MicroRNAs in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Progress and perspectives

RNAa: Mechanisms, therapeutic potential, and clinical progress

RNA activation (RNAa), a gene regulatory mechanism mediated by small activating RNAs (saRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs), has significant implications for therapeutic applications. Unlike small interfering RNA (siRNA), which is known for gene silencing in RNA interference (RNAi), synthetic saRNAs can stably upregulate target gene expression at the transcriptional level through the assembly of the RNA-induced transcriptional activation (RITA) complex. Moreover, the dual functionality of endogenous miRNAs in RNAa (hereafter referred to as mi-RNAa) reveals their complex role in cellular processes and disease pathology. Emerging studies suggest saRNAs' potential as a novel therapeutic modality for diseases such as metabolic disorders, hearing loss, tumors, and Alzheimer's. Notably, MTL-CEBPA, the first saRNA drug candidate, shows promise in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment, while RAG-01 is being explored for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer, highlighting clinical advancements in RNAa. This review synthesizes our current understanding of the mechanisms of RNAa and highlights recent advancements in the study of mi-RNAa and the therapeutic development of saRNAs.

Exosome-mediated Transfer of lncRNA in Liver Associated Diseases; Uncovered Truths

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with a diameter ranging from 40 to 160 nm. They are produced by hepatocytes, cholangiocytes, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and Kupffer cells in liver tissue. The secretion of exosomes might vary in quantity and composition in reaction to multiple triggers and various stages of disease. They transport various payloads, such as proteins, DNAs, and RNAs, and enable cell interaction to regulate myriad physiological and pathological processes in liver tissue. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a crucial component of exosomes with an excellent capability to regulate multiple cellular activities such as differentiation, development, metabolism, proliferation, apoptosis, and activation. With the advancements in transcriptomic and genomic study methods and database management technology, the functions and mechanisms of exosomal lncRNAs in liver diseases have been well-studied. This article delves into the detailed role of exosomal lncRNAs in liver disease onset and progression, ranging from hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to liver fibrosis drug-induced liver damage (DILI) and steatotic liver diseases.

Bifunctional MXene quantum dots-coated bimetallic Prussian blue analogues for sensitive sensing and accurate localization imaging of miRNAs in living cells

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in multiple cellular processes and play a critical role in clinical diagnosis. In-situ spatiotemporal imaging of miRNAs in living cells is tightly linked to the carcinogenesis and development of malignant tumors. Herein, we proposed a bifunctional nanosystem-based MXene quantum dots-coated bimetallic Prussian blue analogues (Co-Mn PBA@MQDs) to execute in-vitro sensing and intracellular imaging of miRNA in living cells. The 3D nanostructures of Co-Mn PBAs were regulated to slow down the coordination reaction rate by controlling the diffusion of metal clusters and ligand precursors, thereby anchoring MQDs as the carriers of DNA probes. The resulting Co-Mn PBA@MQDs nanoparticles with miRNA recognition ability exhibit excellent electrocatalytic and photoluminescence properties for target miRNA analysis. It reached miRNA detection limit of 0.37 fM (S/N = 3) with a wide linear range of 1 fM to 1 nM, and allowed distinguish family members without additional complex modifications. Meanwhile, DNA probe adsorbed on Co-Mn PBA@MQDs can provide delivery capacity for intracellular miRNA location, resulting in the in-situ monitoring and imaging of miRNA with deregulated expression levels in cancer cells. With these advantages, the developed strategy provides a paradigm for the rational design of the miRNA analysis system, which is expected to be widely applied to disease diagnosis and further theragnostic fields.

High-intensity interval training prevents high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis by modulating miRNA-34a, miRNA-467b, and their primary target proteins in male rats

AIMS

High-fat diet (HFD) consumption contributes to obesity and liver damage, while exercise training may counteract these effects. Given the regulatory role of microRNAs in lipid metabolism, this study investigates the impact of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and HFD on hepatic fat accumulation, as well as the expression of miRNA-34a, miRNA-467b, and their associated proteins.

MAIN METHODS

Twenty-four male rats were randomly assigned to four groups: (1) CON, (2) HIIT, (3) HFD, and (4) HIIT+HFD. The HFD groups received a 60% fat diet, while the rats in the HIIT groups performed high-intensity interval training (3 sessions/week, 2.5 minutes high-intensity running × 90% maximal running capacity (MRC) with 2.5 minutes active rest × 50% MRC, for ten weeks). Forty-eight hours post-intervention, blood and liver samples were collected to assess histopathology, liver enzymes, and the expression of miRNA-34a, miRNA-467b, SIRT1, PPAR-ɑ, and LPL proteins.

KEY FINDINGS

The HFD group exhibited excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, whereas HIIT significantly prevented HFD-induced hepatic steatosis, as confirmed by histopathological examinations. Liver enzyme levels (AST, ALT, and ALP) were significantly higher in the HFD group and significantly lower in both the HIIT and HIIT+HFD groups. Additionally, HIIT significantly increased miRNA-467b, SIRT1, and PPAR-ɑ expression while significantly decreasing miRNA-34a and LPL expression, preventing the effects of HFD.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our findings identified a novel molecular mechanism confirming that HIIT is beneficial to prevent hepatic steatosis and hepatic damage induced by HFD, likely due to the modulation of miRNA-467b, miRNA-34a, and their main target proteins.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and the cardiovascular system

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), previously termed nonalcoholic fatty-liver disease, is an important and rising health issue with a link with atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD), affecting ∼25-30 % of the adults in the general population; in patients with diabetes, its prevalence culminates to ∼70 %; its evolutive form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, is estimated to be the main cause of liver transplantation in the future. MASLD is a multisystem disease that affects, besides the liver, extra-hepatic organs and regulatory pathways; it raises the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), CVD, and chronic kidney disease; the disease may also progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. Its diagnosis requires hepatic steatosis and at least one cardiometabolic risk factor and the exclusion of both significant alcohol consumption and other competing causes of chronic liver disease. Beyond CV events, associated metabolic comorbidities comprise obesity (∼50 %), T2D (∼20 %), hyperlipidemia (∼70 %), hypertension (∼40 %), and metabolic syndrome (∼40 %). Among the various clinical events, CV events mostly determine prognosis as they are the leading cause of death in these patients. Regarding management, statins exert beneficial effects in improving liver injury; silybin, derived from Silybum marianum, has some protective effects; lifestyle modification, such as weight loss, dietary changes, physical exercise, and abstention from alcohol use combined with optimal management of comorbidities are most helpful. Bariatric surgery may be an option in persons with MASLD and obesity. Adults with non-cirrhotic MASLD and significant liver fibrosis may be candidates for targeted treatment with resmetirom, which has histological efficacy on steatohepatitis and fibrosis with an acceptable safety and tolerability profile, whereas, no MASLD-targeted pharmacotherapy can be beneficial in the cirrhotic stage, whereby other measures may include metabolic drugs, nutritional counseling, surveillance for portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma, and finally, liver transplantation in decompensated cirrhosis.

Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated Network in the Pathogenesis of Obesity, Diabetes, Steatotic Liver Disease, and Cardiovascular Disease

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayer-enclosed particles carrying bioactive cargo, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, facilitating intercellular and interorgan communication. In addition to traditional mediators such as hormones, metabolites, and cytokines, increasing evidence suggests that EVs are key modulators in various physiological and pathological processes, particularly influencing metabolic homeostasis and contributing to the progression of cardiometabolic diseases. This review provides an overview of the most recent insights into EV-mediated mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, steatotic liver disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. EVs play a critical role in modulating insulin sensitivity, glucose homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and vascular health by transferring functional molecules to target cells. Understanding the EV-mediated network offers potential for identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, providing opportunities for EV-based interventions in cardiometabolic disease management. Although many challenges remain, this evolving field highlights the need for further research into EV biology and its translational applications in cardiovascular and metabolic health.

Targeting Metabolism: Innovative Therapies for MASLD Unveiled

The recent introduction of the term metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has highlighted the critical role of metabolism in the disease's pathophysiology. This innovative nomenclature signifies a shift from the previous designation of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), emphasizing the condition's progressive nature. Simultaneously, MASLD has become one of the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for research to elucidate its etiology and develop effective treatment strategies. This review examines and delineates the revised definition of MASLD, exploring its epidemiology and the pathological changes occurring at various stages of the disease. Additionally, it identifies metabolically relevant targets within MASLD and provides a summary of the latest metabolically targeted drugs under development, including those in clinical and some preclinical stages. The review finishes with a look ahead to the future of targeted therapy for MASLD, with the goal of summarizing and providing fresh ideas and insights.

The Effects of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Hydatid Cyst Fluid on the Expression of microRNAs Involved in Liver Fibrosis

INTRODUCTION

Hydatidosis is a zoonotic neglected disease caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Evidence suggests a communication between hydatid cyst (HC) and hosts via extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, a little is known about the communication between EVs derived from HC fluid (HCF) and host cells. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of HCF derived EVs on expression of fibrotic and anti-fibrotic miRNAs in THP-1 cell line.

METHODS

In the current study, EVs were isolated using ultracentrifugation from wild-infected sheep HCF and characterized by western blot, electron microscope, and size distribution analysis. The effects of EVs on the expression levels of microRNAs (mir-16, mir-29a, and mir-155) involved in liver fibrosis were investigated using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), 3 and 24 h after incubation.

RESULTS

Western blot analyses confirmed the expression of CD63 marker, while Calnexin and CD81 were absent in EVs samples. The SEM and morphology revealed round shape vesicles. The DLS analysis showed average size distribution 130.6 nm diameter. The expression levels of mir-16 and mir-29a were significantly upregulated after 3 h for 8.66 and 3.420, respectively, while they were significantly downregulated after 24 h for 3.853 and 1.859, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The main mechanism of the communication between EVs derived from HCF and their host remains unclear. Our results suggest that HC may modulate the expression of miRNAs, involved in liver fibrosis via EVs.

Liver quad culture chip as a model for radiation injury research

Both cancer patients receiving radiotherapy and civilians in a mass casualty nuclear event may suffer from radiation induced damage to organ systems. Radiation induced liver disease (RILD) can cause acute and long-term organ dysfunction that potentially leads to death. The objective of this study was to ascertain the validity of a liver quad-culture chip, a micro-physiological system comprising primary human hepatocytes and non-parenchymal cells (NPCs), including liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and Kupffer cells, as a model for RILD. The radiation exposure to the chip model resulted in DNA damage and cellular senescence of hepatocytes and NPCs. We observed metabolic dysfunction, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and HSCs activation. Whole genome sequencing revealed gene alterations in pathways relevant to RILD, as well as the potential efficacy of N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) against RILD. NACA exhibited the capacity to mitigate DNA damage and cellular senescence and decreased the impact of radiation exposure on other pathophysiological changes. CDKN1A and miR-34a-5p were validated as useful radiation response and treatment efficacy biomarkers. These findings highlight the potential of the liver quad-culture chip as an effective model for investigating the microenvironment in RILD and for evaluating the efficacy of therapeutic countermeasures and biomarkers.

Targeting microRNA methylation: Innovative approaches to diagnosing and treating hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) stands as the most prevalent form of primary liver cancer and is frequently linked to underlying chronic liver conditions such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and cirrhosis. Despite the progress achieved in the field of oncology, HCC remains a significant clinical challenge, primarily due to its typically late-stage diagnosis and the complex and multifaceted nature of its tumor biology. These factors contribute to the limited effectiveness of current treatment modalities and result in poor patient prognosis. Emerging research has underscored the vital role of microRNAs (miRNAs)-small, non-coding RNA molecules that play a pivotal part in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. These miRNAs are integral to a wide array of cellular functions, including proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation, and their dysregulation is closely associated with the pathogenesis of various cancers, notably HCC. A major focus in recent studies has been on the epigenetic regulation of miRNAs through methylation, a key mechanism that modulates gene expression. This process, involving the addition of methyl groups to CpG islands in the promoter regions of miRNA genes, can result in either gene silencing or activation, influencing the expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. Such alterations have profound implications for tumor growth, metastasis, and resistance to treatment. Evidence suggests that aberrant miRNA methylation can serve as a powerful biomarker for early detection and prognosis in HCC and may present novel opportunities for therapeutic intervention. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current landscape of miRNA methylation in HCC, elucidating its significance in the molecular mechanisms of liver cancer and examining its potential for clinical application. By exploring the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of miRNA methylation, we seek to highlight its value in enhancing personalized treatment strategies and improving patient outcomes.

Machine learning models for predicting metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease prevalence using basic demographic and clinical characteristics

BACKGROUND

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a global health concern that necessitates early screening and timely intervention to improve prognosis. The current diagnostic protocols for MASLD involve complex procedures in specialised medical centres. This study aimed to explore the feasibility of utilising machine learning models to accurately screen for MASLD in large populations based on a combination of essential demographic and clinical characteristics.

METHODS

A total of 10,007 outpatients who underwent transient elastography at the First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University were enrolled to form a derivation cohort. Using eight demographic and clinical characteristics (age, educational level, height, weight, waist and hip circumference, and history of hypertension and diabetes), we built predictive models for MASLD (classified as none or mild: controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) ≤ 269 dB/m; moderate: 269-296 dB/m; severe: CAP > 296 dB/m) employing 10 machine learning algorithms: logistic regression (LR), multilayer perceptron (MLP), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), bootstrap aggregating, decision tree, K-nearest neighbours, light gradient boosting machine, naive Bayes, random forest, and support vector machine. These models were externally validated using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2017-2023 datasets.

RESULTS

In the hospital outpatient cohort, machine learning algorithms demonstrated robust predictive capabilities. Notably, LR achieved the highest accuracy (ACC) of 0.711 in the test cohort and 0.728 in the validation cohort, coupled with robust areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) values of 0.798 and 0.806, respectively. Similarly, MLP and XGBoost showed promising results, with MLP achieving an ACC of 0.735 in the test cohort, and XGBoost registering an AUC of 0.798. External validation using the NHANES datasets yielded consistent AUC results, with LR (0.831), MLP (0.823), and XGBoost (0.784) performing robustly.

CONCLUSIONS

This study demonstrated that machine learning models constructed using a combination of essential demographic and clinical characteristics can accurately screen for MASLD in the general population. This approach significantly enhances the feasibility, accessibility, and compliance of MASLD screening and provides an effective tool for large-scale health assessments and early intervention strategies.

A comprehensive analysis of microRNA alteration in an ApoE(-/-) mice model of white adipose tissue injury induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia

Background

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of noncoding small RNAs and are implicated in many diseases. However, the role of miRNA in obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)-induced white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction remains to be fully elucidated. Using miRNA sequencing (miRNA-seq), we uncovered the miRNA expression profiles in chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH)-induced WAT dysfunction mice.

Methods

We established an apolipoprotein-deficient (ApoE-/-) CIH mouse model and identified differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRs) using miRNA-seq technology. With the help of Gene Ontology (GO) functional enrichment and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, we determined the biological functions of these DEmiRs. In addition, RT-qPCR was performed for further evaluation of the sequencing data. Finally, we constructed a conserved negative correlation (CNC) network to expound the relationship between miRNA and target genes.

Results

Overall, 13 miRNAs were found to be upregulated and 18 miRNAs downregulated in the CIH-induced mouse model of WAT dysfunction. KEGG pathway analysis results indicated that the lysosome pathway participated in CIH-induced WAT dysfunction. Then, eight miRNAs were shortlisted for RT-qPCR validation. Based on the data, we chose these DEmiRs to construct a miRNA-mRNA regulatory network.

Conclusion

Overall, we identified 31 DEmiRs in the ApoE-/- CIH mouse model. Our findings may play a major role in explaining the pathophysiological mechanisms of WAT dysfunction induced by obstructive sleep apnea.

Exosomal novel-miRNA-126 mediates vascular endothelial dysfunction by targeting AhR-NLRP3 pathway in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is an increasingly prevalent liver disease associated with obesity and its complications. Recent studies have underscored a significant correlation between NASH and an elevated risk of cardiovascular diseases. However, the precise mechanisms of inter-organ communication between the liver and vascular endothelium are not fully understood. In this study, we established a NASH mouse model using a methionine-choline-deficient diet to investigate the role of liver-derived exosomes in modulating vascular endothelial dysfunction during NASH progression. Utilizing both in vivo and in vitro experimental approaches, we observed vascular dysfunction and activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in NASH mice. Further analyses identified exosomal novel-miRNA-126 as a critical mediator influencing vascular endothelial dysfunction. This miRNA augments NLRP3 transcription and accelerates NLRP3 inflammasome activation by targeting the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). These findings offer novel insights into the mechanisms of liver-to-vascular communication and suggest new avenues for the prevention and therapeutic intervention of cardiovascular complications in NASH patients.

Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Management in the Community

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has frequently been associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and dyslipidemia, all of which are shared by increased insulin resistance. It has become the most common liver disorder in Korea as well as in developed countries and is therefore associated with an increased health burden of morbidity and mortality. It has an association with T2D, and T2D increases the risk of cirrhosis and related complications. NAFLD encompasses a disease continuum from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis which is characterized by faster fibrosis progression. Although its liver-related complication is estimated to be, at most, 10%, it will be a leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma soon in Korea. Although the main causes of death in people with NAFLD are cardiovascular disease and extra-hepatic malignancy, advanced liver fibrosis is a key prognostic marker for liver-related outcomes and can be assessed with combinations of non-invasive tests in the community. A number of components of metabolic syndrome involved could be another important prognostic information of NAFLD assessed easily in the routine care of the community. There is a few approved therapies for NAFLD, although several drugs, including antioxidants, attract practitioners' attention. Because of the modest effect of the present therapeutics, let alone complex pathophysiology and substantial heterogeneity of disease phenotypes, combination treatment is a viable option for many patients with NAFLD in the Korean community. Comprehensive approach taking healthy lifestyle and weight reduction into account remain a mainstay to the prevention and treatment of NAFLD.

Clinical and pathological characteristics of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and the key role of epigenetic regulation: implications for molecular mechanism and treatment

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), also called metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a prevalent syndrome marked by liver fat accumulation in the absence of significant alcohol consumption, encompassing simple fatty liver, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and advanced stages such as fibrosis and cirrhosis. Its incidence has surged globally, impacting up to 40% of the population, with a doubling of cases in China over a decade. NASH, a severe form, can progress to liver cirrhosis and cancer, posing a substantial health burden, especially among individuals with type 2 diabetes. Projections indicate a steep rise in NASH cases, necessitating urgent interventions beyond lifestyle modifications, such as innovative pharmaceuticals. Early diagnosis is crucial, yet current tools have limitations, highlighting the need for noninvasive, scalable diagnostic approaches. Advances in imaging and biomarker identification offer hope for early detection. Epigenetic factors play a significant role in MASLD pathogenesis, regulating key molecular mechanisms. Addressing MASLD requires a multifaceted approach, integrating lifestyle interventions, pharmacotherapy, and emerging therapeutics, against the backdrop of an evolving landscape in disease management.

Expression Analysis of Circulating miR-21, miR-34a and miR-122 and Redox Status Markers in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Patients with and Without Type 2 Diabetes

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), a hepatic form of metabolic syndrome, often co-occurs with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and now affects approximately 30% of the global population. MASLD encompasses conditions from simple steatosis to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, with oxidative stress (OS) driving progression through inflammation. This study analyzes the expression levels of circulating miRNAs and redox status markers in MASLD patients with and without T2D, exploring their potential as disease biomarkers. The expressions of miR-21, miR-34a, and miR-122 were analyzed in the platelet-poor plasma of 147 participants, divided into three groups: MASLD + T2D (48), MASLD (50), and a control group (49). Total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), ischemia-modified albumin (IMA), and superoxide anion radical (O2•-) were measured in serum and plasma. Logistic regression showed that miR-21, miR-34a, TOS, TAS, O2•-, and IMA were positive predictors of MASLD, while miR-21 and TAS were negative predictors of T2D in MASLD. Although miR-122 did not show a significant association with either condition, in combination with miR-34a and other markers such as lipid status and liver enzymes, a new significant predictor of MASLD was identified. Circulating miRNAs in combination with redox status markers, lipid status and liver enzymes show potential as MASLD biomarkers.

The hepatocellular model of fatty liver disease: from current imaging diagnostics to innovative proteomics technologies

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a prevalent chronic liver condition characterized by lipid accumulation and inflammation, often progressing to severe liver damage. We aim to review the pathophysiology, diagnostics, and clinical care of MASLD, and review highlights of advances in proteomic technologies. Recent advances in proteomics technologies have improved the identification of novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets, offering insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying MASLD progression. We focus on the application of mass spectrometry-based proteomics including single cell proteomics, proteogenomics, extracellular vesicle (EV-omics), and exposomics for biomarker discovery, emphasizing the potential of blood-based panels for noninvasive diagnosis and personalized medicine. Future research directions are presented to develop targeted therapies and improve clinical outcomes for MASLD patients.

Pine (Pinus koraiensis) Nut Oil Ameliorates Cholesterol Homeostasis and Inflammation via Modulating the miR-34a/122 Pathways in the Liver of Rats Fed a High-Cholesterol Diet

BACKGROUND

Pine (Pinus koraiensis) nut oil (PNO) has been reported to have various beneficial effects on hepatic triglyceride accumulation and atherosclerosis in animal models. MicroRNAs (miRs) are involved in various diseases by modulating physiological processes. However, the mechanism underlying PNO's effects on the regulation of miRs involved in hepatic cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation remains unclear.

OBJECTIVES

This study investigated the effects of PNO on the regulation of the miR-34a/122 pathways involved in cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation in the liver using a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) rat model.

METHODS

Six-wk-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups (n = 8/group) and provided with 1) a cholesterol-free diet, 2) an HCD containing 1% cholesterol and 0.5% cholic acid, or 3) an HCD containing 5% PNO for 4 wk. Lipid analysis of serum and liver, histological evaluation, and analysis of gene and protein expression were performed.

RESULTS

PNO supplementation in HCD improved hepatic lipid profiles and elevated serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol compared with the HCD group. PNO significantly upregulated hepatic gene expression levels of liver X receptor α and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1/G1, which are involved in cholesterol efflux (P < 0.05). Gene expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-6, IL-1β, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and inducible nitric oxide synthase were downregulated by PNO (P < 0.05). PNO also suppressed TNF-α and IL-6 protein levels by 22.3% and 17.3%, respectively (P < 0.05). PNO reduced hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B activity by 16.4% and decreased nitric oxide production in the liver and serum (P < 0.05). Furthermore, hepatic miR-34a and miR-122 expressions decreased by 16.4% and 15.7% by PNO, respectively (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that PNO may affect cholesterol homeostasis and inflammation, which are partially associated with the miR-34a/122 pathways in the liver under an HCD.

Selective In Situ Analysis of Hepatogenic Exosomal microRNAs via Virus-Mimicking Multifunctional Magnetic Vesicles

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a common clinical problem with urgent respect to demanding early diagnosis. Exosomal miRNAs are reliable and noninvasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of DILI. However, accurate and feasible detection of exosomal miRNAs is often hampered by the low abundance of miRNAs, inefficient exosome separation techniques, and the requirement for RNA extraction from large sample volumes. Here, the multifunctional magnetic vesicles are constructed by loading a multiple signal amplification detection system and magnetic nanoparticles into virus-mimicking engineered vesicles to achieve in situ analysis of hepatogenic exosomal miRNAs, which do not require miRNA extraction or target amplification. Virus-mimicking engineered vesicles carrying large surface proteins of hepatitis B virus are designed to achieve the specific identity and fusion of hepatogenic exosomes, and the multiple signal amplification detection system assembled by catalytic hairpin assembly technology and CRISPR/Cas13a technology can achieve highly sensitive in situ detection of miRNAs in exosomes with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.25 × 102 particles·µL-1. This novel nanoplatforms open a promising avenue for the early clinical diagnosis of DILI.

Emerging insights into the role of microRNAs regulation of ferroptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major type of liver cancer and an important cause of cancer death. It has been reported that the hepatocyte death plays an important role in HCC. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent programmed cell death characterized by the accumulation of free iron and lipid peroxidation. A series of studies have shown that ferroptosis contributes to the occurrence and development of HCC. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs with a length of approximately 222 nt. In recent years, miRNAs have been shown to participate in regulating ferroptosis to play a vital role in HCC, but the related mechanisms are not fully understood. This review summarized the current understanding of ferroptosis, as well as the biogenesis and function of miRNAs, and focused on the role of miRNAs regulation of ferroptosis in HCC, with the hope of providing new targets and ideas for the treatment of HCC.

Current Therapeutic Landscape for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis

In recent years, "metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease" (MASLD) has been proposed to better connect liver disease to metabolic dysfunction, which is the most common chronic liver disease worldwide. MASLD affects more than 30% of individuals globally, and it is diagnosed by the combination of hepatic steatosis and obesity, type 2 diabetes, or two metabolic risk factors. MASLD begins with the buildup of extra fat, often greater than 5%, within the liver, causing liver hepatocytes to become stressed. This can proceed to a more severe form, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), in 20-30% of people, where inflammation in the liver causes tissue fibrosis, which limits blood flow over time. As fibrosis worsens, MASH may lead to cirrhosis, liver failure, or even liver cancer. While the pathophysiology of MASLD is not fully known, the current "multiple-hits" concept proposes that dietary and lifestyle factors, metabolic factors, and genetic or epigenetic factors contribute to elevated oxidative stress and inflammation, causing liver fibrosis. This review article provides an overview of the pathogenesis of MASLD and evaluates existing therapies as well as pharmacological drugs that are currently being studied in clinical trials for MASLD or MASH.

Unraveling Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease Through the Use of Omics Technologies

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), now referred to as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), is the most prevalent liver disorder globally, linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. Understanding its potential progression from simple steatosis to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is crucial for patient management and treatment strategies. The disease's complexity requires innovative approaches for early detection and personalized care. Omics technologies-such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and exposomics-are revolutionizing the study of MASLD. These high-throughput techniques allow for a deeper exploration of the molecular mechanisms driving disease progression. Genomics can identify genetic predispositions, whilst transcriptomics and proteomics reveal changes in gene expression and protein profiles during disease evolution. Metabolomics offers insights into the metabolic alterations associated with MASLD, while exposomics links environmental exposures to MASLD progression and pathology. By integrating data from various omics platforms, researchers can map out the intricate biochemical pathways involved in liver disease progression. This review discusses the roles of omics technologies in enhancing the understanding of disease progression and highlights potential diagnostic and therapeutic targets within the MASLD spectrum, emphasizing the need for non-invasive tools in disease staging and treatment development.

Exploring Extracellular Vesicles: A Novel Approach in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents an increasing public health concern. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of NAFLD remains unclear, and as a result, there is currently no specific therapy for this condition. However, recent studies focus on extracellular vesicles (EVs) as a novelty in their role in cellular communication. An imbalance in the gut microbiota composition may contribute to the progression of NAFLD, making the gut-liver axis a promising target for therapeutic strategies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of EVs in NAFLD. Additionally, exosome-like nanovesicles derived from plants (PELNs) and probiotics-derived extracellular vesicles (postbiotics) have demonstrated the potential to re-establish intestinal equilibrium and modulate gut microbiota, thus offering the potential to alleviate NAFLD via the gut-liver axis. Further research is needed using multiple omics approaches to comprehensively characterize the cargo including protein, metabolites, genetic material packaged, and biological activities of extracellular vesicles derived from diverse microbes and plants.

The cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating the protective effects of sodium-glucose linked transporter 2 inhibitors against metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease

Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), formerly known as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a common, highly heterogeneous condition that affects about a quarter of the world's population, with no approved drug therapy. Current evidence from preclinical research and a number of small clinical trials indicates that SGLT2 inhibitors could also be effective for MAFLD. MAFLD is associated with a higher risk of chronic liver disease and multiple extrahepatic events, especially cardiovascular disease (CVD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). MAFLD is considered a more appropriate terminology than NAFLD because it captures the complex bidirectional interplay between fatty liver and metabolic dysfunctions associated with disease progression, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). SGLT2 inhibitors are antidiabetic drugs that block glucose reabsorption in the kidney proximal tubule. In this article, we reviewed current clinical evidence supporting the potential use of SGLT2 inhibitors as a drug therapy for MAFLD and discussed the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. We also reviewed the clinical benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors against MAFLD-related comorbidities, especially CVD, CKD and cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome (CKM). The broad beneficial effects of SGLT2 inhibitors support their use, likely in combination with other drugs, as a therapy for MAFLD.

From fatty liver to fibrosis: the impact of miRNAs on NAFLD and NASH

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disease with various levels varying from fatty liver steatosis to acute steatosis which is non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can develop into hepatic failure, as well as in some conditions it can develop into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In the NAFLD and NASH context, aberrant microRNA (miRNA) expression has a thorough contribution to the incidence and development of these liver disorders by influencing key biological actions, involving lipid metabolism, inflammation, and fibrosis. Dysregulated miRNAs can disrupt the balance between lipid accumulation and clearance, exacerbate inflammatory responses, and promote fibrogenesis, thus advancing the severeness of the disorder from simple steatosis to more complex NASH. In the current review, the latest development concerned with the activity of complex regulatory networks of miRNA in the incidence as well as the evolution of NAFLD is to be discussed, also conferring about the miRNAs' role in the onset, pathogenesis as well as diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH discussing miRNAs' role as diagnostic biomarkers and their therapeutic effects on NAFLD/NASH.

Advances and challenges in molecular understanding, early detection, and targeted treatment of liver cancer

In this review, we explore the application of next-generation sequencing in liver cancer research, highlighting its potential in modern oncology. Liver cancer, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma, is driven by a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Key genetic alterations, such as mutations in TERT, TP53, and CTNNB1, alongside epigenetic modifications such as DNA methylation and histone remodeling, disrupt regulatory pathways and promote tumorigenesis. Environmental factors, including viral infections, alcohol consumption, and metabolic disorders such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, enhance hepatocarcinogenesis. The tumor microenvironment plays a pivotal role in liver cancer progression and therapy resistance, with immune cell infiltration, fibrosis, and angiogenesis supporting cancer cell survival. Advances in immune checkpoint inhibitors and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies have shown potential, but the unique immunosuppressive milieu in liver cancer presents challenges. Dysregulation in pathways such as Wnt/β-catenin underscores the need for targeted therapeutic strategies. Next-generation sequencing is accelerating the identification of genetic and epigenetic alterations, enabling more precise diagnosis and personalized treatment plans. A deeper understanding of these molecular mechanisms is essential for advancing early detection and developing effective therapies against liver cancer.

Rapid downregulation of DICER is a hallmark of adipose tissue upon high-fat diet feeding

Adipose tissue regulates whole-body energy balance and is crucial for metabolic health. With energy surplus, adipose tissue expands, which may lead to local areas of hypoxia and inflammation, and consequently impair whole-body insulin sensitivity. We report that DICER, a key enzyme for miRNA maturation, is significantly lower in abdominal subcutaneous white adipose tissue of men with obesity compared with men with a lean phenotype. Furthermore, DICER is profoundly downregulated in mouse adipose tissue and liver within the first week on a high-fat diet (HFD), and remains low after prolonged HFD feeding. Downregulation of DICER in mice occurs in both mature adipocytes and stromal vascular cells. Mechanistically, chemically induced hypoxia in vitro shows DICER degradation via interaction with hypoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF1α). Moreover, DICER and HIF1α interact in brown adipose tissue post-HFD which may signal for DICER degradation. Finally, RNA sequencing reveals a striking time-dependent downregulation of total miRNA content in mouse subcutaneous adipose tissue after HFD feeding. Collectively, HFD in mice reduces adipose tissue DICER, likely due to hypoxia-induced interaction with HIF1α during tissue expansion, and this significantly impacts miRNA content.

Metabolic Derangement in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Opportunities for Early Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a globally prevalent disorder that can rapidly progress if not detected early. Currently, no accepted markers exist for early diagnosis and prognosis of NAFLD. This review describes derangement in major metabolic pathways of lipid, carbohydrate, and amino acids in NAFLD. It suggests that measuring levels of thrombospondin, TyG index, asymmetric dimethylarginine, LAL-A, GLP-1, FGF-21, and GSG index are potential markers for early diagnosis of NAFLD. A single marker may not indicate early NAFLD, and further large-scale studies on correlating levels of Thrombospondin-2, triglyceride-glucose index, and FGF-21 with NAFLD are warranted.

Novel insights into the role of quercetin and kaempferol from Carthamus tinctorius L. in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease via NR1H4-mediated pathways

This study investigates the novel therapeutic potential of quercetin and kaempferol, two bioactive compounds derived from Carthamus tinctorius L., in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by modulating the bile acid receptor NR1H4 (Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1 Group H Member 4) and its associated metabolic pathways. A rat model of NAFLD was established, and RNA sequencing and proteomics were carefully employed to identify differential gene expressions associated with the disease. The active components of Carthamus tinctorius L. were screened, followed by the construction of a comprehensive network that maps the interactions between these components, NR1H4 and NAFLD-related pathways. Both in vitro (using HepG2 cells) and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects on NR1H4 expression levels through Western blot and RT-qPCR analyses. Our findings identify NR1H4 as a pivotal target in NAFLD. Network pharmacology analysis indicates that quercetin and kaempferol play crucial roles in combating NAFLD, with in vitro and in vivo experiments confirming their ability to mitigate hepatocyte steatosis by enhancing NR1H4 expression. Notably, the protective effects of these compounds were inhibited by the NR1H4 antagonist guggulsterone, highlighting the importance of NR1H4 upregulation. This study demonstrates the novel therapeutic efficacy of quercetin and kaempferol from Carthamus tinctorius L. in treating NAFLD through NR1H4 upregulation. This mechanism contributes to the regulation of lipid metabolism, improvement of liver function, reduction of inflammation, and alleviation of oxidative stress, offering a promising direction for future NAFLD treatment strategies.

From adiposity to steatosis: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, a hepatic expression of metabolic syndrome - current insights and future directions

BACKGROUND

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a growing health concern and the risk of its development is connected with the increasing prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) which occurs as a result of some complex obesity-induced metabolic changes. It is a common chronic liver disease characterized by excessive fat accumulation in the liver, the tendency to progress to more severe forms, and a corresponding increase in morbidity and mortality. Thus, effectively addressing the rising burden of the disease requires a thorough understanding of its complex interrelationship with obesity and MetS.

MAIN BODY

MASLD results from complex interactions involving obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidaemia, leading to hepatic lipid accumulation, and is influenced by several genetic and environmental factors such as diet and gut microbiota dysbiosis. It has extensive metabolic and non-metabolic implications, including links to MetS components like hyperglycaemia, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia, and progresses to significant liver damage and other extra-hepatic risks like cardiovascular disease and certain cancers. Diagnosis often relies on imaging and histology, with non-invasive methods preferred over liver biopsies. Emerging biomarkers and OMIC technologies offer improved diagnostic capabilities but face practical challenges. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI), lifestyle interventions, and pharmacological treatments show promise, with future efforts focusing on precision medicine and novel diagnostic tools to improve patient outcome.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of MASLD within the context of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is essential for identifying potential therapeutic targets. Advancements in non-invasive diagnostic tools and novel pharmacological treatments, hold promise for improving the management of MASLD. Future research should focus on precision medicine and innovative therapies to effectively address the disease and its consequences.

MetALD: Does it require a different therapeutic option?

New guidelines for the definitions of steatotic liver disease have named the entity of metabolic dysfunction and alcohol-associated liver disease (MetALD) as an overlap condition of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and alcohol-associated liver disease. There is a broad range of therapeutics in all stages of development for MASLD, but these therapeutics, in general, have not been studied in patients with significant ongoing alcohol use. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the endogenous and exogenous risks for MASLD and MetALD. Rational strategies for therapeutic intervention in MetALD include biopsychosocial interventions, alcohol use cessation strategies, including the use of medications for alcohol use disorder, and judicious use of therapeutics for steatotic liver disease. Therapeutics with promise for MetALD include incretin-based therapies, FGF21 agonists, thyroid hormone receptor beta agonists, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors, and agents to modify de novo lipogenesis. Currently, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonists have the largest body of literature supporting their use in MASLD, and there is a paucity of agents in trials for alcohol-associated liver disease. From existing studies, it is not clear if unique therapeutics or a combinatorial approach are needed for MetALD. Further elucidation of the safety and benefits of MASLD-related therapies is of paramount importance for advancing therapeutics for MetALD in carefully designed inclusive clinical trials.

Gut Microbiota-microRNA Interactions and Obesity Pathophysiology: A Systematic Review of Integrated Studies

Obesity is the fifth leading cause of death globally and its comorbidities put a high burden on societies and cause disability. In this review, we aim to summarize the interactions and crosstalk between gut microbiota and micro-RNA (miRNA) in obesity. We searched for the relevant literature through PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct. The study design is registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews (Prospero). According to the inclusion criteria, eight studies were eligible for assessment (two studies including human subjects and six studies including animal subjects). We report that the interactions of miRNA and gut microbiota in the context of obesity are diverse and in some cases tissue specific. However, the interactions mediate obesity-associated pathways including the inflammatory response, oxidative stress, insulin signaling, gut permeability, and lipogenesis. To mention the most meaningful results, the expression of adipose tissue miRNA-378a-3p/5p was associated with Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia abundance, the expression of hepatic miRNA-34a was related to the Firmicutes phylum, and the expression of miRNA-122-5p and miRNA-375 was associated with the Bacteroides genus. miRNA-microbiota-associated pathological pathways seem to provide an intricate, but promising field for future research directed toward the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities.

THSR Mediated MiR374b Targeting C/EBP β/FOXO1 to Accelerate Thyroid Stimulating Hormone-Induced Hepatic Steatosis

Purpose

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) has been identified as an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), TSH binds to the TSH receptor (TSHR) to exert its function. However, the underlying mechanisms by which TSHR influences NAFLD development remain unclear. This study investigates the role of miR374b in NAFLD progression.

Methods

Firstly, a rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver was constructed and divided into a normal group and a model group. The liver tissue pathology and fat accumulation were detected by Oil Red O staining and hematoxylin-eosin staining. Western blot and Real time PCR were used to detect for the impact of TSHR/miR-374b/C/EBP β/ FoxO1 pathway in the NAFLD model, and the expression of relevant inflammatory factors in each group was detected by ELISA assay. A NAFLD cell model was constructed using HepG2 cells, TSHR overexpression and interference, combined with miR-374b inhibitor and mimics, were transfected simultaneously to demonstrate TSHR/miR-374b/C/EBP β/ The mechanism of FoxO1 adipogenesis in vitro.

Results

TSHR stimulates miR374b secretion in human liver cancer cells (HepG2) and promotes lipid accumulation in the liver. Deficiency of miR374b in HepG2 cells attenuated NAFLD progression. Mechanistically, TSH increases miR374b expression, which then suppresses the transcription of its target genes, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-b (C/EBP β) and Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1). This suppression influences the expression of downstream lipid metabolism proteins, including PPARγ, SREBP2, and SREBP1c. Additionally, miR374b directly targets the 3'UTR of C/EBP β and FOXO1, establishing a negative feedback loop in lipid metabolism.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that TSHR-induced upregulation of miR374b accelerates NAFLD progression by modulating lipid metabolism pathways through C/EBP β and FOXO1.

Recent Advances in miRNA-Based Therapy for MASLD/MASH and MASH-Associated HCC

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is a growing health concern worldwide, affecting more than 1 billion adults. It may progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), cirrhosis, and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Emerging evidence has demonstrated the role in this transition of microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate the expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism, inflammation, fibrosis, and cell proliferation. Specific miRNAs have been identified to exacerbate or mitigate fibrotic and carcinogenic processes in hepatic cells. The modulation of these miRNAs through synthetic mimics or inhibitors represents a promising therapeutic strategy. Preclinical models have demonstrated that miRNA-based therapies can attenuate liver inflammation, reduce fibrosis, and inhibit tumorigenesis, thus delaying or preventing the onset of HCC. However, challenges such as delivery mechanisms, off-target effects, and long-term safety remain to be addressed. This review, focusing on recently published preclinical and clinical studies, explores the pharmacological potential of miRNA-based interventions to prevent MASLD/MASH and progression toward HCC.

Harnessing natural compounds to modulate miRNAs in breast cancer therapy

Breast cancer's complexity and heterogeneity continue to present significant challenges in its treatment and management. Emerging research has underscored the pivotal role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in breast cancer pathogenesis, acting as crucial regulators of gene expression. This review delivers an in-depth analysis of miRNAs, highlighting their dual functions as both oncogenes and tumor suppressors, and detailing their impact on key biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis. The mechanisms underlying miRNA action, particularly their interactions with target mRNAs and the factors influencing these dynamics, are thoroughly explored. Additionally, the review discusses the therapeutic prospects of miRNAs, with a focus on innovative delivery systems like nanoparticles that improve the stability and effectiveness of miRNA-based therapies. It also addresses the anticancer effects of natural compounds, such as genistein, hesperidin, quercetin, curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), and glyceollins, which modulate miRNA expression and contribute to tumor growth inhibition. These advances seek to address the limitations of conventional therapies, paving the way for targeted interventions in breast cancer. By integrating current insights on miRNA biology, therapeutic strategies, and the potential of natural products to regulate miRNA expression, this review aims to shed light on miRNA- and natural product-based approaches as promising avenues for enhancing breast cancer treatment outcomes.

The Development of a Non-Invasive Screening Method Based on Serum microRNAs to Quantify the Percentage of Liver Steatosis

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is often asymptomatic and underdiagnosed; consequently, there is a demand for simple, non-invasive diagnostic tools. In this study, we developed a method to quantify liver steatosis based on miRNAs, present in liver and serum, that correlate with liver fat. The miRNAs were analyzed by miRNAseq in liver samples from two cohorts of patients with a precise quantification of liver steatosis. Common miRNAs showing correlation with liver steatosis were validated by RT-qPCR in paired liver and serum samples. Multivariate models were built using partial least squares (PLS) regression to predict the percentage of liver steatosis from serum miRNA levels. Leave-one-out cross validation and external validation were used for model selection and to estimate predictive performance. The miRNAseq results disclosed (a) 144 miRNAs correlating with triglycerides in a set of liver biobank samples (n = 20); and (b) 124 and 102 miRNAs correlating with steatosis by biopsy digital image and MRI analyses, respectively, in liver samples from morbidly obese patients (n = 24). However, only 35 miRNAs were common in both sets of samples. RT-qPCR allowed to validate the correlation of 10 miRNAs in paired liver and serum samples. The development of PLS models to quantitatively predict steatosis demonstrated that the combination of serum miR-145-3p, 122-5p, 143-3p, 500a-5p, and 182-5p provided the lowest root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECV = 1.1, p-value = 0.005). External validation of this model with a cohort of mixed MASLD patients (n = 25) showed a root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) of 5.3. In conclusion, it is possible to predict the percentage of hepatic steatosis with a low error rate by quantifying the serum level of five miRNAs using a cost-effective and easy-to-implement RT-qPCR method.

Serum microRNA 143 and 223 Gene Expression Profiles as Potential Biomarkers in Individuals with Hepatitis and COVID-19

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can act as biomarkers and descriptors of the association between infections and other diseases, such as hepatitis and COVID-19. This study aims to investigate the role of miRNA serum expression according to laboratory data concerning hepatitis and COVID-19. Seventy individuals recruited in Southern and Southeastern Brazil donated serum samples and were divided into four groups: (i) 20 negative subjects, (ii) 20 presenting hepatitis, (iii) 19 with COVID-19 and (iv) 11 with hepatitis and COVID-19. Three miRNAs (miR-122, miR-143 and miR-223) were evaluated using real-time PCR. Hematological and biochemical markers were also analyzed. MiR-143 and miR-223 were downregulated among the hepatitis/COVID-19 group (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between miR-223 and lymphocytes. There was a negative correlation between alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) for miR-143 and miR-223 and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) only for miR-223 (p < 0.05). For hepatic fibrosis (FIB-4), miR-122 and miR-143 had a greater association and miR-223 was more associated with a history of vaccination against COVID-19. MicroRNAs 143 and 223 could be useful as biomarkers for hepatitis coinfection with COVID-19.

Characterization of small RNAs in the spleen of MASH in a non-human primate model

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and its advanced stage, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), are increasingly recognized as a global health issue. This study examines the role of small RNAs in the spleen of MASH using a non-human primate model. We performed high-throughput small RNA sequencing on spleen tissues from MASH-primates, revealing significant alterations in the expression of small non-coding RNAs, especially miRNAs. Notably, miR-96, miR-182, miR-183, and miR-122 showed differential expression in MASH spleens. Predictive and validation studies have identified potential target genes, such as PTX3 and NFIX, that were significantly dysregulated in spleens of MASH. These findings characterized small RNAs in spleen of MASH and offer a novel insight for further research for MASH.

Role of Circulating microRNAs in Liver Disease and HCC: Focus on miR-122

miR-122 is the most abundant microRNA (miRNA) in the liver; it regulates several genes mainly involved in cell metabolism and inflammation. Host factors, diet, metabolic disorders and viral infection promote the development of liver diseases, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The downregulation of miR-122 in tissue is a common feature of the progression of liver injury. In addition, the release of miR-122 in the bloodstream seems to be very promising for the early diagnosis of both viral and non-viral liver disease. Although controversial data are available on the role of circulating miR-122 as a single biomarker, high diagnostic accuracy has been observed using miR-122 in combination with other circulating miRNAs and/or proteins. This review is focused on comprehensively summarizing the most recent literature on the potential role of circulating miR-122, and related molecules, as biomarker(s) of metabolic liver diseases, hepatitis and HCC.

Deletion of platelet-derived growth factor receptor β suppresses tumorigenesis in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) mice with diabetes

The platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family contributes to the progression of steatohepatitis; however, changes in and the characteristics of isoform-specific expression remain unclear. Since diabetes is a major driver of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), we characterized the mouse model of diabetic MASH (dMASH) by focusing on PDGF signaling. Pdgfa-d expression was markedly higher in hepatic stellate cells among flow-sorted cells in control mice and also increased in dMASH. In contrast, a reanalysis of human single-cell RNA-Seq data showed the distinct distribution of each PDGF isoform with disease progression. Furthermore, inflammation and fibrosis in the liver were less severe in diabetic MASH using tamoxifen-induced PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ)-deficient mice (KO) than in control dMASH using floxed mice (FL) at 12 weeks old. Despite the absence of tumors, the expression of tumor-related genes was lower in KO than in FL. Tumorigenesis was significantly lower in 20-week-old KO. An Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of differentially expressed miRNA between FL and KO identified functional networks associated with hepatotoxicity and cancer. Therefore, PDGFRβ signals play important roles in the progression of steatohepatitis and tumorigenesis in MASH, with the modulation of miRNA expression posited as a potential underlying mechanism.

miR-21: A therapeutic target for delaying severe liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma in high-fat-diet-fed mice

Liver disease, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a major global health concern, claiming approximately 2 million lives worldwide annually, yet curative treatments remain elusive. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of microRNA-21-5p (miR-21) in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (previously NAFLD), metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (previously NASH), and HCC within the context of a Western high-fat diet, without additional choline (HFD) and offering potential therapeutic insights. We found that reduced miR-21 levels correlated with liver disease progression in WT mice fed on HFD, while miR-21 knockout mice showed exacerbated metabolic dysfunction, including obesity, hepatomegaly, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, steatosis, fibrosis, and HCC. Our study reveals that miR-21 plays a protective role in metabolic syndrome and in the progression of liver disease to cancer. MiR-21 directly targets Transforming growth factor beta-induced (Tgfbi), a gene also known to be significantly upregulated and a potential oncogene in HCC. Further, our study showed that intervention with the administration of a miR-21 mimic in WT livers effectively improves insulin sensitivity, steatosis, fibrosis, Tgfbi expression and tumor burden in HFD conditions. These findings indicate that miR-21 could serve as an effective strategy to delay or prevent liver disease in high-fat-diet environments.

Mechanism of Metabolic Dysfunction-associated Steatotic Liver Disease: Important role of lipid metabolism

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), formerly known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, has a high global prevalence and can progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The pathogenesis of MASLD is primarily driven by disturbances in hepatic lipid metabolism, involving six key processes: increased hepatic fatty acid uptake, enhanced fatty acid synthesis, reduced oxidative degradation of fatty acids, increased cholesterol uptake, elevated cholesterol synthesis, and increased bile acid synthesis. Consequently, maintaining hepatic lipid metabolic homeostasis is essential for effective MASLD management. Numerous novel molecules and Chinese proprietary medicines have demonstrated promising therapeutic potential in treating MASLD, primarily by inhibiting lipid synthesis and promoting lipid oxidation. In this review, we summarized recent research on MASLD, elucidated the molecular mechanisms by which lipid metabolism disorders contribute to MASLD pathogenesis, and discussed various lipid metabolism-targeted therapeutic approaches for MASLD.

Schisanhenol ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via inhibiting miR-802 activation of AMPK-mediated modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), characterized by hepatic steatosis, is a common metabolic liver disease worldwide. Currently, satisfactory drugs for NAFLD treatment remain lacking. Obesity and diabetes are the leading causes of NAFLD, and compounds with anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities are considered suitable candidates for treating NAFLD. In this study, biochemical and histological assays revealed that a natural lignan schisanhenol (SAL) effectively decreased lipid accumulation and improved hepatic steatosis in free fatty acid (FFA)-treated HepG2 cells and high-fat diet (HFD)-induced NAFLD mice. Further, molecular analyses, microRNA (miRNA)-seq, and bioinformatics analyses revealed that SAL may improve NAFLD by targeting the miR-802/adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway. Liver-specific overexpression of miR-802 in NAFLD mice significantly impaired SAL-mediated liver protection and decreased the protein levels of phosphorylated (p)-AMPK and PRKAB1. Dual-luciferase assay analysis further confirmed that miR-802 inhibits hepatic AMPK expression by binding to the 3' untranslated region of mouse Prkab1 or human PRKAA1. Additionally, genetic silencing of PRKAA1 blocked SAL-induced AMPK pathway activation in FFA-treated HepG2 cells. The results demonstrate that SAL is an effective drug candidate for treating NAFLD through regulating miR-802/AMPK-mediated lipid metabolism.

Circulating miR-122-5p, miR-151a-3p, miR-126-5p and miR-21-5p as potential predictive biomarkers for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease assessment

Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) is a worldwide leading cause of liver-related associated morbidities and mortality. Currently, there is a lack of reliable non-invasive biomarkers for an accurate of MASLD. Hence, this study aimed to evidence the functional role of miRNAs as potential biomarkers for MASLD assessment. Data from 55 participants with steatosis (MASLD group) and 45 without steatosis (control group) from the Fatty Liver in Obesity (FLiO) Study (NCT03183193) were analyzed. Anthropometrics and body composition, biochemical and inflammatory markers, lifestyle factors and liver status were evaluated. Circulating miRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. Circulating levels of miR-122-5p, miR-151a-3p, miR-126-5p and miR-21-5p were significantly increased in the MASLD group. These miRNAs were significantly associated with steatosis, liver stiffness and hepatic fat content. Logistic regression analyses revealed that miR-151a-3p or miR-21-5p in combination with leptin showed a significant diagnostic accuracy for liver stiffness obtaining an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.76 as well as miR-151a-3p in combination with glucose for hepatic fat content an AUC of 0.81. The best predictor value for steatosis was obtained by combining miR-126-5p with leptin, presenting an AUC of 0.95. Circulating miRNAs could be used as a non-invasive biomarkers for evaluating steatosis, liver stiffness and hepatic fat content, which are crucial in determining MASLD. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: • Trial registration number: NCT03183193 ( www.clinicaltrials.gov ). • Date of registration: 12/06/2017.

CXCL9, IL2RB, and SPP1, potential diagnostic biomarkers in the co-morbidity pattern of atherosclerosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a hepatocyte inflammation based on hepatocellular steatosis, yet there is no effective drug treatment. Atherosclerosis (AS) is caused by lipid deposition in the endothelium, which can lead to various cardiovascular diseases. NASH and AS share common risk factors, and NASH can also elevate the risk of AS, causing a higher morbidity and mortality rate for atherosclerotic heart disease. Therefore, timely detection and diagnosis of NASH and AS are particularly important. In this study, differential gene expression analysis and weighted gene co-expression network analysis were performed on the AS (GSE100927) and NASH (GSE89632) datasets to obtain common crosstalk genes, respectively. Then, candidate Hub genes were screened using four topological algorithms and externally validated in the GSE43292 and GSE63067 datasets to obtain Hub genes. Furthermore, immune infiltration analysis and gene set variation analysis were performed on the Hub genes to explore the underlying mechanisms. The DGIbd database was used to screen candidate drugs for AS and NASH. Finally, a NASH model was constructed using free fatty acid-induced human L02 cells, an AS model was constructed using lipopolysaccharide-induced HUVECs, and a co-morbidity model was constructed using L02 cells and HUVECs to verify Hub gene expression. The result showed that a total of 113 genes common to both AS and NASH were identified as crosstalk genes, and enrichment analysis indicated that these genes were mainly involved in the regulation of immune and metabolism-related pathways. 28 candidate Hub genes were screened according to four topological algorithms, and CXCL9, IL2RB, and SPP1 were identified as Hub genes after in vitro experiments and external dataset validation. The ROC curves and SVM modeling demonstrated the good diagnostic efficacy of these three Hub genes. In addition, the Hub genes are strongly associated with immune cell infiltration, especially macrophages and γ-δ T cell infiltration. Finally, five potential therapeutic drugs were identified. has-miR-185 and hsa-miR-335 were closely related to AS and NASH. This study demonstrates that CXCL9, IL2RB, and SPP1 may serve as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of the co-morbidity patterns of AS and NASH and as potential targets for drug therapy.

Advances and challenges of exosome-derived noncoding RNAs for hepatocellular carcinoma diagnosis and treatment

Exosomes, also termed extracellular vesicles (EVs), are an important component of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and exert versatile effects on the molecular communications in the TME of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Exosome-mediated intercellular communication is closely associated with the tumorigenesis and development of HCC. Exosomes can be extracted through ultracentrifugation and size exclusion, followed by molecular analysis through sequencing. Increasing studies have confirmed the important roles of exosome-derived ncRNAs in HCC, including tumorigenesis, progression, immune escape, and treatment resistance. Due to the protective membrane structure of exosomes, the ncRNAs carried by exosomes can evade degradation by enzymes in body fluids and maintain good expression stability. Thus, exosome-derived ncRNAs are highly suitable as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognostic prediction of HCC, such as exosomal miR-21-5p, miR-221-3p and lncRNA-ATB. In addition, substantial studies revealed that the up-or down-regulation of exosome-derived ncRNAs had an important impact on HCC progression and response to treatment. Exosomal biomarkers, such as miR-23a, lncRNA DLX6-AS1, miR-21-5p, lncRNA TUC339, lncRNA HMMR-AS1 and hsa_circ_0004658, can reshape immune microenvironment by regulating M2-type macrophage polarization and then promote HCC development. Therefore, by controlling exosome biogenesis and modulating exosomal ncRNA levels, HCC may be inhibited or eliminated. In this current review, we summarized the recent findings on the role of exosomes in HCC progression and analyzed the relationship between exosome-derived ncRNAs and HCC diagnosis and treatment.

Exploring the Regulatory Effect of Tegillarca granosa Polysaccharide on High-Fat Diet-Induced Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Mice Based on Intestinal Flora

To explore the potential mechanism of action of Tegillarca granosa polysaccharide (TGP) in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the study conducts in vivo experiments using male C57BL/6 mice fed a high-fat diet while administering TGP for 16 weeks. The study measures body weight, liver weight, serum biochemical markers, pathological histology, liver lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and inflammation-related factors, lipid synthesis and metabolism-related gene and protein expression, and the composition and abundance of intestinal flora. Additionally, short-chain fatty acid (SCFAs) content and the correlation between intestinal flora and environmental factors are measured. The results show that TGP effectively reduces excessive hepatic lipid accumulation, dyslipidemia, abnormal liver function, and steatosis in the mice with NAFLD. Moreover, TGP effectively regulates intestinal flora disorder, increases the diversity of intestinal flora, and affects the relative abundance of specific bacteria while also increasing the content of SCFAs. These findings provide a basis for exploring the regulatory effect of T. granosa polysaccharide on NAFLD based on intestinal flora and highlight its potential as a natural liver nutraceutical.

Adipose-derived miRNAs as potential biomarkers for predicting adulthood obesity and its complications: A systematic review and bioinformatic analysis

Adipose tissue is the first and primary target organ of obesity and the main source of circulating miRNAs in patients with obesity. This systematic review aimed to analyze and summarize the generation and mechanisms of adipose-derived miRNAs and their role as early predictors of various obesity-related complications. Literature searches in the PubMed and Web of Science databases using terms related to miRNAs, obesity, and adipose tissue. Pre-miRNAs from the Human MicroRNA Disease Database, known to regulate obesity-related metabolic disorders, were combined for intersection processing. Validated miRNA targets were sorted through literature review, and enrichment analysis using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes via the KOBAS online tool, disease analysis, and miRNA transcription factor prediction using the TransmiR v. 2.0 database were also performed. Thirty miRNAs were identified using both obesity and adipose secretion as criteria. Seventy-nine functionally validated targets associated with 30 comorbidities of these miRNAs were identified, implicating pathways such as autophagy, p53 pathways, and inflammation. The miRNA precursors were analyzed to predict their transcription factors and explore their biosynthesis mechanisms. Our findings offer potential insights into the epigenetic changes related to adipose-driven obesity-related comorbidities.

Gut-Liver-Pancreas Axis Crosstalk in Health and Disease: From the Role of Microbial Metabolites to Innovative Microbiota Manipulating Strategies

The functions of the gut are closely related to those of many other organs in the human body. Indeed, the gut microbiota (GM) metabolize several nutrients and compounds that, once released in the bloodstream, can reach distant organs, thus influencing the metabolic and inflammatory tone of the host. The main microbiota-derived metabolites responsible for the modulation of endocrine responses are short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), bile acids and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). These molecules can (i) regulate the pancreatic hormones (insulin and glucagon), (ii) increase glycogen synthesis in the liver, and (iii) boost energy expenditure, especially in skeletal muscles and brown adipose tissue. In other words, they are critical in maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis. In GM dysbiosis, the imbalance of microbiota-related products can affect the proper endocrine and metabolic functions, including those related to the gut-liver-pancreas axis (GLPA). In addition, the dysbiosis can contribute to the onset of some diseases such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)/non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and type 2 diabetes (T2D). In this review, we explored the roles of the gut microbiota-derived metabolites and their involvement in onset and progression of these diseases. In addition, we detailed the main microbiota-modulating strategies that could improve the diseases' development by restoring the healthy balance of the GLPA.

Functionalized primer initiated signal cycles and personal glucose meter for sensitive and portable miRNA analysis

MicroRNA (miRNA) has garnered considerable attention due to its diagnostic capabilities, such as in hypoxic cognitive impairment and cancers. However, the existing miRNA detection methods are commonly criticized for the drawbacks of low sensitivity and false-positive detection derived from interfering molecules. Here, we provide a novel, sensitive and portable method for miRNA detection by combining target identification based cyclization of padlocks, immobilized primer-based signal amplification and a personal glucose meter. The proposed method exhibits several advantages, including precise identification of specific sites, exceptional sensitivity and instrument-free feature. These attributes hold great promise for the diagnosis and clinical investigation of various diseases, such as cancer and hypoxic cognitive impairment, enabling a deeper understanding of their pathological and physiological aspects.