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Panova AS, Kolosova NP, Svyatchenko SV, Goncharova NI, Danilenko AV, Boldyrev ND, Shadrinova KN, Vasiltsova NN, Egorova ML, Onkhonova GS, Gudymo AS, Bragina MK, Ryzhikov AB, Marchenko VY. Genetic diversity of A(H5N1) avian influenza viruses isolated from birds and seals in Russia in 2023. Sci Rep 2025; 15:16773. [PMID: 40369040 PMCID: PMC12078558 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-00417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2025] [Indexed: 05/16/2025] Open
Abstract
Thousands of outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus in birds and an increasing number of mammal infections are registered annually. In 2023, multiple avian influenza outbreaks were registered among wild birds, poultry and seals in Russia. The genetic characterization of seventy-seven avian viruses and three viruses from seals showed that they belonged to the 2.3.4.4b clade and represented four distinct reassortant genotypes. The majority of viruses represented genotype BB, which was widespread in Europe in 2023. Viruses from seals and four viruses from birds, isolated from outbreaks in the Far East region, belonged to the G1 (A3) genotype and had the amino acid substitution N319K in the NP protein, previously associated with an increased virulence for mammals. In addition, one virus of the G10 genotype and two viruses, representing a previously undescribed genotype (designated as Ru-23-G4) were identified. The viruses analyzed showed normal inhibition by neuraminidase inhibitors. Seven viruses had genetic markers of amantadine resistance. All the influenza A(H5N1) viruses studied showed a binding preference for α2-3-linked sialic acids, suggesting a low risk of transmission among humans. Nevertheless, monitoring of reassortment and mammalian adaptation mutations is essential for the timely identification of viruses with increased pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia S Panova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Natalia P Kolosova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Svyatchenko
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Natalia I Goncharova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Alexey V Danilenko
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Nikita D Boldyrev
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Kiunnei N Shadrinova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Natalia N Vasiltsova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Marina L Egorova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Galina S Onkhonova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Andrey S Gudymo
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Maria K Bragina
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Alexander B Ryzhikov
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Vasiliy Yu Marchenko
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia.
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2
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Nguyen TQ, Hutter CR, Markin A, Thomas M, Lantz K, Killian ML, Janzen GM, Vijendran S, Wagle S, Inderski B, Magstadt DR, Li G, Diel DG, Frye EA, Dimitrov KM, Swinford AK, Thompson AC, Snekvik KR, Suarez DL, Lakin SM, Schwabenlander S, Ahola SC, Johnson KR, Baker AL, Robbe-Austerman S, Torchetti MK, Anderson TK. Emergence and interstate spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) in dairy cattle in the United States. Science 2025; 388:eadq0900. [PMID: 40273240 DOI: 10.1126/science.adq0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses cross species barriers and have the potential to cause pandemics. In North America, HPAI A(H5N1) viruses related to the goose/Guangdong 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin phylogenetic clade have infected wild birds, poultry, and mammals. Our genomic analysis and epidemiological investigation showed that a reassortment event in wild bird populations preceded a single wild bird-to-cattle transmission episode. The movement of asymptomatic or presymptomatic cattle has likely played a role in the spread of HPAI within the United States dairy herd. Some molecular markers that may lead to changes in transmission efficiency and phenotype were detected at low frequencies. Continued transmission of H5N1 HPAI within dairy cattle increases the risk for infection and subsequent spread of the virus to human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao-Quyen Nguyen
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Carl R Hutter
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alexey Markin
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Megan Thomas
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kristina Lantz
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mary Lea Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Garrett M Janzen
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sriram Vijendran
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sanket Wagle
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Blake Inderski
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Drew R Magstadt
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ganwu Li
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Diego G Diel
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Elisha Anna Frye
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Animal Health Diagnostic Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kiril M Dimitrov
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Amy K Swinford
- Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College Station, TX, USA
| | | | - Kevin R Snekvik
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
- The Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - David L Suarez
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Steven M Lakin
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Stacey Schwabenlander
- Ruminant Health Center, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Riverdale, MD, USA
| | - Sara C Ahola
- Field Epidemiologic Investigation Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Kammy R Johnson
- Field Epidemiologic Investigation Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy L Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Tavis K Anderson
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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3
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Qiu Y, Lv C, Chen J, Sun Y, Tang T, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Wang G, Xu Q, Zhang X, Hong F, Hay SI, Fang L, Liu W. The global distribution and diversity of wild-bird-associated pathogens: An integrated data analysis and modeling study. MED 2025; 6:100553. [PMID: 39701096 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2024.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Revised: 09/27/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wild birds are significant vectors in global pathogen transmission, but the diversity and spatial distribution of the pathogens detected in them remain unclear. Understanding the transmission dynamics and hotspots of wild-bird-associated pathogens (WBAPs) is crucial for early disease prevention. METHODS We compiled an up-to-date dataset encompassing all WBAPs by conducting an extensive search of publications from 1959 to 2022, mapped their diversity and global distribution, and utilized three machine learning algorithms to predict geospatial hotspots where zoonotic and emerging WBAPs were prevalent. FINDINGS Based on 1,834 selected studies, a total of 760 pathogens associated with 1,438 wild bird species were identified, including 387 emerging and 212 zoonotic pathogens. Migratory birds exhibited higher pathogen richness (593 species) but a lower proportion of zoonotic pathogens (27.2%) compared to resident birds (303 species and 39.3%, both p < 0.01). When comparing different ecological groups, waterfowl had the highest richness of zoonotic pathogens (128 species), followed by songbirds (76 species). The distribution of WBAPs was significantly influenced by the habitat suitability index of wild birds, mammalian richness, and climatic factors. The potential geographical hotspots of zoonotic and emerging WBAPs were widely distributed in tropical areas of Asia, Africa, and South America, with zoonotic WBAPs having a wider distribution in South America. CONCLUSIONS Our study illustrates that the geographical hotspots of WBAPs are more widespread than reported, especially in low-income areas, and that the identification, surveillance, and prevention of WBAP infections should be prioritized. FUNDING This work was funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbo Qiu
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Chenlong Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Jinjin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Yanqun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Guolin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China
| | - Feng Hong
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China.
| | - Simon I Hay
- Department of Health Metrics Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Liqun Fang
- School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Academy of Military Medical Science, Beijing 100071, P.R. China; School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, P.R. China.
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Aranda AJ, Aguilar-Tipacamú G, Perez DR, Bañuelos-Hernandez B, Girgis G, Hernandez-Velasco X, Escorcia-Martinez SM, Castellanos-Huerta I, Petrone-Garcia VM. Emergence, migration and spreading of the high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5NX of the Gs/Gd lineage into America. J Gen Virol 2025; 106:002081. [PMID: 40279164 PMCID: PMC12032427 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2025] [Indexed: 04/26/2025] Open
Abstract
The high pathogenicity avian influenza virus H5N1, which first emerged in the winter of 2021, has resulted in multiple outbreaks across the American continent through the summer of 2023 and they continue based on early 2025 records, presenting significant challenges for global health and food security. The viruses causing the outbreaks belong to clade 2.3.4.4b, which are descendants of the lineage A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) through genetic reassortments with several low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses present in populations of Anseriformes and Charadriiformes orders. This review addresses these issues by thoroughly analysing available epidemiological databases and specialized literature reviews. This project explores the mechanisms behind the resurgence of the H5N1 virus. It provides a comprehensive overview of the origin, timeline and factors contributing to its prevalence among wild bird populations on the American continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro J. Aranda
- Maestría en Salud y Producción Animal Sustentable, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Aguilar-Tipacamú
- Maestría en Salud y Producción Animal Sustentable, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
- Licenciatura en Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
| | - Daniel R. Perez
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Bernardo Bañuelos-Hernandez
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Avenida Universidad 602, Lomas del Campestre, León, México
| | - George Girgis
- Nevysta Laboratory, Iowa State University Research Park, Ames, Lowa, USA
| | - Xochitl Hernandez-Velasco
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cd. de México, México
| | - Socorro M. Escorcia-Martinez
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cd. de México, México
| | | | - Victor M. Petrone-Garcia
- Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias, Facultad de Estudios Superiores de Cuautitlán (FESC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán, Mexico
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5
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Shin DL, Tsai YB, Hsu SH, Liang CC, Wu NH. Chicken intestinal organoids reveal polarity-dependent replication dynamics and immune responses of low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Poult Sci 2025; 104:104921. [PMID: 40043674 PMCID: PMC11927706 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2025.104921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2025] [Accepted: 02/16/2025] [Indexed: 03/24/2025] Open
Abstract
Low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) persist in poultry populations, posing an ongoing challenge to poultry management and research. These viruses typically cause mild infections but can lead to significant economic losses due to their widespread presence and potential to disrupt poultry production. Traditional in vivo and in vitro models struggle to accurately replicate the avian intestinal environment, where these viruses often establish infection. In Taiwan, the domestic H6N1 LPAIVs cause an endemic in the local area but still lack investigation. This study addresses this gap by utilizing advanced chicken intestinal organoid (CIO) systems, apical-out (Ap-o), and basal-out (Ba-o) conformations to study the unique replication kinetics and innate immune responses of LPAIVs in a physiologically relevant setting. By comparing the Taiwan specialized H6N1 strain toward the Eurasian H9N2 virus, our results demonstrate that Ap-o organoids, which mimic natural exposure to the intestinal lumen, elicit robust interferon-stimulated gene responses, particularly higher expression of downstream gene, which effectively controls viral replication against H6N1 virus. In contrast, Ba-o organoids, representing a systemic infection route, exhibited lower upstream interferon responses, reflecting a different immune response pattern in the H9N2 strain. These results confirm that CIO is a well-suited model to study LPAIV pathogenesis. It provides key insights into the host-pathogen interactions that determine viral replication and immune evasion strategies. This model deepens our understanding of LPAIV behavior in poultry and provides a valuable tool for developing more targeted and effective control strategies for poultry health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai-Lun Shin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Bei Tsai
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung City 402, Taiwan; Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Han Hsu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chia Liang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Huei Wu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
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6
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MacCosham A, Vasiliu AG, Atchessi N. A rapid review of the avian influenza PB2 E627K mutation in human infection studies. CANADA COMMUNICABLE DISEASE REPORT = RELEVE DES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES AU CANADA 2025; 51:137-144. [PMID: 40241713 PMCID: PMC11999662 DOI: 10.14745/ccdr.v51i04a04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/18/2025]
Abstract
Background The current avian influenza A(H5N1) epizootic poses a significant threat to public health, with sporadic infections in humans raising concerns about potential adaptation for efficient human transmission. Laboratory studies have provided evidence that the polymerase basic protein 2 (PB2) E627K mutation facilitates more efficient replication in mammals and humans. This mutation has been detected in Canadian poultry, wild birds and mammals. Objective Our objective was to summarize the current state of evidence on the impact of the avian influenza PB2 E627K mutation on human adaptation, transmission, epidemiology and clinical outcomes in natural human infections. Methods We employed a search strategy across MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Global Health and CAB Abstracts for articles published from each database's inception until mid-May 2023. Results We identified nine eligible articles for review that addressed human transmission or adaptation (n=5), epidemiological or clinical implication (n=1) or both topics (n=3). Some studies suggested that the PB2 E627K mutation may play a role in zoonotic transmission from birds to humans, with studies indicating its association with parallel evolution and positive selection in A(H5) and A(H7) viruses. Other studies presented analyses that supported the notion of an increased fatality rate among cases with the PB2 E627K mutation, highlighting its potential role as a virulence factor. Conclusion The association of the PB2 E627K mutation with human adaptation, transmission and increased fatality rates highlights the importance of genomic surveillance under One Health umbrella. Further research is warranted to explore the role of this mutation and determine how it interacts with other mutations.
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7
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Octaviani CP, Huang P, Bi-Hung P, Gray GC, Tseng CTK. Superior replication, pathogenicity, and immune evasion of a Texas dairy cattle H5N1 virus compared to a historical avian isolate. Sci Rep 2025; 15:8797. [PMID: 40087358 PMCID: PMC11909106 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-93493-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2025] [Indexed: 03/17/2025] Open
Abstract
The current outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of the H5N1 subtype clade 2.3.4.4b in dairy cattle in the United States has affected nearly 900 dairy farms and resulted in at least 39 human infections, putting health authorities and the scientific community on high alert. Here we characterize the virus growth properties and host-pathogen interactions of an isolate obtained from a sick dairy cow in Texas in vitro and in vivo and compare it to an older HPAI isolate. Despite so far being associated with mild disease in human patients, the cattle H5N1 virus showed superior growth capability and rapid replication kinetics in a panel of human lung cell lines in vitro. In vivo, cattle H5N1 exhibited more intense pathogenicity in mice, with rapid lung pathology and high virus titers in the brain, accompanied by high mortality after challenge via different inoculation routes. Additionally, the cattle H5N1 demonstrated efficient antagonism of overexpressed RIG-I- and MDA5-mediated innate antiviral signaling pathways. In summary, this study demonstrates the profound pathogenicity and suggests a potential innate immune escape mechanism of the H5N1 virus isolated from a dairy cow in Texas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassio Pontes Octaviani
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Pinghan Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| | - Peng Bi-Hung
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Gregory C Gray
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine (Division of Infectious Disease), University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chien-Te K Tseng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Centers for Biodefense and Emerging Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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8
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Song H, Hao T, Han P, Wang H, Zhang X, Li X, Wang Y, Chen J, Li Y, Jin X, Duan X, Zhang W, Bi Y, Jin R, Sun L, Wang N, Gao GF. Receptor binding, structure, and tissue tropism of cattle-infecting H5N1 avian influenza virus hemagglutinin. Cell 2025; 188:919-929.e9. [PMID: 39848246 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Revised: 12/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 01/25/2025]
Abstract
The ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A (H5N1) viruses, particularly clade 2.3.4.4b strains, poses a significant threat to animal and public health. Recent outbreaks in cattle highlight concerns about cross-species transmission and zoonotic spillover. Here, we found that the hemagglutinin (HA) protein from a cattle-infecting H5N1 virus has acquired slight binding to human-like α2-6-linked receptors while still exhibiting a strong preference for avian-like α2-3-linked sialic acid receptors. Immunohistochemical staining revealed HA binding to bovine pulmonary and mammary tissues, aligning with clinical observations. HA also binds effectively to human conjunctival, tracheal, and mammary tissues, indicating a risk for human transmission, notably in cases of conjunctivitis. High-resolution cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of this H5 HA in complex with either α2-3 or α2-6 receptors elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying its receptor-binding properties. These findings provide critical insights into the tropism and transmission potential of this emerging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Song
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Tianjiao Hao
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102200, China
| | - Pu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; Cryo-EM Center, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Haichen Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Cryo-EM Center, Shanxi Academy of Advanced Research and Innovation, Taiyuan 030032, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuxuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, Hebei, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Ying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiyue Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuefeng Duan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yuhai Bi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Beijing Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China; National Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Lei Sun
- Department of Pathology, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100015, China.
| | - Ningli Wang
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Beijing 100730, China; Henan Academy of Innovations in Medical Science, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan, China.
| | - George F Gao
- Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing 102200, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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9
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Feldman J, Ramos ASF, Vu M, Maurer DP, Rosado VC, Lingwood D, Bajic G, Schmidt AG. Human naïve B cells recognize prepandemic influenza virus hemagglutinins. Sci Immunol 2025; 10:eado9572. [PMID: 39854479 PMCID: PMC12117473 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ado9572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 12/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2025]
Abstract
Understanding the naïve B cell repertoire and its specificity for potential zoonotic threats, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5Nx viruses, may allow prediction of infection- or vaccine-specific responses. However, this naïve repertoire and the possibility to respond to emerging, prepandemic viruses are largely undetermined. Here, we profiled naïve B cell reactivity against a prototypical HPAI H5 hemagglutinin (HA), the major target of antibody responses. We found that the frequency of H5-specific human naïve B cells targeting the HA "head" domain was increased relative to cross-reactive B cells to a circulating seasonal H1N1 strain. We classified the isolated monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) by the HA epitopes engaged and found that selected mAbs neutralized H5N1 at germline. We determined a cryo-electron microscopic structure of one mAb in complex with H5 HA to define its epitope. Our study defines the naïve human B cell repertoire recognizing a potentially zoonotic HPAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | | | - Mya Vu
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel P. Maurer
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Victoria C. Rosado
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Goran Bajic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029
| | - Aaron G. Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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10
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He M, Liu L, Hu J, Wang Z, Guo Z, Wang X, Sun Y, Shi S, Ren W, Wang Y, Nie X, Shang C, Liu Z, Jiang Q, Ren Z, Jin N, Li X, Zhao Z. The H5N6 Virus Containing Internal Genes From H9N2 Exhibits Enhanced Pathogenicity and Transmissibility. Transbound Emerg Dis 2025; 2025:6252849. [PMID: 40302749 PMCID: PMC12017012 DOI: 10.1155/tbed/6252849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 10/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
The H5N6 avian influenza virus (AIV) is constantly undergoing recombination and evolution with other subtypes of AIV, resulting in various types of recombinant H5N6 viruses. However, the risk to human public health of different recombinant types of H5N6 viruses remains unclear. Recently, two types of different recombinant H5N6 viruses were isolated from chickens. One of the viruses possessed six internal genes originating from H9N2, named A/Chicken/Hubei/112/2020 (H5N6) (abbreviated 112); the other virus possessed PB2, PB1, PA, and NP originating from H5N1, while the M and NS genes were derived from H9N2, named A/Chicken/Hubei/125/2020 (H5N6) (abbreviated 125). Here, we investigated the receptor binding properties, pathogenicity, and transmissibility of the two H5N6 AIVs. The results showed that 112 and 125 could bind α-2,3-linked sialic acid receptor (avian-like receptor) and α-2,6-linked sialic acid receptor (human-like receptor). However, 125 and 112 showed different pathogenicity in mice. Mice infected with 125 lost only a slight body weight and all survived, while mice infected with 112 lost weight rapidly and all died within a week of infection. Furthermore, in the transmission experiment, 125 could only transmit through direct contact, while 112 could transmit not only by direct contact but also by aerosol. The above results indicated that 112 exhibited enhanced pathogenicity and transmissibility compared to 125, suggesting that the H5N6 virus, whose internal genes were derived from H9N2, could pose a greater threat to human health. Therefore, continuous monitoring of different recombinant H5N6 viruses in poultry should be carried out to prevent their transmission to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlin He
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Lina Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jinglei Hu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China
| | - Zhenjun Wang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yongyang Sun
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Shaowen Shi
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wenhao Ren
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yuxing Wang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Nie
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Chao Shang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Zirui Liu
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Qiwei Jiang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Zilin Ren
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Ningyi Jin
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Zongzheng Zhao
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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11
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Suarez DL, Goraichuk IV, Killmaster L, Spackman E, Clausen NJ, Colonius TJ, Leonard CL, Metz ML. Testing of Retail Cheese, Butter, Ice Cream, and Other Dairy Products for Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza in the US. J Food Prot 2025; 88:100431. [PMID: 39662738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Revised: 12/02/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/13/2024]
Abstract
The recent outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in dairy cows has created public health concerns about the potential of consumers being exposed to live virus from commercial dairy products. Previous studies support that pasteurization effectively inactivates avian influenza in milk and an earlier retail milk survey showed viral RNA, but no live virus could be detected in the dairy products tested. Because of the variety of products and processing methods in which milk is used, additional product testing was conducted to determine if HPAI viral RNA could be detected in retail dairy samples, and for positive samples by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR) further testing for the presence of live virus. Revised protocols were developed to extract RNA from solid dairy products including cheese and butter. The solid dairy product was mechanically liquified with garnet and zirconium beads in a bead beater diluted 1-4 with BHI media. This preprocessing step was suitable in allowing efficient RNA extraction with standard methods. Trial studies were conducted with different cheese types with spiked-in avian influenza virus to show that inoculation of the liquified cheese into embryonating chicken eggs was not toxic to the embryos and allowed virus replication. A total of 167 retail dairy samples, including a variety of cheeses, butter, ice cream, and fluid milk were collected as part of a nationwide survey. A total of 17.4% (29/167) of the samples had detectable viral RNA by qRT-PCR targeting the matrix gene, but all PCR-positive samples were negative for live virus after testing with embryonating egg inoculation. The viral RNA was also evaluated by sequencing part of the hemagglutinin gene using a revised protocol optimized to deal with the fragmented viral RNA. The sequence analysis showed all viral RNA-positive samples were highly similar to previously reported HPAI dairy cow isolates. Using the revised protocols, it was determined that HPAI viral RNA could be detected in a variety of dairy products, but existing pasteurization methods effectively inactivate the virus assuring consumer safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Iryna V Goraichuk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Lindsay Killmaster
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 934 College Station Rd, Athens, GA 30605, USA.
| | - Nicole J Clausen
- Office of Regulatory Affairs, United States Food and Drug Administration, White Oak, Maryland, USA.
| | - Tristan J Colonius
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, United States Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
| | - Cynthia L Leonard
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA.
| | - Monica L Metz
- Center of Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, College Park, Maryland, USA.
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12
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Koopmans MPG, Barton Behravesh C, Cunningham AA, Adisasmito WB, Almuhairi S, Bilivogui P, Bukachi SA, Casas N, Cediel Becerra N, Charron DF, Chaudhary A, Ciacci Zanella JR, Dar O, Debnath N, Dungu B, Farag E, Gao GF, Khaitsa M, Machalaba C, Mackenzie JS, Markotter W, Mettenleiter TC, Morand S, Smolenskiy V, Zhou L, Hayman DTS. The panzootic spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 sublineage 2.3.4.4b: a critical appraisal of One Health preparedness and prevention. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:e774-e781. [PMID: 39134084 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/01/2024]
Abstract
Changes in the epidemiology and ecology of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza are devastating wild bird and poultry populations, farms and communities, and wild mammals worldwide. Having originated in farmed poultry, H5N1 viruses are now spread globally by wild birds, with transmission to many mammal and avian species, resulting in 2024 in transmission among dairy cattle with associated human cases. These ecological changes pose challenges to mitigating the impacts of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza on wildlife, ecosystems, domestic animals, food security, and humans. H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza highlights the need for One Health approaches to pandemic prevention and preparedness, emphasising multisectoral collaborations among animal, environmental, and public health sectors. Action is needed to reduce future pandemic risks by preventing transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza among domestic and wild animals and people, focusing on upstream drivers of outbreaks, and ensuring rapid responses and risk assessments for zoonotic outbreaks. Political commitment and sustainable funding are crucial to implementing and maintaining prevention programmes, surveillance, and outbreak responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wiku B Adisasmito
- Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Salama Almuhairi
- National Emergency Crisis and Disasters Management Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Salome A Bukachi
- Institute of Anthropology, Gender and African Studies, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natalia Casas
- National Ministry of Health, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Osman Dar
- Global Operations Division, UK Health Security Agency, London, UK
| | | | - Baptiste Dungu
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo
| | - Elmoubasher Farag
- Ministry of Public Health, Health Protection & Communicable Diseases Division, Doha, Qatar
| | - George F Gao
- The D H Chen School of Universal Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Margaret Khaitsa
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | | | - John S Mackenzie
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Wanda Markotter
- Center for Viral Zoonoses, Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Thomas C Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Vyacheslav Smolenskiy
- Federal Service for Surveillance on Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being (Rospotrebnadzor), Moscow, Russia
| | - Lei Zhou
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - David T S Hayman
- Molecular Epidemiology and Public Health Laboratory, Hopkirk Research Institute, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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13
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Kang YM, Heo GB, An SH, Lee H, Park E, Cha RM, Jang YY, Sagong M, Kim AY, Kim J, Lee EK, Kim SH, Lee K, Ku B, Lee YJ, Lee K, Lee KN. Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in Cats, South Korea, 2023. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:2510-2520. [PMID: 39499954 PMCID: PMC11616667 DOI: 10.3201/eid3012.240154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In July 2023, cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) were reported at 2 shelters for stray cats in Seoul, South Korea. The cause of infection was suspected to be improperly sterilized raw food made from domestic duck meat, which was manufactured in South Korea. All viruses isolated from cats at the shelters and from the raw food belonged to HPAI A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b. The gene constellation of all viruses was most similar to that of viruses isolated in Korea in November 2022. Of note, the viruses isolated from infected cats harbored mutations E627K or D701N in polymerase basic 2, which are indicative of adaptation to mammals. Postmortem examination revealed systemic pathologic lesions and the presence of widespread virus in different tissues. Thus, consumption of raw duck meat contaminated with HPAI virus likely caused systemic symptoms and death in cats, indicating the introduction of mammal-adapted mutations of the virus.
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14
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Marchenko VY, Panova AS, Kolosova NP, Gudymo AS, Svyatchenko SV, Danilenko AV, Vasiltsova NN, Egorova ML, Onkhonova GS, Zhestkov PD, Zinyakov NG, Andreychuk DB, Chvala IA, Kosenko MN, Moiseeva AA, Boldyrev ND, Shadrinova KN, Perfilieva ON, Ryzhikov AB. Characterization of H5N1 avian influenza virus isolated from bird in Russia with the E627K mutation in the PB2 protein. Sci Rep 2024; 14:26490. [PMID: 39489822 PMCID: PMC11532466 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-78175-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 10/29/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently A(H5Nx) avian influenza viruses are globally widespread and continue to evolve. Since their emergence in 2020 novel highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b reassortant viruses have become predominant in the world and caused multiple infections in mammals. It was shown that some of A(H5N1) viruses mostly isolated from mammals contain an E627K mutation in the PB2 protein which can lead to adaptation of influenza viruses to mammalian cells. In 2023 in Russia we have isolated two highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses from birds one of which contained an E627K mutation in the PB2 protein. This virus had increased virulence in mice. Limited airborne transmission of the virus with the PB2-E627K mutation was observed between ferrets, in which infectious virus was detected in the nasal washings of the three of the twelve recipient ferrets, and clinical symptoms of the disease were observed in one case. Both viruses showed dominant binding to avian-type sialoside receptors, which was most likely the reason for the limited transmissibility. Thus, this study indicates a possible limited increase in the pandemic potential of A(H5N1) 2.3.4.4b viruses and highlights the importance of continuous avian influenza surveillance for pandemic preparedness and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliy Yu Marchenko
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia.
| | - Anastasia S Panova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Natalia P Kolosova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Andrey S Gudymo
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Svyatchenko
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Alexey V Danilenko
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Natalia N Vasiltsova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Marina L Egorova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Galina S Onkhonova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Pavel D Zhestkov
- Federal Centre for Animal Health FGBI "ARRIAH", Rosselkhoznadzor, Vladimir, 600901, Russia
| | - Nikolay G Zinyakov
- Federal Centre for Animal Health FGBI "ARRIAH", Rosselkhoznadzor, Vladimir, 600901, Russia
| | - Dmitriy B Andreychuk
- Federal Centre for Animal Health FGBI "ARRIAH", Rosselkhoznadzor, Vladimir, 600901, Russia
| | - Ilya A Chvala
- Federal Centre for Animal Health FGBI "ARRIAH", Rosselkhoznadzor, Vladimir, 600901, Russia
| | - Maksim N Kosenko
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Anastasia A Moiseeva
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Nikita D Boldyrev
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Kiunnei N Shadrinova
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Olga N Perfilieva
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
| | - Alexander B Ryzhikov
- FBRI State Research Centre of Virology and Biotechnology "Vector", Rospotrebnadzor, Koltsovo, Novosibirsk, 630559, Russia
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15
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Delanglez F, Ampe B, Watteyn A, Van Damme LGW, Tuyttens FAM. How Do Flemish Laying Hen Farmers and Private Bird Keepers Comply with and Think about Measures to Control Avian Influenza? Vet Sci 2024; 11:475. [PMID: 39453067 PMCID: PMC11512282 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11100475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/03/2024] [Indexed: 10/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Competent authorities of many countries, including Belgium, impose control measures (preventing wild bird access to feeders and water facilities, indoor confinement of captive birds, or fencing off outdoor ranges with nets) on professional and non-professional keepers of birds to prevent the spread of avian influenza (AI). Flemish laying hen farmers (FAR, n = 33) and private keepers of captive birds (PRI, n = 263) were surveyed about their opinion on and compliance with AI measures legally imposed during the most recent high-risk period before this survey in 2021. Participants answered questions on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = the worst, 3 = neutral, and 5 = the best). FAR indicated better compliance with the AI measures than PRI, except for net confinement. FAR indicated that they and other poultry farmers complied better with AI measures than PRI. Additionally, PRI indicated that they better complied than other PRI keepers. FAR regarded the AI measures as more effective than PRI. To prevent the spread of AI more effectively, national authorities could focus on information campaigns explaining to private bird keepers the need for the various control measures that they impose. If these campaigns fail, local authorities may need stricter enforcement or alternative ways to increase compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Femke Delanglez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Bart Ampe
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Anneleen Watteyn
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth G W Van Damme
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - Frank A M Tuyttens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Animal Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), 9090 Melle, Belgium
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16
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Zhang Z, Lei Z. The Alarming Situation of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in 2019-2023. Glob Med Genet 2024; 11:200-213. [PMID: 38947761 PMCID: PMC11213626 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1788039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have the potential to cause severe illness in wild birds, domestic poultry, and humans. The ongoing circulation of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) has presented significant challenges to global poultry industry and public health in recent years. This study aimed to elucidate the circulation of HPAIVs during 2019 to 2023. Specifically, we assess the alarming global spread and continuous evolution of HPAIVs. Moreover, we discuss their transmission and prevention strategies to provide valuable references for future prevention and control measures against AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
- Department of Industrial & Systems Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Zhao Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China
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17
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Titcomb G, Uelmen J, Janko M, Nunn C. Infectious disease responses to human climate change adaptations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17433. [PMID: 39171421 PMCID: PMC11646313 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Many recent studies have examined the impact of predicted changes in temperature and precipitation patterns on infectious diseases under different greenhouse gas emissions scenarios. But these emissions scenarios symbolize more than altered temperature and precipitation regimes; they also represent differing levels of change in energy, transportation, and food production at a global scale to reduce the effects of climate change. The ways humans respond to climate change, either through adaptation or mitigation, have underappreciated, yet hugely impactful effects on infectious disease transmission, often in complex and sometimes nonintuitive ways. Thus, in addition to investigating the direct effects of climate changes on infectious diseases, it is critical to consider how human preventative measures and adaptations to climate change will alter the environments and hosts that support pathogens. Here, we consider the ways that human responses to climate change will likely impact disease risk in both positive and negative ways. We evaluate the evidence for these impacts based on the available data, and identify research directions needed to address climate change while minimizing externalities associated with infectious disease, especially for vulnerable communities. We identify several different human adaptations to climate change that are likely to affect infectious disease risk independently of the effects of climate change itself. We categorize these changes into adaptation strategies to secure access to water, food, and shelter, and mitigation strategies to decrease greenhouse gas emissions. We recognize that adaptation strategies are more likely to have infectious disease consequences for under-resourced communities, and call attention to the need for socio-ecological studies to connect human behavioral responses to climate change and their impacts on infectious disease. Understanding these effects is crucial as climate change intensifies and the global community builds momentum to slow these changes and reduce their impacts on human health, economic productivity, and political stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Titcomb
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Warner College of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Johnny Uelmen
- Triangle Center for Evolutionary Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Mark Janko
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Charles Nunn
- Triangle Center for Evolutionary Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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18
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Spackman E, Jones DR, McCoig AM, Colonius TJ, Goraichuk IV, Suarez DL. Characterization of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus in retail dairy products in the US. J Virol 2024; 98:e0088124. [PMID: 38958444 PMCID: PMC11264905 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00881-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
In March 2024, clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was detected in dairy cattle in the US, and it was discovered that the virus could be detected in raw milk. Although affected cow's milk is diverted from human consumption and current pasteurization requirements are expected to reduce or eliminate infectious HPAIV from the milk supply, a study was conducted to characterize whether the virus could be detected by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qrRT-PCR) in pasteurized retail dairy products and, if detected, to determine whether the virus was viable. From 18 April to 22 April 2024, a total of 297 samples of Grade A pasteurized retail milk products (23 product types) were collected from 17 US states that represented products from 132 processors in 38 states. Viral RNA was detected in 60 samples (20.2%), with qrRT-PCR-based quantity estimates (non-infectious) of up to 5.4log1050% egg infectious doses per mL, with a mean and median of 3.0log10/mL and 2.9log10/mL, respectively. Samples that were positive for type A influenza by qrRT-PCR were confirmed to be clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIV by qrRT-PCR. No infectious virus was detected in any of the qrRT-PCR-positive samples in embryonating chicken eggs. Further studies are needed to monitor the milk supply, but these results provide evidence that the infectious virus did not enter the US pasteurized milk supply before control measures for HPAIV were implemented in dairy cattle.IMPORTANCEHighly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infections in US dairy cattle were first confirmed in March 2024. Because the virus could be detected in raw milk, a study was conducted to determine whether it had entered the retail food supply. Pasteurized dairy products were collected from 17 states in April 2024. Viral RNA was detected in one in five samples, but infectious virus was not detected. This provides a snapshot of HPAIV in milk products early in the event and reinforces that with current safety measures, infectious viruses in milk are unlikely to enter the food supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Spackman
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Deana R. Jones
- Egg and Poultry Production Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Amber M. McCoig
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Tristan J. Colonius
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Iryna V. Goraichuk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Disease Research Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-Agricultural Research Service, Athens, Georgia, USA
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19
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Fan Q, Xie Z, Zhao J, Hua J, Wei Y, Li X, Li D, Luo S, Li M, Xie L, Zhang Y, Zhang M, Wang S, Ren H, Wan L. Simultaneous differential detection of H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of avian influenza viruses by a triplex fluorescence loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1419312. [PMID: 39015104 PMCID: PMC11250583 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1419312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
H5, H7, and H9 are pivotal avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes that cause substantial economic losses and pose potential threats to public health worldwide. In this study, a novel triplex fluorescence reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TLAMP) assay was developed in which traditional LAMP techniques were combined with probes for detection. Through this innovative approach, H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV can be simultaneously identified and differentiated, thereby offering crucial technical support for prevention and control efforts. Three primer sets and composite probes were designed based on conserved regions of the haemagglutinin gene for each subtype. The probes were labelled with distinct fluorophores at their 3' ends, which were detached to release the fluorescence signal during the amplification process. The detection results were interpreted based on the colour of the TLAMP products. Then, the reaction conditions were optimized, and three primer sets and probes were combined in the same reaction system, resulting in a TLAMP detection assay for the differential diagnosis of AIV subtypes. Sensitivity testing with in vitro-transcribed RNA revealed that the detection limit of the TLAMP assay was 205 copies per reaction for H5, 360 copies for H7, and 545 copies for H9. The TLAMP assay demonstrated excellent specificity, no cross-reactivity with related avian viruses, and 100% consistency with a previously published quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay. Therefore, due to its simplicity, rapidity, sensitivity, and specificity, this TLAMP assay is suitable for epidemiological investigations and is a valuable tool for detecting and distinguishing H5, H7, and H9 subtypes of AIV in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEAN Cross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, China
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20
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An Q, Li Y, Sun Z, Gao X, Wang H. Spatial and Temporal Characteristic Analysis and Risk Assessment of Global Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Subtype. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024; 2024:5571668. [PMID: 40303158 PMCID: PMC12016704 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5571668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
H5N8 HPAI is a highly infectious avian disease that now poses a serious threat and potential risk to poultry farming, wild birds, and public health. In this study, to investigate the seasonality and transmission directionality of global H5N8 HPAI, the spatial and temporal analysis of H5N8 HPAI was conducted using time series decomposition and directional distribution analysis. An ecological niche model was developed for H5N8 HPAI in poultry to identify areas at high risk of H5N8 HPAI in poultry and associated risk factors. The results indicated that three global pandemics of H5N8 HPAI emerged from 2014 to 2022, all showing a southeast-northwest distribution direction. H5N8 HPAI occurred more frequently in winter and less frequently in summer. The southwestern border region and the southeastern region of North America, the southern region of South America, most of Europe, the southern border region and the northern border region of Africa, and the southwestern region and the southeastern region of Asia provide the suitable environment for the occurrence of H5N8 HPAI in poultry. Chicken density, duck density, population density, bio1 (annual mean temperature), and land cover were considered important variables for the occurrence of H5N8 HPAI in poultry. This study can help optimize the use of resources and provide new information for policymakers to carry out prevention and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi An
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuepeng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Hongbin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
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21
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Krueger A, Myles DJF, Rice CP, Taylor TK, Hurwitz C, Morris J, Robinson S. Responding to avian influenza A H5N1 detection on a hospital property in Maine-An interdisciplinary approach. Zoonoses Public Health 2024; 71:331-335. [PMID: 38009284 DOI: 10.1111/zph.13097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The risk of infection with avian influenza A viruses currently circulating in wild and domestic birds in the Americas is considered low for the general public; however, detections in humans have been reported and warning signs of increased zoonotic potential have been identified. In December 2022, two Canada geese residing on the grounds of an urban hospital in Maine tested positive for influenza A H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b. AIMS Given the opportunity for exposure to staff and hospital visitors through potentially infected faeces on the property, public health authorities determined mitigation efforts were needed to prevent the spread of disease. The ensuing response relied on collaboration between the public health and animal health agencies to guide the hospital through efforts in preventing possible zoonotic transmission to humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS Mitigation efforts included staff communication and education, environmental cleaning and disinfection, enhanced illness surveillance among staff and patients, and exposure and source reduction. RESULTS No human H5N1 cases were identified, and no additional detections in birds on the property occurred. Hospital staff identified barriers to preparedness resulting from a lack of understanding of avian influenza A viruses and transmission prevention methods, including avian influenza risk in resident wild bird populations and proper wildlife management methods. CONCLUSION As this virus continues to circulate at the animal-human interface, this event and resulting response highlights the need for influenza A H5N1 risk awareness and guidance for facilities and groups not traditionally involved in avian influenza responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krueger
- Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Augusta, Maine, United States
| | - Devin J F Myles
- Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Augusta, Maine, United States
- MCD Global Health, Hallowell, Maine, United States
| | - Carrie P Rice
- Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Augusta, Maine, United States
- MCD Global Health, Hallowell, Maine, United States
| | - Tegwin K Taylor
- Maine Department of Inland Fisheries & Wildlife, Augusta, Maine, United States
| | - Carolyn Hurwitz
- Maine Department of Agriculture, Conservation & Forestry, Augusta, Maine, United States
| | - Jesse Morris
- United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Riverdale, Maryland, United States
| | - Sara Robinson
- Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Augusta, Maine, United States
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22
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European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Adlhoch C, Alm E, Enkirch T, Lamb F, Melidou A, Willgert K, Marangon S, Monne I, Stegeman JA, Delacourt R, Baldinelli F, Broglia A. Drivers for a pandemic due to avian influenza and options for One Health mitigation measures. EFSA J 2024; 22:e8735. [PMID: 38576537 PMCID: PMC10988447 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) remain prevalent among wild bird populations in the European Union and European Economic Area (EU/EEA), leading to significant illness in and death of birds. Transmission between bird and mammal species has been observed, particularly in fur animal farms, where outbreaks have been reported. While transmission from infected birds to humans is rare, there have been instances of exposure to these viruses since 2020 without any symptomatic infections reported in the EU/EEA. However, these viruses continue to evolve globally, and with the migration of wild birds, new strains carrying potential mutations for mammalian adaptation could be selected. If avian A(H5N1) influenza viruses acquire the ability to spread efficiently among humans, large-scale transmission could occur due to the lack of immune defences against H5 viruses in humans. The emergence of AIV capable of infecting mammals, including humans, can be facilitated by various drivers. Some intrinsic drivers are related to virus characteristics or host susceptibility. Other drivers are extrinsic and may increase exposure of mammals and humans to AIV thereby stimulating mutation and adaptation to mammals. Extrinsic drivers include the ecology of host species, such as including wildlife, human activities like farming practices and the use of natural resources, climatic and environmental factors. One Health measures to mitigate the risk of AIV adapting to mammals and humans focus on limiting exposure and preventing spread. Key options for actions include enhancing surveillance targeting humans and animals, ensuring access to rapid diagnostics, promoting collaboration between animal and human sectors, and implementing preventive measures such as vaccination. Effective communication to different involved target audiences should be emphasised, as well as strengthening veterinary infrastructure, enforcing biosecurity measures at farms, and reducing wildlife contact with domestic animals. Careful planning of poultry and fur animal farming, especially in areas with high waterfowl density, is highlighted for effective risk reduction.
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23
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Arruda B, Baker ALV, Buckley A, Anderson TK, Torchetti M, Bergeson NH, Killian ML, Lantz K. Divergent Pathogenesis and Transmission of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) in Swine. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:738-751. [PMID: 38478379 PMCID: PMC10977838 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.231141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have potential to cross species barriers and cause pandemics. Since 2022, HPAI A(H5N1) belonging to the goose/Guangdong 2.3.4.4b hemagglutinin phylogenetic clade have infected poultry, wild birds, and mammals across North America. Continued circulation in birds and infection of multiple mammalian species with strains possessing adaptation mutations increase the risk for infection and subsequent reassortment with influenza A viruses endemic in swine. We assessed the susceptibility of swine to avian and mammalian HPAI H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b strains using a pathogenesis and transmission model. All strains replicated in the lung of pigs and caused lesions consistent with influenza A infection. However, viral replication in the nasal cavity and transmission was only observed with mammalian isolates. Mammalian adaptation and reassortment may increase the risk for incursion and transmission of HPAI viruses in feral, backyard, or commercial swine.
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24
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Andrew CL, Russell SL, Coombe M, Zlosnik JEA, Kuchinski KS, Caleta J, Fjell C, Berhane Y, Bowes V, Redford T, Thacker C, Wilson L, Henaff M, Harms NJ, Jassem A, Giacinti J, Soos C, Prystajecky N, Himsworth C. Descriptive Epidemiology and Phylodynamics of the "First Wave" of an Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1 Clade 2.3.4.4b) in British Columbia and the Yukon, Canada, April to September 2022. Transbound Emerg Dis 2024; 2024:2327939. [PMID: 40303032 PMCID: PMC12017231 DOI: 10.1155/2024/2327939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a viral disease that causes significant rates of morbidity and mortality in domestic poultry and wild birds, with occasional spillover into mammals, including humans. Beginning in November 2021, Canada experienced its longest and largest outbreak of HPAI in history. A portion of this outbreak (H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b) occurred in western Canada, specifically in British Columbia (B.C.) and the Yukon, between April 12 and September 11, 2022, which was classified as the "first wave" in this region. Wild birds and mammals identified through passive surveillance and suspect domestic poultry flocks were screened for avian influenza virus (AIV), typed H5 by qPCR, and positive cases were whole genome sequenced. Descriptive epidemiological and phylodynamic analyses were performed to: (1) understand the taxonomic and geographic extent of wild species involved; and (2) examine the origins and probable transmission networks of HPAI viruses introduced into B.C./Yukon by comparing local viruses with those circulating elsewhere in North America. This outbreak included 21 species of wild birds, 2 species of wild mammals, 4 commercial, and 12 domestic small flock infected premises. Canada geese (Branta canadensis) and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) were the most common wild species detected. We demonstrate that north-south avian migration via the Pacific Flyway is the probable route of multiple incursions into this region. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA) segment revealed that the B.C./Yukon viruses detected formed five distinct genetic clusters which were maintained across the whole genome. Although, the genome segments were predominantly Eurasian in origin, NP and PB2 segments from all samples, as well as NS and PB1 segments from Cluster 3, had North American origins. Overall, we demonstrate the utility of genomic epidemiology to inform HPAI transmission dynamics across Western Canada and discuss potential knowledge gaps that exist in passive surveillance strategies for HPAI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Andrew
- Department of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Shannon L. Russell
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 4R4, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Michelle Coombe
- Department of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Vancouver, Canada
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, B.C. V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - James E. A. Zlosnik
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 4R4, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Kevin S. Kuchinski
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 4R4, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Jessica Caleta
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 4R4, Vancouver, Canada
- Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC), National Microbiology Laboratory (NML), 1015 Arlington St., Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3P6, Canada
| | - Chris Fjell
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 4R4, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Yohannes Berhane
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg MB R3E 3M4, Canada
| | - Victoria Bowes
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, B.C. V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Tony Redford
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, B.C. V3G 2M3, Canada
| | - Caeley Thacker
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, P. O. Box 9338 Stn Prov Govt Victoria, Victoria, B.C., V8W 9M3, Canada
| | - Laurie Wilson
- Canadian Wildlife Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Pacific Wildlife Research Centre, 5421 Robertson Road, Delta, B.C. V4K 3N2, Canada
| | - Maud Henaff
- Government of Yukon, Department of Environment, Animal Health Unit, 10 Burns Road, Whitehorse YT Y1A 4Y9, Canada
| | - N. Jane Harms
- Government of Yukon, Department of Environment, Animal Health Unit, 10 Burns Road, Whitehorse YT Y1A 4Y9, Canada
| | - Agatha Jassem
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 4R4, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Jolene Giacinti
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Catherine Soos
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Natalie Prystajecky
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, 655 W 12th Avenue Vancouver, B.C., V5Z 4R4, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z7, Canada
| | - Chelsea Himsworth
- Department of Medicine, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, 2206 East Mall Vancouver, B.C. V6T 1Z3, Vancouver, Canada
- Animal Health Centre, British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, B.C. V3G 2M3, Canada
- Canadian Wildlife Health Cooperative British Columbia, 1767 Angus Campbell Road, Abbotsford, B.C. V3G 2M3, Canada
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25
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Sayedahmed EE, Elshafie NO, dos Santos AP, Jagannath C, Sambhara S, Mittal SK. Development of NP-Based Universal Vaccine for Influenza A Viruses. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:157. [PMID: 38400140 PMCID: PMC10892571 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The nucleoprotein (NP) is a vital target for the heterosubtypic immunity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) due to its conservation among influenza virus subtypes. To further enhance the T cell immunity of NP, autophagy-inducing peptide C5 (AIP-C5) from the CFP10 protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was used. Mice were immunized intranasally (i.n.) with human adenoviral vectors, HAd-C5-NP(H7N9) or HAd-NP(H7N9), expressing NP of an H7N9 influenza virus with or without the AIP-C5, respectively. Both vaccines developed similar levels of NP-specific systemic and mucosal antibody titers; however, there was a significantly higher number of NP-specific CD8 T cells secreting interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in the HAd-C5-NP(H7N9) group than in the HAd-NP(H7N9) group. The HAd-C5-NP(H7N9) vaccine provided better protection following the challenge with A/Puerto Rico/8/1934(H1N1), A/Hong Kong/1/68(H3N2), A/chukkar/MN/14951-7/1998(H5N2), A/goose/Nebraska/17097/2011(H7N9), or A/Hong Kong/1073/1999(H9N2) influenza viruses compared to the HAd-NP(H7N9) group. The autophagy transcriptomic gene analysis of the HAd-C5-NP(H7N9) group revealed the upregulation of some genes involved in the positive regulation of the autophagy process. The results support further exploring the use of NP and AIP-C5 for developing a universal influenza vaccine for pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekramy E. Sayedahmed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (E.E.S.); (N.O.E.); (A.P.d.S.)
| | - Nelly O. Elshafie
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (E.E.S.); (N.O.E.); (A.P.d.S.)
| | - Andrea P. dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (E.E.S.); (N.O.E.); (A.P.d.S.)
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Center for Infectious Diseases and Translational Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill-Cornell Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Suresh K. Mittal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue Institute for Immunology, Inflammation and Infectious Disease, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (E.E.S.); (N.O.E.); (A.P.d.S.)
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26
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Tang C, Carrera Montoya J, Fritzlar S, Flavel M, Londrigan SL, Mackenzie JM. Polyphenol rich sugarcane extract (PRSE) has potential antiviral activity against influenza A virus in vitro. Virology 2024; 590:109969. [PMID: 38118269 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.109969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is one of the major global public health concerns but the emerging resistance of IAV to currently available antivirals requires the need to identify potential alternatives. Polyphenol rich sugarcane extract (PRSE) is an extract prepared from the sugarcane plant Saccharum Officinarum. Herein we aimed to determine if PRSE had antiviral activity against IAV. We showed that treatment of IAV-infected cells with PRSE results in a dose-dependent inhibition of virus infection at concentrations that were non-cytotoxic. PRSE treatment limited the early stages of infection, reducing viral genome replication, mRNA transcription and viral protein expression. PRSE did not affect the ability of IAV to bind sialic acid or change the morphology of viral particles. Additionally, PRSE treatment attenuated the replication of multiple IAV strains of the H3N2 and H1N1 subtype. In conclusion, we show that PRSE displays antiviral activity against a broad range of IAV strains, in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caolingzhi Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Julio Carrera Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Svenja Fritzlar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Matthew Flavel
- The Product Makers (Australia) Pty Ltd, Keysborough, VIC, 3173, Australia
| | - Sarah L Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, 3000, Australia.
| | - Jason M Mackenzie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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Uno N, Ross TM. Multivalent next generation influenza virus vaccines protect against seasonal and pre-pandemic viruses. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1440. [PMID: 38228649 PMCID: PMC10792005 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-51024-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Each year, new influenza virus vaccine formulations are generated to keep up with continuously circulating and mutating viral variants. A next-generation influenza virus vaccine would provide long-lasting, broadly-reactive immune protection against current and future influenza virus strains for both seasonal and pre-pandemic viruses. Next generation immunogens were designed using computationally optimized broadly reactive antigen (COBRA) methodology to protect against a broad range of strains over numerous seasons. Novel HA and NA amino acid sequences were derived from multilayered consensus sequence alignment for multiple subtypes of influenza. This multivalent formulation was hypothesized to elicit broadly protective immune responses against both seasonal and pre-pandemic influenza viruses. Mice were vaccinated with multivalent mixtures of HA and NA (H1, H2, H3, H5, H7, N1, N2) proteins. Multivalent COBRA vaccinations elicited antibodies that recognized a broad panel of strains and vaccinated mice were protected against viruses representing multiple subtypes. This is a promising candidate for a universal influenza vaccine that elicits protective immune responses against seasonal and pre-pandemic strains over multiple seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Uno
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic Florida, 9801 SW Discovery Way, Port Saint Lucie, FL, 34986, USA.
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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28
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Luo S, Xie Z, Li M, Li D, Zhang M, Ruan Z, Xie L, Wang S, Fan Q, Zhang Y, Huang J, Zeng T. Simultaneous Differential Detection of H5, H7, H9 and Nine NA Subtypes of Avian Influenza Viruses via a GeXP Assay. Microorganisms 2024; 12:143. [PMID: 38257970 PMCID: PMC10819249 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
H5, H7 and H9 are the most important subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs), and nine neuraminidase (NA) subtypes (N1-N9) of AIVs have been identified in poultry. A method that can simultaneously detect H5, H7, H9 and the nine NA subtypes of AIVs would save time and effort. In this study, 13 pairs of primers, including 12 pairs of subtype-specific primers for detecting particular subtypes (H5, H7, H9 and N1-N9) and one pair of universal primers for detecting all subtypes of AIVs, were designed and screened. The 13 pairs of primers were mixed in the same reaction, and the 13 target genes were simultaneously detected. A GeXP assay using all 13 pairs of primers to simultaneously detect H5, H7, H9 and the nine NA subtypes of AIVs was developed. The GeXP assay showed specific binding to the corresponding target genes for singlet and multiplex templates, and no cross-reactivity was observed between AIV subtypes and other related avian pathogens. Detection was observed even when only 102 copies of the 13 target genes were present. This study provides a high-throughput, rapid and labor-saving GeXP assay for the simultaneous rapid identification of three HA subtypes (H5, H7 and N9) and nine NA subtypes (N1-N9) of AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhixun Xie
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of China (Guangxi)-ASEANCross-Border Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning 530001, China; (S.L.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (M.Z.); (Z.R.); (L.X.); (S.W.); (Q.F.); (Y.Z.); (J.H.); (T.Z.)
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29
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Konkova AV, Savina IV, Evtushok DV, Pozmogova TN, Solomatina MV, Nokhova AR, Alekseev AY, Kuratieva NV, Eltsov IV, Yanshole VV, Shestopalov AM, Ivanov AA, Shestopalov MA. Water-Soluble Polyoxometal Clusters of Molybdenum (V) with Pyrazole and Triazole: Synthesis and Study of Cytotoxicity and Antiviral Activity. Molecules 2023; 28:8079. [PMID: 38138569 PMCID: PMC10745505 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28248079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Among well-studied and actively developing compounds are polyoxometalates (POMs), which show application in many fields. Extending this class of compounds, we introduce a new subclass of polyoxometal clusters (POMCs) [Mo12O28(μ-L)8]4- (L = pyrazolate (pz) or triazolate (1,2,3-trz or 1,2,4-trz)), structurally similar to POM, but containing binuclear Mo2O4 clusters linked by bridging oxo- and organic ligands. The complexes obtained by ampoule synthesis from the binuclear cluster [Mo2O4(C2O4)2(H2O)2]2- in a melt of an organic ligand are soluble and stable in aqueous solutions. In addition to the detailed characterization in solid state and in aqueous solution, the biological properties of the compounds on normal and cancer cells were investigated, and antiviral activity against influenza A virus (subtype H5N1) was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V. Konkova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.V.K.); (I.V.S.); (D.V.E.); (T.N.P.); (N.V.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Iulia V. Savina
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.V.K.); (I.V.S.); (D.V.E.); (T.N.P.); (N.V.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Darya V. Evtushok
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.V.K.); (I.V.S.); (D.V.E.); (T.N.P.); (N.V.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Tatiana N. Pozmogova
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.V.K.); (I.V.S.); (D.V.E.); (T.N.P.); (N.V.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Maria V. Solomatina
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 2 Timakova St, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (M.V.S.); (A.R.N.); (A.Y.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Alina R. Nokhova
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 2 Timakova St, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (M.V.S.); (A.R.N.); (A.Y.A.); (A.M.S.)
| | - Alexander Y. Alekseev
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 2 Timakova St, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (M.V.S.); (A.R.N.); (A.Y.A.); (A.M.S.)
- Research Institute of Applied Ecology, Dagestan State University, 43a Gadzhiyeva St, Makhachkala 367000, Russia
| | - Natalia V. Kuratieva
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.V.K.); (I.V.S.); (D.V.E.); (T.N.P.); (N.V.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Ilia V. Eltsov
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
| | - Vadim V. Yanshole
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 3a Institutskaya Str., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia;
- Department of Physics, Novosibirsk State University, 1 Pirogova St., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Aleksander M. Shestopalov
- Research Institute of Virology, Federal Research Center of Fundamental and Translational Medicine, 2 Timakova St, Novosibirsk 630117, Russia; (M.V.S.); (A.R.N.); (A.Y.A.); (A.M.S.)
- Research Institute of Applied Ecology, Dagestan State University, 43a Gadzhiyeva St, Makhachkala 367000, Russia
| | - Anton A. Ivanov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.V.K.); (I.V.S.); (D.V.E.); (T.N.P.); (N.V.K.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Michael A. Shestopalov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry SB RAS, 3 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave., Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (A.V.K.); (I.V.S.); (D.V.E.); (T.N.P.); (N.V.K.); (M.A.S.)
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Schoen ME, Bidwell AL, Wolfe MK, Boehm AB. United States Influenza 2022-2023 Season Characteristics as Inferred from Wastewater Solids, Influenza Hospitalization, and Syndromic Data. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:20542-20550. [PMID: 38014848 PMCID: PMC10720384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in the United States and has pandemic potential. Identifying IAV epidemic patterns is essential to inform the timing of vaccinations and nonpharmaceutical interventions. In a prospective, longitudinal study design, we measured IAV RNA in wastewater settled solids at 163 wastewater treatment plants across 33 states to characterize the 2022-2023 influenza season at the state, health and human services (HHS) regional, and national scales. Influenza season onset, offset, duration, peak, and intensity using IAV RNA in wastewater were compared with those determined using laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalization rates and outpatient visits for influenza-like illness (ILI). The onset for HHS regions as determined by IAV RNA in wastewater roughly corresponded with those determined using ILI when the annual geometric mean of IAV RNA concentration was used as a baseline (i.e., the threshold that triggers onset), although offsets between the two differed. IAV RNA in wastewater provided early warning of onset, compared to the ILI estimate, when the baseline was set at twice the limit of IAV RNA detection in wastewater. Peak when determined by IAV RNA in wastewater generally preceded peak determined by IAV hospitalization rate by 2 weeks or less. IAV RNA in wastewater settled solids is an IAV-specific indicator that can be used to augment clinical surveillance for seasonal influenza epidemic timing and intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Schoen
- Soller
Environmental, LLC, 3022
King Street, Berkeley, California 94703, United States
| | - Amanda L. Bidwell
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and
Doerr School of Sustainability, Stanford
University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Marlene K. Wolfe
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Alexandria B. Boehm
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and
Doerr 8 School of Sustainability, Stanford
University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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31
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Islam A, Munro S, Hassan MM, Epstein JH, Klaassen M. The role of vaccination and environmental factors on outbreaks of high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 in Bangladesh. One Health 2023; 17:100655. [PMID: 38116452 PMCID: PMC10728328 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
High Pathogenicity Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks continue to wreak havoc on the global poultry industry and threaten the health of wild bird populations, with sporadic spillover in humans and other mammals, resulting in widespread calls to vaccinate poultry. Bangladesh has been vaccinating poultry since 2012, presenting a prime opportunity to study the effects of vaccination on HPAI H5N1circulation in both poultry and wild birds. We investigated the efficacy of vaccinating commercial poultry against HPAI H5N1 along with climatic and socio-economic factors considered potential drivers of HPAI H5N1 outbreak risk in Bangladesh. Using a multivariate modeling approach, we estimated that the rate of outbreaks was 18 times higher before compared to after vaccination, with winter months having a three times higher chance of outbreaks than summer months. Variables resulting in small but significant increases in outbreak rate were relatively low ambient temperatures for the time of year, literacy rate, chicken and duck density, crop density, and presence of highways; this may be attributable to low temperatures supporting viral survival outside the host, higher literacy driving reporting rate, density of the host reservoir, and spread of the virus through increased connectivity. Despite the substantial impact of vaccination on outbreaks, we note that HPAI H5N1 is still enzootic in Bangladesh; vaccinated poultry flocks have high rates of H5N1 prevalence, and spillover to wild birds has increased. Vaccination in Bangladesh thus bears the risk of supporting "silent spread," where the vaccine only provides protection against disease and not also infection. Our findings underscore that poultry vaccination can be part of holistic HPAI mitigation strategies when accompanied by monitoring to avoid silent spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- EcoHealth Alliance, New York, NY 10018, USA
| | | | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Queensland Alliance for One Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh
| | | | - Marcel Klaassen
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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32
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Lu XM, Feng XY, Wu Y, Wen CB, Liu H, Zhang DX. Genetic characterization of a novel H5N6 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza virus from goose in China. J Infect 2023; 87:e94-e95. [PMID: 37838253 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Ming Lu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Xiang-Yan Feng
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Yue Wu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Wen
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Hao Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - De-Xian Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, China.
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33
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Sun W, Xu J, Wang Z, Li D, Sun Y, Zhu M, Liu X, Li Y, Li F, Wang T, Feng N, Guo Z, Xia X, Gao Y. Clade 2.3.4.4 H5 chimeric cold-adapted attenuated influenza vaccines induced cross-reactive protection in mice and ferrets. J Virol 2023; 97:e0110123. [PMID: 37916835 PMCID: PMC10688331 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01101-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Clade 2.3.4.4 H5Nx avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have circulated globally and caused substantial economic loss. Increasing numbers of humans have been infected with Clade 2.3.4.4 H5N6 AIVs in recent years. Only a few human influenza vaccines have been licensed to date. However, the licensed live attenuated influenza virus vaccine exhibited the potential of being recombinant with the wild-type influenza A virus (IAV). Therefore, we developed a chimeric cold-adapted attenuated influenza vaccine based on the Clade 2.3.4.4 H5 AIVs. These H5 vaccines demonstrate the advantage of being non-recombinant with circulated IAVs in the future influenza vaccine study. The findings of our current study reveal that these H5 vaccines can induce cross-reactive protective efficacy in mice and ferrets. Our H5 vaccines may provide a novel option for developing human-infected Clade 2.3.4.4 H5 AIV vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences,Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhenfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jilin Province Key Laboratory on Chemistry and Biology of Changbai Mountain Natural Drugs, School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Menghan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiawei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Henan International Joint Laboratory for Nuclear Protein Regulation, Henan University, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Fangxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Resistant Biology of Shandong, College of Life Sciences,Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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Gilbert W, Adamson D, Donachie D, Hamilton K, Rushton J. A Cost-Benefit Analysis of Preparing National Veterinary Services for Transboundary Animal Disease Emergencies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023; 2023:1765243. [PMID: 40303658 PMCID: PMC12017056 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1765243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2025]
Abstract
The natural, accidental, or deliberate release of pathogens into livestock populations carries with it a range of consequences for society, from zoonotic disease outbreaks, to changes in food security and economic welfare. An important contribution to mitigating the risk of disease outbreaks comes from having well-prepared emergency response plans and agencies with the capacity to put those plans into operation. In the case of animal disease, national Veterinary Services (VS) take a central role. Unknown and uncertain events, such as if, when and where the next disease outbreak will occur makes economic decision-making a challenge. While the costs of preparing for emergencies can be quantified in a conventional manner, the scope, scale, and likelihood of benefits actually accruing are all subject to uncertainty. This study attempts to examine the costs and benefits of preparing national VS for animal disease emergencies, including natural, accidental, or deliberate release of pathogens. Data collected as part of the World Organisation for Animal Health's Performance of VS program for countries in East and West Africa and South East Asia were used for estimating investment costs. A state-contingent approach is used to constrain the uncertainty space in terms of disease impact. The probability of a disease event occurring and the probability of that event being contained by emergency preparation are used to describe a frontier at which investment breaks-even in a variety of scenarios. An increased probability of breaking-even on investment was found with high livestock numbers per capita and increasing intensification in livestock production systems. The method and findings provide a means to understand the benefits of preparing for uncertain events and are aimed to further the dialogue around policy development for livestock disease emergencies in lower-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Gilbert
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - David Adamson
- School of Economics and Public Policy, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | | | - Jonathan Rushton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Huo X, Chen Y, Zhu J, Wang Y. Evolution, genetic recombination, and phylogeography of goose parvovirus. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 102:102079. [PMID: 37812834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.102079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Goose parvovirus (GPV) has garnered global attention due to its association with severe symptoms in waterfowl. However, the process underlying the global emergence and spread of GPV remains largely elusive. In this study, we illustrated the evolutionary characteristics of GPVs from a global perspective using phylogenetic analysis, recombination analysis, selection pressure analysis, and phylogeographic analysis. Our findings indicate that GPV and muscovy duck parvovirus (MDPV) diverge into two distinct branches. Within GPV, there are two classifications: classical GPV (C-GPV) and novel GPV (N-GPV), each containing three subgroups, underscoring the significant genetic diversity of GPV. Recombination analysis revealed 11 recombination events, suggesting C-GPV, N-GPV, and MDPV co-infections. Further, phylogeographic analysis revealed that China is an important exporter of GPV and that trade might serve as a potential transmission conduit. Nonetheless, a detailed understanding of its geographic transmission dynamics warrants further investigation due to the limited scope of current genomic data in our study. This study offers novel insights into the evolutionary state and spread of GPV, holding promise for informing preventive and containment strategies against GPV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrui Huo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Yumeng Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Jingru Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China
| | - Yong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, PR China.
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36
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Gass JD, Hill NJ, Damodaran L, Naumova EN, Nutter FB, Runstadler JA. Ecogeographic Drivers of the Spatial Spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Outbreaks in Europe and the United States, 2016-Early 2022. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6030. [PMID: 37297634 PMCID: PMC10252585 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of clade 2.3.4.4 have caused outbreaks in Europe among wild and domestic birds since 2016 and were introduced to North America via wild migratory birds in December 2021. We examined the spatiotemporal extent of HPAI viruses across continents and characterized ecological and environmental predictors of virus spread between geographic regions by constructing a Bayesian phylodynamic generalized linear model (phylodynamic-GLM). The findings demonstrate localized epidemics of H5Nx throughout Europe in the first several years of the epizootic, followed by a singular branching point where H5N1 viruses were introduced to North America, likely via stopover locations throughout the North Atlantic. Once in the United States (US), H5Nx viruses spread at a greater rate between US-based regions as compared to prior spread in Europe. We established that geographic proximity is a predictor of virus spread between regions, implying that intercontinental transport across the Atlantic Ocean is relatively rare. An increase in mean ambient temperature over time was predictive of reduced H5Nx virus spread, which may reflect the effect of climate change on declines in host species abundance, decreased persistence of the virus in the environment, or changes in migratory patterns due to ecological alterations. Our data provide new knowledge about the spread and directionality of H5Nx virus dispersal in Europe and the US during an actively evolving intercontinental outbreak, including predictors of virus movement between regions, which will contribute to surveillance and mitigation strategies as the outbreak unfolds, and in future instances of uncontained avian spread of HPAI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon D. Gass
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Nichola J. Hill
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts, Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | | | - Elena N. Naumova
- Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Felicia B. Nutter
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
| | - Jonathan A. Runstadler
- Department of Infectious Disease and Global Health, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA 01536, USA
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Fosse JH, Andresen AMS, Ploss FB, Weli SC, Heffernan IA, Sapkota S, Lundgård K, Kuiper RV, Solhaug A, Falk K. The infectious salmon anemia virus esterase prunes erythrocyte surfaces in infected Atlantic salmon and exposes terminal sialic acids to lectin recognition. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1158077. [PMID: 37180109 PMCID: PMC10167051 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1158077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Many sialic acid-binding viruses express a receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) that removes the virus-targeted receptor and limits viral interactions with the host cell surface. Despite a growing appreciation of how the viral RDE promotes viral fitness, little is known about its direct effects on the host. Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV) attaches to 4-O-acetylated sialic acids on Atlantic salmon epithelial, endothelial, and red blood cell surfaces. ISAV receptor binding and destruction are effectuated by the same molecule, the haemagglutinin esterase (HE). We recently discovered a global loss of vascular 4-O-acetylated sialic acids in ISAV-infected fish. The loss correlated with the expression of viral proteins, giving rise to the hypothesis that it was mediated by the HE. Here, we report that the ISAV receptor is also progressively lost from circulating erythrocytes in infected fish. Furthermore, salmon erythrocytes exposed to ISAV ex vivo lost their capacity to bind new ISAV particles. The loss of ISAV binding was not associated with receptor saturation. Moreover, upon loss of the ISAV receptor, erythrocyte surfaces became more available to the lectin wheat germ agglutinin, suggesting a potential to alter interactions with endogenous lectins of similar specificity. The pruning of erythrocyte surfaces was inhibited by an antibody that prevented ISAV attachment. Furthermore, recombinant HE, but not an esterase-silenced mutant, was sufficient to induce the observed surface modulation. This links the ISAV-induced erythrocyte modulation to the hydrolytic activity of the HE and shows that the observed effects are not mediated by endogenous esterases. Our findings are the first to directly link a viral RDE to extensive cell surface modulation in infected individuals. This raises the questions of whether other sialic acid-binding viruses that express RDEs affect host cells to a similar extent, and if such RDE-mediated cell surface modulation influences host biological functions with relevance to viral disease.
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Simancas-Racines A, Cadena-Ullauri S, Guevara-Ramírez P, Zambrano AK, Simancas-Racines D. Avian Influenza: Strategies to Manage an Outbreak. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040610. [PMID: 37111496 PMCID: PMC10145843 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) is a contagious disease among the poultry population with high avian mortality, which generates significant economic losses and elevated costs for disease control and outbreak eradication. AI is caused by an RNA virus part of the Orthomyxoviridae family; however, only Influenzavirus A is capable of infecting birds. AI pathogenicity is based on the lethality, signs, and molecular characteristics of the virus. Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus has a low mortality rate and ability to infect, whereas the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus can cross respiratory and intestinal barriers, diffuse to the blood, damage all tissues of the bird, and has a high mortality rate. Nowadays, avian influenza is a global public health concern due to its zoonotic potential. Wild waterfowl is the natural reservoir of AI viruses, and the oral-fecal path is the main transmission route between birds. Similarly, transmission to other species generally occurs after virus circulation in densely populated infected avian species, indicating that AI viruses can adapt to promote the spread. Moreover, HPAI is a notifiable animal disease; therefore, all countries must report infections to the health authorities. Regarding laboratory diagnoses, the presence of influenza virus type A can be identified by agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), immunofluorescence assays, and enzyme-linked immunoadsorption assay (ELISAs). Furthermore, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is used for viral RNA detection and is considered the gold standard for the management of suspect and confirmed cases of AI. If there is suspicion of a case, epidemiological surveillance protocols must be initiated until a definitive diagnosis is obtained. Moreover, if there is a confirmed case, containment actions should be prompt and strict precautions must be taken when handling infected poultry cases or infected materials. The containment measures for confirmed cases include the sanitary slaughter of infected poultry using methods such as environment saturation with CO2, carbon dioxide foam, and cervical dislocation. For disposal, burial, and incineration, protocols should be followed. Lastly, disinfection of affected poultry farms must be carried out. The present review aims to provide an overview of the avian influenza virus, strategies for its management, the challenges an outbreak can generate, and recommendations for informed decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Simancas-Racines
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Recursos Naturales, Carrera de Medicina Veterinaria Universidad Técnica de Cotopaxi, Latacunga 050108, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Santiago Cadena-Ullauri
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Guevara-Ramírez
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Ana Karina Zambrano
- Centro de Investigación Genética y Genómica, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud Eugenio Espejo, Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
| | - Daniel Simancas-Racines
- Centro de Investigación de Salud Pública y Epidemiología Clínica (CISPEC), Universidad UTE, Quito 170129, Ecuador
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Abdelwhab EM, Mettenleiter TC. Zoonotic Animal Influenza Virus and Potential Mixing Vessel Hosts. Viruses 2023; 15:980. [PMID: 37112960 PMCID: PMC10145017 DOI: 10.3390/v15040980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses belong to the family Orthomyxoviridae with a negative-sense, single-stranded segmented RNA genome. They infect a wide range of animals, including humans. From 1918 to 2009, there were four influenza pandemics, which caused millions of casualties. Frequent spillover of animal influenza viruses to humans with or without intermediate hosts poses a serious zoonotic and pandemic threat. The current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic overshadowed the high risk raised by animal influenza viruses, but highlighted the role of wildlife as a reservoir for pandemic viruses. In this review, we summarize the occurrence of animal influenza virus in humans and describe potential mixing vessel or intermediate hosts for zoonotic influenza viruses. While several animal influenza viruses possess a high zoonotic risk (e.g., avian and swine influenza viruses), others are of low to negligible zoonotic potential (e.g., equine, canine, bat and bovine influenza viruses). Transmission can occur directly from animals, particularly poultry and swine, to humans or through reassortant viruses in "mixing vessel" hosts. To date, there are less than 3000 confirmed human infections with avian-origin viruses and less than 7000 subclinical infections documented. Likewise, only a few hundreds of confirmed human cases caused by swine influenza viruses have been reported. Pigs are the historic mixing vessel host for the generation of zoonotic influenza viruses due to the expression of both avian-type and human-type receptors. Nevertheless, there are a number of hosts which carry both types of receptors and can act as a potential mixing vessel host. High vigilance is warranted to prevent the next pandemic caused by animal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Auer A, Panzarin V, Monne I, Crimaudo M, Angot A, Gourlaouen M, Lamien CE, Cattoli G. Comparative assessment of lyophilized and wet reagents for the molecular detection of H5N1 high pathogenic avian influenza virus and H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus. J Virol Methods 2023; 314:114686. [PMID: 36731632 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Global surveillance for Avian Influenza Virus (AIV) in birds is essential for assessing public and animal health risks and real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is among the official methods recommended by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) to confirm the presence of the virus in laboratory specimens. Yet, in low-resource setting laboratories, the detection of AIV can be hampered by the need to maintain a cold chain for wet reagents. In such cases, alternatives should be ready to maximize surveillance capacities and mining of AIV. Therefore, we compared two lyophilized RT-qPCR reagents (1st - 5 × CAPITAL™ 1-Step qRT-PCR Probe Reagent, lyophilized kit, and 2nd - Qscript lyo 1-step-kit) to the WOAH recommended protocol by Nagy et al., 2020 using QuantiTect Probe RT-PCR-kit as wet reagent. The comparative study panel comprised 102 RNA samples from two AIV subtypes, i.e. H5 and H9 subtypes. Despite that the wet reagent exhibited the lowest limit of detection (LOD) compared to the two lyophilized reagents, the inter-assay agreement was substantial between the 1st lyophilized reagent and the comparator with 95.1% of shared positive results. Cohen's-kappa was fair between the 2nd lyophilized reagent and the comparator with 75.5% of shared positive results. Agreement using the statistical test Bland-Altman was good for samples with Cq-values < 25 for all reagents, revealing discrepancies when the viral load is low. This trend was especially evident while using the 2nd lyophilized reagent. Similar trends were obtained using the same lyophilized reagents but following the protocol by Heine et al., 2015 with AgPath-ID™ One-Step RT-PCR as a comparator, showing that Cq-values increase using lyophilized reagents but correlate strongly with the wet reagent. Further, inter-assay agreement between reagents improved when the protocol from Heine et al., 2015 was applied, suggesting a higher resilience to chemistry changes allowing easier reagents interchangeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Auer
- Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH), Animal Health Service (NSAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Rome, Italy; Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Valentina Panzarin
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marika Crimaudo
- EU/WOAH/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Division of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), 35020 Legnaro, Italy
| | - Angelique Angot
- Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH), Animal Health Service (NSAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Rome, Italy
| | - Morgane Gourlaouen
- Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH), Animal Health Service (NSAH), Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO-UN), Rome, Italy
| | - Charles E Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Giovanni Cattoli
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre for Nuclear Applications in Food and Agriculture, Department of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, International Atomic Energy Agency, Seibersdorf, Austria
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Yang XY, Gong QL, Li YJ, Ata EB, Hu MJ, Sun YY, Xue ZY, Yang YS, Sun XP, Shi CW, Yang GL, Huang HB, Jiang YL, Wang JZ, Cao X, Wang N, Zeng Y, Yang WT, Wang CF. The global prevalence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N8) infection in birds: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2023; 176:106001. [PMID: 36682670 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The zoonotic pathogen avian influenza A H5N8 causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry and poses a serious threat to the public health. Here, we report the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of birds. We filtered 45 eligible articles from seven databases. A random-effects model was used to analyze the prevalence of H5N8 in birds. The pooled prevalence of H5N8 in birds was 1.6%. In the regions, Africa has the highest prevalence (8.0%). Based on the source, village (8.3%) was the highest. In the sample type, the highest prevalence was organs (79.7%). In seasons, the highest prevalence was autumn (28.1%). The largest prevalence in the sampling time was during 2019 or later (7.0%). Furthermore, geographical factors also were associated with the prevalence. Therefore, we recommend site-specific prevention and control tools for this strain in birds and enhance the surveillance to reduce the spread of H5N8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Jin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Emad Beshir Ata
- Parasitology and Animal Diseases Dep., Vet. Res. Institute, National Research Centre, 12622, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Man-Jie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yong-Yang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Zhi-Yang Xue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Ying-Shi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xue-Pan Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Chun-Wei Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Gui-Lian Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Hai-Bin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan-Long Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Xin Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Nan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
| | - Chun-Feng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Provincial Engineering Research Center of Animal Probiotics, Key Laboratory of Animal Production and Product Quality Safety of Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun, 130118, China.
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Liu T, Xie S, Yang Z, Zha A, Shi Y, Xu L, Chen J, Qi W, Liao M, Jia W. That H9N2 avian influenza viruses circulating in different regions gather in the same live-poultry market poses a potential threat to public health. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128286. [PMID: 36876085 PMCID: PMC9979309 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza viruses are endemic and persistent in China, but those that are prevalent in different provinces are also causes of wide epidemics, related to the spread of wild birds and the cross-regional trade in live poultry. For the past 4 years, beginning in 2018, we have sampled a live-poultry market in Foshan, Guangdong, in this ongoing study. In addition to the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza viruses in China during this period, we identified isolates from the same market belonging to clade A and clade B, which diverged in 2012-2013, and clade C, which diverged in 2014-2016, respectively. An analysis of population dynamics revealed that, after a critical divergence period from 2014 to 2016, the genetic diversity of H9N2 viruses peaked in 2017. Our spatiotemporal dynamics analysis found that clade A, B, and C, which maintain high rates of evolution, have different prevalence ranges and transmission paths. Clades A and B were mainly prevalent in East China in the early stage, and then spread to Southern China, becoming epidemic with clade C. Strains from different regions converge at the same live-poultry market to communicate, which may be one reasons the H9N2 viruses are difficult to eradicate and increasingly dominant throughout China. Selection pressure and molecular analysis have demonstrated that single amino acid polymorphisms at key receptor binding sites 156, 160, and 190 under positive selection pressure, suggesting that H9N2 viruses are undergoing mutations to adapt to new hosts. Live-poultry markets are important because people who visit them have frequent contact with poultry, H9N2 viruses from different regions converge at these markets and spread through contact between live birds and humans, generating increased risks of human exposure to these viruses and threatening public health safety. Thus, it is important to reducing the cross-regional trade of live poultry and strengthening the monitoring of avian influenza viruses in live-poultry markets to reduce the spread of avian influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shumin Xie
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyi Yang
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Aimin Zha
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuting Shi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyu Xu
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junhong Chen
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenbao Qi
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liao
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixin Jia
- National Avian Influenza Para-Reference Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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Foret-Lucas C, Figueroa T, Coggon A, Houffschmitt A, Dupré G, Fusade-Boyer M, Guérin JL, Delverdier M, Bessière P, Volmer R. In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of H5N8 High-Pathogenicity Avian Influenza Virus Neurotropism in Ducks and Chickens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0422922. [PMID: 36625654 PMCID: PMC9927090 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04229-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
H5N8 high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) of clade 2.3.4.4B, which circulated during the 2016 epizootics in Europe, was notable for causing different clinical signs in ducks and chickens. The clinical signs preceding death were predominantly neurological in ducks versus respiratory in chickens. To investigate the determinants for the predominant neurological signs observed in ducks, we infected duck and chicken primary cortical neurons. Viral replication was identical in neuronal cultures from both species. In addition, we did not detect any major difference in the immune and inflammatory responses. These results suggest that the predominant neurological involvement of H5N8 HPAIV infection in ducks could not be recapitulated in primary neuronal cultures. In vivo, H5N8 HPAIV replication in ducks peaked soon after infection and led to an early colonization of the central nervous system. In contrast, viral replication was delayed in chickens but ultimately burst in the lungs of chickens, and the chickens died of respiratory distress before brain damage became significant. Consequently, the immune and inflammatory responses in the brain were significantly higher in duck brains than those in chickens. Our study thus suggests that early colonization of the central nervous system associated with prolonged survival after the onset of virus replication is the likely primary cause of the sustained inflammatory response and subsequent neurological disorders observed in H5N8 HPAIV-infected ducks. IMPORTANCE The severity of high-pathogenicity avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infection has been linked to its ability to replicate systemically and cause lesions in a variety of tissues. However, the symptomatology depends on the host species. The H5N8 virus of clade 2.3.4.4B had a pronounced neurotropism in ducks, leading to severe neurological disorders. In contrast, neurological signs were rarely observed in chickens, which suffered mostly from respiratory distress. Here, we investigated the determinants of H5N8 HPAIV neurotropism. We provide evidence that the difference in clinical signs was not due to a difference in neurotropism. Our results rather indicate that chickens died of respiratory distress due to intense viral replication in the lungs before viral replication in the brain could produce significant lesions. In contrast, ducks better controlled virus replication in the lungs, thus allowing the virus to replicate for a sufficient duration in the brain, to reach high levels, and to cause significant lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Foret-Lucas
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Figueroa
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Amelia Coggon
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Houffschmitt
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabriel Dupré
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Maxime Fusade-Boyer
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Bessière
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Volmer
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
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Scheibner D, Salaheldin AH, Bagato O, Zaeck LM, Mostafa A, Blohm U, Müller C, Eweas AF, Franzke K, Karger A, Schäfer A, Gischke M, Hoffmann D, Lerolle S, Li X, Abd El-Hamid HS, Veits J, Breithaupt A, Boons GJ, Matrosovich M, Finke S, Pleschka S, Mettenleiter TC, de Vries RP, Abdelwhab EM. Phenotypic effects of mutations observed in the neuraminidase of human origin H5N1 influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011135. [PMID: 36745654 PMCID: PMC9934401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Global spread and regional endemicity of H5Nx Goose/Guangdong avian influenza viruses (AIV) pose a continuous threat for poultry production and zoonotic, potentially pre-pandemic, transmission to humans. Little is known about the role of mutations in the viral neuraminidase (NA) that accompanied bird-to-human transmission to support AIV infection of mammals. Here, after detailed analysis of the NA sequence of human H5N1 viruses, we studied the role of A46D, L204M, S319F and S430G mutations in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Although H5N1 AIV carrying avian- or human-like NAs had similar replication efficiency in avian cells, human-like NA enhanced virus replication in human airway epithelia. The L204M substitution consistently reduced NA activity of H5N1 and nine other influenza viruses carrying NA of groups 1 and 2, indicating a universal effect. Compared to the avian ancestor, human-like H5N1 virus has less NA incorporated in the virion, reduced levels of viral NA RNA replication and NA expression. We also demonstrate increased accumulation of NA at the plasma membrane, reduced virus release and enhanced cell-to-cell spread. Furthermore, NA mutations increased virus binding to human-type receptors. While not affecting high virulence of H5N1 in chickens, the studied NA mutations modulated virulence and replication of H5N1 AIV in mice and to a lesser extent in ferrets. Together, mutations in the NA of human H5N1 viruses play different roles in infection of mammals without affecting virulence or transmission in chickens. These results are important to understand the genetic determinants for replication of AIV in mammals and should assist in the prediction of AIV with zoonotic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed H. Salaheldin
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, El-Beheira, Egypt
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Luca M. Zaeck
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christin Müller
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ahmed F. Eweas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Research Center, Dokki, Giza, Egypt; Department of Science, University of Technology and Applied Sciences-Rustaq, Rustaq, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Kati Franzke
- Institute of Infectology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Donata Hoffmann
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Solène Lerolle
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Xuguang Li
- Centre for Biologics Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, HPFB, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and Emerging Pathogens Research Centre, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hatem S. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Al-Buheira, Egypt
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | | | - Stefan Finke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stephan Pleschka
- Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site Giessen-Marburg-Langen, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Science, the Netherlands
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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45
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Isolation and Identification of Novel Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus (H5N8) Subclade 2.3.4.4b from Geese in Northeastern China. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0157222. [PMID: 36602303 PMCID: PMC9888211 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01572-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
H5N8, a highly pathogenic avian influenza, has become a new zoonotic threat in recent years. As of December 28, 2021, at least 3,206 H5N8 cases had been reported in wild birds and poultry worldwide. In January 2021, a novel virus strain named A/goose/China/1/2021 was isolated during an H5N8 goose influenza outbreak in northeastern China. The PB2, PB1, HA, and M genes of A/goose/China/1/2021 were highly identical to those of H5N8 strains emerging in Kazakhstan and Russia in Central Asia from August to September 2020, while the remaining four genes had the closest homology to those of H5N8 viruses isolated in South Korea in East Asia from November to December 2020. We thus speculate that A/goose/China/1/2021 is likely a reassortant virus that formed in the 2020 to 2021 influenza season and that the migratory birds via the two migration routes of Central Asia and East Asia-Australia may have played an essential role in the genetic reassortment of this virus. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that the HA genes of H5N8 viruses belonging to group II of subclade 2.3.4.4b, including A/goose/China/1/2021, may be derived from strains in Central Asia. Given the complex global spread of H5N8 virus, our study highlights the necessity to strengthen the function of the global surveillance network for H5N8 virus and to accelerate the pace of vaccine development to confront the current challenges posed by H5N8 virus of subclade 2.3.4.4. IMPORTANCE H5N8, a highly pathogenic avian influenza, not only has an impact on public health, but also has a huge negative impact on animal health, food safety, safety, and even on the local and international economy. The migratory wild birds play a vital role in the intercontinental transmission of H5N8 virus. It is urgent that we should strengthen the function of the global surveillance network for H5N8 virus and accelerate the pace of vaccine development to confront the current challenges posed by H5N8 virus of subclade 2.3.4.4.
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46
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Edwards KM, Siegers JY, Wei X, Aziz A, Deng YM, Yann S, Bun C, Bunnary S, Izzard L, Hak M, Thielen P, Tum S, Wong F, Lewis NS, James J, Claes F, Barr IG, Dhanasekaran V, Karlsson EA. Detection of Clade 2.3.4.4b Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Virus in Cambodia, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:170-174. [PMID: 36573541 PMCID: PMC9796211 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.220934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In late 2021, highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N8) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses were detected in domestic ducks in poultry markets in Cambodia. Surveillance, biosafety, and biosecurity efforts should be bolstered along the poultry value chain to limit spread and infection risk at the animal-human interface.
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47
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Wu HDI, Lin RS, Hwang WH, Huang ML, Chen BJ, Yen TC, Chao DY. Integrating Citizen Scientist Data into the Surveillance System for Avian Influenza Virus, Taiwan. Emerg Infect Dis 2023; 29:45-53. [PMID: 36573518 PMCID: PMC9796195 DOI: 10.3201/eid2901.220659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuing circulation and reassortment with low-pathogenicity avian influenza Gs/Gd (goose/Guangdong/1996)-like avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has caused huge economic losses and raised public health concerns over the zoonotic potential. Virologic surveillance of wild birds has been suggested as part of a global AIV surveillance system. However, underreporting and biased selection of sampling sites has rendered gaining information about the transmission and evolution of highly pathogenic AIV problematic. We explored the use of the Citizen Scientist eBird database to elucidate the dynamic distribution of wild birds in Taiwan and their potential for AIV exchange with domestic poultry. Through the 2-stage analytical framework, we associated nonignorable risk with 10 species of wild birds with >100 significant positive results. We generated a risk map, which served as the guide for highly pathogenic AIV surveillance. Our methodologic blueprint has the potential to be incorporated into the global AIV surveillance system of wild birds.
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48
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Yang Q, Xue X, Zhang Z, Wu MJ, Ji J, Wang W, Yin H, Li S, Dai H, Duan B, Liu Q, Song J. Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 Subtype Avian Influenza Viruses Were Identified from the Common Crane Wintering in Yunnan Province, China. Viruses 2022; 15:38. [PMID: 36680078 PMCID: PMC9863098 DOI: 10.3390/v15010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The seasonal migration of wild aquatic birds plays a critical role in the maintenance, transmission, and incursion of the avian influenza virus (AIV). AIV surveillance was performed during 2020-2021 in two national nature reserves with abundant wild bird resources in Yunnan, China. Four H5N8 AIVs isolates from the common crane were identified by next-generation sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that all eight gene segments of these H5N8 AIVs belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b high-pathogenic AIV (HPAIV) and shared high nucleotide sequence similarity with the strains isolated in Hubei, China, and Siberia, Russia, in 2020-2021. The H5N8 HPAIVs from common cranes were characterized by both human and avian dual-receptor specificity in the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Moreover, possessing the substitutions contributes to overcoming transmission barriers of mammalian hosts in polymerase basic 2 (PB2), polymerase basic protein 1 (PB1), and polymerase acid (PA), and exhibiting the long stalk in the neck region of the neuraminidase (NA) protein contributes to adaptation in wild birds. Monitoring AIVs in migratory birds, at stopover sites and in their primary habitats, i.e., breeding or wintering grounds, could provide insight into potential zoonosis caused by AIVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhong Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Road, Kunming 650024, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Road, Kunming 650024, China
| | - Zhenxing Zhang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, 6 Qinglongshan, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Ming J. Wu
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Jia Ji
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Road, Kunming 650024, China
| | - Wei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Road, Kunming 650024, China
| | - Hongbin Yin
- Animal Disease Inspection and Supervision Institution of Yunnan Province, 118 Gulou Road, Kunming 650051, China
| | - Suhua Li
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Road, Kunming 650024, China
| | - Hongyang Dai
- The Management Bureau of Huize Black—Necked Crane National Nature Reserve, 744 Tongbao Road, Qujing 654200, China
| | - Bofang Duan
- Yunnan Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, 95 Jinhei Road, Kunming 650034, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest Forestry University, 300 Bailong Road, Kunming 650024, China
| | - Jianling Song
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Yunnan Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, 6 Qinglongshan, Kunming 650224, China
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49
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Key amino acid position 272 in neuraminidase determines the replication and virulence of H5N6 avian influenza virus in mammals. iScience 2022; 25:105693. [PMID: 36567717 PMCID: PMC9772848 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza H5N6 virus not only wreaks economic havoc in the poultry industry but also threatens human health. Strikingly, as of August 2022, 78 human beings were infected with H5N6, and the spike in the number of human infections with H5N6 occurred during 2021. In the life cycle of influenza virus, neuraminidase (NA) has numerous functions, especially viral budding and replication. Here, we found that NA-D272N mutation became predominant in H5N6 viruses since 2015 and significantly increased the viral replication and virulence in mice. D272N mutation in NA protein increased viral release from erythrocytes, thermostability, early transcription, and accumulation of NA protein. Particularly, the dominant 272 residue switch from N to S has occurred in wild bird-origin H5N6 viruses since late 2016 and N272S mutation induced significantly higher levels of inflammatory cytokines in infected human cells. Therefore, comprehensive surveillance of bird populations needs to be enhanced to monitor mammalian adaptive mutations of H5N6 viruses.
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50
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Resurgence of H5N6 avian influenza virus in 2021 poses new threat to public health. THE LANCET MICROBE 2022; 3:e558. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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