The influence of selenium on immune responses

Selenium deficiency impedes maturation of parvalbumin interneurons, perineuronal nets, and neural network activity

Selenoproteins are fundamental players in redox signaling that are essential for proper brain development and function. They are indispensable for the vitality of GABAergic parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVIs), a cell type characterized by fast-spiking activity and heightened rates of metabolism. During development, PVIs are preferentially encapsulated by specialized extracellular matrix structures, termed perineuronal nets (PNNs), which serve to stabilize synaptic structure and act as protective barriers against redox insults. Consequently, alterations in PVIs and PNNs are well chronicled in neuropsychiatric disease, and evidence from animal models indicates that redox imbalance during adolescence impedes their maturation. Herein, we examined the influence of selenium on maturation of neural network structure and activity in primary cortical cultures. Cultures grown in selenium-deficient media exhibited reduced antioxidant activity, impaired PNN formation, and decreased synaptic input onto PVIs at 28 days in vitro, which coincided with increased oxidative stress. Parallel studies to monitor longitudinal maturation of in vitro electrophysiological activity were conducted using microelectrode arrays (MEA). Selenium content affected the electrophysiological profile of developing cultures, as selenium-deficient cultures exhibited impairments in long-term potentiation in conjunction with reduced spike counts for both network bursts and in response to stimulation. Finally, similar PNN deficits were observed in the cortex of mice raised on a selenium-deficient diet, providing corroborative evidence for the importance of selenium in PNN development. In sum, these findings show the vital role of selenium for the development of GABAergic inhibitory circuits.

Insect medicines for colorectal cancer: A review of mechanisms, preclinical evidence, and future prospects

Colorectal cancer is recognized as the third most prevalent malignant tumor globally. The recommended treatment modalities, including surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, are frequently associated with severe side effects and high recurrence rates. Cancer experts are actively engaged in a global pursuit of safer and more efficacious treatment strategies for colorectal cancer (CRC). Insect medicine, a unique subset of traditional Chinese medicine, is characterized by their broad spectrum of therapeutic effects, which include antibacterial, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, and sedative actions. Insects are enriched with proteins, peptides, and amino acids. These compounds exhibit pharmacological activities, including anti-tumor effects, inhibition of cancer cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis in cancer cells, anti-inflammatory properties, and immunomodulation. Recent studies have revealed that certain traditional Chinese insect medicines, such as Bombyx Batryticatus, Tubiechong, and Aspongopus chinensis Dalls, demonstrate outstanding therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of CRC. The anti-CRC actions of these insect medicines are potentially mediated through mechanisms involving the Hedgehog and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, as well as immunomodulatory effects. Consequently, these insect medicines are proposed as a potential strategy for CRC treatment.

Combined effect of mercury and ammonia toxicity and its mitigation through selenium nanoparticles in fish

An experiment was conducted to mitigate mercury and ammonia toxicity (Hg + NH₃) in Oreochromis niloticus (GIFT strain) using selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs). The Se-NPs were synthesized using green methods, employing fish waste as the substrate. Experimental diets were prepared by supplementing Se-NPs at 0, 0.3, and 0.6 mg kg⁻¹. The oxidative stress enzymes, including catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in the liver and kidney tissues were significantly reduced by Se-NPs at 0.3 and 0.6 mg kg⁻¹ under Hg + NH₃ stress compared to the control and stressor in 20 and 40 day periods. Additionally, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the kidney at 20 days and in the liver at 40 days was significantly reduced by supplementation of Se-NPs under similar conditions. The activity of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), was significantly inhibited by Hg + NH₃ toxicity. Whereas, AChE activity was enhanced by Se-NPs supplementation at 0.3 and 0.6 mg kg⁻¹ during 20 and 40 day intervals. The gene expression of HSP70, iNOS, CYP450, Caspase-3a, and TNFα in liver tissue, and MYST in muscle tissue was upregulated by Hg+NH₃ toxicity. However, this upregulation was significantly downregulated by supplementation of Se-NPs at 0.3 and 0.6 mg kg⁻¹ under Hg + NH₃ stress. Moreover, immunoglobulin (Ig) and growth hormone (GH) levels were noticeably upregulated with Se-NPs compared to the control and Hg+NH₃ stress. The activities of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) in liver and gill tissues, were significantly elevated by Hg+NH₃ toxicity, were reduced by Se-NPs diet. Conversely, digestive enzyme activities, including protease, amylase, and lipase, were significantly enhanced by Se-NPs under stress conditions. Dietary supplementation with Se-NPs at 0.3 and 0.6 mg kg⁻¹ improved growth performance parameters such as final weight gain percentage, feed conversion ratio, protein conversion ratio, specific growth rate, daily growth index, and relative feed intake compared to the control and other groups. DNA damage, assessed in terms of tail DNA percentage, was significantly reduced with Se-NPs supplementation. Additionally, mercury detoxification was significantly enhanced with Se-NPs-supplemented diets. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that dietary Se-NPs effectively alleviate the adverse effects of mercury and ammonia toxicity by modulating antioxidant status, enhancing immunomodulation, and mitigating stress biomarker impacts through changes in gene expression in fish.

Integrating immunity, antioxidative status, and gene regulation against nickel and high-temperature stress in fish: selenium nanoparticles for mitigation

Fish face health hazards due to high-temperature (T) stress and the toxicity associated with nickel (Ni), both of which can occur in aquatic ecosystems. The accumulation of nickel in fish may pose risks to human health when contaminated fish are consumed. Consequently, the goal of this study was to clarify how selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) help Pangasianodon hypophthalmus by reducing the effects of nickel and high-temperature stress. The fish were reared under different experimental conditions as follows: a control group (no exposure to Ni and T, and fed a control diet); a group concurrently exposed to Ni and T while fed a control diet; and groups concurrently exposed to Ni and T while being fed supplemented diets with Se-NPs at 0.5 mg kg-1 and 1.0 mg kg-1 for 38 days. The growth performance of fish exposed to nickel and high-temperature (Ni + T) stress was significantly improved by supplementation with selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) at 0.5 mg kg-1. This supplementation also upregulated the expression of growth hormone (GH) and growth hormone receptor (GHR1) genes, while considerably downregulating the myostatin (MYST) gene. Fish subjected to Ni + T stress exhibited markedly elevated cortisol levels, which were notably reduced by Se-NPs at 0.5 mg kg-1. Moreover, Se-NPs at 0.5 mg kg-1 significantly downregulated the expression of stress-related genes, including Caspase 3a (Cas 3a), CYP450, iNOS, and HSP70. Fish fed Se-NPs supplemented diet and exposed to Ni + T stress demonstrated enhanced levels of TNFα and total immunoglobulins, indicating an improved immune response. Dietary Se-NPs also led to a significant reduction in oxidative stress markers, such as glutathione-S-transferase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase, in stressed fish. While Ni + T stress reduced acetylcholine esterase activity, dietary Se-NPs restored these activities. Furthermore, the inclusion of Se-NPs in the diet markedly enhanced the detoxification of nickel in various fish tissues. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that dietary supplementation with Se-NPs at 0.5 mg kg-1 effectively mitigates the adverse effects of Ni + T stress in fish by modulating gene expression, alleviating cellular metabolic stress, and enhancing physiological functions.

The Role of Nutrition, Oxidative Stress, and Trace Elements in the Pathophysiology of Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in social communication and interaction, alongside repetitive behaviors, and atypical sensory-motor patterns. The growing prevalence of ASD has driven substantial advancements in research aimed at understanding its etiology, preventing its onset, and mitigating its impact. This ongoing effort necessitates continuous updates to the body of knowledge and the identification of previously unexplored factors. The present study addresses this need by examining the roles of nutrition, oxidative stress, and trace elements in the pathophysiology of ASD. In this review, an overview is provided of the key dietary recommendations for individuals with ASD, including gluten-free and casein-free (GFCF) diets, ketogenic diets (KDs), and other nutritional interventions. Furthermore, it explores the involvement of oxidative stress in ASD and highlights the significance of trace elements in maintaining neuropsychiatric health. The impact of these factors on molecular and cellular mechanisms was discussed, alongside therapeutic strategies and their efficacy in managing ASD.

Selenium Nanoparticles Suppressed Oxidative Stress and Promoted Tenocyte Marker Expression in Tendon-Derived Stem/Progenitor Cells

Traumatic tendon injuries generate reactive oxygen species and inflammation, which may account for slow or poor healing outcomes. Selenium is an essential trace element presented in selenoproteins, many of which are strong antioxidant enzymes. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been reported to promote tissue repair due to their anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and differentiation-modulating properties. However, its effects on the functions of tendon-derived stem/progenitor cells (TDSCs) and tendon healing have not been reported. This study examined the effects of SeNPs on the functions of hydroperoxide (H2O2)-stimulated TDSCs. Rat patellar TDSCs were treated with H2O2 with or without SeNPs. The viability, marker of proliferation, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and tenocyte marker expressions of H2O2-stimulated TDSCs after SeNPs treatment were assessed. Our results showed that SeNPs increased the viability and expression of the marker of proliferation of TDSCs exposed to H2O2, while concurrently reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis. Additionally, the expressions of tenocyte markers were significantly elevated in H2O2-treated TDSCs after treatment with SeNPs. Furthermore, the expressions of Sirt1 and Nrf2 also increased after SeNPs treatment in H2O2-stimulated TDSCs. In conclusion, SeNPs mitigated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis while enhancing the survival and expression of the marker of proliferation of TDSCs in an oxidative stress environment. Additionally, it promoted the fate of TDSCs towards the tenocyte lineage in the presence of such oxidative stress. The increased expressions of Sirt1 and Nrf2 likely mediated the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of SeNPs. SeNPs hold promise as a novel intervention for promoting tendon healing.

The antioxidant barrier, oxidative/nitrosative stress, and protein glycation in allergy: from basic research to clinical practice

Recent studies indicate that oxidative/nitrosative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and urticaria. The article aimed to review the latest literature on disruptions in redox homeostasis and protein glycation in allergy patients. It has been shown that enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems are impaired in allergic conditions, which increases cell susceptibility to oxidative damage. Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species exacerbate the severity of asthma symptoms by activating inflammatory mediators that cause airway smooth muscle contraction, promote mucus hypersecretion, increase the permeability of lung capillaries, and damage cell membranes. Redox biomarkers could have considerable diagnostic potential in allergy patients. There is no compelling evidence to indicate that antioxidants reduce allergy symptoms' severity or slow disease progression.

Alterations in Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Physical Activity in COVID-19: Mechanisms, Interventions, and Lessons for the Future

Although the world is acquitting from the throes of COVID-19 and returning to the regularity of life, its effects on physical and mental health are prominently evident in the post-pandemic era. The pandemic subjected us to inadequate sleep and physical activities, stress, irregular eating patterns, and work hours beyond the regular rest-activity cycle. Thus, perturbing the synchrony of the regular circadian clock functions led to chronic psychiatric and neurological disorders and poor immunological response in several COVID-19 survivors. Understanding the links between the host immune system and viral replication machinery from a clock-infection biology perspective promises novel avenues of intervention. Behavioral improvements in our daily lifestyle can reduce the severity and expedite the convalescent stage of COVID-19 by maintaining consistent eating, sleep, and physical activity schedules. Including dietary supplements and nutraceuticals with prophylactic value aids in combating COVID-19, as their deficiency can lead to a higher risk of infection, vulnerability, and severity of COVID-19. Thus, besides developing therapeutic measures, perpetual healthy practices could also contribute to combating the upcoming pandemics. This review highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on biological rhythms, sleep-wake cycles, physical activities, and eating patterns and how those disruptions possibly contribute to the response, severity, and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) in broilers diet improve growth performance, intestinal microflora and immunity

Hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's Wort) extract (HPE), powdered H. perforatum (PHP), and selenium (Se) on growth, intestinal flora, and immunity of broiler chicks were investigated. In total, 504 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 6 dietary treatments, which were then denoted as negative control (NC) group (basal diet), containing organic Se 0.2% in the starter and grower period as positive control (PC), containing 1% PHP in the starter and grower period, and HPE I, HPE II, and HPE III groups containing respectively, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 mL / kg HPE in the starter and grower period. The results on performance showed that a significant (P < 0.05) higher body weight of chickens in the HPE III group was observed when compared with that of the NC and PHP groups. Although average daily weight gain and feed intake are significant in the HPE III group, the difference in terms of total feed conversion rate was insignificant (P > 0.05). The liver weights in PC and HPE III were lower compared to HPE I (P < 0.05). The difference in total lactic acid bacteria count (TLABC) between the NC group and all HPE groups was found to be significant (P ˂ 0.05), in addition to TLABC was higher in the HPE III group than other groups (P = 0.001). The highest serum antibody titers to the Newcastle disease vaccine were determined in the HPE III group on the 24th, 35th, and 42nd days of age. IL-1B and IL-6 were found to be insignificant between the groups in chickens (P ˃ 0.05). TNF-α in the HPE III group was greatly increased than the other groups and significant compared to the NC and HPE I groups (P = 0.018). In conclusion, 4.5 mL / kg HPE, which has a low production cost and is easy to extract and without causing environmental problems, varied significantly in their impact on growth performance, intestinal microflora, and immunity of growing broilers.

Influence of blood trace elements on immune responses and adverse symptoms subsequent to Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccination

Trace elements, specifically magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) have been linked with immunomodulatory properties. This research delves into identifying the potential impression of serum levels Mg, Zn, and Se on the protective immunity arisen through Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine in the vaccinated subjects. Levels of Mg, Zn, and Se, cytokine and antibody production as well as virus neutralization potency were investigated in 75 males and 75 females before and 2 weeks after first and second dose of vaccination. Level of Mg, Zn, and Se did not change significantly before and 2 weeks after first and second dose of vaccine administration. Concentrations of Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-6, and Interferon (IFN)-γ were significantly higher in the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from subjects 2 weeks after both first and second dose of vaccination compared to before vaccination. Serum level IgG was significantly higher 2 weeks after first and second dose of vaccination compared to before vaccination. Serum level IgM was only higher after first dose of vaccination compared with before vaccine. Also, 2 weeks after both first and second dose of vaccination compared to before vaccination, FRNT50 titer was significantly higher. Levels of Mg, Zn, and Se did not significantly correlate with levels of IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, IgM and IgG, and FRNT50 after first and second dose of vaccination. No severe unwanted clinical symptoms were detected after vaccination. Mg, Zn, and Se do not play a role in modulating protective immunity during Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine.

Zein and gum arabic nanoparticles: potential enhancers of immunomodulatory functional activity of selenium-containing peptides

Food-derived nanomaterials optimizing bioactive peptides is an emerging route in the functional food field. Zein and gum arabic (GA) possess favorable encapsulation properties for controlled release, targeted delivery and stabilization of food bioactive ingredients, and thus are considered as promising carriers for delivery systems. In order to improve the bioavailability of rice selenium-containing peptide TSeMMM (T), the nanoparticles (ZTGNs) containing peptide T, zein and GA have been previously prepared. This study focused on evaluating the immunomodulatory capacity of ZTGNs. The results showed that ZTGNs significantly alleviated cyclophosphamide-induced reduction in immune organ indices and liver glutathione content of mice. There was a significant upregulation observed in the levels of immune-related cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ as well as their mRNA expression. Moreover, ZTGNs enriched the diversity of the intestinal flora and promoted the proportion of beneficial bacteria. In conclusion, ZTGNs have potential as immunomodulatory enhancers for food bioactive ingredients, providing prospects for further optimization of dietary supplements.

An Examination of Chemical Tools for Hydrogen Selenide Donation and Detection

Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) is an emerging biomolecule of interest with similar properties to that of other gaseous signaling molecules (i.e., gasotransmitters that include nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen sulfide). H2Se is enzymatically generated in humans where it serves as a key metabolic intermediate in the production of selenoproteins and other selenium-containing biomolecules. However, beyond its participation in biosynthetic pathways, its involvement in cellular signaling or other biological mechanisms remains unclear. To uncover its true biological significance, H2Se-specific chemical tools capable of functioning under physiological conditions are required but lacking in comparison to those that exist for other gasotransmitters. Recently, researchers have begun to fill this unmet need by developing new H2Se-releasing compounds, along with pioneering methods for selenide detection and quantification. In combination, the chemical tools highlighted in this review have the potential to spark groundbreaking explorations into the chemical biology of H2Se, which may lead to its branding as the fourth official gasotransmitter.

Hydroxy Selenomethionine Exert Different Protective Effects Against Dietary Oxidative Stress-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Spleen and Thymus of Pigs

Oxidative stress (OS) is widespread in animal husbandry, which causes edema in immune organs and suppresses immune function of animals. Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element involved in immune regulation and improves animals' immunity. In present study, growing and finishing pigs were used to determine the protective effects of the new organic Se (hydroxy selenomethionine, OH-SeMet) on dietary oxidative stress (DOS) induced inflammatory responses, and the corresponding response of selenotranscriptome in spleen and thymus. Forty castrated male pigs (25.0 ± 3.0 kg) were randomly grouped into 5 dietary treatments (n = 8) and fed on basal diet (formulated with normal corn and normal oils) or oxidized diet (formulated with aged corn and oxidized oils) supplied with 0.0, 0.3, 0.6, or 0.9 mg Se/kg OH-SeMet, after 16 weeks, the corresponding indicators were determined. Results showed that DOS moderately increased the spleen and thymus index, decreased the antioxidant capacity of serum, spleen and thymus, and increased the concentration of serum inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α). The inflammatory response in spleen and thymus under DOS were discrepancies, DOS increased the expression of inflammation-related gene (IFN-β and TNF-α) in thymus, while exhibited no impact on that of the spleen. Dietary OH-SeMet supplementation exhibited protective effects, which decreased the spleen and thymus index, improved the antioxidant capacity of serum, spleen and thymus, and decreased the serum IL-1β and IL-6 levels. Se supplementation exhibited limited impact on the inflammation-related genes in spleen, except decreased the mRNA expression of IL-8. On the contrary, Se supplementation showed more impact on that of the thymus, which decreased the mRNA expression of IL-8 and TNF-α, increased the expression of IFN-β, IL-6, IL-10, and MCP1. In addition, selenotranscriptome responsive to dietary Se levels in spleen and thymus were discrepancies. Se supplementation increased the mRNA expression of  the selenotranscriptome in thymus, while exhibited limited impact on that of in spleen. In conclusion, dietary OH-SeMet supplementation mitigates the DOS-induced immunological stress by increasing the antioxidant capacity and altering the expression of inflammation-related genes and selenotranscriptome in immune organs, and these response in spleen and thymus were discrepancies.

Development potential of selenium in the prevention and treatment of bovine endometritis

Endometritis is a common postpartum disease in cows. It delays uterine involution and impairs normal physiological function. This can result in long-term or even lifelong infertility and cause significant losses to the dairy farming industry. Traditional treatments like antibiotics possess certain shortcomings, such as antibiotic residues, the abuse of antibiotics, and increased antimicrobial resistance of pathogens. Alternative treatment strategies are needed to minimize the utilization of antibiotics in dairy production. As an essential trace element in animals, selenium (Se) plays a vital role in regulating immune function, the inflammatory response, and oxidative stress, affecting the speed and completeness of tissue repair. This paper reviewed previous studies to analyse the potential of Se in the prevention and treatment of bovine endometritis, aiming to provide a new direction to increase production capacity in the future.

Association Between Essential Trace Elements and Thyroid Antibodies in the Blood of Women with Newly Diagnosed Hashimoto's Thyroiditis

Background

The involvement of essential trace elements in the pathogenesis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) has been suggested, although the available evidence is limited.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the interplay between serum selenium (Se), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) status with thyroid auto-antibodies and thyroid echogenicity in women with newly diagnosed HT.

Methods

A cohort of newly diagnosed female HTs (n = 56) and matched controls (n = 64) were recruited. Serum Se, Fe, Zn, and Cu were measured by furnace graphite atomic absorption spectrometry (FGAAS). Thyroid hormone profiles and thyroid autoantibodies were assessed via ELISA.

Results

In HTs, mean serum Se, Fe, and Zn were significantly lower, while serum Cu was higher in HTs compared to controls (64.11 ± 20.75 vs. 92.3 ± 29.36 μg/L, 53.67 ± 14.09 vs. 70.38 ± 18.44 μg/dL, 64.38 ± 18.88 vs. 90.89 ± 29.99 μg/dL, and 101.18 ± 33.40 vs. 82.2 ± 26.82 μg/dL; all P < 0.001). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant inverse correlation between serum Se, Zn, and Cu with thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPO-Ab) and thyroglobulin antibody (Tg-Ab) levels (P < 0.001). While no significant correlation was observed between thyroid antibodies and serum Fe levels, logistic regression revealed associations between thyroid antibodies and serum Fe. Upon dividing serum Se and Zn into quartiles, there was a significant alteration in the levels of TPO-Ab and Tg-Ab, with a reduction in the levels of antibodies observed from the first quartile to the fourth quartile.

Conclusions

We conclude that Se, Fe, and Zn deficiency, coupled with increased Cu levels, are associated with elevated thyroid antibodies in the setting of Hashimoto Thyroiditis.

Immunomodulation and immunopharmacology in heart failure

The immune system is intimately involved in the pathophysiology of heart failure. However, it is currently underused as a therapeutic target in the clinical setting. Moreover, the development of novel immunomodulatory therapies and their investigation for the treatment of patients with heart failure are hampered by the fact that currently used, evidence-based treatments for heart failure exert multiple immunomodulatory effects. In this Review, we discuss current knowledge on how evidence-based treatments for heart failure affect the immune system in addition to their primary mechanism of action, both to inform practising physicians about these pleiotropic actions and to create a framework for the development and application of future immunomodulatory therapies. We also delineate which subpopulations of patients with heart failure might benefit from immunomodulatory treatments. Furthermore, we summarize completed and ongoing clinical trials that assess immunomodulatory treatments in heart failure and present several therapeutic targets that could be investigated in the future. Lastly, we provide future directions to leverage the immunomodulatory potential of existing treatments and to foster the investigation of novel immunomodulatory therapeutics.

Glioblastoma multiforme influence on the elemental homeostasis of the distant organs: the results of inter-comparison study carried out with TXRF method

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fast-growing and aggressive brain tumor which invades the nearby brain tissue but generally does not spread to the distant organs. Nonetheless, if untreated, GBM can result in patient death in time even less than few months from the diagnosis. The influence of the tumor progress on organs other than brain is obvious but still not well described. Therefore, we examined the elemental abnormalities appearing in selected body organs (kidney, heart, spleen, lung) in two rat models of GBM. The animals used for the study were subjected to the implantation of human GBM cell lines (U87MG and T98G) characterized by different levels of invasiveness. The elemental analysis of digested organ samples was carried out using the total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) method, independently, in three European laboratories utilizing various commercially available TXRF spectrometers. The comparison of the data obtained for animals subjected to T98G and U87MG cells implantation showed a number of elemental anomalies in the examined organs. What is more, the abnormalities were found for rats even if neoplastic tumor did not develop in their brains. The most of alterations for both experimental groups were noted in the spleen and lungs, with the direction of the found element changes in these organs being the opposite. The observed disorders of element homeostasis may result from many processes occurring in the animal body as a result of implantation of cancer cells or the development of GBM, including inflammation, anemia of chronic disease or changes in iron metabolism. Tumor induced changes in organ elemental composition detected in cooperating laboratories were usually in a good agreement. In case of elements with higher atomic numbers (Fe, Cu, Zn and Se), 88% of the results were classified as fully compliant. Some discrepancies between the laboratories were found for lighter elements (P, S, K and Ca). However, also in this case, the obtained results fulfilled the requirements of full (the results from three laboratories were in agreement) or partial agreement (the results from two laboratories were in agreement).

Interpretation of Serum Analytes for Nutritional Evaluation

Serum micronutrient analysis can provide insight into diet and clinical assessment, despite the complicated interplay between micronutrients and species idiosyncrasies. Approach serum nutrient analytes with skepticism, before jumping to alter diets or offering supplementation. Utilize across species but know that some exotics have exceptions to typical ranges, such as calcium in rabbits or iron in reptiles. Make sure you trust that referenced ranges reflect normal and healthy for that species. Micronutrients are integral to every bodily process, so measurement of serum analytes can tell a story that aids in the clinical picture, when one can recognize what stands out.

Nutritional Strategies to Mitigate Post-Weaning Challenges in Pigs: A Focus on Glucans, Vitamin D, and Selenium

This review examines the challenges faced by the pig industry, with a specific focus on improving the health and growth of weaned pigs. It emphasizes the immediate necessity of investigating alternative approaches to managing pig nutrition and health due to restrictions on the use of antibiotics and the prohibition of zinc oxide in weaned pig diets. The weaning phase is identified as a critical stage in piglet development, characterized by stressors that affect their gastrointestinal health, immune responses, and overall physiology. The primary challenge during weaning arises from transitioning piglets from a digestible milk-based diet to a less digestible cereal-based feed, causing nutritional stress. This manifests as reduced feed intake, leading to gastrointestinal disturbances, intestinal inflammation, and adverse effects on intestinal structure and microbiota. To address these challenges and optimize piglet development, various nutritional strategies have been explored. Notably, glucans, particularly β-glucans from fungi, cereals, algae, and yeast, show promise in alleviating weaning-related issues. Furthermore, it is important to highlight the critical roles played by Vitamin D and selenium in piglet nutrition. These essential nutrients can be sourced naturally from enriched mushrooms that are specifically enriched with Vitamin D and selenium, providing a sustainable dietary option. In conclusion, effective nutritional strategies, including glucans, Vitamin D, selenium, and enriched mushrooms, are beneficial for addressing weaning-related challenges.

The effect of selenium supplementation on disease activity and immune-inflammatory biomarkers in patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

PURPOSE

Selenium (Se) supplementation may help reduce inflammation and disease activity in ulcerative colitis (UC) patients. We investigated the therapeutic effects of Se administration in cases with mild-to-moderate active UC.

METHODS

A multicenter, double-blind, randomized clinical trial (RCT) was conducted on 100 cases with active mild-to-moderate UC. The patients were randomly allocated to be given an oral selenomethionine capsule (200 mcg/day, n = 50) or a placebo capsule (n = 50) for 10 weeks. The primary outcome was defined as disease activity via the Simple Clinical Colitis Activity Index (SCCAI), and secondary outcomes were measured at the end of the study.

RESULTS

After 10 weeks, the SCCAI score's mean was reduced in the Se group (P < 0.001). At the end of the intervention, clinical improvement (decline of 3 ≥ score from baseline score) was observed in 19 patients (38%) of the Se group and 3 patients (6%) of the placebo group. The patients with clinical remission (defined as SCCAI ≤ 2) were assigned in the Se group (P = 0.014). The Se group's quality of life and Se serum levels were enhanced at the end of the study (P < 0/001). In the Se group, the mean concentration of interleukin-17 decreased (P < 0/001). However, the levels of interleukin-10 showed no considerable change between the two groups in the 10th week (P = 0.23).

CONCLUSION

Se supplementation as add-on therapy with medical management induced remission and improved the quality of life in patients with active mild-to-moderate UC.

TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER AND DATE OF REGISTRATION

IRCT20091114002709N51; 2020-04-13.

Effect of Nano-selenium on exosomes secretion associated with sperm maturation within the epididymis

Selenium is commonly used as a supplement in the poultry diet and plays an important role in male fertility. However, the effect of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) on exosome secretion associated with spermatozoa in the epididymis is largely unknown. H&E staining, Immunohistochemistry, Immunofluorescence and Western blot were performed to study the effect of Se-NPs on exosomes secretion associated with sperm maturation in epididymis. The results indicated that the Se-NPs showed a significant contribution to sperm concentration by light microscopy. It was observed that there was an increase in the spermatozoa concentration in the epididymis of the treated group as compared to the control group. Furthermore, exosome secretion, the expression of tumor susceptibility gene-101 (TSG-101) and cluster of differentiation (CD-63) proteins was identified by immunochemistry, immunofluorescence assay, and western blotting. After nano-selenium treatment, the exosome markers TSG-101 and CD-63 were strong positive immunoreactivity and immunosignaling in the lumen followed by epithelial lining of the epididymis. However weak positive immunoreactivity and immunosignaling were seen of TSG-101 and CD63 in the control group. In addition, highly significant protein expression of TSG-101 and CD63 in the treated group as compared to the control group was confirmed by western blotting. In conclusion, the above findings provide rich evidence about the Se-NPs play a dynamic role in exosome secretion that might be essential for sperm motility and maturation within epididymis.

[Immunonutrition and (its impact on) health. Micronutrients and debilitating factors]

Introduction

Introduction: the interaction between immunity and nutrition is complex and multifaceted. Micronutrients, including vitamins and minerals, are essential for immune function. In turn, immune function and lifestyle habits can affect nutritional needs and micronutrient utilization, creating an interdependence between nutrition and immunity that can be modulated by both external and internal factors. Objectives: to examine the relationship between micronutrient intake and immune function, and how debilitating factors such as aging, disease, and stress can impact this relationship. Methods: a review of scientific evidence and recommendations from major international scientific societies was conducted to identify the importance of micronutrients in immune function and how debilitating factors can alter their impact. Results: the effect of different micronutrients on immune function is described. Debilitating factors like aging, stress, and chronic diseases can compromise the immune system and make the body more susceptible to infections. However, adequate intake of micronutrients and healthy habits can help to strengthen immunity and mitigate the effects of these debilitating factors. Conclusion: immunonutrition is a critical component for maintaining a strong and healthy immune system. Sufficient intake of micronutrients and healthy lifestyle habits can help improve immunity, especially in the presence of debilitating factors.

Beneficial effects of the combination of BCc1 and Hep-S nanochelating-based medicines on IL-6 in hospitalized moderate COVID-19 adult patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial

BACKGROUND

In the severe forms of COVID-19 and many other infectious diseases, the patients develop a cytokine storm syndrome (CSS) where pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α play a key role in the development of this serious process. Selenium and iron are two important trace minerals, and their metabolism is tightly connected to immune system function. Numerous studies highlight the role of selenium and iron metabolism changes in the procedure of COVID-19 inflammation. The immunomodulator effect of nanomedicines that are synthesized based on nanochelating technology has been proved in previous studies. In the present study, the effects of the combination of BCc1(with iron-chelating property) and Hep-S (containing selenium) nanomedicines on mentioned cytokines levels in hospitalized moderate COVID-19 patients were evaluated.

METHODS

Laboratory-confirmed moderate COVID-19 patients were enrolled to participate in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in two separate groups: combination of BCc1 and Hep-S (N = 62) (treatment) or placebo (N = 60) (placebo). The blood samples were taken before medications on day zero, at discharge, and 28 days after consumption to measure hematological and biochemical parameters and cytokine levels. The clinical symptoms of all the patients were recorded according to an assessment questionnaire before the start of the treatment and on days 3 and discharge day.

RESULTS

The results revealed that consumption of the nanomedicines led to a significant decrease in the mean level of IL-6 cytokine, and at the end of the study, there was a 77% downward trend in IL-6 in the nanomedicine group, while an 18% increase in the placebo group (p < 0.05). In addition, the patients in the nanomedicines group had lower TNF-α levels; accordingly, there was a 21% decrease in TNF-α level in the treatment group, while a 31% increase in this cytokine level in the placebo was observed (p > 0.05). On the other hand, in nanomedicines treated groups, clinical scores of coughing, fatigue, and need for oxygen therapy improved.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, the combination of BCc1 and Hep-S inhibits IL-6 as a highly important and well-known cytokine in COVID-19 pathophysiology and presents a promising view for immunomodulation that can manage CSS.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials RCT20170731035423N2 . Registered on June 12, 2020.

Common foods for boosting human immunity: A review

We are frequently exposed to potentially harmful microbes of various types on a daily basis. Our immune system is an amazing collection of unique organs and cells that defends us from hazardous germs as well as certain diseases. It plays a crucial role in protecting the body against external invaders, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. Maintaining a healthy immune system requires consuming a balanced diet that provides a variety of macro- and micronutrients. By consuming sufficient amounts of water, minerals such as zinc and magnesium, micronutrients, herbs, and foods rich in vitamins C, D, and E, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, one can enhance their health and immunity, and prevent infections. This article provides a comprehensive review of the scientific literature on common foods known for their potential to boost human immunity. The review begins by discussing the various components of the immune system and their functions. It then delves into the current understanding of how nutrition can influence immune response, highlighting the importance of a well-balanced diet in supporting optimal immune function. The article presents an extensive analysis of a range of common foods that have been studied for their immune-boosting properties. These foods include fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and animal-based foods. Each food category is explored in terms of its specific nutrients and bioactive compounds that contribute to immune support. Foods such as milk, eggs, fruits, leafy greens, and spices like onion, garlic, and turmeric contain beneficial compounds that can enhance the immune system's function, activate and inhibit immune cells, and interfere with multiple pathways that eventually lead to improved immune responses and defense. The available literature on the issue was accessed via online resources and evaluated thoroughly as a methodology for preparing this manuscript.

Selenium regulates T cell differentiation in experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in mice

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element that plays an important role in thyroid physiology. Se supplementation can reduce levels of autoimmune thyroid antibodies, which may be beneficial in Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). However, the long-term benefits of Se supplementation for HT patients are controversial and there is no clear clinical evidence to support it, so further basic and clinical research is needed. The effect of Se on immune cells, especially T cells, in autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT) has not been elucidated. Here, we replicated a mouse model of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) on a high-iodine diet and treated it with Se supplementation. At week 8 of the experiment, Se supplementation reduced the destruction of thyroid follicles and the infiltration rate of lymphocytes in EAT mice, and reversed the disturbance of peripheral blood thyroxine and thyroid autoantibody levels. Further examination revealed that Se had broad effects on T-cell subsets. Its effects include reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by Th1 cells, inhibiting the differentiation and production of cytokines by Th2 and Th17 cells, and upregulating the differentiation and production of cytokines by Treg cells. These changes help alleviate thyroid follicle damage during EAT. In conclusion, selenium supplementation has the potential to improve the prognosis of AIT by altering the subset differentiation and/or function of CD4+ T cells.

Zinc and selenium status in coronavirus disease 2019

We systematically analyzed and attempted to discuss the possibility that deficiencies of zinc or selenium were associated with the incidence and severity of COVID-19. We searched for published and unpublished articles in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane up to 9 February 2023. And we selected healthy individuals, mild/severe, and even deceased COVID-19 patients to analyze their serum data. Data related to 2319 patients from 20 studies were analyzed. In the mild/severe group, zinc deficiency was associated with the degree of severe disease (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI 0.32-0.68, I2 = 50.5%) and we got an Egger's test of p = 0.784; but selenium deficiency was not associated with the degree of severe disease (SMD = - 0.03, 95% CI - 0.98-0.93, I2 = 96.7%). In the surviving/death group, zinc deficiency was not associated with mortality of COVID-19 (SMD = 1.66, 95%CI - 1.42-4.47), nor was selenium (SMD = - 0.16, 95%CI - 1.33-1.01). In the risk group, zinc deficiency was positively associated with the prevalence of COVID-19 (SMD = 1.21, 95% CI 0.96-1.46, I2 = 54.3%) and selenium deficiency was also positively associated with the prevalence of it (SMD = 1.16, 95% CI 0.71-1.61, I2 = 58.3%). Currently, serum zinc and selenium deficiencies increase the incidence of COVID-19 and zinc deficiency exacerbates the disease; however, neither zinc nor selenium was associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19. Nevertheless, our conclusions may change when new clinical studies are published.

Combined copper and zinc deficiency is associated with reduced SARS-CoV-2 immunization response to BNT162b2 vaccination

The essential trace elements copper, selenium and zinc are of relevance for immunity and immune response to vaccination. In this longitudinal study, adult healthcare workers (n = 126) received two doses of an mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2), and longitudinal serum samples were prepared. Vaccine-induced antibodies and their neutralizing activity were analyzed, and the trace elements copper, zinc, and selenium along with the copper transporter ceruloplasmin were measured. Subjects with combined deficiency of copper and zinc, i.e. both in the lowest tertiles at baseline, displayed particularly low antibody titers at three (Double Q1: 13 AU/mL vs. not double Q1: 29 AU/mL) and six (Double Q1: 200 AU/mL vs. not double Q1: 425 AU/mL) weeks after vaccination (p < 0.05). The results indicate the potential importance of an adequate trace element status of copper and zinc for raising a strong vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody response, and highlights the importance of considering combined micronutrient insufficiencies, as single deficiencies may synergize.

Effect of Dietary Selenium on the Growth and Immune Systems of Fish

Dietary selenium (Se) is an essential component that supports fish growth and the immune system. This review attempts to provide insight into the biological impacts of dietary Se, including immunological responses, infection defense, and fish species growth, and it also identifies the routes via which it enters the aquatic environment. Dietary Se is important in fish feed due to its additive, antioxidant, and enzyme properties, which aid in various biological processes. However, excessive intake of it may harm aquatic ecosystems and potentially disrupt the food chain. This review explores the diverse natures of dietary Se, their impact on fish species, and the biological methods for eliminating excesses in aquatic environments. Soil has a potential role in the distribution of Se through erosion from agricultural, industrial, and mine sites. The research on dietary Se's effects on fish immune system and growth can provide knowledge regarding fish health, fish farming strategies, and the health of aquatic ecosystems, promoting the feed industry and sustainable aquaculture. This review provides data and references from various research studies on managing Se levels in aquatic ecosystems, promoting fish conservation, and utilizing Se in farmed fish diets.

Antimicrobial and anti-viral effects of selenium nanoparticles and selenoprotein based strategies: COVID-19 and beyond

Deficiency of selenium (Se) has been described in a significant number of COVID-19 patients having a higher incidence of mortality, which makes it a pertinent issue to be addressed clinically for effective management of the COVID-19 pandemic. Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) provide a unique option for managing the havoc caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. SeNPs possess promising anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects by virtue of their nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-stimulator of activated B cells (NFκB), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs), and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) modulatory activity. In addition, SeNPs possess remarkable immunomodulatory effects, making them a suitable option for supplementation with a much lower risk of toxicity compared to their elemental counterpart. Further, SeNPs have been shown to curtail viral and microbial infections, thus, making it a novel means to halt viral growth. In addition, it can be administered in the form of aerosol spray, direct injection, or infused thin-film transdermal patches to reduce the spread of this highly contagious viral infection. Moreover, a considerable decrease in the expression of selenoprotein along with enhanced expression of IL-6 in COVID-19 suggests a potential association among selenoprotein expression and COVID-19. In this review, we highlight the unique antimicrobial and antiviral properties of SeNPs and the immunomodulatory potential of selenoproteins. We provide the rationale behind their potentially interesting properties and further exploration in the context of microbial and viral infections. Further, the importance of selenoproteins and their role in maintaining a successful immune response along with their association to Se status is summarized.

Selenium hyperaccumulator plant Cardamine enshiensis: from discovery to application

Selenium (Se) is an essential trace element for animals and humans. Se biofortification and Se functional agriculture are emerging strategies to satisfy the needs of people who are deficient in Se. With 200 km2 of Se-excess area, Enshi is known as the "world capital of Se." Cardamine enshiensis (C. enshiensis) is a Se hyperaccumulation plant discovered in the Se mine drainage area of Enshi. It is edible and has been approved by National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China as a new source of food, and the annual output value of the Se-rich industry in Enshi City exceeds 60 billion RMB. This review will mainly focus on the discovery and mechanism underlying Se tolerance and Se hyperaccumulation in C. enshiensis and highlight its potential utilization in Se biofortification agriculture, graziery, and human health.

How Do Minerals, Vitamins, and Intestinal Microbiota Affect the Development and Progression of Heart Disease in Adult and Pediatric Patients?

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, far ahead of cancer. Epidemiological data emphasize the participation of many risk factors that increase the incidence of CVDs, including genetic factors, age, and sex, but also lifestyle, mainly nutritional irregularities and, connected with them, overweight and obesity, as well as metabolic diseases. Despite the importance of cardiovascular problems in the whole society, the principles of prevention of CVDs are not widely disseminated, especially among the youngest. As a result, nutritional neglect, growing from childhood and adolescence, translates into the occurrence of numerous disease entities, including CVDs, in adult life. This review aimed to draw attention to the role of selected minerals and vitamins in health and the development and progression of CVDs in adults and children. Particular attention was paid to the effects of deficiency and toxicity of the analyzed compounds in the context of the cardiovascular system and to the role of intestinal microorganisms, which by interacting with nutrients, may contribute to the development of cardiovascular disorders. We hope this article will draw the attention of society and the medical community to emphasize promoting healthy eating and proper eating habits in children and adults, translating into increased awareness and a reduced risk of CVD.

Selenium suppressed the LPS-induced inflammation of bovine endometrial epithelial cells through NF-κB and MAPK pathways under high cortisol background

The bovine uterus is susceptible to infection, and the elevated cortisol level due to stress are common in cows after delivery. The essential trace element selenium plays a pivotal role in the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defence system of body. This study investigated whether selenium supplementation protected endometrial cells from inflammation in the presence of high-level cortisol. The primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells were subjected to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide to establish cellular inflammation model. The gene expression of inflammatory mediators and proinflammatory cytokines was measured by quantitative PCR. The key proteins of NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways were detected by Western blot and immunofluorescence. The result showed that pre-treatment of Na2 SeO3 (1, 2 and 4 μΜ) decreased the mRNA expression of proinflammatory genes, inhibited the activation of NF-κB and suppressed the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, P38MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase. This inhibition of inflammation was more apparent in the presence of high-level cortisol (30 ng/mL). These results indicated that selenium has an anti-inflammatory effect, which is mediated via NF-κB and MAPK signalling pathways and is augmented by cortisol in bovine endometrial epithelial cells.

Proposal to Screen for Zinc and Selenium in Patients with IgA Deficiency

The increase in life expectancy can be a consequence of the world's socioeconomic, sanitary and nutritional conditions. Some studies have demonstrated that individuals with a satisfactory diet variety score present a lower risk of malnutrition and better health status. Zinc and selenium are important micronutrients that play a role in many biochemical and physiological processes of the immune system. Deficient individuals can present both innate and adaptive immunity abnormalities and increased susceptibility to infections. Primary immunodeficiency diseases, also known as inborn errors of immunity, are genetic disorders classically characterized by an increased susceptibility to infection and/or dysregulation of a specific immunologic pathway. IgA deficiency (IgAD) is the most common primary antibody deficiency. This disease is defined as serum IgA levels lower than 7 mg/dL and normal IgG and IgM levels in individuals older than four years. Although many patients are asymptomatic, selected patients suffer from different clinical complications, such as pulmonary infections, allergies, autoimmune diseases, gastrointestinal disorders and malignancy. Knowing the nutritional status as well as the risk of zinc and selenium deficiency could be helpful for the management of IgAD patients.

OBJECTIVES

to investigate the anthropometric, biochemical, and nutritional profiles and the status of zinc and selenium in patients with IgAD.

METHODS

in this descriptive study, we screened 16 IgAD patients for anthropometric and dietary data, biochemical evaluation and determination of plasma and erythrocyte levels of zinc and selenium.

RESULTS

dietary intake of zinc and selenium was adequate in 75% and 86% of the patients, respectively. These results were consistent with the plasma levels (adequate levels of zinc in all patients and selenium in 50% of children, 25% of adolescents and 100% of adults). However, erythrocyte levels were low for both micronutrients (deficiency for both in 100% of children, 75% of adolescents and 25% of adults).

CONCLUSION

our results highlight the elevated prevalence of erythrocyte zinc and selenium deficiency in patients with IgAD, and the need for investigation of these micronutrients in their follow-up.

Individual blood concentrations of persistent organic pollutants and chemical elements, and COVID-19: A prospective cohort study in Barcelona

BACKGROUND

There is wide, largely unexplained heterogeneity in immunological and clinical responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Numerous environmental chemicals, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and chemical elements (including some metals, essential trace elements, rare earth elements, and minority elements), are immunomodulatory and cause a range of adverse clinical events. There are no prospective studies on the effects of such substances on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the influence of blood concentrations of POPs and elements measured several years before the pandemic on the development of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in individuals from the general population.

METHODS

We conducted a prospective cohort study in 154 individuals from the general population of Barcelona. POPs and elements were measured in blood samples collected in 2016-2017. SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected by rRT-PCR in nasopharyngeal swabs and/or by antibody serology using eighteen isotype-antigen combinations measured in blood samples collected in 2020-2021. We analyzed the associations between concentrations of the contaminants and SARS-CoV-2 infection and development of COVID-19, taking into account personal habits and living conditions during the pandemic.

RESULTS

Several historically prevalent POPs, as well as arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and zinc, were not associated with COVID-19, nor with SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, DDE (adjusted OR = 5.0 [95% CI: 1.2-21]), lead (3.9 [1.0-15]), thallium (3.4 [1.0-11]), and ruthenium (5.0 [1.8-14]) were associated with COVID-19, as were tantalum, benzo(b)fluoranthene, DDD, and manganese. Thallium (3.8 [1.6-8.9]), and ruthenium (2.9 [1.3-6.7]) were associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, and so were lead, gold, and (protectively) iron and selenium. We identified mixtures of up to five substances from several chemical groups, with all substances independently associated to the outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results provide the first prospective and population-based evidence of an association between individual concentrations of some contaminants and COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 infection. POPs and elements may contribute to explain the heterogeneity in the development of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 in the general population. If the associations are confirmed as causal, means are available to mitigate the corresponding risks.

Selenium, Stroke, and Infection: A Threefold Relationship; Where Do We Stand and Where Do We Go?

Stroke is currently the second most common cause of death worldwide and a major cause of serious long-term morbidity. Selenium is a trace element with pleotropic effects on human health. Selenium deficiency has been associated with a prothrombotic state and poor immune response, particularly during infection. Our aim was to synthesize current evidence on the tripartite interrelationship between selenium levels, stroke, and infection. Although evidence is contradictory, most studies support the association between lower serum selenium levels and stroke risk and outcomes. Conversely, limited evidence on the role of selenium supplementation in stroke indicates a potentially beneficial effect of selenium. Notably, the relationship between stroke risk and selenium levels is bimodal rather than linear, with higher levels of serum selenium linked to disturbances of glucose metabolism and high blood pressure, morbidities which are, in turn, substrates for stroke. Another such substrate is an infection, albeit forming a bidirectional relationship with both stroke and the consequences of impaired selenium metabolism. Perturbed selenium homeostasis leads to impaired immune fitness and antioxidant capacity, which both favor infection and inflammation; specific pathogens may also contend with the host for transcriptional control of the selenoproteome, adding a feed-forward loop to this described process. Broader consequences of infection such as endothelial dysfunction, hypercoagulation, and emergent cardiac dysfunction both provide stroke substrates and further feed-forward feedback to the consequences of deficient selenium metabolism. In this review, we provide a synthesis and interpretation of these outlined complex interrelationships that link selenium, stroke, and infection and attempt to decipher their potential impact on human health and disease. Selenium and the unique properties of its proteome could provide both biomarkers and treatment options in patients with stroke, infection, or both.

Antibody response and abomasal histopathology of lambs with haemonchosis during supplementation with medicinal plants and organic selenium

We evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation with medicinal plants (Herbmix) or organic selenium (Selplex) on the immune responses and histopathology of lambs infected with Haemonchus contortus. Twenty-seven lambs were infected and reinfected with approximately 11,000 third-stage larvae of H. contortus during the experiment (on days 0, 49 and 77). Lambs were divided into two supplemented experimental groups (Herbmix and Selplex) and unsupplemented group (Control). The abomasal worm counts at necropsy on day 119 were lower for Herbmix (4230) and Selplex group (3220) than to the Control (6613) which resulted in 51.3% and 36.0% of reduction, respectively. The mean length of adult female worms was in the order Control > Herbmix > Selplex (2.1, 2.08, and 2.01 cm, respectively). The specific IgG response against adults was significantly affected by time (P < 0.001). Serum-specific and total mucus levels of IgA in the Herbmix group were highest on day 15. Mean levels of serum IgM against adults were influenced by treatment (P = 0.048) and time (P < 0.001). The Herbmix group had strong local inflammation in the abomasal tissue, with the formation of lymphoid aggregates and the infiltration of immune cells, but the tissues of the Selplex group had higher numbers of eosinophils, globule leukocytes, and plasma cells. The lymph nodes of each animal had reactive follicular hyperplasia due to the infection. Dietary nutritional supplementation with a mixture of medicinal plants or organic selenium could improve local immune responses and thus enhance the resistance of animals to this parasitic infection.

Fatigue in older persons: the role of nutrition

Fatigue is defined as a symptom leading to the inability to continue functioning at the expected activity level. It is a highly prevalent symptom, challenging to frame into monodimensional pathophysiological mechanisms. As a result, fatigue is often underestimated in the clinical setting and is wrongly considered an unavoidable consequence of ageing. Several potential mechanisms responsible for fatigue have been proposed, including sleep patterns, autonomic nervous system abnormalities and biological complexity. Inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction are among the most promising mechanisms through which malnutrition may cause fatigue. Not surprisingly, fatigue is highly prevalent in inflammatory conditions (e.g. COVID-19 infection). The nutritional status may also represent a critical factor in the development and presentation of fatigue, which may mimic the exhaustion of the individual's metabolic reserves. For example, the insufficient dietary intake of energy and proteins may determine the catabolism of body fat and muscles, disrupt the homeostatic balance and cause the onset of fatigue. It is necessary to conduct research on fatigue. By characterising its pathophysiological mechanisms, it will be possible to (1) support the design and development of targeted interventions, (2) improve the quality of life of many persons by acting on the symptom and (3) reduce the direct and indirect costs of a burdening condition typical of advancing age. In the present review, we provide an overview of the role that nutrition may play as a determinant of fatigue in older people, also in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Selenium status and immunity

Selenium is found at the active centre of twenty-five selenoproteins which have a variety of roles, including the well-characterised function of antioxidant defense, but it also is claimed to be involved in the immune system. However, due to limited and conflicting data for different parameters of immune function, intakes of selenium that have an influence on immune function are uncertain. This review covers the relationship between selenium and immune function in man, focusing on the highest level of evidence, namely that generated by randomised controlled trials (RCT), in which the effect of selective administration of selenium, in foods or a supplement, on immune function was assessed. A total of nine RCT were identified from a systematic search of the literature, and some of these trials reported effects on T and natural killer cells, which were dependent on the dose and form of selenium administered, but little effect of selenium on humoral immunity. There is clearly a need to undertake dose-response analysis of cellular immunity data in order to derive quantitative relationships between selenium intake and measures of immune function. Overall, limited effects on immunity emerged from experimental studies in human subjects, though additional investigation on the potential influence of selenium status on cellular immunity appears to be warranted.

Selenium in selected samples of infant formulas and milk commercialized in Belgium and Brazil: Total content, speciation and estimated intake

Total selenium (Se) and Se species concentrations were determined in 50 infant formulas and milk samples commercialized in Brazil and Belgium. Infant formula categories were starter, follow-up, specialized and plant-based (soy and rice), while milk samples included whole, skimmed, semi-skimmed and plant-based products. Total Se content was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), after microwave digestion. An enzymatic extraction method was applied to evaluate the Se species, mostly selenomethionine (SeMet), Se(IV) and Se(VI), through High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to ICP-MS (LC-ICP-MS). Starters and follow-up samples presented the highest total Se concentrations and values up to 30 µg/kg were observed in the reconstituted product. The lowest level (below the LOQ = 10 µg/kg) was verified in an anti-regurgitation specialized formula. The relative agreement between the measured total Se and the Se content declared on the label varied from 55 % to 317 %. Concentrations in infant formulas were not markedly different from concentrations in milk except for rice and oat milk samples that showed values below the LOQ. SeMet was the main species found in milks, while in infant formulas the species concentrations varied according to the product. The daily intake (DI) of Se via infant formula consumption was calculated and compared with the Adequate Intake (AI) value and the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) established by the EFSA NDA Panel and ANVISA, respectively. Estimated maximum intakes of total Se obtained for reconstituted infant formula were 40.6 mg/day, corresponding to 400 % and 202 % of the DRI and AI, respectively.

Differentially Expressed Genes and Signalling Pathways Regulated by High Selenium Involved in Antioxidant and Immune Functions of Goats Based on Transcriptome Sequencing

The objective of this study is to observe the effect of high selenium on the antioxidant and immune functions of growing goats based on transcriptome sequencing. Eighteen goats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) the control (CON) group was fed a basal diet, and (2) the treatment 1 group (LS) and treatment 2 group (HS) were fed a basal diet with 2.4 and 4.8 mg/kg selenium-yeast (SY), respectively. The results indicate that HS treatment significantly (p < 0.05) increased the apparent digestibility of either extract and significantly increased (p < 0.05) total antioxidant capacity, whereas it significantly (p < 0.05) decreased plasma aspartate aminotransferase and malondialdehyde relative to the control group. The LS treatment had significantly (p < 0.05) increased glutathione S-transferase and catalase compared to CON. A total of 532 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the CON and HS were obtained using transcriptome sequencing. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis identified upregulated (p < 0.05) DEGs mainly related to vascular smooth muscle contraction, alpha-linolenic acid metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, the VEGF signalling pathway, and proteoglycans in cancer; downregulated (p < 0.05) DEGs mainly related to the NOD-like receptor signalling pathway, influenza A, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, haematopoietic cell lineage, and African trypanosomiasis. Ontology analyses of the top genes show that the identified DEGs are mainly involved in the regulation of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor production for biological processes, the external side of the plasma membrane for cellular components, and carbohydrate derivative binding for molecular functions. Seven genes are considered potential candidate genes for regulating antioxidant activity, including selenoprotein W, 1, glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione S-transferase A1, tumour necrosis factor, tumour necrosis factor superfamily member 10, tumour necrosis factor superfamily member 8, and tumour necrosis factor superfamily member 13b. The experimental observations indicate that dietary supplementation with 4.8 mg/kg SY can enhance antioxidant and immune functions by improving muscle immunity, reducing the concentrations of inflammatory molecules, and modulating antioxidant and inflammatory signalling pathways in growing goats.

Evaluation of Selenoprotein Supplementation on Digestibility, Growth, and Health Performance of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Selenoprotein is a feed additive that can overcome oxidative stress in intensive Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture. This study evaluated the effects of selenoprotein supplementation at various doses on Pacific white shrimp's digestibility, growth, and health performance. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design consisting of four feed treatments, namely, control and treatments with selenoprotein supplementation of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g kg feed^-1 with four replications. Shrimps (1.5 g) were reared for 70 days and challenged for 14 days by the bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus (10⁷ CFU mL^-1). Shrimps used in the digestibility performance evaluation (6.1 g) were reared until sufficient quantities of feces were collected for analysis. Shrimp supplemented with selenoprotein exhibited superior digestibility, growth, and health performance compared to the control (P < 0.05). The use of selenoprotein at a dose of 7.5 g kg of feed^-1 (2.72 mg Se kg of feed^-1) was considered the most effective for increasing productivity and preventing disease attacks in intensive shrimp culture.

Relationship between selenium status, selenoproteins and COVID-19 and other inflammatory diseases: A critical review

The antioxidant effects of selenium as a component of selenoproteins has been thought to modulate host immunity and viral pathogenesis. Accordingly, the association of low dietary selenium status with inflammatory and immunodeficiency has been reported in the literature; however, the causal role of selenium deficiency in chronic inflammatory diseases and viral infection is still undefined. The COVID-19, characterized by acute respiratory syndrome and caused by the novel coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2, has infected millions of individuals worldwide since late 2019. The severity and mortality from COVID-19 have been associated with several factor, including age, sex and selenium deficiency. However, available data on selenium status and COVID-19 are limited, and a possible causative role for selenium deficiency in COVID-19 severity has yet to be fully addressed. In this context, we review the relationship between selenium, selenoproteins, COVID-19, immune and inflammatory responses, viral infection, and aging. Regardless of the role of selenium in immune and inflammatory responses, we emphasize that selenium supplementation should be indicated after a selenium deficiency be detected, particularly, in view of the critical role played by selenoproteins in human health. In addition, the levels of selenium should be monitored after the start of supplementation and discontinued as soon as normal levels are reached. Periodic assessment of selenium levels after supplementation is a critical issue to avoid over production of toxic metabolites of selenide because under normal conditions, selenoproteins attain saturated expression levels that limits their potential deleterious metabolic effects.

Weaning diet supplemented with health-promoting feed additives influences microbiota and immune response in piglets challenged with Salmonella

The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of micronutrients and feed additives to modulate intestinal microbiota and systemic and mucosal immune responses in weaned pigs infected with Salmonella. At weaning, 32 litters of 12 piglets each were allocated to four dietary treatments: 1) control diet (CTRL), 2) CTRL supplemented with chlortetracycline (ATB), 3) CTRL supplemented with a cocktail of feed additives (CKTL); and 4) CKTL diet containing bovine colostrum in replacement of spray-dry animal plasma (CKTL+COL). The CKTL supplement included cranberry extract, encapsulated carvacrol and yeast-derived products and an enriched selenium and vitamin premix. Three weeks after weaning, four pigs per litter were orally inoculated with Salmonella Typhimurium DT104. Half of them were euthanized 3 days post-infection (dpi) and the other half, 7 dpi. The expression of IL6, TNF, IL8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1), IFNG, cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), glutathione peroxidase 2 (GPX2) and β-defensin 2 (DEFB2) showed a peaked response at 3 dpi (P < 0.05). Results also revealed that DEFB2 expression was higher at 3 dpi in CTRL and CKTL groups than in ATB (P = 0.01 and 0.06, respectively) while GPX2 gene was markedly increased at 3 and 7 dpi in pigs fed CKTL or CKTL+COL diet compared to CTRL pigs (P < 0.05). In piglets fed CKTL or CKTL+COL diet, intestinal changes in microbial communities were less pronounced after exposure to Salmonella compared to CTRL and progressed faster toward the status before Salmonella challenge (AMOVA P < 0.01). Furthermore, the relative abundance of several families was either up- or down-regulated in pigs fed CKTL or CKTL+COL diet after Salmonella challenge. In conclusion, weaning diet enriched with bovine colostrum, vitamins and mixture of feed additives mitigated the influence of Salmonella infection on intestinal microbial populations and modulate systemic and intestinal immune defences.

A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Investigation of Selenium Supplementation in Women at Elevated Risk for Breast Cancer: Lessons for Re-Emergent Interest in Selenium and Cancer

Damage to cellular macromolecules such as DNA and lipid, induced via reactive oxygen species, and indicators of cell proliferation potential such as insulin-like growth factor (IGF) metabolic status are intermediate biomarkers of breast cancer risk. Based on reports that selenium status can affect these markers, a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind experiment was conducted to investigate the potential of selenium supplementation to modulate breast cancer risk. Using a placebo tablet or a tablet containing 200 μg selenium provided as high-selenium yeast daily for one year, concentrations of the biomarkers in blood or urine were assessed at baseline and after 6 and 12 months of intervention. The selenium intervention used in this study is presumed to mediate its effect via the induction of glutathione peroxidase activity and the consequential impact of the active form of this protein on oxidative damage. We found no evidence to support this hypothesis or to indicate that systemic IGF metabolic status was affected. Critical knowledge gaps must be addressed for the resurgence of interest in selenium and cancer to garner clinical relevance. Those knowledge gaps include the identification of a specific, high-affinity selenium metabolite and the cellular target(s) to which it binds, and the demonstration that the cellular determinant that the selenium metabolite binds plays a critical role in the initiation, promotion, or progression of a specific type of cancer.

Seabirds under environmental pressures: Food supplementation has a larger impact than selenium on chicks exposed to mercury and a viral disease

Although infectious disease outbreaks represent a serious threat for wildlife population viability, the environmental factors that underlie such outbreaks are poorly investigated. The French Guiana breeding population of Magnificent frigatebird Fregata magnificens is subjected to recurrent episodes of chicks’ mortality likely caused by a viral disease. We hypothesized that high mercury (Hg) concentrations may be responsible for the emergence of clinical signs. We therefore investigated whether healthy and sick chicks show different Hg concentrations in blood. Because the essential element selenium (Se) may be highly depleted during Hg poisoning, we further experimentally tested whether an increased intake of dietary Se has an effect on blood levels of Hg, increases circulating Se, and improves the oxidative status of chicks. Finally, we compared the results of this experiment with a previous food supplementation experiment. Our results show similar Hg concentrations between healthy and sick chicks with visible clinical signs of the disease. Se concentrations were significantly depleted in sick chicks. Se concentrations increased while Hg concentrations simultaneously decreased in chicks that naturally recovered from the disease. Both the Se and fish supplementation experiments significantly increased Se concentrations in blood, while Hg levels were only modestly affected. Providing food to chicks appeared to have greater benefits than only supplementing chicks with Se pills as, although food supplementation had an impact on blood Se similar to that of supplementation with Se pills, it also reduced the vulnerability of chicks to the viral disease, possibly by reducing nutritional stress and providing essential nutrients.

Functional constituents of plant-based foods boost immunity against acute and chronic disorders

Plant-based foods are becoming an increasingly frequent topic of discussion, both scientific and social, due to the dissemination of information and exchange of experiences in the media. Plant-based diets are considered beneficial for human health due to the supply of many valuable nutrients, including health-promoting compounds. Replacing meat-based foods with plant-based products will provide many valuable compounds, including antioxidants, phenolic compounds, fibers, vitamins, minerals, and some ω3 fatty acids. Due to their high nutritional and functional composition, plant-based foods are beneficial in acute and chronic diseases. This article attempts to review the literature to present the most important data on nutrients of plant-based foods that can then help in the prevention of many diseases, such as different infections, such as coronavirus disease, pneumonia, common cold and flu, asthma, and bacterial diseases, such as bronchitis. A properly structured plant-based diet not only provides the necessary nutrients but also can help in the prevention of many diseases.

Comparison of the effect of vitamin C and selenium nanoparticles on gentamicin-induced renal impairment in male rats: A biochemical, molecular and histological study

Renal failure caused by gentamicin is mainly mediated through oxidative damage, inflammation, and apoptosis. Hence, vitamin C and selenium, which have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, and their nanoparticle forms, which have recently received attention, may reduce gentamicin-induced side effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effects of vitamin C and selenium, and their nanoparticles on gentamicin-induced renal damage in male rats. 128 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into equal sixteen controlled and treated groups. Serum levels of uric acid, blood urea nitrogen, urea, and creatinine were measured. Renal levels of oxidative parameters such as MDA, SOD, and CAT and inflammatory parameters including IL-1β, and TNF-α were measured. Renal expression of Nrf2, NF-κB, Bcl-2, caspase-3, BAX and mTORc1 was also evaluated. The results showed that gentamicin causes oxidative damage, inflammation, apoptosis and disruption of autophagy in kidney tissue in a dose-dependent manner. However, treatment with vitamin C, selenium and their nanoparticles could significantly improve these effects. Also, the results showed that the inflammatory and oxidative parameters and the expression of genes involved in them and apoptosis in the gentamicin groups treated with vitamin C nanoparticles and selenium nanoparticles reduced significantly compared to those treated with vitamin C and selenium. It can be concluded that vitamin C, selenium and their nanoparticles can improve gentamicin-induced kidney damage by inhibiting oxidative damage, inflammation and apoptosis-induced by autophagy, and can be a good option for kidney damage caused by gentamicin or as an adjunctive treatment to reduce its side effects.

Vitamin E and Metabolic Health: Relevance of Interactions with Other Micronutrients

A hundred years have passed since vitamin E was identified as an essential micronutrient for mammals. Since then, many biological functions of vitamin E have been unraveled in both cell and animal models, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as regulatory activities on cell signaling and gene expression. However, the bioavailability and physiological functions of vitamin E have been considerably shown to depend on lifestyle, genetic factors, and individual health conditions. Another important facet that has been considered less so far is the endogenous interaction with other nutrients. Accumulating evidence indicates that the interaction between vitamin E and other nutrients, especially those that are enriched by supplementation in humans, may explain at least some of the discrepancies observed in clinical trials. Meanwhile, increasing evidence suggests that the different forms of vitamin E metabolites and derivates also exhibit physiological activities, which are more potent and mediated via different pathways compared to the respective vitamin E precursors. In this review, possible molecular mechanisms between vitamin E and other nutritional factors are discussed and their potential impact on physiological and pathophysiological processes is evaluated using published co-supplementation studies.

Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic effects of different vitamins and minerals in COVID-19 patients

COVID-19 is a rapidly spreading disease, which has caught the world by surprise. Millions of people suffer from illness, and the mortality rates are dramatically high. Currently, there is no specific and immediate treatment for this disease. Remedies are limited to supportive regiments and few antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs. The lack of a definite cure for COVID-19 is the reason behind its high mortality and global prevalence. COVID-19 can lead to a critical illness with severe respiratory distress and cytokine release. Increased oxidative stress and excessive production of inflammatory cytokines are vital components of severe COVID-19. Micronutrients, metalloids, and vitamins such as iron, manganese, selenium, Zinc, Copper, vitamin A, B family, and C are among the essential and trace elements that play a pivotal role in human nutrition and health. They participate in metabolic processes that lead to energy production. In addition, they support immune functions and act as antioxidants. Therefore, maintaining an optimal level of micronutrients intake, particularly those with antioxidant activities, is essential to fight against oxidative stress, modulate inflammation, and boost the immune system. Therefore, these factors could play a crucial role in COVID-19 prevention and treatment. In this review, we aimed to summarize antiviral properties of different vitamins and minerals. Moreover, we will investigate the correlation between them and their effects in COVID-19 patients.