic infection. Here, we show that LCMV-specific nnAbs bind preferentially Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes (IMs), promote their infection in an Fc-receptor independent way, and support acquisition of APC properties. By constituting additional T-cell priming opportunities, IMs promote early activation of virus-specific CD8 T cells, eventually tipping the balance between T-cell exhaustion and effector cell differentiation, preventing establishment of viral persistence without causing lethal immunopathology. These results document a beneficial role of IMs in avoiding T-cell exhaustion and an Fc-receptor independent protective mechanism provided by LCMV-specific nnAbs against the establishment of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Ana Amorim
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Stefan Weber
- Institute of MicrobiologyETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Burkhard Becher
- Institute of Experimental ImmunologyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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8
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Trefzer A, Kadam P, Wang SH, Pennavaria S, Lober B, Akçabozan B, Kranich J, Brocker T, Nakano N, Irmler M, Beckers J, Straub T, Obst R. Dynamic adoption of anergy by antigen-exhausted CD4 + T cells. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108748. [PMID: 33567282 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exhausted immune responses to chronic diseases represent a major challenge to global health. We study CD4+ T cells in a mouse model with regulatable antigen presentation. When the cells are driven through the effector phase and are then exposed to different levels of persistent antigen, they lose their T helper 1 (Th1) functions, upregulate exhaustion markers, resemble naturally anergic cells, and modulate their MAPK, mTORC1, and Ca2+/calcineurin signaling pathways with increasing dose and time. They also become unable to help B cells and, at the highest dose, undergo apoptosis. Transcriptomic analyses show the dynamic adjustment of gene expression and the accumulation of T cell receptor (TCR) signals over a period of weeks. Upon antigen removal, the cells recover their functionality while losing exhaustion and anergy markers. Our data suggest an adjustable response of CD4+ T cells to different levels of persisting antigen and contribute to a better understanding of chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Trefzer
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pallavi Kadam
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Shu-Hung Wang
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pennavaria
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Benedikt Lober
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Batuhan Akçabozan
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jan Kranich
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Naoko Nakano
- Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Martin Irmler
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Johannes Beckers
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany; Chair of Experimental Genetics, Technische Universität München, 85354 Freising, Germany; German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e. V.), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Obst
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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9
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Kräutler NJ, Yermanos A, Pedrioli A, Welten SPM, Lorgé D, Greczmiel U, Bartsch I, Scheuermann J, Kiefer JD, Eyer K, Menzel U, Greiff V, Neri D, Stadler T, Reddy ST, Oxenius A. Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis of Humoral Immunity Reveals Continued and Personalized Evolution in Chronic Viral Infection. Cell Rep 2020; 30:997-1012.e6. [PMID: 31995768 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.12.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of established chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection requires the production of neutralizing antibodies, but it remains unknown how the ensemble of antibodies evolves during ongoing infection. Here, we analyze the evolution of antibody responses during acute or chronic LCMV infection, combining quantitative functional assays and time-resolved antibody repertoire sequencing. We establish that antibody responses initially converge in both infection types on a functional and repertoire level, but diverge later during chronic infection, showing increased clonal diversity, the appearance of mouse-specific persistent clones, and distinct phylogenetic signatures. Chronic infection is characterized by a longer-lasting germinal center reaction and a continuous differentiation of plasma cells, resulting in the emergence of higher-affinity plasma cells exhibiting increased antibody secretion rates. Taken together, our findings reveal the emergence of a personalized antibody response in chronic infection and support the concept that maintaining B cell diversity throughout chronic LCMV infection correlates with the development of infection-resolving antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nike Julia Kräutler
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Yermanos
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Pedrioli
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Lorgé
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilka Bartsch
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jörg Scheuermann
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Kiefer
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Klaus Eyer
- Laboratory for Functional Immune Repertoire Analysis, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, D-CHAB, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Menzel
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Greiff
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 20 Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dario Neri
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Stadler
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Mattenstrasse 26, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland.
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10
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Liu L, Hou J, Xu Y, Qin L, Liu W, Zhang H, Li Y, Chen M, Deng M, Zhao B, Hu J, Zheng H, Li C, Meng S. PD-L1 upregulation by IFN-α/γ-mediated Stat1 suppresses anti-HBV T cell response. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0228302. [PMID: 32628668 PMCID: PMC7337294 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) has been recently shown to be a major obstacle to antiviral immunity by binding to its receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) on specific IFN-γ producing T cells in chronic hepatitis B. Currently, IFN-α is widely used to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but its antiviral effect vary greatly and the mechanism is not totally clear. We found that IFN-α/γ induced a marked increase of PD-L1 expression in hepatocytes. Signal and activators of transcription (Stat1) was then identified as a major transcription factor involved in IFN-α/γ-mediated PD-L1 elevation both in vitro and in mice. Blockage of the PD-L1/PD-1 interaction by a specific mAb greatly enhanced HBV-specific T cell activity by the gp96 adjuvanted therapeutic vaccine, and promoted HBV clearance in HBV transgenic mice. Our results demonstrate the IFN-α/γ-Stat1-PD-L1 axis plays an important role in mediating T cell hyporesponsiveness and inactivating liver-infiltrating T cells in the hepatic microenvironment. These data raise further potential interest in enhancing the anti-HBV efficacy of IFN-α and therapeutic vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- LanLan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Junwei Hou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxiu Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mi Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Deng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huaguo Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changfei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SM); (CL)
| | - Songdong Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (SM); (CL)
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11
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Coulon PG, Roy S, Prakash S, Srivastava R, Dhanushkodi N, Salazar S, Amezquita C, Nguyen L, Vahed H, Nguyen AM, Warsi WR, Ye C, Carlos-Cruz EA, Mai UT, BenMohamed L. Upregulation of Multiple CD8 + T Cell Exhaustion Pathways Is Associated with Recurrent Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:454-468. [PMID: 32540992 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A large proportion of the world's population harbors latent HSV type 1 (HSV-1). Cross-talk between antiviral CD8+ T cells and HSV-1 appear to control latency/reactivation cycles. We found that compared with healthy asymptomatic individuals, in symptomatic (SYMP) patients, the CD8+ T cells with the same HLA-A*0201-restricted HSV-1 epitope specificities expressed multiple genes and proteins associated to major T cell exhaustion pathways and were dysfunctional. Blockade of immune checkpoints with anti-LAG-3 and anti-PD-1 antagonist mAbs synergistically restored the frequency and function of antiviral CD8+ T cells, both 1) ex vivo, in SYMP individuals and SYMP HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice; and 2) in vivo in HSV-1-infected SYMP HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice. This was associated with a significant reduction in virus reactivation and recurrent ocular herpetic disease. These findings confirm antiviral CD8+ T cell exhaustion during SYMP herpes infection and pave the way to targeting immune checkpoints to combat recurrent ocular herpes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Grégoire Coulon
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Swayam Prakash
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Ruchi Srivastava
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Nisha Dhanushkodi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Stephanie Salazar
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Cassandra Amezquita
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Lan Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Hawa Vahed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Angela M Nguyen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Wasay R Warsi
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Caitlin Ye
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Edgar A Carlos-Cruz
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Uyen T Mai
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Lbachir BenMohamed
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; .,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; and.,Institute for Immunology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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12
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Yermanos A, Sandu I, Pedrioli A, Borsa M, Wagen F, Oetiker N, Welten SPM, Pallmer K, Reddy ST, Oxenius A. Profiling Virus-Specific Tcf1+ T Cell Repertoires During Acute and Chronic Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:986. [PMID: 32547546 PMCID: PMC7272574 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8 T cells play a crucial role in providing protection from viral infections. It has recently been established that a subset of CD8 T cells expressing Tcf1 are responsible for sustaining exhausted T cells during chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection. Many of these studies, however, have been performed using T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, in which CD8 T cells express a monoclonal TCR specific for the LCMV glycoprotein. To investigate whether the Tcf1+ and Tcf1- repertoires are naturally composed of similar or different clones in wild-type mice exposed to acute or chronic LCMV infection, we performed TCR repertoire sequencing of virus-specific CD8 T cells, including Tcf1+ and Tcf1- populations. Our analysis revealed that the Tcf1+ TCR repertoire is maintained at an equal or higher degree of clonal diversity despite harboring fewer cells. Additionally, within the same animal, there was extensive clonal overlap between the Tcf1+ and Tcf1- repertoires in both chronic and acute LCMV infection. We could further detect these virus-specific clones in longitudinal blood samples earlier in the infection. With respect to common repertoire parameters (clonal overlap, germline gene usage, and clonal expansion), we found minor differences between the virus-specific TCR repertoire of acute and chronic LCMV infection 40 days post infection. Overall, our results indicate that the Tcf1+ population emerging during chronic LCMV infection is not clonally distinct from the Tcf1- population, supporting the notion that the Tcf1+ pool is indeed a fuel for the more exhausted Tcf1– population within the heterogenous repertoire of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Yermanos
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Sai T Reddy
- Department of Biosystems and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Menne S, Wildum S, Steiner G, Suresh M, Korolowicz K, Balarezo M, Yon C, Murreddu M, Hong X, Kallakury BV, Tucker R, Yang S, Young JAT, Javanbakht H. Efficacy of an Inhibitor of Hepatitis B Virus Expression in Combination With Entecavir and Interferon-α in Woodchucks Chronically Infected With Woodchuck Hepatitis Virus. Hepatol Commun 2020; 4:916-931. [PMID: 32490326 PMCID: PMC7262289 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RG7834 is a small‐molecule inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene expression that significantly reduces the levels of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA in a humanized liver HBV mouse model. In the current study, we evaluated the potency of RG7834 in the woodchuck model of chronic HBV infection, alone and in combination with entecavir (ETV) and/or woodchuck interferon‐α (wIFN‐α). RG7834 reduced woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) surface antigen (WHsAg) by a mean of 2.57 log10 from baseline and WHV DNA by a mean of 1.71 log10. ETV + wIFN‐α reduced WHsAg and WHV DNA by means of 2.40 log10 and 6.70 log10, respectively. The combination of RG7834, ETV, and wIFN‐α profoundly reduced WHsAg and WHV DNA levels by 5.00 log10 and 7.46 log10, respectively. However, both viral parameters rebounded to baseline after treatment was stopped and no antibody response against WHsAg was observed. Effects on viral RNAs were mainly seen with the triple combination treatment, reducing both pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) and WHsAg RNA, whereas RG7834 mainly reduced WHsAg RNA and ETV mainly affected pgRNA. When WHsAg was reduced by the triple combination, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) proliferated significantly in response to viral antigens, but the cellular response was diminished after WHsAg returned to baseline levels during the off‐treatment period. Consistent with this, Pearson correlation revealed a strong negative correlation between WHsAg levels and PBMC proliferation in response to peptides covering the entire WHsAg and WHV nucleocapsid antigen. Conclusion: A fast and robust reduction of WHsAg by combination therapy reduced WHV‐specific immune dysfunction in the periphery. However, the magnitude and/or duration of the induced cellular response were not sufficient to achieve a sustained antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC
| | - Steffen Wildum
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development Roche Innovation Center Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development Roche Innovation Center Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Manasa Suresh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC
| | - Kyle Korolowicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC
| | - Maria Balarezo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC
| | - Changsuek Yon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC
| | - Marta Murreddu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC
| | - Xupeng Hong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC
| | | | - Robin Tucker
- Department of Pharmacology Georgetown University Medical Center Washington DC
| | - Song Yang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development Roche Innovation Center Shanghai Shanghai China
| | - John A T Young
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development Roche Innovation Center Basel Basel Switzerland
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development Roche Innovation Center Basel Basel Switzerland
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14
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Reisch C, Langemann D. Chemotactic effects in reaction-diffusion equations for inflammation. J Biol Phys 2019; 45:253-273. [PMID: 31309352 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-019-09527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Predator-prey systems are used to model time-dependent virus and lymphocyte population during a liver infection and to discuss the influence of chemotactic behavior on the chronification tendency of such infections. Therefore, a model family of reaction-diffusion equations is presented, and the long-term behavior of the solutions is estimated by a critical value containing the reaction strength, the diffusion rate, and the extension of the liver domain. Fourier techniques are applied to evaluate the influence of chemotactic behavior of the immune response to the long-term behavior of locally linearized models. It turns out that the chemotaxis is a subordinated influence with respect to the chronification of liver infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cordula Reisch
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Computational Mathematics, AG PDE, Universitätsplatz 2, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Dirk Langemann
- TU Braunschweig, Institute of Computational Mathematics, AG PDE, Universitätsplatz 2, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
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15
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Hickey JW, Dong Y, Chung JW, Salathe SF, Pruitt HC, Li X, Chang C, Fraser AK, Bessell CA, Ewald AJ, Gerecht S, Mao HQ, Schneck JP. Engineering an Artificial T-Cell Stimulating Matrix for Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1807359. [PMID: 30968468 PMCID: PMC8601018 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201807359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
T cell therapies require the removal and culture of T cells ex vivo to expand several thousand-fold. However, these cells often lose the phenotype and cytotoxic functionality for mediating effective therapeutic responses. The extracellular matrix (ECM) has been used to preserve and augment cell phenotype; however, it has not been applied to cellular immunotherapies. Here, a hyaluronic acid (HA)-based hydrogel is engineered to present the two stimulatory signals required for T-cell activation-termed an artificial T-cell stimulating matrix (aTM). It is found that biophysical properties of the aTM-stimulatory ligand density, stiffness, and ECM proteins-potentiate T cell signaling and skew phenotype of both murine and human T cells. Importantly, the combination of the ECM environment and mechanically sensitive TCR signaling from the aTM results in a rapid and robust expansion of rare, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. Adoptive transfer of these tumor-specific cells significantly suppresses tumor growth and improves animal survival compared with T cells stimulated by traditional methods. Beyond immediate immunotherapeutic applications, demonstrating the environment influences the cellular therapeutic product delineates the importance of the ECM and provides a case study of how to engineer ECM-mimetic materials for therapeutic immune stimulation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Hickey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Yi Dong
- Graduate Program in Immunology, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Jae Wook Chung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Sebastian F Salathe
- Department of Biology, Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Hawley C Pruitt
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Calvin Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Andrew K Fraser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Catherine A Bessell
- Graduate Program in Immunology, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Andrew J Ewald
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Cell Dynamics, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Oncology, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Sharon Gerecht
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Hai-Quan Mao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jonathan P Schneck
- Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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16
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Mueller H, Lopez A, Tropberger P, Wildum S, Schmaler J, Pedersen L, Han X, Wang Y, Ottosen S, Yang S, Young JAT, Javanbakht H. PAPD5/7 Are Host Factors That Are Required for Hepatitis B Virus RNA Stabilization. Hepatology 2019; 69:1398-1411. [PMID: 30365161 DOI: 10.1002/hep.30329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RG7834 is a potent, orally bioavailable small-molecule inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) gene expression that belongs to the dihydroquinolizinone (DHQ) chemical class and uniquely blocks production of both viral DNA and antigens. In this study, we used DHQ compounds as tools in a compound-based adaptation version of the yeast three-hybrid screen to identify the cognate cellular protein targets, the non-canonical poly(A) RNA polymerase associated domain containing proteins 5 and 7 (PAPD5 and PAPD7). Interaction with RG7834 was mapped to the catalytic domains of the two cellular enzymes. The role of PAPD5 and PAPD7 in HBV replication was confirmed by oligonucleotide-mediated knockdown studies that phenocopied the result seen with RG7834-treated HBV-infected hepatocytes. The greatest effect on HBV gene expression was seen when PAPD5 and PAPD7 mRNAs were simultaneously knocked down, suggesting that the two cellular proteins play a redundant role in maintaining HBV mRNA levels. In addition, as seen previously with RG7834 treatment, PAPD5 and PAPD7 knockdown led to destabilization and degradation of HBV mRNA without impacting production of viral RNA transcripts. Conclusion: We identify PAPD5 and PAPD7 as cellular host factors required for HBV RNA stabilization and as therapeutic targets for the HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Mueller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Lopez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Tropberger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Wildum
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Josephine Schmaler
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lykke Pedersen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Xingchun Han
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongguang Wang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - Søren Ottosen
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Song Yang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai, China
| | - John A T Young
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Huang Q, Hu J, Tang J, Xu L, Ye L. Molecular Basis of the Differentiation and Function of Virus Specific Follicular Helper CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:249. [PMID: 30828337 PMCID: PMC6384271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During viral infection, virus-specific follicular helper T cells provide important help to cognate B cells for their survival, consecutive proliferation and mutation and eventual differentiation into memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells. Similar to Tfh cells generated in other conditions, the differentiation of virus-specific Tfh cells can also be characterized as a process involved multiple factors and stages, however, which also exhibits distinct features. Here, we mainly focus on the current understanding of Tfh fate commitment, functional maturation, lineage maintenance and memory transition and formation in the context of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qizhao Huang
- Cancer Center, The General Hospital of Western Theater Command, Chengdu, China.,Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Hu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianfang Tang
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lifan Xu
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lilin Ye
- Institute of Immunology, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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18
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Barnstorf I, Borsa M, Baumann N, Pallmer K, Yermanos A, Joller N, Spörri R, Welten SPM, Kräutler NJ, Oxenius A. Chronic virus infection compromises memory bystander T cell function in an IL-6/STAT1-dependent manner. J Exp Med 2019; 216:571-586. [PMID: 30745322 PMCID: PMC6400541 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are widespread among humans, with ∼8-12 chronic viral infections per individual, and there is epidemiological proof that these impair heterologous immunity. We studied the impact of chronic LCMV infection on the phenotype and function of memory bystander CD8+ T cells. Active chronic LCMV infection had a profound effect on total numbers, phenotype, and function of memory bystander T cells in mice. The phenotypic changes included up-regulation of markers commonly associated with effector and exhausted cells and were induced by IL-6 in a STAT1-dependent manner in the context of chronic virus infection. Furthermore, bystander CD8 T cell functions were reduced with respect to their ability to produce inflammatory cytokines and to undergo secondary expansion upon cognate antigen challenge with major cell-extrinsic contributions responsible for the diminished memory potential of bystander CD8+ T cells. These findings open new perspectives for immunity and vaccination during chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Nicole Joller
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Roman Spörri
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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19
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Cai X, Zheng W, Shi X, Chen L, Liu Z, Li Z. HBx-Derived Constrained Peptides Inhibit the Secretion of Hepatitis B Virus Antigens. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:5646-5652. [PMID: 30375875 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the primary cause of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between HBV x protein (HBx) and its host targets, including Bcl-2, are important for cell death and viral replication. No modulators targeting these PPIs have been reported yet. Here, we developed HBx-derived constrained peptides generated by a facile macrocyclization method by joining two methionine side chains of unprotected peptides with chemoselective alkylating linkers. The resulting constrained peptides with improved cell permeability and binding affinity were effective anti-HBV modulators by blocking the secretion of viral antigens. This study clearly demonstrated HBx as a potentially important PPI target and the potential application of this efficient peptide macrocyclization strategy for targeting key PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Weihao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine , University of California, San Francisco , San Francisco , California 94110 , United States
| | - Xiaodong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Longjian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zhihong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
| | - Zigang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology , Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School , Shenzhen 518055 , China
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20
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Han X, Zhou C, Jiang M, Wang Y, Wang J, Cheng Z, Wang M, Liu Y, Liang C, Wang J, Wang Z, Weikert R, Lv W, Xie J, Yu X, Zhou X, Luangsay S, Shen HC, Mayweg AV, Javanbakht H, Yang S. Discovery of RG7834: The First-in-Class Selective and Orally Available Small Molecule Hepatitis B Virus Expression Inhibitor with Novel Mechanism of Action. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10619-10634. [PMID: 30286292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a serious public health burden, and current therapies cannot achieve satisfactory cure rate. There are high unmet medical needs of novel therapeutic agents with differentiated mechanism of action (MOA) from the current standard of care. RG7834, a compound from the dihydroquinolizinone (DHQ) chemical series, is a first-in-class highly selective and orally bioavailable HBV inhibitor which can reduce both viral antigens and viral DNA with a novel mechanism of action. Here we report the discovery of RG7834 from a phenotypic screening and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the DHQ chemical series. RG7834 can selectively inhibit HBV but not other DNA or RNA viruses in a virus panel screening. Both in vitro and in vivo profiles of RG7834 are described herein, and the data support further development of this compound as a chronic HBV therapy.
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21
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Hernández DM, Valderrama S, Gualtero S, Hernández C, López M, Herrera MV, Solano J, Fiorentino S, Quijano S. Loss of T-Cell Multifunctionality and TCR-Vβ Repertoire Against Epstein-Barr Virus Is Associated With Worse Prognosis and Clinical Parameters in HIV + Patients. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2291. [PMID: 30337929 PMCID: PMC6180205 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus associated with the development of aggressive and poor-prognosis B-cell lymphomas in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+ patients). The most important risk factors for these malignancies include immune dysfunction, chronic immune activation, and loss of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. The combination of all these factors can favor the reactivation of EBV, malignant cell transformation, and clinical progression toward B-cell lymphomas. The overarching aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, phenotype, functionality, and distribution of TCR clonotypes for EBV-specific T-cell subpopulations in HIV+ patients at different clinical stages and for HIV+ patients with B-cell lymphoma, as well as to establish their association with clinical variables of prognostic value. Factors were studied in 56 HIV+ patients at different clinical stages and in six HIV+ subjects with diagnosed B-cell lymphoma. We found a significant decrease in all subpopulations of EBV-specific CD4+ T cells from HIV+ patients at stage 3 and with B-cell lymphoma. EBV-specific effector CD8+ T cells, particularly effector memory cells, were also reduced in HIV+ patients with B-cell lymphoma. Interestingly, these cells were unable to produce IFN-γ and lacked multifunctionality in HIV+ patients. The TCR-Vβ repertoire, which is key for protection against EBV in healthy individuals, was less diverse in HIV+ patients due to a lower frequency of TCR-Vβ2+, Vβ4+, Vβ7.1+, Vβ9+, Vβ13.6+, Vβ14+, Vβ17+, Vβ22+ CD4+, Vβ14+, and Vβ17+ CD8+ T cells. HIV+ patients with positive plasma EBV loads (EBV+HIV+) had a noteworthy decrease in the levels of both TNF-α+ and multifunctional TNF-α+/IL-2+ and TNF-α+/IFN-γ+ CD8+ T cells. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that HIV+ patients have significant alterations in the immune response to EBV (poor-quality immunity) that can favor viral reactivation, escalating the risk for developing EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Hernández
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Valderrama
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Gualtero
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Catalina Hernández
- Grupo de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marcos López
- Grupo de Investigación Biomédica Traslacional, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
| | | | - Julio Solano
- Servicio de Hematología Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Susana Fiorentino
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Sandra Quijano
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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22
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Greczmiel U, Oxenius A. The Janus Face of Follicular T Helper Cells in Chronic Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1162. [PMID: 29887868 PMCID: PMC5982684 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic infections with non-cytopathic viruses constitutively expose virus-specific adaptive immune cells to cognate antigen, requiring their numeric and functional adaptation. Virus-specific CD8 T cells are compromised by various means in their effector functions, collectively termed T cell exhaustion. Alike CD8 T cells, virus-specific CD4 Th1 cell responses are gradually downregulated but instead, follicular T helper (TFH) cell differentiation and maintenance is strongly promoted during chronic infection. Thereby, the immune system promotes antibody responses, which bear less immune-pathological risk compared to cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory T cell responses. This emphasis on TFH cells contributes to tolerance of the chronic infection and is pivotal for the continued maturation and adaptation of the antibody response, leading eventually to the emergence of virus-neutralizing antibodies, which possess the potential to control the established chronic infection. However, sustained high levels of TFH cells can also result in a less stringent B cell selection process in active germinal center reactions, leading to the activation of virus-unspecific B cells, including self-reactive B cells, and to hypergammaglobulinemia. This dispersal of B cell help comes at the expense of a stringently selected virus-specific antibody response, thereby contributing to its delayed maturation. Here, we discuss these opposing facets of TFH cells in chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ute Greczmiel
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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23
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Pérez-Antón E, Egui A, Thomas MC, Puerta CJ, González JM, Cuéllar A, Segovia M, López MC. Impact of benznidazole treatment on the functional response of Trypanosoma cruzi antigen-specific CD4+CD8+ T cells in chronic Chagas disease patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006480. [PMID: 29750791 PMCID: PMC5965897 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi. The persistence of the parasite is associated with the disease chronicity and the impairment of the cellular immune response. It has been reported that the CD4+CD8+ T cell population expands in chronic Chagas disease patients. Few studies have focused on this subset of cells, and very little is known about the impact of antiparasitic treatment on this population. Methodology Thirty-eight chronic Chagas disease patients (20 asymptomatic and 18 symptomatic) and twelve healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated with soluble T. cruzi antigens to analyze the production of cytokines and cytotoxic molecules by CD4+CD8+ T cells before and after benznidazole treatment. Additionally, expression and co-expression of five inhibitory receptors in these patients after treatment were studied using a multiparameter flow cytometry technique. Principal findings The frequency of CD4+CD8+ T cells was higher in chronic Chagas disease patients compared with healthy donors. Furthermore, a higher ratio of CD4+CD8low/CD4+CD8high subpopulations was observed in chronic Chagas disease patients than in healthy donors. Additionally, CD4+CD8+ T cells from these patients expressed and co-expressed higher levels of inhibitory receptors in direct proportion to the severity of the pathology. Benznidazole treatment reduced the frequency of CD4+CD8+ T cells and decreased the ratio of CD4+CD8low/CD4+CD8high subpopulations. The co-expression level of the inhibitory receptor was reduced after treatment simultaneously with the enhancement of the multifunctional capacity of CD4+CD8+ T cells. After treatment, an increase in the frequency of T. cruzi antigen-specific CD4+CD8+ T cells expressing IL-2 and TNF-α was also observed. Conclusions CD4+CD8+ T cells could play an important role in the control of T. cruzi infection since they were able to produce effector molecules for parasite control. Benznidazole treatment partially reversed the exhaustion process caused by T. cruzi infection in these cells with an improvement in the functional response of the T. cruzi antigen-specific CD4+CD8+ T cells. Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease caused by the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. The persistence of the parasite leads to deterioration of the host immune response, which is known as an exhaustion process. This process affects T cell populations, leading to increased expression of inhibitory receptors that leads to a dysfunctional ability to respond to the parasite. CD4+CD8+ T cells form a poorly studied population of T cells in the context of Chagas disease. In this study, as in others previously reported, an increase in the frequency of these cells was observed in chronic Chagas disease patients. In addition, CD4+CD8+ T cells from chronic Chagas disease patients underwent stronger exhaustion processes with more severe disease pathology. A higher level of expression and co-expression of inhibitory receptors was observed in these cells in symptomatic compared with asymptomatic patients. Furthermore, we evaluated whether antiparasitic treatment affected the population of CD4+CD8+ T cells. Our results showed that after treatment, the functional capacity of these cells against the parasite improved. Concomitantly, a partial reversion of this exhaustion process occurred since the co-expression of inhibitory receptors decreased in CD4+CD8+ T cells from chronic patients after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Pérez-Antón
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada, Spain
| | - Adriana Egui
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Thomas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada, Spain
| | - Concepción J. Puerta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Bogotá, Colombia
| | - John Mario González
- Grupo de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes; Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Cuéllar
- Grupo de Inmunobiología y Biología Celular, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana; Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Manuel Segovia
- Unidad Regional de Medicina Tropical, Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca; Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Carlos López
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López-Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
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24
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Mueller H, Wildum S, Luangsay S, Walther J, Lopez A, Tropberger P, Ottaviani G, Lu W, Parrott NJ, Zhang JD, Schmucki R, Racek T, Hoflack JC, Kueng E, Point F, Zhou X, Steiner G, Lütgehetmann M, Rapp G, Volz T, Dandri M, Yang S, Young JAT, Javanbakht H. A novel orally available small molecule that inhibits hepatitis B virus expression. J Hepatol 2018; 68:412-420. [PMID: 29079285 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The hallmarks of chronic HBV infection are a high viral load (HBV DNA) and even higher levels (>100-fold in excess of virions) of non-infectious membranous particles containing the tolerogenic viral S antigen (HBsAg). Currently, standard treatment effectively reduces viremia but only rarely results in a functional cure (defined as sustained HBsAg loss). There is an urgent need to identify novel therapies that reduce HBsAg levels and restore virus-specific immune responsiveness in patients. We report the discovery of a novel, potent and orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of HBV gene expression (RG7834). METHODS RG7834 antiviral characteristics and selectivity against HBV were evaluated in HBV natural infection assays and in a urokinase-type plasminogen activator/severe combined immunodeficiency humanized mouse model of HBV infection, either alone or in combination with entecavir. RESULTS Unlike nucleos(t)ide therapies, which reduce viremia but do not lead to an effective reduction in HBV antigen expression, RG7834 significantly reduced the levels of viral proteins (including HBsAg), as well as lowering viremia. Consistent with its proposed mechanism of action, time course RNA-seq analysis revealed a fast and selective reduction in HBV mRNAs in response to RG7834 treatment. Furthermore, oral treatment of HBV-infected humanized mice with RG7834 led to a mean HBsAg reduction of 1.09 log10 compared to entecavir, which had no significant effect on HBsAg levels. Combination of RG7834, entecavir and pegylated interferon α-2a led to significant reductions of both HBV DNA and HBsAg levels in humanized mice. CONCLUSION We have identified a novel oral HBV viral gene expression inhibitor that blocks viral antigen and virion production, that is highly selective for HBV, and has a unique antiviral profile that is clearly differentiated from nucleos(t)ide analogues. LAY SUMMARY We discovered a novel small molecule viral expression inhibitor that is highly selective for HBV and unlike current therapy inhibits the expression of viral proteins by specifically reducing HBV mRNAs. RG7834 can therefore potentially provide anti-HBV benefits and increase HBV cure rates, by direct reduction of viral agents needed to complete the viral life cycle, as well as a reduction of viral agents involved in evasion of the host immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Mueller
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Steffen Wildum
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Souphalone Luangsay
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Johanna Walther
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anaïs Lopez
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Tropberger
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Giorgio Ottaviani
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenzhe Lu
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Neil John Parrott
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jitao David Zhang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roland Schmucki
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tomas Racek
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Christophe Hoflack
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Erich Kueng
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Floriane Point
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xue Zhou
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Guido Steiner
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gianna Rapp
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Internal Medicine and Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Song Yang
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Shanghai, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - John A T Young
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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25
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Liver-Targeted Anti-HBV Single-Stranded Oligonucleotides with Locked Nucleic Acid Potently Reduce HBV Gene Expression In Vivo. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2018; 11:441-454. [PMID: 29858079 PMCID: PMC5992345 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection (CHB) is an area of high unmet medical need. Current standard-of-care therapies only rarely lead to a functional cure, defined as durable hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss following treatment. The goal for next generation CHB therapies is to achieve a higher rate of functional cure with finite treatment duration. To address this urgent need, we are developing liver-targeted single-stranded oligonucleotide (SSO) therapeutics for CHB based on the locked nucleic acid (LNA) platform. These LNA-SSOs target hepatitis B virus (HBV) transcripts for RNase-H-mediated degradation. Here, we describe a HBV-specific LNA-SSO that effectively reduces intracellular viral mRNAs and viral antigens (HBsAg and HBeAg) over an extended time period in cultured human hepatoma cell lines that were infected with HBV with mean 50% effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 1.19 to 1.66 μM. To achieve liver-specific targeting and minimize kidney exposure, this LNA-SSO was conjugated to a cluster of three N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) moieties that direct specific binding to the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR) expressed specifically on the surface of hepatocytes. The GalNAc-conjugated LNA-SSO showed a strikingly higher level of potency when tested in the AAV-HBV mouse model as compared with its non-conjugated counterpart. Remarkably, higher doses of GalNAc-conjugated LNA-SSO resulted in a rapid and long-lasting reduction of HBsAg to below the detection limit for quantification, i.e., by 3 log10 (p < 0.0003). This antiviral effect depended on a close match between the sequences of the LNA-SSO and its HBV target, indicating that the antiviral effect is not due to non-specific oligonucleotide-driven immune activation. These data support the development of LNA-SSO therapeutics for the treatment of CHB infection.
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26
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Smith LK, Boukhaled GM, Condotta SA, Mazouz S, Guthmiller JJ, Vijay R, Butler NS, Bruneau J, Shoukry NH, Krawczyk CM, Richer MJ. Interleukin-10 Directly Inhibits CD8 + T Cell Function by Enhancing N-Glycan Branching to Decrease Antigen Sensitivity. Immunity 2018; 48:299-312.e5. [PMID: 29396160 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Chronic viral infections remain a global health concern. The early events that facilitate viral persistence have been linked to the activity of the immunoregulatory cytokine IL-10. However, the mechanisms by which IL-10 facilitates the establishment of chronic infection are not fully understood. Herein, we demonstrated that the antigen sensitivity of CD8+ T cells was decreased during chronic infection and that this was directly mediated by IL-10. Mechanistically, we showed that IL-10 induced the expression of Mgat5, a glycosyltransferase that enhances N-glycan branching on surface glycoproteins. Increased N-glycan branching on CD8+ T cells promoted the formation of a galectin 3-mediated membrane lattice, which restricted the interaction of key glycoproteins, ultimately increasing the antigenic threshold required for T cell activation. Our study identified a regulatory loop in which IL-10 directly restricts CD8+ T cell activation and function through modification of cell surface glycosylation allowing the establishment of chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Giselle M Boukhaled
- Department of Physiology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Condotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sabrina Mazouz
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectiology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jenna J Guthmiller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Rahul Vijay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Noah S Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Julie Bruneau
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Family Medicine and Emergency Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Naglaa H Shoukry
- Centre de Recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Connie M Krawczyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Physiology, Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin J Richer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Microbiome and Disease Tolerance Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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27
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Qin Q, Lauver M, Maru S, Lin E, Lukacher AE. Reducing persistent polyomavirus infection increases functionality of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells. Virology 2017; 502:198-205. [PMID: 28063344 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mouse polyomavirus (MuPyV) causes a smoldering persistent infection in immunocompetent mice. To lower MuPyV infection in acutely and persistently infected mice, and study the impact of a temporal reduction in viral loads on the memory CD8 T cell response, we created a recombinant MuPyV in which a loxP sequence was inserted into the A2 strain genome upstream of the early promoter and another loxP sequence was inserted in cis into the intron shared by all three T antigens. Using mice transgenic for tamoxifen-inducible Cre recombinase, we demonstrated that reduction in MuPyV load during persistent infection was associated with differentiation of virus-specific CD8 T cells having a superior recall response. Evidence presented here supports the concept that reduction in viral load during persistent infection can promote differentiation of protective virus-specific memory CD8 T cells in patients at risk for diseases caused by human polyomaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Qin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Matthew Lauver
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Saumya Maru
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Eugene Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Aron E Lukacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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28
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Ye B, Li X, Dong Y, Wang Y, Tian L, Lin S, Liu X, Kong H, Chen Y. Increasing LAG-3 expression suppresses T-cell function in chronic hepatitis B: A balance between immunity strength and liver injury extent. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e5275. [PMID: 28072682 PMCID: PMC5228642 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000005275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Weak or absent virus-specific CD8 T-cell responses to hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are thought to be responsible for persistent HBV infection. Previous studies have indicated that multiple inhibitory receptors, including lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), can suppress the CD8 T-cell response in chronic viral infection. This study aimed to detect LAG-3 expression and to investigate the manner in which the immune response is regulated to balance the strength of the response with the extent of liver injury in chronic HBV infection. The results showed that LAG-3 expression levels were significantly higher in CD8 T cells from chronic hepatitis B patients in the immune-active phase compared with chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers and healthy controls. CD8 T-cell function was suppressed in cells with high LAG-3 expression, and these cells exhibited reduced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion. Furthermore, IFN-γ secretion was restored in CD8 T cells that were treated with a specific antibody to LAG-3. Taken together, liver injury was prominent in the immune-active phase, but suppressing T-cell function could mitigate this damage. Importantly, the inhibitory function of LAG-3 can be blocked using a LAG-3-specific antibody, and this can restore the activity of non-functional T cells.
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29
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Tu W, Rao S. Mechanisms Underlying T Cell Immunosenescence: Aging and Cytomegalovirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:2111. [PMID: 28082969 PMCID: PMC5186782 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the human immune system to protect against infectious disease declines with age and efficacy of vaccination reduces significantly in the elderly. Aging of the immune system, also termed as immunosenescence, involves many changes in human T cell immunity that is characterized by a loss in naïve T cell population and an increase in highly differentiated CD28- memory T cell subset. There is extensive data showing that latent persistent human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is also associated with age-related immune dysfunction in the T cells, which might enhance immunosenescence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying age-related and HCMV-related immunosenescence is critical for the development of effective age-targeted vaccines and immunotherapies. In this review, we will address the role of both aging and HCMV infection that contribute to the T cell senescence and discuss the potential molecular mechanisms in aged T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Tu
- Faculty of ESTeM, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Sudha Rao
- Faculty of ESTeM, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
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30
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Schirdewahn T, Grabowski J, Owusu Sekyere S, Bremer B, Wranke A, Lunemann S, Schlaphoff V, Kirschner J, Hardtke S, Manns MP, Cornberg M, Wedemeyer H, Suneetha PV. The Third Signal Cytokine Interleukin 12 Rather Than Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Contributes to the Functional Restoration of Hepatitis D Virus-Specific T Cells. J Infect Dis 2016; 215:139-149. [PMID: 27803174 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection affects 15-20 million individuals worldwide and causes severely progressive hepatitis. It is unknown to what extent cellular immune responses contribute to liver disease and control of viral replication in HDV infection. METHODS Immune cell frequencies and phenotypes were determined in 49 HDV-infected patients, 25 individuals with hepatitis B virus monoinfection and 18 healthy controls. T-cell proliferative and cytokine-producing capacities were analyzed by stimulation with overlapping peptides spanning the large HDV antigen. To restore T-cell responses, blocking antibodies (anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4, anti-programmed death ligand 1) or proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL] 12) were used. RESULTS Immune cell frequencies and phenotypes did not vary between the groups. Exclusively, the senescence marker CD57 was significantly up-regulated in CD8+ T cells from patients with hepatitis delta. HDV-specific T-cell proliferation and cytokine production were weak and could only partly be rescued by blockade of the programmed death 1 pathway. However, a more robust and consistent increase in HDV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses was evident when the third signal cytokine IL-12 was added, which also affected cytomegalovirus- and Epstein-Barr virus-specific T cells. CONCLUSIONS This investigation of virus-specific T-cell immunity in patients with HDV infection, the largest to date, revealed premature aging of immune cells and impaired T-cell functionality. This could be restored by blocking inhibitory pathways and, in particular, by supplementing with IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schirdewahn
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig
| | - Jan Grabowski
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School
| | - Solomon Owusu Sekyere
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School
| | - Birgit Bremer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School
| | - Anika Wranke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School
| | - Sebastian Lunemann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School
| | - Verena Schlaphoff
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School
| | - Janina Kirschner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School
| | - Svenja Hardtke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig
| | - Michael Peter Manns
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School.,German Center for Infection Research, Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig
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31
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Yoshio S, Kanto T. Host-virus interactions in hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:409-20. [PMID: 26894594 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are among the most endemic pathogens worldwide, with more than 500 million people globally currently infected with these viruses. These pathogens can cause acute and chronic hepatitis that progress to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Both viruses utilize multifaceted strategies to evade the host surveillance system and fall below the immunological radar. HBV has developed specific strategies to evade recognition by the innate immune system and is acknowledged to be a stealth virus. However, extensive research has revealed that HBV is recognized by dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase is an enforcer of sequential immune reactions in acute hepatitis B, and this molecule has been shown to be induced by the interaction of HBV-infected hepatocytes, DCs, and NK cells. The interleukin-28B genotype has been reported to influence HCV eradication either therapeutically or spontaneously, but the biological function of its gene product, a type-III interferon (IFN-λ3), remains to be elucidated. Human BDCA3(+)DCs have also been shown to be a potent producer of IFN-λ3 in HCV infection, suggesting the possibility that BDCA3(+)DCs could play a key role in developing therapeutic HCV vaccine. Here we review the current state of research on immune responses against HBV and HCV infection, with a specific focus on innate immunity. A comprehensive study based on clinical samples is urgently needed to improve our understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with viral control and thus to develop novel immune modulatory therapies to cure chronic HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Yoshio
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, 272-8516, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, 272-8516, Japan.
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32
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Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) establishes a latent infection that generally remains asymptomatic in immune-competent hosts for decades but can cause serious illness in immune-compromised individuals. The long-term control of CMV requires considerable effort from the host immune system and has a lasting impact on the profile of the immune system. One hallmark of CMV infection is the maintenance of large populations of CMV-specific memory CD8(+) T cells - a phenomenon termed memory inflation - and emerging data suggest that memory inflation is associated with impaired immunity in the elderly. In this Review, we discuss the molecular triggers that promote memory inflation, the idea that memory inflation could be considered a natural pathway of T cell maturation that could be harnessed in vaccination, and the broader implications of CMV infection and the T cell responses it elicits.
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33
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Zhang M, Zhang L, Li H, Chen Z, Luo A, Liu B, Chen M, Peng M, Ren H, Hu P. Circulating T follicular helper cells are associated with rapid virological response in chronic hepatitis C patients undergoing peginterferon therapy. Int Immunopharmacol 2016; 34:235-243. [PMID: 26971227 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is associated with abnormal T cell and B cell immune responses. T follicular helper (TFH) cells are a subset of CD4(+) T-helper cells and can activate B cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of circulating CXCR5(+)CD4(+) TFH cells, CD19(+) B cells and the associated cytokines in patients with chronic HCV infection. METHODS The frequencies and phenotypes of circulating TFH cells and B cell subtypes were characterized using flow cytometry in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients and in healthy controls (HCs). The expression of IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-5, IL-13, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-23, TGF-β1, IL-10 and IL-21 associated with Th1, Th2, Th17, regulatory T cells (Treg) and TFH cells were analyzed using a Quantibody array. The patients' clinical parameters were detected, and the effect of pegylated interferon plus ribavirin treatment on these immune indicators in CHC patients was determined. RESULTS The frequency of CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cells was significantly higher in CHC patients compared to HCs. There were no significant differences in CD19(+) B cells, CD19(+)CD27(+) B cells, or CD19(+)CD38(+) B cells between CHC patients and HCs. The expressions of cytokines associated with the CD4(+) Th lineage were higher in CHC patients than in HCs, except for IL-21. Patients with rapid virological response (RVR) showed an increased CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cell count and decreased PD-1(+) CXCR5(+)CD4(+) T cell count compared to non-RVR patients after PEG-IFN/ribavirin treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that circulating TFH cells and CD4(+) Th lineage-associated cytokines may play a role in HCV-related immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Hu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Aoran Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Mingli Peng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Hong Ren
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China.
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34
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Apweiler R, Bairoch A, Wu CH, Barker WC, Boeckmann B, Ferro S, Gasteiger E, Huang H, Lopez R, Magrane M, Martin MJ, Natale DA, O'Donovan C, Redaschi N, Yeh LSL. Host-virus interactions in hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection. J Gastroenterol 2016; 32:D115-9. [PMID: 14681372 PMCID: PMC308865 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2218] [Impact Index Per Article: 277.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are among the most endemic pathogens worldwide, with more than 500 million people globally currently infected with these viruses. These pathogens can cause acute and chronic hepatitis that progress to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Both viruses utilize multifaceted strategies to evade the host surveillance system and fall below the immunological radar. HBV has developed specific strategies to evade recognition by the innate immune system and is acknowledged to be a stealth virus. However, extensive research has revealed that HBV is recognized by dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase is an enforcer of sequential immune reactions in acute hepatitis B, and this molecule has been shown to be induced by the interaction of HBV-infected hepatocytes, DCs, and NK cells. The interleukin-28B genotype has been reported to influence HCV eradication either therapeutically or spontaneously, but the biological function of its gene product, a type-III interferon (IFN-λ3), remains to be elucidated. Human BDCA3(+)DCs have also been shown to be a potent producer of IFN-λ3 in HCV infection, suggesting the possibility that BDCA3(+)DCs could play a key role in developing therapeutic HCV vaccine. Here we review the current state of research on immune responses against HBV and HCV infection, with a specific focus on innate immunity. A comprehensive study based on clinical samples is urgently needed to improve our understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with viral control and thus to develop novel immune modulatory therapies to cure chronic HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Apweiler
- The EMBL Outstation--European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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35
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Crouse J, Xu HC, Lang PA, Oxenius A. NK cells regulating T cell responses: mechanisms and outcome. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:49-58. [PMID: 25432489 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are important innate effectors in immunity. NK cells also have a role in the regulation of the adaptive immune response, and have been shown, in different contexts, to stimulate or inhibit T cell responses. Recent findings have expanded our understanding of the mechanisms underlying this regulation, revealing that regulation by NK cells can result from both direct interactions between NK cells and T cells, as well as indirectly, involving interactions with antigen presenting cells and the impact of NK cells on infected cells and pathogen load. We review these recent findings here, and outline emerging principles of how this regulation influences the overall outcome of adaptive immunity in infection and disease.
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36
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Lopez-Medina M, Perez-Lopez A, Alpuche-Aranda C, Ortiz-Navarrete V. Salmonella induces PD-L1 expression in B cells. Immunol Lett 2015; 167:131-40. [PMID: 26292028 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella persists for a long time in B cells; however, the mechanism(s) through which infected B cells avoid effector CD8 T cell responses has not been characterized. In this study, we show that Salmonella infects and survives within all B1 and B2 cell subpopulations. B cells are infected with a Salmonella typhimurium strain expressing an ovalbumin (OVA) peptide (SIINFEKL) to evaluate whether B cells process and present Salmonella antigens in the context of MHC-I molecules. Our data showed that OVA peptides are presented by MHC class I K(b)-restricted molecules and the presented antigen is generated through proteasomal degradation and vacuolar processing. In addition, Salmonella-infected B cells express co-stimulatory molecules such as CD40, CD80, and CD86 as well as inhibitory molecules such as PD-L1. Thus, the cross-presentation of Salmonella antigens and the expression of activation molecules suggest that infected B cells are able to prime and activate specific CD8(+) T cells. However, the Salmonella infection-stimulated expression of PD-L1 suggests that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway may be involved in turning off the cytotoxic effector response during Salmonella persistent infection, thereby allowing B cells to become a reservoir for the bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Lopez-Medina
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Araceli Perez-Lopez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Celia Alpuche-Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Secretaría de Salud y Asistencia, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62100, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico.
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37
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López-Medina M, Carrillo-Martín I, Leyva-Rangel J, Alpuche-Aranda C, Ortiz-Navarrete V. Salmonella impairs CD8 T cell response through PD-1: PD-L axis. Immunobiology 2015. [PMID: 26210046 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that Salmonella remains for a long period of time within B cells, plasma cells, and bone marrow B cell precursors, which might allow persistence and dissemination of infection. Nonetheless, how infected cells evade CD8 T cell response has not been characterized. Evidence indicates that some pathogens exploit the PD-1: PD-L (PD-L1 and PD-L2) interaction to inhibit CD8 T cells response to contribute the chronicity of the infection. To determine whether the PD-1: PD-L axis plays a role during Salmonella infection; we evaluated PD-1 expression in antigen-specific CD8 T cells and PD-1 ligands in Salmonella-infected cells. Our results show that infected B cells and macrophages express continuously co-stimulatory (CD40, CD80, and CD86) and inhibitory molecules (PD-L1 and PD-L2) in early and late stages of chronic Salmonella infection, while antigen-specific CD8 T cells express in a sustained manner PD-1 in the late stages of infection. Blocking this axis restores the ability of the CD8 T cells to proliferate and eliminate primary infected APCs. Therefore, a continuous PD-1: PDL interaction might be a mechanism employed by Salmonella to negatively regulate Salmonella-specific CD8 T cell cytotoxic response in order to remain within the host for a long period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela López-Medina
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Ismael Carrillo-Martín
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico
| | - Jessica Leyva-Rangel
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico; Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Mexico City CP 045510, Mexico
| | - Celia Alpuche-Aranda
- Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Secretaría de Salud y Asistencia, Cuernavaca, Morelos CP 62100, Mexico
| | - Vianney Ortiz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del IPN, México City CP 07360, Mexico.
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38
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Huygens A, Dauby N, Vermijlen D, Marchant A. Immunity to cytomegalovirus in early life. Front Immunol 2014; 5:552. [PMID: 25400639 PMCID: PMC4214201 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common congenital infection and is the leading non-genetic cause of neurological defects. CMV infection in early life is also associated with intense and prolonged viral excretion, indicating limited control of viral replication. This review summarizes our current understanding of the innate and adaptive immune responses to CMV infection during fetal life and infancy. It illustrates the fact that studies of congenital CMV infection have provided a proof of principle that the human fetus can develop anti-viral innate and adaptive immune responses, indicating that such responses should be inducible by vaccination in early life. The review also emphasizes the fact that our understanding of the mechanisms involved in symptomatic congenital CMV infection remains limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Huygens
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - Nicolas Dauby
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
| | - David Vermijlen
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles , Charleroi , Belgium
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39
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Zgair AK, Ghafil JA, Al-Sayidi RHE. Direct role of antibody-secreting B cells in the severity of chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 2014; 87:407-16. [PMID: 25163843 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B involves different immune cells. The direct role of antibody-secreting B cells in the severity of chronic hepatitis B unclear. In this study, the number of plaque forming cells [PFC-(IgG, IgM, anti-HBc IgG, and anti-HBc IgM)], liver function tests (LFT) [alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and total serum bilirubin (TSB)], the levels of IL-10 in sera and in lymphocyte cultures, the number of CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells were measured in the peripheral blood of patients and in the controls. In addition, the hepatocytotoxic effect of anti-HBc and anti-HBe in vitro was studied. The largest number of PFCs was observed in the peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis B. This was concomitant with a decrease in CD4(+) /CD8(+) ratio versus this ratio in asymptomatic HBV carriers and in healthy volunteers (P < 0.05). An increase in immunoglobulin (IgG and IgM) levels, anti-HBc IgG, and anti-HBc IgM levels and LFTs in peripheral blood of patients with chronic hepatitis B was seen. Anti-HBc induced hepatocytotoxicity in vitro. The expression of mRNA and protein for IL-10 production was observed at a significant level in culture of lymphocytes isolated from patients with chronic hepatitis B. In addition, a high level of IL-10 was found only in the sera of patients with chronic hepatitis B. It is concluded that the antibody-secreting B cells and the antibodies, which are produced, play an important role in the severity of chronic hepatitis B, which was related negatively with CD4(+) /CD8(+) ratio and positively with IL-10 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaid Khadem Zgair
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq; Central Public Health Laboratory, Baghdad, Iraq
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40
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Perez-Shibayama C, Gil-Cruz C, Ludewig B. Plasticity and complexity of B cell responses against persisting pathogens. Immunol Lett 2014; 162:53-8. [PMID: 25068435 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines against acute infections execute their protective effects almost exclusively via the induction of antibodies. Development of protective vaccines against persisting pathogens lags behind probably because standard immunogens and application regimen do not sufficiently stimulate those circuits in B cell activation that mediate protection. In general, B cell responses against pathogen derived-antigens are generated through complex cellular interactions requiring the coordination of innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. In this review, we summarize recent findings from prototypic infection models to exemplify how generation of protective antibodies against persisting pathogens is imprinted by particular pathogen-derived factors and how distinct CD4(+) T cell populations determine the quality of these antibodies. Clearly, it is the high plasticity of these processes that is instrumental to drive tailored B cell responses that protect the host. In sum, application of novel knowledge on B cell plasticity and complexity can guide the development of rationally designed vaccines that elicit protective antibodies against persisting pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Perez-Shibayama
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Cristina Gil-Cruz
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, Rorschacherstrasse 95, 9007 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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41
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Li S, Symonds ALJ, Miao T, Sanderson I, Wang P. Modulation of antigen-specific T-cells as immune therapy for chronic infectious diseases and cancer. Front Immunol 2014; 5:293. [PMID: 24987395 PMCID: PMC4060297 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell responses are induced by antigen presenting cells (APC) and signals from the microenvironment. Antigen persistence and inflammatory microenvironments in chronic infections and cancer can induce a tolerant state in T-cells resulting in hyporesponsiveness, loss of effector function, and weak biochemical signaling patterns in response to antigen stimulation. Although the mechanisms of T-cell tolerance induced in chronic infection and cancer may differ from those involved in tolerance to self-antigen, the impaired proliferation and production of IL-2 in response to antigen stimulation are hallmarks of all tolerant T cells. In this review, we will summarize the evidence that the immune responses change from non-self to “self”-like in chronic infection and cancer, and will provide an overview of strategies for re-balancing the immune response of antigen-specific T cells in chronic infection and cancer without affecting the homeostasis of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suling Li
- Bioscience, Brunel University , London , UK
| | - Alistair L J Symonds
- Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK
| | - Tizong Miao
- Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK
| | - Ian Sanderson
- Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK
| | - Ping Wang
- Blizard Institute (BICMS), Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry , London , UK
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42
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Dauby N, Kummert C, Lecomte S, Liesnard C, Delforge ML, Donner C, Marchant A. Primary Human Cytomegalovirus Infection Induces the Expansion of Virus-Specific Activated and Atypical Memory B Cells. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1275-85. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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43
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Alzhanova D, Hammarlund E, Reed J, Meermeier E, Rawlings S, Ray CA, Edwards DM, Bimber B, Legasse A, Planer S, Sprague J, Axthelm MK, Pickup DJ, Lewinsohn DM, Gold MC, Wong SW, Sacha JB, Slifka MK, Früh K. T cell inactivation by poxviral B22 family proteins increases viral virulence. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004123. [PMID: 24832205 PMCID: PMC4022744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with monkeypox, cowpox and weaponized variola virus remain a threat to the increasingly unvaccinated human population, but little is known about their mechanisms of virulence and immune evasion. We now demonstrate that B22 proteins, encoded by the largest genes of these viruses, render human T cells unresponsive to stimulation of the T cell receptor by MHC-dependent antigen presentation or by MHC-independent stimulation. In contrast, stimuli that bypass TCR-signaling are not inhibited. In a non-human primate model of monkeypox, virus lacking the B22R homologue (MPXVΔ197) caused only mild disease with lower viremia and cutaneous pox lesions compared to wild type MPXV which caused high viremia, morbidity and mortality. Since MPXVΔ197-infected animals displayed accelerated T cell responses and less T cell dysregulation than MPXV US2003, we conclude that B22 family proteins cause viral virulence by suppressing T cell control of viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Alzhanova
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Erika Hammarlund
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jason Reed
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Erin Meermeier
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Rawlings
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Caroline A. Ray
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Edwards
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ben Bimber
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Alfred Legasse
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Shannon Planer
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jerald Sprague
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Michael K. Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - David J. Pickup
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David M. Lewinsohn
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marielle C. Gold
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Portland Veterans Administration Medical Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Scott W. Wong
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Jonah B. Sacha
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Mark K. Slifka
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Klaus Früh
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- Division of Pathobiology and Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Antoine P, Varner V, Carville A, Connole M, Marchant A, Kaur A. Postnatal acquisition of primary rhesus cytomegalovirus infection is associated with prolonged virus shedding and impaired CD4+ T lymphocyte function. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:1090-9. [PMID: 24719473 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although virus-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes emerge rapidly during primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in humans, they exhibit a state of prolonged functional exhaustion of unknown etiology. To investigate the suitability of rhesus macaques as a model of primary human CMV infection, we examined the virologic and immunologic features of naturally acquired primary CMV infection in rhesus macaques. METHODS CMV-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes and CMV load in blood, saliva, and urine were evaluated in a cohort of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-negative rhesus macaques stratified by age into infant, juvenile, and adult groups. RESULTS CMV infection was detected in juvenile and adult monkeys but not in infant monkeys. CMV loads and shedding frequency in urine and saliva were significantly higher in the 2-3-year old juvenile monkeys, compared with the adult monkeys. The increased CMV load in juvenile monkeys was associated with lower polyfunctionality, impaired proliferation, and increased expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 in CMV-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes. The proliferative defect was partially reversible by exogenous PD-1 blockade or addition of interleukin 2. CONCLUSIONS Postnatal acquisition of primary CMV infection in rhesus macaques results in prolonged virus excretion and impaired CMV-specific CD4(+) T-lymphocyte function, findings that recapitulate key features of primary CMV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Antoine
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Angela Carville
- Primate Medicine, New England Primate Research Center, Harvard Medical School, Southborough, Massachusetts
| | | | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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Su SS, He H, Kong LB, Zhang YG, Zhao SX, Wang RQ, Zheng HW, Sun DX, Nan YM, Yu J. Regulatory phenotype, PD-1 and TLR3 expression in T cells and monocytes from HCV patients undergoing antiviral therapy: a randomized clinical trial. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93620. [PMID: 24709775 PMCID: PMC3977904 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The cellular immunity has a profound impact on the status of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the response of cellular immunity on the virological response in patients with antiviral treatment remains largely unclear. We aimed to clarify the response of peripheral T cells and monocytes in chronic hepatitis C patients with antiviral treatment. METHODS Patients with chronic hepatitis C were treated either with interferon alpha-2b plus ribavirin (n = 37) or with pegylated interferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin (n = 33) for up to 24 weeks. Frequencies of peripheral regulatory T-cells (Tregs), programmed death-1 (PD-1) expressing CD4+ T-cells or CD8+ T-cells and toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 expressing CD14+ monocytes were evaluated by flow cytometry in patients at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks following treatment and in 20 healthy controls. RESULTS Frequencies of Tregs, PD-1 and TLR3 expressing cells were higher in patients than those in control subjects (P<0.05). Patients with complete early virological response (cEVR) showed lower Tregs, PD-1 expressing CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells than those without cEVR at 12 weeks (P<0.05). Patients with low TLR3 expressing CD14+ monocytes at baseline had a high rate of cEVR (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Low peripheral TLR3 expressing CD14+ monocytes at baseline could serve as a predictor for cEVR of antiviral therapy in chronic HCV-infected patients. The cEVR rates were significantly increased in the patients with reduced circulating Tregs, PD-1 expressing CD4+ or CD8+ T-cells. TRIAL REGISTRATION Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ChiCTR10001090.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-shan Su
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan He
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ling-bo Kong
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu-guo Zhang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Su-xian Zhao
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong-qi Wang
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Huan-wei Zheng
- Department of Infectious Disease, The Fifth Hospital of Shijiazhuang City, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dian-xing Sun
- Department of Liver Disease, Bethune International Peace Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yue-min Nan
- Department of Traditional and Western Medical Hepatology, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease and Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Chiu YL, Shan L, Huang H, Haupt C, Bessell C, Canaday DH, Zhang H, Ho YC, Powell JD, Oelke M, Margolick JB, Blankson JN, Griffin DE, Schneck JP. Sprouty-2 regulates HIV-specific T cell polyfunctionality. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:198-208. [PMID: 24292711 DOI: 10.1172/jci70510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of individual T cells to perform multiple effector functions is crucial for protective immunity against viruses and cancer. This polyfunctionality is frequently lost during chronic infections; however, the molecular mechanisms driving T cell polyfunctionality are poorly understood. We found that human T cells stimulated by a high concentration of antigen lacked polyfunctionality and expressed a transcription profile similar to that of exhausted T cells. One specific pathway implicated by the transcription profile in control of T cell polyfunctionality was the MAPK/ERK pathway. This pathway was altered in response to different antigen concentrations, and polyfunctionality correlated with upregulation of phosphorylated ERK. T cells that were stimulated with a high concentration of antigen upregulated sprouty-2 (SPRY2), a negative regulator of the MAPK/ERK pathway. The clinical relevance of SPRY2 was confirmed by examining SPRY2 expression in HIV-specific T cells, where high levels of SPRY2 were seen in HIV-specific T cells and inhibition of SPRY2 expression enhanced the HIV-specific polyfunctional response independently of the PD-1 pathway. Our findings indicate that increased SPRY2 expression during chronic viral infection reduces T cell polyfunctionality and identify SPRY2 as a potential target for immunotherapy.
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Wang L, Zhao C, Peng Q, Shi J, Gu G. Expression levels of CD28, CTLA-4, PD-1 and Tim-3 as novel indicators of T-cell immune function in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:270-274. [PMID: 24649109 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) is one of the most common types of infectious diseases worldwide. The interaction between hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the host immune response is vital for the clinical outcome of HBV infection. Costimulatory signals are key factors for the host immune response and play a critical role in innate immunity, particularly antiviral immunity. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlation between the expression levels of costimulatory molecules and the different states of CHB infection, including the expression levels prior to and following treatment with antiviral agents. The expression levels of CD28, CTLA-4, PD-1, Tim-3 and T-cell subsets were determined by flow cytometry. The load of HBV DNA in the serum was detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the serology markers, including HBeAg and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), were measured by conventional methods. Compared to the healthy control group, the expression levels of CD28 and CTLA-4 on CD4 T cells prior to and following treatment with antiviral agents (the pre- and post-treatment groups, respectively) were significantly decreased, while the expression levels of Tim-3 on CD4 and CD8 T cells were significantly increased. In addition, the expression levels of PD-1 on CD4 and CD8 T cells in the pre-treatment group were significantly increased compared to those in the post-treatment and healthy control groups. Moreover, the multivariate analysis revealed that the levels of ALT and HBV-DNA in the serum were significantly positively correlated with PD-1 expression levels. In conclusion, the expression levels of these costimulatory molecules reflect the immune dysfunction of T cells in patients with CHB and, combined with T-cell subset analysis may be used as a novel evaluation system of immune function in patients with HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology of Jiangsu Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Chunnan Zhao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology of Jiangsu Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Qunxin Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology of Jiangsu Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Jinfang Shi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology of Jiangsu Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Guohao Gu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology of Jiangsu Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
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B and T lymphocyte attenuator is highly expressed on intrahepatic T cells during chronic HBV infection and regulates their function. J Gastroenterol 2013; 48:1362-72. [PMID: 23532637 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-013-0762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell antiviral function is impaired during chronic hepatitis B (CHB). Programmed death-1 (PD-1) impairs antiviral T cell responses, but dysfunction is not always reversed by blockade of PD-1 pathway. Whether distinct T cell populations expressing different sets of inhibitory molecules exist has not been determined. METHODS We studied the expression of the B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) on both peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and intrahepatic lymphocytes, and the effects of blocking BTLA on circulating and intrahepatic T cells in CHB patients. Sixty-three CHB patients who underwent liver biopsy were enrolled. The expression of BTLA and PD-1 on PBMC and intrahepatic T cells was assessed by flow cytometry with antibodies to T cell differentiation molecules. Functional recovery was evaluated by analyzing production of interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2 after incubation of T cells with anti-CD3 and irradiated mature dendritic cells in the presence of anti-BTLA, anti-PD-1, or both. RESULTS Intrahepatic T cells expressed higher levels of BTLA than their peripheral counterparts. A significant fraction of intrahepatic T cells coexpressed BTLA and PD-1 and showed deep exhaustion of T cell responses. Blockade of the BTLA pathway enhanced both intrahepatic and PBMC T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion, and exhibited an additive effect upon blockage of PD-1. CONCLUSIONS Upregulation of inhibitory receptor BTLA restricts T cell responses in CHB. T cell exhaustion by high antigen concentrations exacerbates dysfunction of peripheral and intrahepatic T cells. Blockage of BTLA is a potential therapeutic approach for chronic HBV infection that may act by restoring antiviral T cell responses.
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Richter K, Perriard G, Behrendt R, Schwendener RA, Sexl V, Dunn R, Kamanaka M, Flavell RA, Roers A, Oxenius A. Macrophage and T cell produced IL-10 promotes viral chronicity. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003735. [PMID: 24244162 PMCID: PMC3820745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections lead to CD8+ T cell exhaustion, characterized by impaired cytokine secretion. Presence of the immune-regulatory cytokine IL-10 promotes chronicity of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) Clone 13 infection, while absence of IL-10/IL-10R signaling early during infection results in viral clearance and higher percentages and numbers of antiviral, cytokine producing T cells. IL-10 is produced by several cell types during LCMV infection but it is currently unclear which cellular sources are responsible for induction of viral chronicity. Here, we demonstrate that although dendritic cells produce IL-10 and overall IL-10 mRNA levels decrease significantly in absence of CD11c+ cells, absence of IL-10 produced by CD11c+ cells failed to improve the LCMV-specific T cell response and control of LCMV infection. Similarly, NK cell specific IL-10 deficiency had no positive impact on the LCMV-specific T cell response or viral control, even though high percentages of NK cells produced IL-10 at early time points after infection. Interestingly, we found markedly improved T cell responses and clearance of normally chronic LCMV Clone 13 infection when either myeloid cells or T cells lacked IL-10 production and mice depleted of monocytes/macrophages or CD4+ T cells exhibited reduced overall levels of IL-10 mRNA. These data suggest that the decision whether LCMV infection becomes chronic or can be cleared critically depends on early CD4+ T cell and monocyte/macrophage produced IL-10. Chronic viral infections like Hepatitis B and C Virus (HBV and HCV) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in humans affect more than 500 million people worldwide. While a robust T cell response is a hallmark of many acute infections one hurdle inhibiting the clearance of chronic viral infections is that the immune-suppressive cytokine IL-10 modulates the virus-host balance towards induction of T cell dysfunction. IL-10 is produced by several cell types during chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus (LCMV) infection but it is currently unclear which cellular sources are responsible to promote viral chronicity. Here, we demonstrate that T cell responses improved markedly, and that normally chronic LCMV Clone 13 infection could be cleared when either myeloid cells or T cells lacked IL-10 production. Furthermore, mice depleted of monocytes/macrophages or CD4+ T cells exhibited reduced overall levels of IL-10 mRNA. These data suggest that the decision whether LCMV infection becomes chronic or can be cleared critically depends on CD4+ T cell and monocyte/macrophage produced IL-10 early during the establishment of viral chronicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rayk Behrendt
- Institute of Immunology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Reto A. Schwendener
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Veronika Sexl
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna,Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert Dunn
- Biogen Idec, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Masahito Kamanaka
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Flavell
- Department of Immunobiology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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50
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Gardner JM, Metzger TC, McMahon EJ, Au-Yeung BB, Krawisz AK, Lu W, Price JD, Johannes KP, Satpathy AT, Murphy KM, Tarbell KV, Weiss A, Anderson MS. Extrathymic Aire-expressing cells are a distinct bone marrow-derived population that induce functional inactivation of CD4⁺ T cells. Immunity 2013; 39:560-72. [PMID: 23993652 PMCID: PMC3804105 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator (Aire) is essential for prevention of autoimmunity; its role is best understood in the thymus, where it promotes self-tolerance through tissue-specific antigen (TSA) expression. Recently, extrathymic Aire-expressing cells (eTACs) have been described in murine secondary lymphoid organs, but the identity of such cells and their role in immune tolerance remains unclear. Here we have shown that eTACs are a discrete major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC II)(hi), CD80(lo), CD86(lo), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)(hi), CD45(lo) bone marrow-derived peripheral antigen-presenting cell (APC) population. We also have demonstrated that eTACs can functionally inactivate CD4⁺ T cells through a mechanism that does not require regulatory T cells (Treg) and is resistant to innate inflammatory stimuli. Together, these findings further define eTACs as a distinct tolerogenic cell population in secondary lymphoid organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Gardner
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA; Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0540, USA
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