1
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Finatto AN, Meurens F, de Oliveira Costa M. Piggybacking on nature: exploring the multifaceted world of porcine β-defensins. Vet Res 2025; 56:47. [PMID: 40033445 PMCID: PMC11877871 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-025-01465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2025] Open
Abstract
Porcine β-defensins (pBDs) are cationic peptides that are classically associated with the innate immune system. These molecules yield both antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties, as evidenced by various in vitro and animal trials. Researchers have revealed that enhancing pBD expression can be achieved through dietary components and gene editing techniques in pigs and porcine cell models. This state-of-the-art review aims to encapsulate the pivotal findings and progress made in the field of pBD over recent decades, with a specific emphasis on the biological role of pBD in infection control and its usage in clinical trials, thereby offering a new landscape of opportunities for research aimed at identifying prophylactic and therapeutic alternatives for both swine medicine and translational purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Nery Finatto
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - François Meurens
- Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, QC, J2S 2M2, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Matheus de Oliveira Costa
- Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada.
- Department of Population Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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2
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Mainardi E, Corino C, Rossi R. The Effect of Vitamins on the Immune Systems of Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2126. [PMID: 39061588 PMCID: PMC11273632 DOI: 10.3390/ani14142126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In modern pig farming, there are many environmental, physiological or social stresses that weaken the immune response and increase susceptibility to disease. Nutritional management has a significant impact on the efficiency of the immune system in pigs. Among the various nutrients, vitamins have been shown to have specific effects on immune system activity. However, the needs of modern genetic types are not met by the dietary recommendations for vitamins in pig diets. The present study therefore summarises the data on dietary integration with supranutritional doses of vitamins in gestating and lactating sows and post-weaning piglets in terms of the immune response. The present data highlight that high doses of dietary vitamins are an effective way to improve the immune system, antioxidant status and gut health. Further studies are needed to deepen the understanding of the role of dietary supplementation with vitamins in pigs on immune system and gut functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raffaella Rossi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (E.M.); (C.C.)
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3
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Lai L, Xie L, Chen Y, Du W, Yang X, Liu W, Shangguan P, Xu J, Lan P. The establishment and evaluation of a swine model of deinagkistrodon acutus snakebite envenomation. Toxicon 2024; 241:107683. [PMID: 38460604 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2024.107683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a preclinical large-animal model of Deinagkistrodon acutus snakebite envenomation and evaluate its feasibility. METHODS The venom of D. acutus (0 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, or 10 mg/kg) was injected into the left biceps femoris of 11 male pigs. Then, the circumferences of the limbs were regularly measured, and changes in muscle injury biomarkers, blood parameters, coagulation function, vital organ function and injury biomarkers were regularly detected. At 24 h after venom injection, the animals were euthanized, and the pathological damage to the vital organs mentioned above was evaluated. RESULTS The two pigs receiving 10 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg snake venom died at 8 h and 12 h after injection, respectively. The remaining pigs were equally divided into 0 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, and 2 mg/kg snake venom groups, and all of them survived to 24 h after injection. Compared with the pigs receiving 0 mg/kg snake venom, the pigs receiving 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg snake venom exhibited significant abnormities, including limb swelling; increased muscle injury biomarker creatine kinase (CK) and coagulation function indicators prothrombin time and D-dimer; and decreased blood routine indicator platelet and coagulation function indicator fibrinogen. Moreover, significant abnormalities in myocardial and cerebral function and injury biomarkers in the heart, brain, liver, kidney and intestine were also observed. In particular, the abnormalities mentioned above were significantly obvious in those pigs receiving 2 mg/kg snake venom. Pathological evaluation revealed that the morphology of muscle, heart, brain, liver, kidney, and intestine in those pigs receiving 0 mg/kg snake venom was normal; however, pathological damage was observed in those pigs receiving 1 mg/kg and 2 mg/kg snake venom. Similarly, the pathological damage was more severe in those pigs receiving 2 mg/kg snake venom. CONCLUSION The intramuscular injection of 2 mg/kg D. acutus venom seems to be an optimal dose for examining the preclinical efficacy of existing and novel therapeutics for treating D. acutus envenomation in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjie Lai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China.
| | - Lutao Xie
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China.
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China.
| | - Wang Du
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China.
| | - Xuelin Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China.
| | - Wanjuan Liu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China.
| | - Peixin Shangguan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China.
| | - Jiefeng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Pin Lan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui Central Hospital, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China.
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4
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Velez C, Williamson D, Cánovas ML, Giai LR, Rutland C, Pérez W, Barbeito CG. Changes in Immune Response during Pig Gestation with a Focus on Cytokines. Vet Sci 2024; 11:50. [PMID: 38275932 PMCID: PMC10819333 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11010050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs have the highest percentage of embryonic death not associated with specific diseases of all livestock species, at 20-45%. During gestation processes, a series of complex alterations can arise, including embryonic migration and elongation, maternal immunological recognition of pregnancy, and embryonic competition for implantation sites and subsequent nutrition requirements and development. Immune cells and cytokines act as mediators between other molecules in highly complex interactions between various cell types. However, other non-immune cells, such as trophoblast cells, are important in immune pregnancy regulation. Numerous studies have shed light on the crucial roles of several cytokines that regulate the inflammatory processes that characterize the interface between the fetus and the mother throughout normal porcine gestation, but most of these reports are limited to the implantational and peri-implantational periods. Increase in some proinflammatory cytokines have been found in other gestational periods, such as placental remodeling. Porcine immune changes during delivery have not been studied as deeply as in other species. This review details some of the immune system cells actively involved in the fetomaternal interface during porcine gestation, as well as the principal cells, cytokines, and molecules, such as antibodies, that play crucial roles in sow pregnancy, both in early and mid-to-late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Velez
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina; (C.V.); (D.W.); (L.R.G.)
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires 2690, Argentina;
| | - Delia Williamson
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina; (C.V.); (D.W.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Mariela Lorena Cánovas
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina; (C.V.); (D.W.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Laura Romina Giai
- Laboratory of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Pampa (UNLPam), Santa Rosa 6300, Argentina; (C.V.); (D.W.); (L.R.G.)
| | - Catrin Rutland
- Sutton Bonington Campus, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - William Pérez
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Montevideo, Montevideo 11600, Uruguay
| | - Claudio Gustavo Barbeito
- National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina (CONICET), Buenos Aires 2690, Argentina;
- Laboratory of Descriptive, Comparative and Experimental Histology and Embriology (LHYEDEC), Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata 1900, Argentina
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5
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Schregel J, Schulze Holthausen J, Sciascia QL, Görs S, Li Z, Tuchscherer A, Albrecht E, Zentek J, Metges CC. Acute and persistent effects of oral glutamine supplementation on growth, cellular proliferation, and tight junction protein transcript abundance in jejunal tissue of low and normal birthweight pre-weaning piglets. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296427. [PMID: 38165864 PMCID: PMC10760696 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Breeding for higher fertility has resulted in a higher number of low birthweight (LBW) piglets. It has been shown that LBW piglets grow slower than normal birthweight (NBW) littermates. Differences in growth performance have been associated with impaired small intestinal development. In suckling and weaning piglets, glutamine (Gln) supplementation has been associated with improved growth and intestinal development. This study was designed to examine the effects of oral Gln supplementation on growth and small intestinal parameters in LBW and NBW suckling piglets. At birth (day 0), a total of 72 LBW (1.10 ± 0.06 kg) and 72 NBW (1.51 ± 0.06) male piglets were selected. At day 1, litters were standardized to 12 piglets, and experimental piglets supplemented daily with either Gln (1 g/kg BW) or isonitrogenous amounts of Alanine (Ala) as control (1.22 g/kg BW) until day 12. Creep feed was offered from day 14 onward. Subgroups of piglets were euthanized at days 5, 12, and 26 for the analyses of jejunal morphometry, cellular proliferation, glutathione concentration and transcript abundance of tight junction proteins. From age day 11 to 21, Gln supplemented LBW (LBW-Gln) piglets were heavier than Ala supplemented LBW (LBW-Ala) littermates (P = 0.034), while NBW piglets were heavier until age day 26 compared to LBW littermates. Villus height was higher in LBW-Gln compared to LBW-Ala on age day 12 (P = 0.031). Sporadic differences among supplementation and birthweight groups were detected for jejunal cellular proliferation, cellular population and glutathione concentration, whereas age was the most dominant factor. These results show that Gln supplementation improved the growth of LBW piglets compared to LBW-Ala beyond the termination of Gln supplementation, but this was not associated with consistent effects on selected parameters of jejunal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Schregel
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | | | - Quentin L. Sciascia
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Solvig Görs
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Zeyang Li
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elke Albrecht
- Institute of Muscle Biology and Growth, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia C. Metges
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Collins S, Maestrini L, Hui FK, Stuart B, Ueland M. The use of generalized linear mixed models to investigate postmortem lipids in textiles. iScience 2023; 26:107371. [PMID: 37575194 PMCID: PMC10415720 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human remains are oftentimes located with textile materials, making them a ubiquitous source of physical evidence. Human remains are also frequently discovered in outdoor environments, increasing the exposure to scavenging activity and soft-tissue decomposition. In such cases, postmortem interval (PMI) estimations can be challenging for investigators when attempting to use traditional methods for reconstructive purposes. Lipid analysis is an emerging area of research in forensic taphonomy, with recent works demonstrating success with the detection and monitoring of lipids over time. In this work, generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) were utilized to perform rigorous statistical analyses on 30 lipid outcomes in combination with accumulated-degree-days (ADD). The results of this study were consistent with recent works, indicating oleic and palmitic acids to be the most suitable lipids in textiles to target for future use as soft-tissue biomarkers of human decomposition. Interspecies differences between humans and pigs were also addressed in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharni Collins
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Luca Maestrini
- Research School of Finance, Actuarial Studies and Statistics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Francis K.C. Hui
- Research School of Finance, Actuarial Studies and Statistics, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Barbara Stuart
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Maiken Ueland
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, 15 Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
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7
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Skin-Based Vaccination: A Systematic Mapping Review of the Types of Vaccines and Methods Used and Immunity and Protection Elicited in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020450. [PMID: 36851328 PMCID: PMC9962282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The advantages of skin-based vaccination include induction of strong immunity, dose-sparing, and ease of administration. Several technologies for skin-based immunisation in humans are being developed to maximise these key advantages. This route is more conventionally used in veterinary medicine. Skin-based vaccination of pigs is of high relevance due to their anatomical, physiological, and immunological similarities to humans, as well as being a source of zoonotic diseases and their livestock value. We conducted a systematic mapping review, focusing on vaccine-induced immunity and safety after the skin immunisation of pigs. Veterinary vaccines, specifically anti-viral vaccines, predominated in the literature. The safe and potent skin administration to pigs of adjuvanted vaccines, particularly emulsions, are frequently documented. Multiple methods of skin immunisation exist; however, there is a lack of consistent terminology and accurate descriptions of the route and device. Antibody responses, compared to other immune correlates, are most frequently reported. There is a lack of research on the underlying mechanisms of action and breadth of responses. Nevertheless, encouraging results, both in safety and immunogenicity, were observed after skin vaccination that were often comparable to or superior the intramuscular route. Further research in this area will underlie the development of enhanced skin vaccine strategies for pigs, other animals and humans.
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8
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Vintrych P, Al-Obeidallah M, Horák J, Chvojka J, Valešová L, Nalos L, Jarkovská D, Matějovič M, Štengl M. Modeling sepsis, with a special focus on large animal models of porcine peritonitis and bacteremia. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1094199. [PMID: 36703923 PMCID: PMC9871395 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1094199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, which often result in deadly sepsis or septic shock, represent a major global health problem. For understanding the pathophysiology of sepsis and developing new treatment strategies, reliable and clinically relevant animal models of the disease are necessary. In this review, two large animal (porcine) models of sepsis induced by either peritonitis or bacteremia are introduced and their strong and weak points are discussed in the context of clinical relevance and other animal models of sepsis, with a special focus on cardiovascular and immune systems, experimental design, and monitoring. Especially for testing new therapeutic strategies, the large animal (porcine) models represent a more clinically relevant alternative to small animal models, and the findings obtained in small animal (transgenic) models should be verified in these clinically relevant large animal models before translation to the clinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Vintrych
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Mahmoud Al-Obeidallah
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Horák
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Chvojka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Valešová
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Lukáš Nalos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Dagmar Jarkovská
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Martin Matějovič
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Milan Štengl
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Prague, Czechia,*Correspondence: Milan Štengl,
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9
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Zhang J, Shen Y, Yang G, Sun J, Tang C, Liang H, Ma J, Wu X, Cao H, Wu M, Ding Y, Li M, Liu Z, Ge L. Commensal microbiota modulates phenotypic characteristics and gene expression in piglet Peyer's patches. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1084332. [PMID: 37035673 PMCID: PMC10073539 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1084332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract contains a complex microbial community. Peyer's patches (PPs) play an important role in inducing mucosal immune responses in the gastrointestinal tract. However, little is known about the effect of commensal microbiota on the host's PPs. Here, we analyzed the phenotypic-to-transcriptome changes in the intestine PPs of specific pathogen-free (SPF) and germ-free (GF) piglets (fed in an environment with and without commensal microbiota, respectively) to elucidate the role of commensal microbiota in host intestine mucosal immunity. Analyses of anatomical and histological characteristics showed that commensal microbiota deficiency led to PP hypoplasia, especially regarding B and T cells. A total of 12,444 mRNAs were expressed in 12 libraries; 2,156 and 425 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs were detected in the jejunal PP (JPP) and ileal PP (IPP), respectively (SPF vs. GF). The shared DE mRNAs of the JPP and IPP were mainly involved in basic physiological and metabolic processes, while the specific DE mRNAs were enriched in regulating immune cells in the JPP and microbial responses and cellular immunity in the IPP. Commensal microbiota significantly modulated the expression of genes related to B-cell functions, including activation, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, receptor signaling, germinal center formation, and IgA isotype class switching, particularly in the JPP. TLR4 pathway-related genes were induced in response to microbial colonization and in LPS/SCFA-treated B cells. We also detected 69 and 21 DE lncRNAs in the JPP and IPP, respectively, and four one-to-one lncRNA-mRNA pairs were identified. These findings might represent key regulatory axes for host intestine mucosal immunity development during microbial colonization. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that commensal microbiota modulated phenotypic characteristics and gene expression in the piglet intestine PPs and underscored the importance of early microbial colonization for host mucosal immunity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Yang Shen
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Yangling Food Engineering Innovation Center, Yangling, Shanxi, China
| | - Guitao Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Chuang Tang
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Jideng Ma
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoqian Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Haoran Cao
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
| | - Meng Wu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuchun Ding
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Liangpeng Ge,
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10
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Wiarda JE, Trachsel JM, Sivasankaran SK, Tuggle CK, Loving CL. Intestinal single-cell atlas reveals novel lymphocytes in pigs with similarities to human cells. Life Sci Alliance 2022; 5:e202201442. [PMID: 35995567 PMCID: PMC9396248 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes can heavily influence intestinal health, but resolving intestinal lymphocyte function is challenging as the intestine contains a vastly heterogeneous mixture of cells. Pigs are an advantageous biomedical model, but deeper understanding of intestinal lymphocytes is warranted to improve model utility. Twenty-six cell types were identified in the porcine ileum by single-cell RNA sequencing and further compared with cells in human and murine ileum. Though general consensus of cell subsets across species was revealed, some porcine-specific lymphocyte subsets were identified. Differential tissue dissection and in situ analyses conferred spatial context, revealing similar locations of lymphocyte subsets in Peyer's patches and epithelium in pig-to-human comparisons. Like humans, activated and effector lymphocytes were abundant in the ileum but not periphery of pigs, suggesting tissue-specific and/or activation-associated gene expression. Gene signatures for peripheral and ileal innate lymphoid cells newly discovered in pigs were defined and highlighted similarities to human innate lymphoid cells. Overall, we reveal novel lymphocyte subsets in pigs and highlight utility of pigs for intestinal research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne E Wiarda
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
- Immunobiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Agricultural Research Service Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Julian M Trachsel
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Sathesh K Sivasankaran
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
- Genome Informatics Facility, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Crystal L Loving
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, USA
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11
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Collins S, Maestrini L, Ueland M, Stuart B. A preliminary investigation to determine the suitability of pigs as human analogues for post-mortem lipid analysis. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2022.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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12
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Afzelius P, Morsing MK, Nielsen OL, Alstrup AKO, Jensen SB, Jødal L. Lymph Nodes Draining Infections Investigated by PET and Immunohistochemistry in a Juvenile Porcine Model. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092792. [PMID: 35566137 PMCID: PMC9104488 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND [18F]FDG and [11C]methionine accumulate in lymph nodes draining S. aureus -infected foci. The lymph nodes were characterized by weight, [11C]methionine- and [18F]FDG-positron emissions tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT), and immunohistochemical (IHC)-staining. METHODS 20 pigs inoculated with S. aureus into the right femoral artery were PET/CT-scanned with [18F]FDG, and nine of the pigs were additionally scanned with [11C]methionine. Mammary, medial iliac, and popliteal lymph nodes from the left and right hind limbs were weighed. IHC-staining for calculations of area fractions of Ki-67, L1, and IL-8 positive cells was done in mammary and popliteal lymph nodes from the nine pigs. RESULTS The pigs developed one to six osteomyelitis foci. Some pigs developed contiguous infections of peri-osseous tissue and inoculation-site abscesses. Weights of mammary and medial iliac lymph nodes and their [18F]FDG maximum Standardized Uptake Values (SUVFDGmax) showed a significant increase in the inoculated limb compared to the left limb. Popliteal lymph node weight and their FDG uptake did not differ significantly between hind limbs. Area fractions of Ki-67 and IL-8 in the right mammary lymph nodes and SUVMetmax in the right popliteal lymph nodes were significantly increased compared with the left side. CONCLUSION The PET-tracers [18F]FDG and [11C]methionine, and the IHC- markers Ki-67 and IL-8, but not L1, showed increased values in lymph nodes draining soft tissues infected with S. aureus. The increase in [11C]methionine may indicate a more acute lymph node response, whereas an increase in [18F]FDG may indicate a more chronic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Afzelius
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Zealand Koege, University Hospital of Copenhagen, 4600 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.B.J.); (L.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Malene Kjelin Morsing
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (M.K.M.); (O.L.N.)
| | - Ole Lerberg Nielsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; (M.K.M.); (O.L.N.)
| | - Aage Kristian Olsen Alstrup
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Skejby, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Svend Borup Jensen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.B.J.); (L.J.)
- Department of Chemistry and Biosciences, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Lars Jødal
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark; (S.B.J.); (L.J.)
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13
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Villanueva-Hernández S, Adib Razavi M, van Dongen KA, Stadler M, de Luca K, Beyersdorf N, Saalmüller A, Gerner W, Mair KH. Co-Expression of the B-Cell Key Transcription Factors Blimp-1 and IRF4 Identifies Plasma Cells in the Pig. Front Immunol 2022; 13:854257. [PMID: 35464468 PMCID: PMC9024106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.854257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-secreting plasma cells (PCs) have remained largely uncharacterized for years in the field of porcine immunology. For an in-depth study of porcine PCs, we identified cross-reactive antibodies against three key transcription factors: PR domain zinc finger protein-1 (Blimp-1), interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), and paired box 5 (Pax5). A distinct Blimp-1+IRF4+ cell population was found in cells isolated from blood, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, and lung of healthy pigs. These cells showed a downregulation of Pax5 compared to other B cells. Within Blimp-1+IRF4+ B cells, IgM-, IgG-, and IgA-expressing cells were identified and immunoglobulin-class distribution was clearly different between the anatomical locations, with IgA+ PCs dominating in lung tissue and IgM+ PCs dominating in the spleen. Expression patterns of Ki-67, MHC-II, CD9, and CD28 were investigated in the different organs. A high expression of Ki-67 was observed in blood, suggesting a plasmablast stage. Blimp-1+IRF4+ cells showed an overall lower expression of MHC-II compared to regular B cells, confirming a progressive loss in B-cell differentiation toward the PC stage. CD28 showed slightly elevated expression levels in Blimp-1+IRF4+ cells in most organs, a phenotype that is also described for PCs in mice and humans. This was not seen for CD9. We further developed a FACS-sorting strategy for live porcine PCs for functional assays. CD3-CD16-CD172a– sorted cells with a CD49dhighFSC-Ahigh phenotype contained Blimp-1+IRF4+ cells and were capable of spontaneous IgG production, thus confirming PC identity. These results reveal fundamental phenotypes of porcine PCs and will facilitate the study of this specific B-cell subset in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Villanueva-Hernández
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mahsa Adib Razavi
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katinka A. van Dongen
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Stadler
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karelle de Luca
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Global Innovation, Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Lyon, France
| | - Niklas Beyersdorf
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-University, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kerstin H. Mair
- Christian Doppler (CD) Laboratory for Optimized Prediction of Vaccination Success in Pigs, Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- *Correspondence: Kerstin H. Mair,
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14
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Peng W, Li YH, Yang G, Duan JL, Yang LY, Chen LX, Hou SL, Huang XG. Oral administration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii enhances intestinal immunity through inducing dendritic cell activation in suckling piglets. Food Funct 2022; 13:2570-2580. [PMID: 35166282 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo03864h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus delbrueckii (LAB) has been demonstrated to exert versatile beneficial effects on modulating intestinal immunity, increasing gut microbial diversity, promoting growth performance, and even preventing disease onset in pigs. However, the underlying mechanism of LAB-mediated gut immunity regulation in piglets remains unclear. In this study, we found that supplementation of LAB significantly increases serum TNF-α, ileum IL-4, and IL-10 levels compared with the control group. Meanwhile, oral supplementation of LAB-modified gut microbial communities was evidenced by the increased abundance of the Lactobacillus genus in the colon. Mechanistically, LAB induced dendritic cell (DC) maturation and activation, which may be relevant to the activation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Moreover, we found that oral administration of LAB during the suckling period shows long-lasting immunomodulatory impacts on intestinal immunity after weaning. Collectively, this study uncovers the mechanism of LAB in regulating the intestinal immunity of piglets, suggesting that LAB can be developed as an immunoenhancing biological agent during the suckling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Ying-Hui Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Guan Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Jie-Lin Duan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Ling-Yuan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Li-Xiang Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Shu-Ling Hou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
| | - Xing-Guo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China.
- Engineering Research Center for Feed Safety and Efficient Utilization of Education, Changsha, Hunan 410128, China
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15
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Sinkora M, Stepanova K, Sinkorova J. Consequences of the different order of immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in swine. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104196. [PMID: 34242678 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Swine use a reverse order of immunoglobulin chain rearrangement compared to humans and mice, and this altered and modified order should have measurable consequences. Here we perform new and defining experiments with developing and mature B cells, characterizing the B cell populations that do not exist in other species. First, we have finally confirmed that light chains κ and λ are rearranged and expressed on the surface before any heavy chain rearrangements using western-blot. And second, we have analyzed a pool of mature B cells on the single-cell level to demonstrate that many κ+ mature B cells carry λ transcripts. According to these findings, we believe that there may be more groups of mammals; one of which uses a pre-BCR-driven developmental pathway for B cell generation (like mice and humans), the second group uses a pre-BCR-independent one (like swine), and some may be even intermediate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Sinkora
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Stepanova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sinkorova
- Laboratory of Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Novy Hradek, Czech Republic
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16
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Oliveira TESD, Leme RA, Agnol AMD, Gerez JR, Pelaquim IF, Miyabe FM, Alfieri AF, Alfieri AA, Headley SA. Seneca Valley virus induces immunodepressionin suckling piglets by selective apoptosis of B lymphocytes. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105022. [PMID: 34129904 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Seneca Valley virus (SVV) is the causative agent of an emerging infectious vesicular disease in swine that is clinically indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases of swine. This study utilized healthy suckling piglets (control) and SVV-naturally infected suckling piglets to determine the effects of SVV on lymphoid tissues and determined the SVV RNA load by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Furthermore, immunohistochemistry (IHC) analyses were performed to quantify the expression of T and B cell lymphocytes, natural killer cells, cleaved caspase 3, and ki-67. The main histopathologic finding in the infected group was severe lymphoid depletion. The highest average of SVV RNA load by qRT-PCR (Log10 genomic copies/g of tissue) occurred at the spleen (8.54 ± 0.8), followed by the tonsils (8.04 ± 1.42), and mesenteric lymph nodes (6.90 ± 1.42). The IHC analyses revealed that there was an increased in cellular apoptosis with concomitant reduction in the proliferation of B cells. The results from this study have demonstrated that SVV-infected piglets exhibited decreased lymphocyte density probably due to lymphoid apoptosis, affecting particularly B-cells lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Evani Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Raquel Arruda Leme
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Juliana Rubira Gerez
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Isadora Fernanda Pelaquim
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Flavia Megumi Miyabe
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alice Fernandes Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Tissue Processing Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
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17
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Porcine pancreatic ductal epithelial cells transformed with KRAS G12D and SV40T are tumorigenic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13436. [PMID: 34183736 PMCID: PMC8238942 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92852-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe our initial studies in the development of an orthotopic, genetically defined, large animal model of pancreatic cancer. Primary pancreatic epithelial cells were isolated from pancreatic duct of domestic pigs. A transformed cell line was generated from these primary cells with oncogenic KRAS and SV40T. The transformed cell lines outperformed the primary and SV40T immortalized cells in terms of proliferation, population doubling time, soft agar growth, transwell migration and invasion. The transformed cell line grew tumors when injected subcutaneously in nude mice, forming glandular structures and staining for epithelial markers. Future work will include implantation studies of these tumorigenic porcine pancreatic cell lines into the pancreas of allogeneic and autologous pigs. The resultant large animal model of pancreatic cancer could be utilized for preclinical research on diagnostic, interventional, and therapeutic technologies.
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18
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Bian WY, Chen YP, Xu B, Tang J. Pretreatment with Propofol Reduces Pulmonary Injury in a Pig Model of Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion via Suppressing the High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein (HMGB1)/Toll-Like Receptor 4 (TLR4)/Protein Kinase R (PKR) Signaling Pathway. Med Sci Monit 2021; 27:e930478. [PMID: 34010266 PMCID: PMC8142706 DOI: 10.12659/msm.930478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Propofol improves rodent pulmonary injury after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (IIR). However, its effect and underlying mechanisms in large animals remain unclear. Here, we examined whether pretreatment with propofol could relieve lung injury during IIR in pigs, then investigated the underlying mechanism. MATERIAL AND METHODS A porcine model of IIR-induced lung injury was built by clamping the super mesenteric artery for 2 h and loosening the clamp for 4 h. Randomized grouping was used, and pigs were assigned to a sham-operated group, an IIR with saline pretreatment group, and an IIR with propofol pretreatment group. Pulmonary histopathologic changes, permeability, and oxygenation were assessed to evaluate the effect of propofol. We assessed levels of methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO), high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and double-stranded RNA activated protein kinase R (PKR) to investigate the underlying mechanism. RESULTS IIR caused severe lung damage, including morphological changes, high permeability, airway resistance, low static compliance, hypoxemia, and acidemia. Pulmonary and plasma MDA content and MPO activity increased, whereas SOD activity decreased. The HMGB1/TLR4/PKR signaling pathway was activated following IIR. Pretreatment with propofol markedly attenuated lung injury (such as reducing the lung edema and permeability), increased MDA content and MPO activity, and restored SOD activity induced by IIR, accompanied by inhibiting the effect of the HMGB1/TLR4/PKR signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS IIR caused acute lung injury in pigs. Pretreatment with propofol alleviated the lung injury, which was related to its suppression of the HMGB1/TLR4/PKR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-yu Bian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ya-ping Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU), Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Fifth People’s Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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19
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Gut health: The results of microbial and mucosal immune interactions in pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:282-294. [PMID: 34258416 PMCID: PMC8245825 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2021.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There are a large number of microorganisms in the porcine intestinal tract. These microorganisms and their metabolites contribute to intestinal mucosal immunity, which is of great importance to the health of the host. The host immune system can regulate the distribution and composition of intestinal microorganisms and regulate the homeostasis of intestinal flora by secreting a variety of immune effector factors, such as mucin, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), regenerating islet-derived III (RegIII)γ, and defensin. Conversely, intestinal microorganisms can also promote the differentiation of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 cells through their specific components or metabolites. Studies have shown that imbalances in the intestinal flora can lead to bacterial translocation and compromised intestinal barrier function, affecting the health of the body. This review focuses on the composition of the pig intestinal flora and the characteristics of intestinal mucosal immunity, discusses the interaction mechanism between the flora and intestinal mucosal immunity, as well as the regulation through fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), dietary nutritional composition, probiotics and prebiotics of pig intestinal microecology. Finally, this review provides insights into the relationship between intestinal microorganisms and the mucosal immune system.
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20
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A comparative analysis of SLA-DRB1 genetic diversity in Colombian (creoles and commercial line) and worldwide swine populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4340. [PMID: 33619347 PMCID: PMC7900169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83637-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysing pig class II mayor histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules is mainly related to antigen presentation. Identifying frequently-occurring alleles in pig populations is an important aspect to be considered when developing peptide-based vaccines. Colombian creole pig populations have had to adapt to local conditions since entering Colombia; a recent census has shown low amounts of pigs which is why they are considered protected by the Colombian government. Commercial hybrids are more attractive regarding production. This research has been aimed at describing the allele distribution of Colombian pigs from diverse genetic backgrounds and comparing Colombian SLA-DRB1 locus diversity to that of internationally reported populations. Twenty SLA-DRB1 alleles were identified in the six populations analysed here using sequence-based typing. The amount of alleles ranged from six (Manta and Casco Mula) to nine (San Pedreño). Only one allele (01:02) having > 5% frequency was shared by all three commercial line populations. Allele 02:01:01 was shared by five populations (around > 5% frequency). Global FST indicated that pig populations were clearly structured, as 20.6% of total allele frequency variation was explained by differences between populations (FST = 0.206). This study’s results confirmed that the greatest diversity occurred in wild boars, thereby contrasting with low diversity in domestic pig populations.
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21
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Vergara-Alert J, Rodon J, Carrillo J, Te N, Izquierdo-Useros N, Rodríguez de la Concepción ML, Ávila-Nieto C, Guallar V, Valencia A, Cantero G, Blanco J, Clotet B, Bensaid A, Segalés J. Pigs are not susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection but are a model for viral immunogenicity studies. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 68:1721-1725. [PMID: 33007154 PMCID: PMC7537152 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Conventional piglets were inoculated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) through different routes, including intranasal, intratracheal, intramuscular and intravenous ones. Although piglets were not susceptible to SARS‐CoV‐2 and lacked lesions or viral RNA in tissues/swabs, seroconversion was observed in pigs inoculated parenterally (intramuscularly or intravenously).
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nigeer Te
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | | | | | - Víctor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Valencia
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cantero
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain
| | - Albert Bensaid
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Barcelona, Spain.,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Miles KL, Finaughty DA, Gibbon VE. A review of experimental design in forensic taphonomy: moving towards forensic realism. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 5:249-259. [PMID: 33457043 PMCID: PMC7782990 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2020.1792631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Forensic taphonomy as a discipline requires standardization to satisfy Daubert criteria for scientific data to be admissible in court. In response, there has been a shift towards quantification of methodology and estimating the postmortem interval. Despite these advances, there are still biases and limitations within the discipline not explicitly addressed in the early stages of experimental design nor in final published works. In this article, unresolved debates with respect to the conductance and reporting of forensic taphonomic research are reviewed, beginning with the nature of experimental cadavers, human or animal analogues and their body size, and second, the forensic realism of experimental setups, specifically with respect to caging, clothing and number of carcases. Pigs, albeit imperfect, are a good model to gain a general idea of the trends that may be seen in humans in subsequent validation studies in facilities where human donors are available. To date, there is no consensus among taphonomists on the extent of the effect that body mass has on decomposition progression. More research is required with both human cadavers and non-human analogues that builds on our current knowledge of forensic taphonomy to answer these nagging questions. This will enable the discipline to make the reliable assumption that pigs and donor decomposition data can be applied to homicide cases. A suite of experimental design aspects is suggested to ensure systematic and standardized data collection across different biogeoclimatic circumstances to identify and quantify the effects of potential confounding variables. Such studies in multiple, varied biogeographic circumstances with standardized protocols, equipment and carrion will facilitate independent global validation of patterns. These factors are reviewed to show the need for adjustments in experimental design to ensure relevance and applicability of data within locally realistic forensic situations. The initiation of a global decomposition data network for forensic taphonomists is recommended.Key points Pigs are a valuable, albeit imperfect, proxy for human decomposition studies. There are few or conflicting data on effects of carcase size, carrion ecology, exclusion cages and scavengers. We recommend single, clothed, uncaged carcases for baseline research to reflect regionally specific forensic casework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly L Miles
- Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada
| | - Devin A Finaughty
- School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
| | - Victoria E Gibbon
- Department of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, WC, South Africa
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Abstract
The pig is an omnivorous, monogastric species with many advantages to serve as an animal model for human diseases. There are very high similarities to humans in anatomy and functions of the immune system, e g., the presence of tonsils, which are absent in rodents. The porcine immune system resembles man for more than 80% of analyzed parameters in contrast to the mouse with only about 10%. The pig can easily be bred, and there are less emotional problems to use them as experimental animals than dogs or monkeys. Indwelling cannulas in a vein or lymphatic vessel enable repetitive stress-free sampling. Meanwhile, there are many markers available to characterize immune cells. Lymphoid organs, their function, and their role in lymphocyte kinetics (proliferation and migration) are reviewed. For long-term experiments, minipigs (e.g., Göttingen minipig) are available. Pigs can be kept under gnotobiotic (germfree) conditions for some time after birth to study the effects of microbiota. The effects of probiotics can be tested on the gut immune system. The lung has been used for extracorporeal preservation and immune engineering. After genetic modifications are established, the pig is the best animal model for future xenotransplantation to reduce the problem of organ shortage for organ transplantation. Autotransplantation of particles of lymphnodes regenerates in the subcutaneous tissue. This is a model to treat secondary lymphedema patients. There are pigs with cystic fibrosis and severe combined immune deficiency available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhard Pabst
- Institute of Immunomorphology, Centre of Anatomy, Medical School Hannover, Hanover, Germany.
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24
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Lane MC, Gordon JL, Jiang C, Leitner WW, Pickett TE, Stemmy E, Bozick BA, Deckhut-Augustine A, Embry AC, Post DJ. Workshop report: Optimization of animal models to better predict influenza vaccine efficacy. Vaccine 2020; 38:2751-2757. [PMID: 32145879 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal models that can recapitulate the human immune system are essential for the preclinical development of safe and efficacious vaccines. Development and optimization of representative animal models are key components of the NIAID strategic plan for the development of a universal influenza vaccine. To gain insight into the current landscape of animal model usage in influenza vaccine development, NIAID convened a workshop in Rockville, Maryland that brought together experts from academia, industry and government. Panelists discussed the benefits and limitations of the field's most widely-used animal models, identified currently available and critically needed resources and reagents, and suggested areas for improvement based on inadequacies of existing models. Although appropriately-selected animal models can be useful for evaluating safety, mechanism-of-action, and superiority over existing vaccines, workshop participants concluded that multiple animal models will likely be required to sufficiently test all aspects of a novel vaccine candidate. Refinements are necessary for all current model systems, for example, to better represent special human populations, and will be facilitated by the development and broader availability of new reagents. NIAID continues to support progress towards increasing the predictive value of animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chelsea Lane
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Jennifer L Gordon
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Chao Jiang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wolfgang W Leitner
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thames E Pickett
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Erik Stemmy
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brooke A Bozick
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alison Deckhut-Augustine
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan C Embry
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diane J Post
- Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Chepngeno J, Diaz A, Paim FC, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Rotavirus C: prevalence in suckling piglets and development of virus-like particles to assess the influence of maternal immunity on the disease development. Vet Res 2019; 50:84. [PMID: 31640807 PMCID: PMC6805359 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0705-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus C (RVC) has been detected increasingly in humans and swine in different countries, including the US. It is associated with significant economic losses due to diarrheal disease in nursing piglets. In this study we aimed: (1) to determine the prevalence of RVC in healthy and diarrheic suckling piglets on US farms; and (2) to evaluate if maternal antibody (Ab) levels were associated with protection of newborn suckling piglets against RVC. There was a significantly higher prevalence (p = 0.0002) of litters with diarrhea born to gilts compared with those born to multiparous sows. Of 113 nursing piglet fecal samples tested, 76.1% were RVC RNA positive. Fecal RVC RNA was detected in significantly (p = 0.0419) higher quantities and more frequently in piglets with diarrhea compared with healthy ones (82.5 vs. 69.9%). With the exception of the historic strain Cowden (G1 genotype), field RVC strains do not replicate in cell culture, which is a major impediment for studying RVC pathogenesis and immunity. To circumvent this, we generated RVC virus-like particles (VLPs) for Cowden (G1), RV0104 (G3) and RV0143 (G6) and used them as antigens in ELISA to detect swine RVC Abs in serum and milk from the sows. Using RVC-VLP Ab ELISA we demonstrated that sows with diarrheic litters had significantly lower RVC IgA and IgG Ab titers in milk compared to those with healthy litters. Thus, our data suggest that insufficient lactogenic protection provided by gilts plays a key role in the development of and the increased prevalence of clinical RVC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH USA
| | - Annika Diaz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH USA
- Present Address: College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Agricultural Administration Building, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Francine C. Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH USA
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH USA
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26
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Mayor P, da Silva GP, Andrade RDSD, Monteiro FOB, El Bizri HR. Embryonic and fetal development of the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu). Anim Reprod Sci 2019; 208:106123. [PMID: 31405484 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2019.106123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relative timing of the main fetal development events in species determine the extent of fetal development at birth, which range along a gradient of having altricial and precocial traits. The results from this study allow for description of important fetal developments in collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) using data from 118 embryo/fetuses from 68 pregnant peccaries obtained over a period of 15 years through collaborative methods with local hunters in the Amazon. The chronological order of emergence of external characteristics in relation to the total dorsal length (TDL) was: differentiated genitalia, limbs and eyelid buds (TDL ≥ 4.5 cm), fusioned eyelids and outer ear (TDL ≥ 5.6 cm), dorsal gland (TDL ≥ 7.3 cm), skin (TDL ≥ 9.2 cm), tactile pelage (TDL ≥ 12.9 cm), coverage pelage (TDL ≥ 17.0 cm), opened eyelids (TDL ≥ 21.5 cm) and tooth eruption (TDL ≥ 24.5 cm). The formula of fetal age was ∛W = 0.079 (t - 27.6), with a linear relationship between TDL and gestational age. The relative weight of tubular gastrointestinal organs, lungs, spleen and thymus increased during fetal development. In contrast, the relative weight of kidneys and liver consistently decreased during the fetal development period. Results of this study indicate the collared peccary is a precocial species and that changes during fetal development are very similar to those in other Suiform species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mayor
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain; Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Loreto, Iquitos, Peru; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Gessiane Pereira da Silva
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dos Santos de Andrade
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Hani Rocha El Bizri
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, AM, Brazil; School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University. Oxford Road, M15 6BH, Manchester, United Kingdom
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27
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Mayor P, Habner de Souza Pereira T, Andrade RDSD, González-Benavent E, Barros Monteiro FO, Bodmer R, Valsecchi J, El Bizri HR. Embryonic and fetal development of the red brocket deer (Mazama americana). Theriogenology 2019; 134:53-64. [PMID: 31132721 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The red brocket deer (Mazama americana), a medium-sized Neotropical ungulate, is one of the most hunted mammals in the Amazon. This study analyzes the intrauterine development in the red brocket deer through the description of the external and internal morphology in one embryo and 38 fetuses collected from animals hunted for subsistence in the Amazon. The chronological order of occurrence of external characteristics in relation to the total dorsal length (TDL) was: differentiated genitalia, limbs and eyelid buds (TDL = 3.9 cm), fusioned eyelids, outer ear and hooves (TDL ≥ 9.5 cm), skin (TDL ≥ 20.4 cm), tactile pelage and nasal pigmentation (TDL ≥ 21.5 cm), covering pelage and skin spots (TDL ≥ 31.3 cm), and teeth eruption and opened eyelids (TDL ≥ 34.2 cm). The formula of fetal age was ∛W = 0.072 (t - 42), with a high linear relationship between TDL and gestational age. Multiple linear and non-linear regressions showed strong positive associations between biometric measures and absolute visceral weights with TDL. The relative weight of the tubular gastrointestinal organs, spleen and thymus increased during the fetal development; in contrast, the liver and kidneys' relative weight diminished during the fetal development. Advanced fetuses (≥44.0 cm TDL) had lower proportion of liver and larger tubular gastrointestinal organs within the visceral weight than adults. The chronology of appearance of the main events of the fetal development suggests that the red brocket deer adopt some precocial features, such as the early development of the sensorial function, including the early development of eyelids, outer ear and tactile pelage, the early development of the covering pelage which acts in thermoregulation and the early teeth eruption which allows the early foraging. Nevertheless, the precocial level of the red brocket deer is apparently lower than other species more frequently predated by large felids, such as peccaries and the paca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Mayor
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain; Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Thyago Habner de Souza Pereira
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Rafael Dos Santos de Andrade
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Elena González-Benavent
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Richard Bodmer
- Museo de Culturas Indígenas Amazónicas, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - João Valsecchi
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Hani Rocha El Bizri
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; Rede de Pesquisa em Diversidade, Conservação e Uso da Fauna na Amazônia (REDEFAUNA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil; Mamirauá Sustainable Development Institute (IDSM), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil; School of Science and the Environment, Manchester Metropolitan University, Oxford Road, M15 6BH, Manchester, United Kingdom
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28
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Anton Dib Saleh M, Sousa Dos Santos L, Antonio Berto D, Borges Amorim A, Lívio Panhoza Tse M, Eliodoro Costa V. IRMS as a tool to obtain the carbon turnover (δ 13 C) in organs of weaned piglets fed glutamic acid and nucleotides. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 103:906-914. [PMID: 30924561 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Early weaning of piglets causes stress characterized by a decrease in feed intake followed by a decline in growth rates; thus, a fast recovery represents an essential step for proper growth of these animals. Considering that IRMS is a potential tool for non-destructive sampling and the fact that it provides time-integrated estimate of assimilated and not just ingested nutrients turned possible its application to evaluate the effects of dietary nucleotides and glutamate on carbon turnover (δ13 C) in organs of weanling piglets. At day 0, three piglets were slaughtered (prior to diet switch), the remaining eighty-four piglets weaned at 21-day-old were randomly assigned in a complete block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (two Nu levels: 0 and 0.1% and two Glu levels: 0 and 1%), being three piglets per treatment slaughtered on trial days 3, 6, 9, 14, 21, 35 and 49. The samples were analysed by IRMS and adjusted to first-order equation by a non-linear regression analysis using NLIN of SAS, in order to establish exponential graphics. After that, the turnover data were submitted to analysis of variance using GLM of SAS. The turnover value (t95% ) verified for spleen was faster (p < 0.05) when glutamate was supplemented in diets. For pancreas and liver, the turnover rates were faster (p < 0.05) for the mixture of additives. However, for renal tissue, the turnover rate (t95% ) was greater (p < 0.05) for the free additive diet. The results obtained suggest that the mixture of additives was more efficient to develop the digestive tract at post-weaning phase, taking into account the functional importance of pancreas and liver for nutrients' digestion and processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayra Anton Dib Saleh
- Department of Animal Production, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Luan Sousa Dos Santos
- Department of Animal Production, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Dirlei Antonio Berto
- Department of Animal Production, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Borges Amorim
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Rondonópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Vladimir Eliodoro Costa
- Institute of Biosciences, Environmental Stable Isotopes Center, UNESP - São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil
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Jing Y, Liu H, Xu W, Yang Q. 4,4′‐Diaponeurosporene‐ProducingBacillus subtilisPromotes the Development of the Mucosal Immune System of the Piglet Gut. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2019; 302:1800-1807. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.24102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchao Jing
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Haofei Liu
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Wenwen Xu
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Yang
- College of Veterinary MedicineNanjing Agricultural University Nanjing Jiangsu 210095 People's Republic of China
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30
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Rossa C, D'Silva NJ. Non-murine models to investigate tumor-immune interactions in head and neck cancer. Oncogene 2019; 38:4902-4914. [PMID: 30872793 PMCID: PMC6586515 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The immune response has important roles in the biology of solid tumors, including oncogenesis, tumor growth, invasion and metastasis, and response to treatment. Improved understanding of tumor-immune system interactions has provided promising therapeutic options that are based on the rescue and enhancement of the anti-tumoral host response. Immune-based treatments have been approved for clinical use in various types of cancer, including head and neck cancer (HNC); other strategies involving combination therapies are currently in development. These novel therapies were developed based on knowledge derived from in vitro, in silico, and in vivo pre-clinical studies. However, clinical trials seldom replicate the efficacy observed in pre-clinical animal studies. This lack of correlation between pre-clinical studies and clinical trials may be related to limitations of the models used; which highlights the relevance of considering immune-related aspects of different pre-clinical models. Murine models are the most frequently used pre-clinical models of HNC and are discussed elsewhere. Non-murine models have characteristics that offer unique opportunities for the study of HNC etiology, therapeutic strategies, and tumor-immune system interactions. The current review focuses on immune-related aspects of non-murine models, including dog, cat, pig, zebrafish, and frog, that could be used to investigate tumor-immune interactions in HNC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Rossa
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, UNESP-State University of Sao Paulo, School of Dentistry at Araraquara, Araraquara, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Nisha J D'Silva
- Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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31
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Oreskovic Z, Nechvatalova K, Krejci J, Kummer V, Faldyna M. Aspects of intradermal immunization with different adjuvants: The role of dendritic cells and Th1/Th2 response. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211896. [PMID: 30742635 PMCID: PMC6370205 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intradermal (i.d.) application of vaccine is promising way how to induce specific immune response against particular pathogens. Adjuvants, substances added into vaccination dose with the aim to increase immunogenicity, play important role in activation of dendritic cells with subsequent activation of lymphocytes. They can, however, induce unwanted local reactions. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of i.d. administration of model antigen keyhole limped hemocyanine alone or with different adjuvants-aluminium hydroxide and oil-based adjuvants-on local histopathological reaction as well as dendritic cell activation at the site of administration and local cytokine and chemokine response. This was assessed at 4 and 24 hours after application. Selection of the adjuvants was based on the fact, that they differently enhance antibody or cell-mediated immunity. The results showed activation of dendritic cells and both Th1 and Th2 response stimulated by oil-based adjuvants. It was associated with higher expression of set of genes, incl. chemokine receptor CCR7 or Th1-associated chemokine CXCL10 and cytokine IFNγ. Application of the antigen with aluminium hydroxide induced higher expression of Th2-associated IL4 or IL13. On the other hand, both complete and incomplete Freund´s adjuvants provoked strong local reaction associated with influx of neutrophils. This was accompanied with high expression of proinflammatory IL1 or neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL8. Surprisingly, similarly strong local reaction was detected also after application of aluminium hydroxide-based adjuvant. The best balanced local reaction with sufficient activation of immune cells was detected after application of oil-based adjuvants Montanide and Emulsigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Oreskovic
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Krejci
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Kummer
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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Abstract
Tonsils are mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues located at the openings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, which play a key role in the surveillance of inhaled or ingested pathogens and can concurrently be reservoirs of infectious agents. Therefore, tonsils are important for the immunology and hygiene management of domestic animals, including pigs. However, the process of their fetal developmental has been poorly described, at least in part, because rodents lack tonsils. Therefore, we performed a histological analysis of porcine tonsils of the soft palate from 60 to 100 days of gestation (DG) and from 2 to 14 days post partum (DP). This analysis showed that lymphoid aggregations first appear at DG65, gradually develop during the fetal stage, and expand after birth. In addition, the mRNA expression of chemokine genes involved in lymphoid aggregation and localization was analyzed. CCL19 expression showed the most marked increase and a sharp peak after birth. CCL21 expression changed moderately but showed an interesting bimodal pattern. CXCL13 expression steadily increased throughout the study period. Thus, we demonstrated the mRNA expression of chemokine characteristically changed accompanying tonsillar development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Suzuki
- Division of Animal Science, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Fuchimoto
- Division of Animal Science, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO, 2 Ikenodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
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Liu Y, Ji P. Dietary Factors in Prevention of Pediatric Escherichia coli Infection: A Model Using Domestic Piglets. ILAR J 2018; 59:338-351. [PMID: 31095688 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilz005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is the major etiological agent causing acute watery diarrhea that is most frequently seen in young children in lower-income countries. The duration of diarrheal symptom may be shortened by antibiotic treatment, but ETEC is relative refractory to common antibiotics. Burgeoning evidence suggests bioactive components that naturally occur in human milk (e.g., lysozyme and oligosaccharides) and plants (e.g., nondigestible carbohydrates and phytochemicals) contain antimicrobial functions are promising preventive measures to control ETEC infection. Although the exact protective mechanisms may vary for each compound and are still not completely understood, they generally act to (1) competitively inhibit the binding of pathogenic bacteria and toxins to gut epithelium; (2) directly kill pathogens; and (3) stimulate and/or enhance host mucosal and systemic immune defense against pathogenic microorganisms. An appropriate ETEC-challenge animal model is critical to evaluate the effect and unveil the mechanism of bioactive compounds in prevention of enteric infection. Despite wide application in biomedical research, rodents do not usually manifest typical clinical signs of enteric infections. The remarkable differences in digestive physiology, immune response, and gut microbiota between rodents and human beings necessitate the use of alternative animal models. Pigs are closely related to humans in terms of genomes, physiology, anatomy of gastrointestinal tracts, digestive enzymes, components of immune system, and gut microbiota. Like human infants and young children, nursing and nursery piglets are more susceptible to ETEC infection and reproduce the clinical signs as observed in humans. Hence, the ETEC-challenge piglet represents a valuable translational model to study pathogenesis and evaluate dietary factors (e.g., milk bioactive compounds, nondigestible carbohydrates, and phytochemicals) as preventive measures for ETEC infection in pediatrics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peng Ji
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, California
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34
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Prims S, Jurgens B, Vanden Hole C, Van Cruchten S, Van Ginneken C, Casteleyn C. The porcine tonsils and Peyer's patches: A stereological morphometric analysis in conventionally and artificially reared piglets. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 206:9-15. [PMID: 30502915 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Selection for prolificacy in modern pig farming has resulted in increasing litter sizes. Since rearing large litters is challenging, artificial rearing of piglets with a milk replacer is an alternative strategy. It is hypothesized that the development of the piglets' mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) is affected by these artificial conditions. Therefore, the stereologically estimated volumes of the tonsil of the soft palate, and the lingual, nasopharyngeal and paraepiglottic tonsils, as well as the jejunal and ileal Peyer's patches were statistically compared at day 21 postpartum between six conventionally reared piglets and six piglets that were artificially reared from day 7 onwards. In addition, six 7-day-old sow-fed piglets were examined to evaluate the effect of age. All tonsils and Peyer's patches significantly increased in volume with age. The rearing strategy had no significant effect on the volumes of the tonsil of the soft palate and the lingual tonsil. The former tonsil was by far the largest with a mean volume of 967.2 ± 122.4 mm3 and 822.3 ± 125.4 mm3 in the conventionally and artificially reared piglets, respectively. The lingual tonsil only measured 9.4 ± 6.4 mm3 and 6.3 ± 2.6 mm3 in conventionally and artificially reared groups, respectively. In contrast, the rearing strategy did affect the volumes of the nasopharyngeal and paraepiglottic tonsils, which had a mean volume of 137.1 ± 32.4 mm3 and 84.4 ± 26.9 mm3, and 30.7 ± 7.8 mm3 and 20.0 ± 3.9 mm3 in conventionally and artificially reared piglets, respectively. The rearing strategy did not affect the development of the Peyer's patches. At day 21, the jejunal Peyer's patches of the conventionally and artificially reared piglets presented a volume of 1.6 ± 0.4 cm3 and 1.3 ± 0.2 cm3, respectively. The volumes of the ileal Peyer's patch amounted to 15.1 ± 3.0 cm³ in conventionally reared piglets and 12.0 ± 2.6 cm³ in artificially reared piglets at day 21. The results showed that artificial rearing hampers the morphological development of the tonsils that are exposed to inhaled antigens, but the voluminous lymphoid tissues that sample oral antigens are not influenced. Since it is unlikely that the observed differences in both tonsils are due to the milk replacer, artificial rearing could be a valuable alternative for raising large litters. In addition, the presence of developing MALT in piglets allows for investigating the value of nasal and oral vaccination in this species for human or veterinary purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Prims
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Ben Jurgens
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Charlotte Vanden Hole
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Christophe Casteleyn
- Applied Veterinary Morphology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Massari S, Bellini M, Ciccarese S, Antonacci R. Overview of the Germline and Expressed Repertoires of the TRB Genes in Sus scrofa. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2526. [PMID: 30455691 PMCID: PMC6230588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The α/β T cell receptor (TR) is a complex heterodimer that recognizes antigenic peptides and binds to major histocompatibility complex (MH) molecules. Both α and β chains are encoded by different genes localized on two distinct chromosomal loci: TRA and TRB. The present study employed the recent release of the swine genome assembly to define the genomic organization of the TRB locus. According to the sequencing data, the pig TRB locus spans approximately 400 kb of genomic DNA and consists of 38 TRBV genes belonging to 24 subgroups located upstream of three in tandem TRBD-J-C clusters, which are followed by a TRBV gene in an inverted transcriptional orientation. Comparative analysis confirms that the general organization of the TRB locus is similar among mammalian species, but the number of germline TRBV genes varies greatly even between species belonging to the same order, determining the diversity and specificity of the immune response. However, sequence analysis of the TRB locus also suggests the presence of blocks of conserved homology in the genomic region across mammals. Furthermore, by analysing a public cDNA collection, we identified the usage pattern of the TRBV, TRBD, and TRBJ genes in the adult pig TRB repertoire, and we noted that the expressed TRBV repertoire seems to be broader and more diverse than the germline repertoire, in line with the presence of a high level of TRBV gene polymorphisms. Because the nucleotide differences seems to be principally concentrated in the CDR2 region, it is reasonable to presume that most T cell β-chain diversity can be related to polymorphisms in pig MH molecules. Domestic pigs represent a valuable animal model as they are even more anatomically, genetically and physiologically similar to humans than are mice. Therefore, present knowledge on the genomic organization of the pig TRB locus allows the collection of increased information on the basic aspects of the porcine immune system and contributes to filling the gaps left by rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serafina Massari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
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Trevisi P, Priori D, Jansman AJM, Luise D, Koopmans SJ, Hynönen U, Palva A, van der Meulen J, Bosi P. Molecular networks affected by neonatal microbial colonization in porcine jejunum, luminally perfused with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, F4ac fimbria or Lactobacillus amylovorus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202160. [PMID: 30161141 PMCID: PMC6116929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an early complex gut microbiota may play an important role in the protection against intestinal dysbiosis later in life. The significance of the developed microbiota for gut barrier functionality upon interaction with pathogenic or beneficial bacteria is largely unknown. The transcriptome of differently perfused jejunal loops of 12 caesarian-derived pigs, neonatally associated with microbiota of different complexity, was studied. Piglets received pasteurized sow colostrum at birth (d0), a starter microbiota (Lactobacillus amylovorus (LAM), Clostridium glycolicum, and Parabacteroides) on d1-d3, and a placebo inoculant (simple association, SA) or an inoculant consisting of sow’s diluted feces (complex association, CA) on d3-d4. On d 26–37, jejunal loops were perfused for 8 h with either enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4 (ETEC), purified F4 fimbriae, LAM or saline control (CTRL). Gene expression of each intestinal loop was analyzed by Affymetrix Porcine Gene 1.1_ST array strips. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed on expression values. Compared to CTRL, 184 and 74; 2 and 139; 2 and 48 gene sets, were up- and down-regulated by ETEC, F4 and LAM, respectively. ETEC up-regulated networks related to inflammatory and immune responses, RNA processing, and mitosis. There was a limited overlap in up-regulated gene sets between ETEC and F4 fimbriae. LAM down-regulated genes related to inflammatory and immune responses, as well as to cellular compound metabolism. In CA pigs, 57 gene sets were up-regulated by CA, while 73 were down-regulated compared to SA. CA up-regulated gene sets related to lymphocyte modulation and to cellular defense in all loop perfusions. In CA pigs, compared to SA pigs, genes for chemokine and cytokine activity and for response to external stimuli were down-regulated in ETEC-perfused loops and up-regulated in CTRL. The results highlight the importance of the nature of neonatal microbial colonization in the response to microbial stimuli later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diana Luise
- DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Ulla Hynönen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Airi Palva
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Division of Microbiology and Epidemiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Paolo Bosi
- DISTAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Andréasson K, Marsal J, Månsson B, Saxne T, Wollheim FA. Diet-Induced Arthritis in Pigs: Comment on the Article by Scher et al. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 68:1568-9. [PMID: 26881393 DOI: 10.1002/art.39642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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de Andrade RDS, Monteiro FOB, El Bizri HR, Pantoja L, Bodmer R, Valsecchi J, Mayor P. Embryonic and fetal development of the white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari). Theriogenology 2018; 119:163-174. [PMID: 30015145 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The white-lipped peccary (Tayassu pecari) is an endangered large-sized Neotropical ungulate that is one of the most hunted mammals in the Amazon. Here, we used two embryos and 102 white-lipped peccary fetuses originated from animals hunted for subsistence in the Peruvian and Brazilian Amazon to describe the intrauterine development of external and internal morphology of this Neotropical ungulate. Logistic regressions were used to estimate the probability of occurrence of main external characteristics in relation to the total dorsal length (TDL), while multiple linear and non-linear regressions were conducted to assess the relationship between external and visceral biometry with TDL. External characteristics appeared in the following chronological order: limbs, differentiated genitalia and opened eyelids (≥5.1 cm TDL), fused eyelids (≥6.2 cm TDL), hooves and outer ear (≥7.9 cm TDL), dorsal gland (≥9.4 cm TDL), skin (≥11.5 cm TDL); tactile pelage (≥13.8 cm TDL), covering pelage (≥20.9 cm TDL), tooth eruption (≥26.4 cm TDL) and opened eyelids (≥27.8 cm TDL). The formula of fetal age was ∛W = 0.084 (t - 31.80), with a high linear relationship between TDL and gestational age. All external biometric parameters and absolute volume of visceral organs showed strong positive relationship with TDL. Except for the liver, we found differences in the relative volume of most visceral organs between advanced fetuses (≥34.2 cm TDL) and adults. The most important events during the intrauterine development in the white-lipped peccary show that, in contrast with the domestic pig, it is a highly precocial species producing newborns with a high fetal growth velocity which allows newborns to achieve an early autonomous functionality. Our results are relevant to improve imaging techniques and assist the reproductive and clinical management for the white-lipped peccary both in captivity and in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Dos Santos de Andrade
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Frederico Ozanan Barros Monteiro
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Hani Rocha El Bizri
- Manchester Metropolitan University, School of Science and the Environment, Manchester, United Kingdom; Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development (IDSM), Tefé, AM, Brazil; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Luciana Pantoja
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Richard Bodmer
- ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; FUNDAMAZONIA, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru
| | - João Valsecchi
- Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development (IDSM), Tefé, AM, Brazil; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru
| | - Pedro Mayor
- Federal Rural University of the Amazon (UFRA), Postgraduate Program in Animal Health and Production in Amazonia (PPGSPAA), Belém, PA, Brazil; ComFauna, Comunidad de Manejo de Fauna Silvestre en la Amazonía y en Latinoamérica, 332 Malecon Tarapaca, Iquitos, Peru; FUNDAMAZONIA, Iquitos, Loreto, Peru; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Barcelona, Spain.
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39
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Maroilley T, Berri M, Lemonnier G, Esquerré D, Chevaleyre C, Mélo S, Meurens F, Coville JL, Leplat JJ, Rau A, Bed'hom B, Vincent-Naulleau S, Mercat MJ, Billon Y, Lepage P, Rogel-Gaillard C, Estellé J. Immunome differences between porcine ileal and jejunal Peyer's patches revealed by global transcriptome sequencing of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9077. [PMID: 29899562 PMCID: PMC5998120 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The epithelium of the intestinal mucosa and the gut-associated lymphoid tissues (GALT) constitute an essential physical and immunological barrier against pathogens. In order to study the specificities of the GALT transcriptome in pigs, we compared the transcriptome profiles of jejunal and ileal Peyer’s patches (PPs), mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs) and peripheral blood (PB) of four male piglets by RNA-Seq. We identified 1,103 differentially expressed (DE) genes between ileal PPs (IPPs) and jejunal PPs (JPPs), and six times more DE genes between PPs and MLNs. The master regulator genes FOXP3, GATA3, STAT4, TBX21 and RORC were less expressed in IPPs compared to JPPs, whereas the transcription factor BCL6 was found more expressed in IPPs. In comparison between IPPs and JPPs, our analyses revealed predominant differential expression related to the differentiation of T cells into Th1, Th2, Th17 and iTreg in JPPs. Our results were consistent with previous reports regarding a higher T/B cells ratio in JPPs compared to IPPs. We found antisense transcription for respectively 24%, 22% and 14% of the transcripts detected in MLNs, PPs and PB, and significant positive correlations between PB and GALT transcriptomes. Allele-specific expression analyses revealed both shared and tissue-specific cis-genetic control of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Maroilley
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M Berri
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - G Lemonnier
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - D Esquerré
- GenPhySE, INRA, INPT, ENVT, Université de Toulouse, 31326, Castenet-Tolosan, France
| | - C Chevaleyre
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - S Mélo
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - F Meurens
- ISP, INRA, Université de Tours, 37380, Nouzilly, France.,BIOEPAR, INRA, Oniris, La Chantrerie, 44307, Nantes, France
| | - J L Coville
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - J J Leplat
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,LREG, IRCM, DRF, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - A Rau
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - B Bed'hom
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - S Vincent-Naulleau
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,LREG, IRCM, DRF, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M J Mercat
- BIOPORC and IFIP-Institut du porc, La Motte au Vicomte, BP 35104, 35651, Le Rheu, France
| | - Y Billon
- GENESI, INRA, 17700, Surgères, France
| | - P Lepage
- MICALIS Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - C Rogel-Gaillard
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - J Estellé
- GABI, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Overgaard NH, Principe DR, Schachtschneider KM, Jakobsen JT, Rund LA, Grippo PJ, Schook LB, Jungersen G. Genetically Induced Tumors in the Oncopig Model Invoke an Antitumor Immune Response Dominated by Cytotoxic CD8β + T Cells and Differentiated γδ T Cells Alongside a Regulatory Response Mediated by FOXP3 + T Cells and Immunoregulatory Molecules. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1301. [PMID: 29930558 PMCID: PMC5999797 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunotherapy has shown considerable promise in the management of several malignancies. However, the majority of preclinical studies have been conducted in rodents, the results of which often translate poorly to patients given the substantial differences between murine and human immunology. As the porcine immune system is far more analogous to that of humans, pigs may serve as a supplementary preclinical model for future testing of such therapies. We have generated the genetically modified Oncopig with inducible tumor formation resulting from concomitant KRASG12D and TP53R167H mutations under control of an adenoviral vector Cre-recombinase (AdCre). The objective of this study was to characterize the tumor microenvironment in this novel animal model with respect to T-cell responses in particular and to elucidate the potential use of Oncopigs for future preclinical testing of cancer immunotherapies. In this study, we observed pronounced intratumoral T-cell infiltration with a strong CD8β+ predominance alongside a representation of highly differentiated γδ T cells. The infiltrating CD8β+ T cells displayed increased expression of the cytotoxic marker perforin when compared with the peripheral T-cell pool. Similarly, there was robust granzyme B staining localizing to the tumors; affirming the presence of cytotoxic immune cells within the tumor. In parallel with this antitumor immune response, the tumors displayed enrichment in FOXP3-expressing T cells and increased gene expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA4), and programmed death-ligand 1 (PDL1). Finally, we investigated the Oncopig immune system in mediating antitumor immunity. We observed pronounced killing of autologous tumor cells, which demonstrates the propensity of the Oncopig immune system to recognize and mount a cytotoxic response against tumor cells. Together, these findings suggest innate and adaptive recognition of the induced tumors with a concomitant in vivo suppression of T-cell effector functions. Combined, the data support that the Oncopig may serve as a valuable model for future preclinical testing of immunotherapies aimed at reactivating tumor-directed cytotoxicity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana H Overgaard
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.,Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Daniel R Principe
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Jeanne Toft Jakobsen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laurie A Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Paul J Grippo
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lawrence B Schook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Descotes J, Allais L, Ancian P, Pedersen HD, Friry-Santini C, Iglesias A, Rubic-Schneider T, Skaggs H, Vestbjerg P. Nonclinical evaluation of immunological safety in Göttingen Minipigs: The CONFIRM initiative. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:271-275. [PMID: 29481836 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing need to consider non-rodent species for the immunological safety evaluation of drug candidates. The EU Framework-6 RETHINK Project demonstrated that the Göttingen Minipig is a relevant animal model for regulatory toxicology studies. Extensive knowledge on the immune system of domestic pigs is available and fewer differences from humans have been identified as compared to other species, such as mice or non-human primates. Minipig data are too scarce to allow for claiming full immunological comparability with domestic pigs. Another gap limiting minipig use for immunological safety evaluation is the lack of a qualified and validated database. However, available data lend support to the use of minipigs. The need for a COllaborative Network For Immunological safety Research in Minipigs (the CONFIRM Initiative) was obvious. It is intended to trigger immunological safety research in Göttingen Minipigs, to assist and synergize fundamental, translational and regulatory investigative efforts relevant to the immunological safety evaluation of pharmaceuticals and biologics, and to spread current knowledge and new findings to the scientific and regulatory toxicology community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Descotes
- ImmunoSafe Consulting & University of Lyon, 38480 Saint Jean d'Avelanne, France.
| | - Linda Allais
- Charles River Laboratories, 69210 Saint Germain-Nuelles, France
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Bradley MJ, Vicente DA, Bograd BA, Sanders EM, Leonhardt CL, Elster EA, Davis TA. Host responses to concurrent combined injuries in non-human primates. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2017; 14:23. [PMID: 29118676 PMCID: PMC5667447 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-017-0170-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Multi-organ failure (MOF) following trauma remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality related to a poorly understood abnormal inflammatory response. We characterized the inflammatory response in a non-human primate soft tissue injury and closed abdomen hemorrhage and sepsis model developed to assess realistic injury patterns and induce MOF. Methods Adult male Mauritan Cynomolgus Macaques underwent laparoscopy to create a cecal perforation and non-anatomic liver resection along with a full-thickness flank soft tissue injury. Treatment consisted of a pre-hospital phase followed by a hospital phase after 120 minutes. Blood counts, chemistries, and cytokines/chemokines were measured throughout the study. Lung tissue inflammation/apoptosis was confirmed by mRNA quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), H&E, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and TUNEL staining was performed comparing age-matched uninjured controls to experimental animals. Results Twenty-one animals underwent the protocol. Mean percent hepatectomy was 64.4 ± 5.6; percent blood loss was 69.0 ± 12.1. Clinical evidence of end-organ damage was reflected by a significant elevation in creatinine (1.1 ± 0.03 vs. 1.9 ± 0.4, p=0.026). Significant increases in systemic levels of IL-10, IL-1ra, IL-6, G-CSF, and MCP-1 occurred (11-2986-fold) by 240 minutes. Excessive pulmonary inflammation was evidenced by alveolar edema, congestion, and wall thickening (H&E staining). Concordantly, amplified accumulation of MPO leukocytes and significant pulmonary inflammation and pneumocyte apoptosis (TUNEL) was confirmed using qRT-PCR. Conclusion We created a clinically relevant large animal multi-trauma model using laparoscopy that resulted in a significant systemic inflammatory response and MOF. With this model, we anticipate studying systemic inflammation and testing innovative therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bradley
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20184 USA
| | - Diego A Vicente
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20184 USA
| | - Benjamin A Bograd
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20184 USA
| | - Erin M Sanders
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Crystal L Leonhardt
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA
| | - Eric A Elster
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20184 USA
| | - Thomas A Davis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910 USA.,Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences-Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD 20184 USA
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Yin L, Yang H, Li J, Li Y, Ding X, Wu G, Yin Y. Pig models on intestinal development and therapeutics. Amino Acids 2017; 49:2099-2106. [PMID: 28986749 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2497-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract plays a vital role in nutrient supply, digestion, and absorption, and has a crucial impact on the entire organism. Much attention is being paid to utilize animal models to study the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal diseases in response to intestinal development and health. The piglet has a body size similar to that of the human and is an omnivorous animal with comparable anatomy, nutritional requirements, and digestive and associated inflammatory processes, and displays similarities to the human intestinal microbial ecosystem, which make piglets more appropriate as an animal model for human than other non-primate animals. Therefore, the objective of this review is to summarize key attributes of the piglet model with which to study human intestinal development and intestinal health through probing into the etiology of several gastrointestinal diseases, thus providing a theoretical and hopefully practical, basis for further studies on mammalian nutrition, health, and disease, and therapeutics. Given the comparable nutritional requirements and strikingly similar brain developmental patterns between young piglets and humans, the piglet has been used as an important translational model for studying neurodevelopmental outcomes influenced by pediatric nutrition. Because of similarities in anatomy and physiology between pigs and mankind, more emphasises are put on how to use the piglet model for human organ transplantation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanmei Yin
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha City, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Huansheng Yang
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha City, 410081, Hunan, China. .,Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
| | - Jianzhong Li
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha City, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Yali Li
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha City, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Xueqing Ding
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha City, 410081, Hunan, China
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.,Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Yulong Yin
- Animal Nutrition and Human Health Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha City, 410081, Hunan, China. .,Chinese Academy of Science, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Livestock and Poultry, Hunan Engineering and Research Center of Animal and Poultry Science and Key Laboratory for Agroecological Processes in Subtropical Region Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South-Central, Ministry of Agriculture, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
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44
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Ebner F, Schwiertz P, Steinfelder S, Pieper R, Zentek J, Schütze N, Baums CG, Alber G, Geldhof P, Hartmann S. Pathogen-Reactive T Helper Cell Analysis in the Pig. Front Immunol 2017; 8:565. [PMID: 28567041 PMCID: PMC5434156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing interest in studying host–pathogen interactions in human-relevant large animal models such as the pig. Despite the progress in developing immunological reagents for porcine T cell research, there is an urgent need to directly assess pathogen-specific T cells—an extremely rare population of cells, but of upmost importance in orchestrating the host immune response to a given pathogen. Here, we established that the activation marker CD154 (CD40L), known from human and mouse studies, identifies also porcine antigen-reactive CD4+ T lymphocytes. CD154 expression was upregulated early after antigen encounter and CD4+CD154+ antigen-reactive T cells coexpressed cytokines. Antigen-induced expansion and autologous restimulation enabled a time- and dose-resolved analysis of CD154 regulation and a significantly increased resolution in phenotypic profiling of antigen-responsive cells. CD154 expression identified T cells responding to staphylococcal Enterotoxin B superantigen stimulation as well as T cells responding to the fungus Candida albicans and T cells specific for a highly prevalent intestinal parasite, the nematode Ascaris suum during acute and trickle infection. Antigen-reactive T cells were further detected after immunization of pigs with a single recombinant bacterial antigen of Streptococcus suis only. Thus, our study offers new ways to study antigen-specific T lymphocytes in the pig and their contribution to host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Ebner
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrycja Schwiertz
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Svenja Steinfelder
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Zentek
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Schütze
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Alber
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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45
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Oreskovic Z, Kudlackova H, Krejci J, Nechvatalova K, Faldyna M. Oil-based adjuvants delivered intradermally induce high primary IgG2 immune response in swine. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:41-43. [PMID: 28319826 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of intradermal application of antigen with or without different adjuvants and activation of immune response are presented in this study. Six groups of six piglets each were immunized with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) antigen in combination with aluminium hydroxide or oil-based adjuvants (complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvants, Montanide ISA 206 and Emulsigen). IgG1 and IgG2 levels in sera were measured by KLH-specific ELISA. Interestingly, oil-based adjuvants induced high primary IgG2 response, suggesting the Th1 lymphocyte polarization. Also, considering the similarities between human and porcine organism, we suggest that intradermal application could be considered as an effective vaccine delivery route in both veterinary and human medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Oreskovic
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Hana Kudlackova
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Krejci
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Martin Faldyna
- Department of Immunology, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
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46
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Stokes CR. The development and role of microbial-host interactions in gut mucosal immune development. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2017; 8:12. [PMID: 28149511 PMCID: PMC5270223 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-016-0138-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
At birth the piglet’s immune system is immature and it is dependent upon passive maternal protection until weaning. The piglet’s mucosal immune system develops over the first few weeks but has not reached maturity at weaning ages which are common on commercial farms. At weaning piglets are presented with a vast and diverse range of microbial and dietary/environmental antigens. Their ability to distinguish between antigens and mount a protective response to potential pathogens and to develop tolerance to dietary antigens is critical to their survival and failure to do so is reflected in the high incidence of morbidity and mortality in the post-weaning period. A growing recognition that the widespread use of antibiotics to control infection during this critical period should be controlled has led to detailed studies of those factors which drive the development of the mucosal immune system, the role of gut microbiota in driving this process, the origin of the bacteria that colonise the young piglet’s intestine and the impact of rearing environment. This review briefly describes how the mucosal immune system is equipped to respond “appropriately” to antigenic challenge and the programmed sequence by which it develops. The results of studies on the critical interplay between the host immune system and gut microbiota are discussed along with the effects of rearing environment. By comparing these with results from human studies on the development of allergies in children, an approach to promote an earlier maturation of the piglet immune system to resist the challenges of weaning are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Stokes
- School of Clinical Veterinary Science, University of Bristol, Langford House, Langford, Nr Bristol, BS40 5DU UK
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47
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Ling X, Xiang Y, Tang Q, Chen F, Tan X. Comparative pharmacokinetics of eight major bioactive components in normal and bacterial diarrhea mini-pigs after oral administration of Gegen Qinlian Decoction. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1044-1045:132-141. [PMID: 28107700 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Healthy animals are most widely used in current pharmacokinetic(PK) studies. However, neglecting the effects of specific diseases on drug absorption results in the PK parameters of those experiments not accurately reflecting in vivo drug concentration changes during treatment. In this study, an E. coli infective diarrheal minipig model was applied to explore the pharmacokinetics of Gegen Qinlian decoction (GQD). A simple and rapid ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed to determine the concentrations of the eight GQD components in minipig plasma after intragastric administration of GQD. The PK parameters of the main GQD components in normal and model minipigs after oral administration of GQD were compared. There were statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in the pharmacokinetic parameters of Puerarin, Wogonin and Daidzein involving the AUC0-t, Cmax, MRT(0-t), t1/2z between normal and model minipigs. Results showed that bacterial diarrhea had a great impact on the biological availability of the main ingredients in GQD. More importantly, the results obtained suggest that the bacterial diarrheal minipig model can be successfully applied in PK studies and may be used in other PK studies of drugs targeting intestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ling
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yuqiang Xiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Qingfa Tang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Feilong Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Xiaomei Tan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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48
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Joseph U, Su YCF, Vijaykrishna D, Smith GJD. The ecology and adaptive evolution of influenza A interspecies transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:74-84. [PMID: 27426214 PMCID: PMC5155642 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, there have been several alarming influenza-related events; the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 viruses into North America, the detection of H10N8 and H5N6 zoonotic infections, the ongoing H7N9 infections in China and the continued zoonosis of H5N1 viruses in parts of Asia and the Middle East. The risk of a new influenza pandemic increases with the repeated interspecies transmission events that facilitate reassortment between animal influenza strains; thus, it is of utmost importance to understand the factors involved that promote or become a barrier to cross-species transmission of Influenza A viruses (IAVs). Here, we provide an overview of the ecology and evolutionary adaptations of IAVs, with a focus on a review of the molecular factors that enable interspecies transmission of the various virus gene segments.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild
- Asia/epidemiology
- China/epidemiology
- Disease Reservoirs/virology
- Ducks/virology
- Evolution, Molecular
- Geese/virology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/transmission
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Phylogeny
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Reassortant Viruses/physiology
- Zoonoses
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gavin J. D. Smith
- Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Duke Global Health InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNCUSA
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49
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Langel SN, Paim FC, Lager KM, Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Lactogenic immunity and vaccines for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV): Historical and current concepts. Virus Res 2016; 226:93-107. [PMID: 27212686 PMCID: PMC7111331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Morbidity, mortality, and loss of productivity from enteric diseases in neonatal piglets cost swine producers millions of dollars annually. In 2013-2014, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) outbreak led to $900 million to $1.8 billion in annual losses to US swine producers. Passive lactogenic immunity remains the most promising and effective way to protect neonatal suckling piglets from enteric diseases like PEDV. Protecting suckling piglets through lactogenic immunity is dependent on trafficking of pathogen-specific IgA plasmablasts to the mammary gland and accumulation of secretory IgA (sIgA) antibodies in milk, defined as the gut-mammary-sIgA axis. Due to an impermeable placenta, piglets are born agammaglobulinic, and are highly susceptible to a plethora of infectious agents. They rely solely on colostrum and milk antibodies for maternal lactogenic immunity. Previous advances in the development of live and attenuated vaccines for another devastating diarrheal virus of pigs, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), provide insights into the mechanisms of maternal immunity and piglet protection. In this chapter, we will review previous research on TGEV-induced lactogenic immunity to provide a historical perspective on current efforts for PEDV control and vaccines in the swine industry. Identifying factors that influence lactogenic immunity and the gut-mammary-sIgA axis may lead to improved vaccine regimens for PEDV and other enteric pathogens in gestating swine and improved overall herd immunity, swine health and industry productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Francine Chimelo Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kelly M Lager
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50010, USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
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50
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Development of immune organs and functioning in humans and test animals: Implications for immune intervention studies. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 64:180-90. [PMID: 27282947 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A healthy immune status is mostly determined during early life stages and many immune-related diseases may find their origin in utero and the first years of life. Therefore, immune health optimization may be most effective during early life. This review is an inventory of immune organ maturation events in relation to developmental timeframes in minipig, rat, mouse and human. It is concluded that time windows of immune organ development in rodents can be translated to human, but minipig reflects the human timeframes better; however the lack of prenatal maternal-fetal immune interaction in minipig may cause less responsiveness to prenatal intervention. It is too early to conclude which immune parameters are most appropriate, because there are not enough comparative immune parameters. Filling these gaps will increase the predictability of results observed in experimental animals, and guide future intervention studies by assessing relevant parameters in the right corresponding developmental time frames.
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