1
|
Belghith M, Maghrebi O, Ben Laamari R, Hanachi M, Hrir S, Saied Z, Belal S, Driss A, Ben Sassi S, Boussoffara T, Barbouche MR. Increased IL-22 in cerebrospinal fluid of neuro-behçet's disease patients. Cytokine 2024; 179:156617. [PMID: 38631183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Remitting-Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) and Neuro-Behçet Disease (NBD) are two chronic neuro-inflammatory disorders leading to brain damage and disability in young adults. Herein, we investigated in these patients the cytokine response by beads-based multiplex assays during the early stages of these disorders. Cytokine investigations were carried out on treatment-naive patients suffering from RRMS and NBD recruited at the first episode of clinical relapse. Our findings demonstrate that Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) cells from NBD patients, but not RRMS, secrete significant high levels of IL-22 which is associated with elevated IL-22 mRNA expression. We also observed an increase in IL-22 levels in the definite NBD subgroup as compared to the probable NBD one, indicating a clear relationship between elevated IL-22 levels and diagnostic certainty. Interestingly, we found no correlation of IL-22 secretion between CSF and serum arguing about intrathecal release of IL-22 in the CNS of NBD patients. Moreover, we showed by correlogram analysis that this cytokine doesn't correlate with IL-17A, IL-17F and IL-21 suggesting that this cytokine is secreted by Th22 cells and not by Th17 cells in the CSF of NBD patients. Finally, we found elevated levels of IL-6 and a positive correlation between IL and 6 and IL-22 in the CSF of NBD. In conclusion, these results suggest that IL-6 contributes to the production of IL-22 by T cells leading to the exacerbation of inflammation and damage within the CNS of NBD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Belghith
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia.
| | - Olfa Maghrebi
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1006, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Rafika Ben Laamari
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Mariem Hanachi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics-LR16IPT09, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Sana Hrir
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Zakaria Saied
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1006, Tunisia; Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Samir Belal
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1006, Tunisia; Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Adel Driss
- Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
| | - Samia Ben Sassi
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, 1006, Tunisia; Neurology's Department, Mongi Ben Hmida National Institute of Neurology, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Thouraya Boussoffara
- Laboratory of Transmission, Control and Immunobiology of Infections, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia; Tunis El Manar University, Tunis 1068, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed-Ridha Barbouche
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, College of Medicine and Medical Science, Arabian Gulf University 26671, Manama, Bahrain.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Watanabe M, Okamura Y, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Interleukin-22 induces immune-related gene expression in the gills of Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 148:104916. [PMID: 37591365 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin (IL)-22 has been identified in several fish species; however, its functional significance in the gills of these fish species remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, antimicrobial peptides, and IL-22 binding protein in the gills of wild-type and IL-22-knockout (IL-22 KO) medaka under dextran sulfate sodium-induced inflammation. We also produced medaka recombinant IL-22 (rIL-22) and analyzed the expression of immune-related genes in rIL-22-stimulated primary cell cultures from gills. The il1b, il6, tnfa, and hamp genes were significantly upregulated in wild-type gills upon dextran sulfate sodium stimulation compared with the naïve state but not in IL-22 KO gills. il22bp transcripts were barely detectable in the IL-22 KO medaka gills. However, the expression of il1b, il6, hamp, and il22bp was upregulated in rIL-22-stimulated gill cell culture. These results suggest IL-22 could be involved in immune responses through inflammatory cytokine and antimicrobial peptide production in fish gills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yo Okamura
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen W, Wang J, Yang H, Sun Y, Chen B, Liu Y, Han Y, Shan M, Zhan J. Interleukin 22 and its association with neurodegenerative disease activity. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:958022. [PMID: 36176437 PMCID: PMC9514046 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.958022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is worth noting that neuroinflammation is well recognized as a symptom of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). The regulation of neuroinflammation becomes an attractive focus for innovative ND treatment technologies. There is evidence that IL-22 is associated with the development and progression of a wide assortment of NDs. For example, IL-22 can activate glial cells, causing them to generate pro-inflammatory cytokines and encourage lymphocyte infiltration in the brain. IL-22 mRNA is highly expressed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients, and a high expression of IL-22 has also been detected in the brains of patients with other NDs. We examine the role of IL-22 in the development and treatment of NDs in this review, and we believe that IL-22 has therapeutic potential in these diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Anhui Provincial Children’s Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Jianpeng Wang
- School of First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huaizhi Yang
- School of First Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuankai Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bangjie Chen
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanxun Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ming Shan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Shan, ; Junfeng Zhan,
| | - Junfeng Zhan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Shan, ; Junfeng Zhan,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Takahashi Y, Okamura Y, Harada N, Watanabe M, Miyanishi H, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Interleukin-22 Deficiency Contributes to Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Inflammation in Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:688036. [PMID: 34759916 PMCID: PMC8573258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.688036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal tissue forms the first line of defense against pathogenic microorganisms. Cellular damage in the mucosal epithelium may induce the interleukin (IL)-22-related activation of many immune cells, which are essential for maintaining the mucosal epithelial barrier. A previous study on mucosal immunity elucidated that mammalian IL-22 contributes to mucus and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) production and anti-apoptotic function. IL-22 has been identified in several teleost species and is also induced in response to bacterial infections. However, the roles of IL-22 in teleost immunity and mucus homeostasis are poorly understood. In this study, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) was used as a model fish. The medaka il22, il22 receptor A1 (il22ra1), and il22 binding protein (il22bp) were cloned and characterized. The expression of medaka il22, il22ra1, and il22bp in various tissues was measured using qPCR. These genes were expressed at high levels in the mucosal tissues of the intestines, gills, and skin. The localization of il22 and il22bp mRNA in the gills and intestines was confirmed by in situ hybridizations. Herein, we established IL-22-knockout (KO) medaka using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. In the IL-22-KO medaka, a 4-bp deletion caused a frameshift in il22. To investigate the genes subject to IL-22-dependent regulation, we compared the transcripts of larval medaka between wild-type (WT) and IL-22-KO medaka using RNA-seq and qPCR analyses. The comparison was performed not only in the naïve state but also in the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-exposed state. At the transcriptional level, 368 genes, including immune genes, such as those encoding AMPs and cytokines, were significantly downregulated in IL-22-KO medaka compared that in WT medaka in naïve states. Gene ontology analysis revealed that upon DSS stimulation, genes associated with cell death, acute inflammatory response, cell proliferation, and others were upregulated in WT medaka. Furthermore, in DSS-stimulated IL-22-KO medaka, wound healing was delayed, the number of apoptotic cells increased, and the number of goblet cells in the intestinal epithelium decreased. These results suggested that in medaka, IL-22 is important for maintaining intestinal homeostasis, and the disruption of the IL-22 pathway is associated with the exacerbation of inflammatory pathology, as observed for mammalian IL-22.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshie Takahashi
- International Course of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yo Okamura
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Nanaki Harada
- International Course of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Mika Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyanishi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen J, Lodi R, Zhang S, Su Z, Wu Y, Xia L. The double-edged role of IL-22 in organ fibrosis. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2020; 42:392-399. [PMID: 32689851 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2020.1799388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is unregulated tissue repair in damaged or diseased organs, and the accumulation of excess extracellular matrix (ECM) impacts the structure and functions of organs, leading to death. Fibrosis is usually triggered by inflammation and tissue damage, and inflammatory mediators stimulate the proliferation of myofibroblasts and the excessive production of ECM. The IL-10 family cytokines play important roles in the development of fibrosis, and its member IL-22 has recently attracted specific attention. IL-22 plays great roles in preventing pathogens invasion and tissue damage, as well as making a contribution to pathogenic processes. Increasing evidence suggested that IL-22 is a key molecule in tissue repair, proliferation and mucosal barrier defense, and it has also been suggested to play both pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic roles in tissues. In this review, we summarized the pro-fibrotic and anti-fibrotic functions of IL-22 in various organs which may be of great significance for the development of potential therapeutic strategies for fibrosis-related diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Shiqing Zhang
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Central Laboratory, Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lin Xia
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Frombach J, Rancan F, Kübrich K, Schumacher F, Unbehauen M, Blume-Peytavi U, Haag R, Kleuser B, Sabat R, Wolk K, Vogt A. Serine Protease-Mediated Cutaneous Inflammation: Characterization of an Ex Vivo Skin Model for the Assessment of Dexamethasone-Loaded Core Multishell-Nanocarriers. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12090862. [PMID: 32927792 PMCID: PMC7558872 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12090862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard experimental set-ups for the assessment of skin penetration are typically performed on skin explants with an intact skin barrier or after a partial mechanical or chemical perturbation of the stratum corneum, but they do not take into account biochemical changes. Among the various pathological alterations in inflamed skin, aberrant serine protease (SP) activity directly affects the biochemical environment in the superficial compartments, which interact with topically applied formulations. It further impacts the skin barrier structure and is a key regulator of inflammatory mediators. Herein, we used short-term cultures of ex vivo human skin treated with trypsin and plasmin as inflammatory stimuli to assess the penetration and biological effects of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone (DXM), encapsulated in core multishell-nanocarriers (CMS-NC), when compared to a standard cream formulation. Despite a high interindividual variability, the combined pretreatment of the skin resulted in an average 2.5-fold increase of the transepidermal water loss and swelling of the epidermis, as assessed by optical coherence tomography, as well as in a moderate increase of a broad spectrum of proinflammatory mediators of clinical relevance. The topical application of DXM-loaded CMS-NC or DXM standard cream revealed an increased penetration into SP-treated skin when compared to untreated control skin with an intact barrier. Both formulations, however, delivered sufficient amounts of DXM to effectively suppress the production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP). In conclusion, we suggest that the herein presented ex vivo inflammatory skin model is functional and could improve the selection of promising drug delivery strategies for anti-inflammatory compounds at early stages of development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Frombach
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Fiorenza Rancan
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Katharina Kübrich
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.U.); (R.H.)
| | - Ulrike Blume-Peytavi
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
| | - Rainer Haag
- Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universitaet Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.U.); (R.H.)
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; (F.S.); (B.K.)
| | - Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy/Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergy/Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (R.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Annika Vogt
- Clinical Research Center for Hair and Skin Science, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergy, Charité-Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universitaet Berlin, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 10117 Berlin, Germany; (J.F.); (F.R.); (K.K.); (U.B.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Che Y, Su Z, Xia L. Effects of IL-22 on cardiovascular diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 81:106277. [PMID: 32062077 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22), which belongs to the IL-10 family, is an alpha helix cytokine specifically produced by many lymphocytes, such as Th1, Th17, Th22, ILCs, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In recent years, more and more studies have demonstrated that IL-22 has an interesting relationship with various cardiovascular diseases, including myocarditis, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and other cardiovascular diseases, and IL-22 signal may play a dual role in cardiovascular diseases. Here, we summarize the recent progress on the source, function, regulation of IL-22 and the effects of IL-22 signal in cardiovascular diseases. The study of IL-22 will suggest more specific strategies to maneuver these functions for the effective treatment of cardiovascular diseases and future clinical treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Che
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China; International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Zhaoliang Su
- International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China; Department of Immunology, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212001, China; International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS; also designated as acne inversa) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, which affects the intertriginous skin and is associated with numerous systemic comorbidities. The estimated prevalence of HS is ~1% in most studied countries. Typically starting in early adulthood, cutaneous inflamed nodules, abscesses and pus-discharging tunnels develop in axillary, inguinal, gluteal and perianal body sites. The comorbidities of HS include metabolic and cardiovascular disorders, which contribute to reduced life expectancy. A genetic predisposition, smoking, obesity and hormonal factors are established aetiological factors for HS. Cutaneous changes seem to start around hair follicles and involve activation of cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems, with pivotal roles for pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor, IL-1β and IL-17. The unrestricted and chronic immune response eventually leads to severe pain, pus discharge, irreversible tissue destruction and scar development. HS has profound negative effects on patients' quality of life, which often culminate in social withdrawal, unemployment, depression and suicidal thoughts. The therapeutic options for HS comprise antibiotic treatment, neutralization of tumour necrosis factor and surgical intervention together with lifestyle modification. Nevertheless, there is an enormous need for awareness of HS, understanding of its pathogenesis and novel treatments.
Collapse
|
9
|
Trevejo-Nunez G, Elsegeiny W, Aggor FEY, Tweedle JL, Kaplan Z, Gandhi P, Castillo P, Ferguson A, Alcorn JF, Chen K, Kolls JK, Gaffen SL. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) Binding Protein Constrains IL-22 Activity, Host Defense, and Oxidative Phosphorylation Genes during Pneumococcal Pneumonia. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00550-19. [PMID: 31451621 PMCID: PMC6803344 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00550-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common cause of community-acquired pneumonia worldwide, and interleukin-22 (IL-22) helps contain pneumococcal burden in lungs and extrapulmonary tissues. Administration of IL-22 increases hepatic complement 3 and complement deposition on bacteria and improves phagocytosis by neutrophils. The effects of IL-22 can be tempered by a secreted natural antagonist, known as IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP), encoded by Il22ra2 To date, the degree to which IL-22BP controls IL-22 in pulmonary infection is not well defined. Here, we show that Il22ra2 inhibits IL-22 during S. pneumoniae lung infection and that Il22ra2 deficiency favors downregulation of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes in an IL-22-dependent manner. Il22ra2-/- mice are more resistant to S. pneumoniae infection, have increased IL-22 in lung tissues, and sustain longer survival upon infection than control mice. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of infected Il22ra2-/- mouse lungs revealed downregulation of genes involved in OXPHOS. Downregulation of this metabolic process is necessary for increased glycolysis, a crucial step for transitioning to a proinflammatory phenotype, in particular macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs). Accordingly, we saw that macrophages from Il22ra2-/- mice displayed reduced OXPHOS gene expression upon infection with S. pneumoniae, changes that were IL-22 dependent. Furthermore, we showed that macrophages express IL-22 receptor subunit alpha-1 (IL-22Ra1) during pneumococcal infection and that Il22ra2-/- macrophages rely more on the glycolytic pathway than wild-type (WT) controls. Together, these data indicate that IL-22BP deficiency enhances IL-22 signaling in the lung, thus contributing to resistance to pneumococcal pneumonia by downregulating OXPHOS genes and increasing glycolysis in macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giraldina Trevejo-Nunez
- Division of Infectious Diseases. University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Waleed Elsegeiny
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Felix E Y Aggor
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jamie L Tweedle
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Zoe Kaplan
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Pranali Gandhi
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patricia Castillo
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Annabel Ferguson
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John F Alcorn
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kong Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Mühl H, Bachmann M. IL-18/IL-18BP and IL-22/IL-22BP: Two interrelated couples with therapeutic potential. Cell Signal 2019; 63:109388. [PMID: 31401146 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-18 and IL-22 are key components of cytokine networks that play a decisive role in (pathological) inflammation, host defense, and tissue regeneration. Tight regulation of cytokine-driven signaling, inflammation, and immunoactivation is supposed to enable nullification of a given deleterious trigger without mediating overwhelming collateral tissue damage or even activating a cancerous face of regeneration. In fact, feedback regulation by specific cytokine opponents is regarded as a major means by which the immune system is kept in balance. Herein, we shine a light on the interplay between IL-18 and IL-22 and their opponents IL-18 binding protein (IL-18BP) and IL-22BP in order to provide integrated information on their biology, pathophysiological significance, and prospect as targets and/or instruments of therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heiko Mühl
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern- Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Malte Bachmann
- pharmazentrum frankfurt/ZAFES, University Hospital Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern- Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gómez-Fernández P, Urtasun A, Astobiza I, Mena J, Alloza I, Vandenbroeck K. Pharmacological Targeting of the ER-Resident Chaperones GRP94 or Cyclophilin B Induces Secretion of IL-22 Binding Protein Isoform-1 (IL-22BPi1). Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102440. [PMID: 31108847 PMCID: PMC6566634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the three interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) isoforms produced by the human IL22RA2 gene, IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3 are capable of neutralizing IL-22. The longest isoform, IL-22BPi1, does not bind IL-22, is poorly secreted, and its retention within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is associated with induction of an unfolded protein response (UPR). Therapeutic modulation of IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3 production may be beneficial in IL-22-dependent disorders. Recently, we identified the ER chaperones GRP94 and cyclophilin B in the interactomes of both IL-22BPi1 and IL-22BPi2. In this study, we investigated whether secretion of the IL-22BP isoforms could be modulated by pharmacological targeting of GRP94 and cyclophilin B, either by means of geldanamycin, that binds to the ADP/ATP pocket shared by HSP90 paralogs, or by cyclosporin A, which causes depletion of ER cyclophilin B levels through secretion. We found that geldanamycin and its analogs did not influence secretion of IL-22BPi2 or IL-22BPi3, but significantly enhanced intracellular and secreted levels of IL-22BPi1. The secreted protein was heterogeneously glycosylated, with both high-mannose and complex-type glycoforms present. In addition, cyclosporine A augmented the secretion of IL-22BPi1 and reduced that of IL-22BPi2 and IL-22BPi3. Our data indicate that the ATPase activity of GRP94 and cyclophilin B are instrumental in ER sequestration and degradation of IL-22BPi1, and that blocking these factors mobilizes IL-22BPi1 toward the secretory route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Gómez-Fernández
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Andoni Urtasun
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Ianire Astobiza
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Jorge Mena
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Iraide Alloza
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
| | - Koen Vandenbroeck
- Neurogenomiks Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 48490 Leioa, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sabat R, Wolk K, Loyal L, Döcke WD, Ghoreschi K. T cell pathology in skin inflammation. Semin Immunopathol 2019; 41:359-377. [PMID: 31028434 PMCID: PMC6505509 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-019-00742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Forming the outer body barrier, our skin is permanently exposed to pathogens and environmental hazards. Therefore, skin diseases are among the most common disorders. In many of them, the immune system plays a crucial pathogenetic role. For didactic and therapeutic reasons, classification of such immune-mediated skin diseases according to the underlying dominant immune mechanism rather than to their clinical manifestation appears to be reasonable. Immune-mediated skin diseases may be mediated mainly by T cells, by the humoral immune system, or by uncontrolled unspecific inflammation. According to the involved T cell subpopulation, T cell–mediated diseases may be further subdivided into T1 cell–dominated (e.g., vitiligo), T2 cell–dominated (e.g., acute atopic dermatitis), T17/T22 cell–dominated (e.g., psoriasis), and Treg cell–dominated (e.g., melanoma) responses. Moreover, T cell–dependent and -independent responses may occur simultaneously in selected diseases (e.g., hidradenitis suppurativa). The effector mechanisms of the respective T cell subpopulations determine the molecular changes in the local tissue cells, leading to specific microscopic and macroscopic skin alterations. In this article, we show how the increasing knowledge of the T cell biology has been comprehensively translated into the pathogenetic understanding of respective model skin diseases and, based thereon, has revolutionized their daily clinical management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology/Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology/Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucie Loyal
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Döcke
- SBU Oncology, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin and Wuppertal, Müllerstraße 178, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kamran Ghoreschi
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Krause K, Sabat R, Witte-Händel E, Schulze A, Puhl V, Maurer M, Wolk K. Association of CCL2 with systemic inflammation in Schnitzler syndrome. Br J Dermatol 2018; 180:859-868. [PMID: 30339714 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.17334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schnitzler syndrome (SchS) is a rare autoinflammatory disease characterized by urticarial exanthema, bone and joint alterations, fever and monoclonal gammopathy, which manifest mostly in the second half of life. It involves overactivation of the interleukin (IL)-1 system, but the exact pathophysiological pathways remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVES To identify and characterize the pathogenetic players in SchS. METHODS Blood parameters were quantified in patients with SchS compared with healthy controls and patients with psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CCL2 expression in cultured primary cells was analysed by quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and ELISA. RESULTS CCL2, a chemoattractant for monocytic and further mononuclear immune cells, was found to be significantly elevated in patients with SchS. CCL2 levels showed a positive association with global disease activity, especially with bone pain, but not disease duration, gammopathy, neutrophilia or skin disease. In vitro stimulation assays demonstrated a strong CCL2 production capacity of mononuclear immune cells and fibroblasts, but not epithelial or endothelial cells. Among a range of inflammatory mediators, only IL-1β (immune cells, fibroblasts) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α (fibroblasts) were important CCL2 inducers. TNF-α, but not IL-17, strengthened the CCL2-inducing effect of IL-1β in fibroblasts. Accordingly, CCL2 levels positively correlated with both TNF-α and IL-1β serum levels in patients with SchS. Therapeutic IL-1β blockade decreased CCL2 blood levels in these patients as early as 1 week after the initiation of treatment. CONCLUSIONS CCL2 may be an important component of the pathogenetic cascade leading to bone alterations, and a suitable marker of disease activity in patients with SchS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Krause
- Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Autoinflammation Reference Centre Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - R Sabat
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology and, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - E Witte-Händel
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology and, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Schulze
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology and, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - V Puhl
- Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Autoinflammation Reference Centre Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Maurer
- Dermatological Allergology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Autoinflammation Reference Centre Charité, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - K Wolk
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology and, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Witte-Händel E, Wolk K, Tsaousi A, Irmer ML, Mößner R, Shomroni O, Lingner T, Witte K, Kunkel D, Salinas G, Jodl S, Schmidt N, Sterry W, Volk HD, Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ, Pokrywka A, Döcke WD, Schneider-Burrus S, Sabat R. The IL-1 Pathway Is Hyperactive in Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Contributes to Skin Infiltration and Destruction. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1294-1305. [PMID: 30528824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) (also designated acne inversa) is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by painful purulent skin lesions and progressive destruction of skin architecture. Despite the high burden for the patients, pathogenetic pathways underlying HS alterations remain obscure. When we examined the HS cytokine pattern, IL-1β turned out to be a highly prominent cytokine, overexpressed even compared with psoriatic lesions. Analyses of IL-1β-induced transcriptome in various cell types showed overlapping profiles, with upregulations of molecules causing immune cell infiltration and extracellular matrix degradation, and of specific cytokines including IL-6, IL-32, and IL-36. Matching cellular IL-1 receptor levels, dermal fibroblasts showed both the strongest and broadest IL-1β response, which was not clearly shared or strengthened by other cytokines. The IL-1β signature was specifically present in HS lesions and could be reversed by application of IL-1 receptor antagonist. Search for blood parameters associated with IL-1β pathway activity in HS identified serum amyloid A, which was synergistically induced by IL-1β and IL-6 in hepatocytes. Consequently, strongly elevated blood serum amyloid A levels in HS correlated positively with the extent of inflammatory skin alterations. In summary, the IL-1β pathway represents a pathogenetic cascade, whose activity may be therapeutically targeted and monitored by blood SAA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Witte-Händel
- Interdisciplinary Group Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Interdisciplinary Group Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Athanasia Tsaousi
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marie Luise Irmer
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rotraut Mößner
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Orr Shomroni
- Transcriptome and Genome Core Unit, University Medical Center Göttungen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Lingner
- Transcriptome and Genome Core Unit, University Medical Center Göttungen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Witte
- Interdisciplinary Group Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Desiree Kunkel
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Salinas
- Transcriptome and Genome Core Unit, University Medical Center Göttungen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jodl
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin and Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Nicole Schmidt
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin and Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sterry
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Dieter Volk
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anna Pokrywka
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf-Dietrich Döcke
- Research and Development, Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG, Berlin and Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Sylke Schneider-Burrus
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Sabat
- Interdisciplinary Group Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Jiang R, Zhang GR, Zhu DM, Shi ZC, Liao CL, Fan QX, Wei KJ, Ji W. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of IL-22 and its two receptors genes in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus filvidraco) in response to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 80:250-263. [PMID: 29886141 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22, as a member of the interleukin (IL)-10 family, is an important mediator between the immune cells and epithelial tissues during infection and inflammation. This study reported the characterization and mRNA expression patterns of Pf_IL-22 gene and its cell surface-associated receptors Pf_IL-22RA1 and soluble Pf_IL-22RA2 genes in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus filvidraco). The open reading frames (ORFs) of the Pf_IL-22, Pf_IL-22RA1 and Pf_IL-22RA2 genes were 546 bp, 1740 bp and 690 bp in length, encoding 181, 579 and 229 amino acids, respectively. Alignments of the deduced amino acid sequences present that the Pf_IL-22 has a conserved IL-10 family signature motif, and the Pf_IL-22RA1 and Pf_IL-22RA2 have two conserved fibronectin type-III domains. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses showed that the Pf_IL-22 and Pf_IL-22RA1 mRNAs were highly expressed in mucosal tissues such as the fin, gill, intestine, skin mucus and stomach, and were weakly expressed in the kidney, liver and head kidney of adult yellow catfish, indicating that the Pf_IL-22 transcripts may be mainly produced by mucosal immune cells/tissues in healthy yellow catfish. The mRNA expression levels of the Pf_IL-22RA2 gene were high in the muscle and liver, and were relatively low in the spleen and kidney. The mRNA expression levels of the Pf_IL-22 and its two receptor genes were significantly up-regulated in both mucosal tissues (gill, hindgut, and skin mucus) and systemic immune tissues (spleen, head kidney and blood) after Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. These results indicated that the Pf_IL-22 and its two receptors genes might play an important role in the innate immune defense against bacterial invasion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Gui-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Dong-Mei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Ze-Chao Shi
- Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Biodiversity Conservation, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuhan, 30223, PR China
| | - Chen-Lei Liao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Qi-Xue Fan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China
| | - Kai-Jian Wei
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| | - Wei Ji
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, PR China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430070, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
IL-22 is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine upregulated in psoriasis and in other inflammatory diseases. The function of IL-22 is regulated by the soluble scavenging receptor, IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP or IL-22RA2). However, the role and regulation of IL-22BP itself in the pathogenesis of inflammatory disease remain unclear. We used the TLR7 agonist Imiquimod (IMQ) to induce a psoriasis-like skin disease in mice and found a strong downregulation of IL-22BP in the affected skin as well as in the lymph nodes of animals treated with IMQ. We also analysed psoriatic skin of patients and compared this to skin of healthy donors. Interestingly, IL-22BP expression was similarly downregulated in skin biopsies of psoriasis patients compared to the skin of healthy donors. Since IL-22BP is expressed foremost in dendritic cells, we characterized its expression in monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) during maturation. In this way, we found Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to be a potent suppressor of IL-22BP expression in vitro. We conclude that regulation of IL-22BP by inflammatory mediators is an important step for the progression of inflammation in the skin and possibly also in other autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Subtraction hybridization identified genes displaying differential expression as metastatic human melanoma cells terminally differentiated and lost tumorigenic properties by treatment with recombinant fibroblast interferon and mezerein. This approach permitted cloning of multiple genes displaying enhanced expression when melanoma cells terminally differentiated, called melanoma differentiation associated (mda) genes. One mda gene, mda-7, has risen to the top of the list based on its relevance to cancer and now inflammation and other pathological states, which based on presence of a secretory sequence, chromosomal location, and an IL-10 signature motif has been named interleukin-24 (MDA-7/IL-24). Discovered in the early 1990s, MDA-7/IL-24 has proven to be a potent, near ubiquitous cancer suppressor gene capable of inducing cancer cell death through apoptosis and toxic autophagy in cancer cells in vitro and in preclinical animal models in vivo. In addition, MDA-7/IL-24 embodied profound anticancer activity in a Phase I/II clinical trial following direct injection with an adenovirus (Ad.mda-7; INGN-241) in tumors in patients with advanced cancers. In multiple independent studies, MDA-7/IL-24 has been implicated in many pathological states involving inflammation and may play a role in inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis, cardiovascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis, tuberculosis, and viral infection. This review provides an up-to-date review on the multifunctional gene mda-7/IL-24, which may hold potential for the therapy of not only cancer, but also other pathological states.
Collapse
|
18
|
Wolk K, Frambach Y, Jacobi A, Wilsmann-Theis D, Phillipp S, Witte-Händel E, Wenzel J, Mössner R, Sabat R. Increased levels of lipocalin 2 in palmoplantar pustular psoriasis. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 90:68-74. [PMID: 29395573 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Palmoplantar pustular psoriasis (PPP) is a recalcitrant chronic skin disease affecting the palms and soles. OBJECTIVE To identify and characterize pathogenetic players in PPP. METHODS Clinical and anamnestic data as well as skin and blood samples of 60 PPP patients were collected. Healthy participants served as controls. Analysis of patient samples and cultured primary skin cells was performed by ELISA, qRT-PCR, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Upon screening of blood mediators in PPP patients, lipocalin 2 (LCN2) emerged as being significantly upregulated compared to healthy participants. LCN2 blood levels were independent of age, sex, or concomitant psoriasis vulgaris. Keratinocytes in PPP skin lesions were important LCN2 producers. In vitro, LCN2 production of these cells was upregulated by IL-1β and further enhanced by IL-17 and TNF-α, while IL-22 had no effect. Accordingly, a positive relationship between blood IL-1β and LCN2 levels was evident in PPP. LCN2 blood levels also showed a positive correlation with PPP pustule score, Dermatology Quality of Life Index and blood levels of the pro-atherogenic molecule resistin. CONCLUSIONS In PPP, increased blood levels of LCN2 indicate an important activity of IL-1β in the epidermis, may contribute to skin neutrophil infiltration, and may point to an increased pro- atherosclerosis risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Frambach
- Department of Dermatology, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Arnd Jacobi
- Institute for Health Services Research in Dermatology and Nursing, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dagmar Wilsmann-Theis
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sandra Phillipp
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ellen Witte-Händel
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Wenzel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Medical Center, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Rotraut Mössner
- Department of Dermatology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37075 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Centre, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Carmo RF, Cavalcanti MSM, Moura P. Role of Interleukin-22 in chronic liver injury. Cytokine 2017; 98:107-114. [PMID: 27816383 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is the result of an exacerbated wound-healing response associated with chronic liver injury. Advanced liver fibrosis results in cirrhosis, liver failure, and portal hypertension and frequently requires liver transplantation. The host immune response has an important role driving fibrosis deposition by activating hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine that plays a key role in promoting antimicrobial immunity and tissue repair at barrier surfaces. Data from literature suggest that IL-22 has a protective role in the liver by reducing fibrosis in some pathological conditions, however the results are contradictory. This review highlights current knowledge of IL-22' role in chronic liver injury, as well as its therapeutic potential for the treatment of chronic liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F Carmo
- Colegiado de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina, Brazil.
| | - Maria S M Cavalcanti
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Moura
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chen W, Zhang X, Fan J, Zai W, Luan J, Li Y, Wang S, Chen Q, Wang Y, Liang Y, Ju D. Tethering Interleukin-22 to Apolipoprotein A-I Ameliorates Mice from Acetaminophen-induced Liver Injury. Theranostics 2017; 7:4135-4148. [PMID: 29158815 PMCID: PMC5695002 DOI: 10.7150/thno.20955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that interleukin-22 (IL-22) holds tremendous potential as a protective agent in preventing liver injury, but its pleiotropic effects and pathogenic role in carcinogenesis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis restrict its systemic application. Here, we first developed a nanoparticle (liposIA) as a liver-targeted agent through IL-22 tethered to apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I) in a gene therapy vector. LiposIA was prepared using thin film dispersion method and the complexes exhibited desirable nanoparticle size, fine polydisperse index, highly efficient transfection, and excellent serum and storage stability. Biodistribution and hepatic STAT3 phosphorylation studies revealed that IL-22 tethered to ApoA-I led to highly efficient liver targeting. More importantly, our studies showed that a single-dose of liposIA was able to protect mice against acetaminophen-induced liver injury and did not initiate inflammatory response or systemic toxicity in vivo. During this process, activated STAT3/Erk and Akt/mTOR signaling transductions were observed, as well as inhibition of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, which prevented mitochondrial dysfunction. These studies demonstrated that IL-22 tethered to apolipoprotein A-I could target and ameliorate acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury, which highlighted that a targeted strategy for IL-22 delivery might have broad utility for the protection of hepatocellular damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy & The Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, 826 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martin JC, Wolk K, Bériou G, Abidi A, Witte-Händel E, Louvet C, Kokolakis G, Drujont L, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Sabat R, Josien R. Limited Presence of IL-22 Binding Protein, a Natural IL-22 Inhibitor, Strengthens Psoriatic Skin Inflammation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2017; 198:3671-3678. [PMID: 28356382 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease resulting from dysregulated immune activation associated with a large local secretion of cytokines. Among them, IL-22 largely contributes to epithelial remodeling and inflammation through inhibiting the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes and inducing antimicrobial peptides and selected chemokines. The activity of IL-22 is regulated by IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP); however, the expression and role of IL-22BP in psoriatic skin has remained unknown so far. Here we showed that nonaffected skin of psoriasis patients displayed lower expression of IL-22BP than skin of healthy controls. Furthermore, the strong IL-22 increase in lesional psoriatic skin was accompanied by a moderate induction of IL-22BP. To investigate the role of IL-22BP in controlling IL-22 during skin inflammation, we used imiquimod-induced skin disease in rodents and showed that rats with genetic IL-22BP deficiency (Il22ra2-/-) displayed exacerbated disease that associated with enhanced expression of IL-22-inducible antimicrobial peptides. We further recapitulated these findings in mice injected with an anti-IL-22BP neutralizing Ab. Hypothesizing that the IL-22/IL-22BP expression ratio reflects the level of bioactive IL-22 in psoriasis skin, we found positive correlations with the expression of IL-22-inducible molecules (IL-20, IL-24, IL-36γ, CXCL1, and BD2) in keratinocytes. Finally, we observed that serum IL-22/IL-22BP protein ratio strongly correlated with psoriasis severity. In conclusion, we propose that although IL-22BP can control deleterious actions of IL-22 in the skin, its limited production prevents a sufficient neutralization of IL-22 and contributes to the development and maintenance of epidermal alterations in psoriasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme C Martin
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France;
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, University Hospital Charité, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, University Hospital Charité, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaëlle Bériou
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Ahmed Abidi
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- Faculté des Sciences Mathématiques, Physiques et Naturelles, Université de Tunis El Manar, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ellen Witte-Händel
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, University Hospital Charité, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cédric Louvet
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Georgios Kokolakis
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lucile Drujont
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Institut de Duve, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
- Institut de Duve, Université Catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium; and
| | - Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, D-10117 Berlin, Germany;
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, University Hospital Charité, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
- Research Center Immunosciences, University Hospital Charité, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Régis Josien
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie UMR1064, INSERM, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France;
- Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Nantes, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Khawar MB, Azam F, Sheikh N, Abdul Mujeeb K. How Does Interleukin-22 Mediate Liver Regeneration and Prevent Injury and Fibrosis? J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2148129. [PMID: 28050571 PMCID: PMC5168458 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2148129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a pluripotent T cell-derived cytokine which is a member of IL-10 cytokine family. It is the only interleukin produced by immune cells but does not target immune system components. IL-22 is mainly produced by dendritic cells (DCs) and TH17, TH22, NK, and NKT cells and targets a number of body tissues including liver, pancreas, and other epithelial tissues. It provokes a series of downstream signaling pathways upon binding with IL-22R complex which protects liver damage through STAT3 activation. IL-22BP is an inhibitor of IL-22 which has 20-1000x more affinity to bind with IL-22 compared to IL-22R1 that inhibits IL-22 activity. Its level was found to be positively correlated with the severity of liver damage and fibrosis. So, the present review is an effort to reveal the exact mechanism lying in the hepatoprotective activity of IL-22 and some of its future therapeutic implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Fareeha Azam
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Cell & Molecular Biology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22), which is a member of the IL-10 family, is produced exclusively by immune cells and activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in nonimmune cells, such as hepatocytes, keratinocytes, and colonic epithelial cells, to drive various processes central to tissue homeostasis and immunosurveillance. Dysregulation of IL-22 signaling causes inflammatory diseases. IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP; encoded by IL22RA2) is a soluble IL-22 receptor, which antagonizes IL-22 activity and has genetic associations with autoimmune diseases. Humans have three IL-22BP isoforms, IL-22BPi1 to IL-22BPi3, which are generated by alternative splicing; mice only have an IL-22BPi2 homolog. We showed that, although IL-22BPi3 had less inhibitory activity than IL-22BPi2, IL-22BPi3 was more abundant in various human tissues under homeostatic conditions. IL-22BPi2 was more effective than IL-22BPi3 at blocking the contribution of IL-22 to cooperative gene induction with the inflammatory cytokine IL-17, which is often present with IL-22 in autoimmune settings. In addition, we found that IL-22BPi1 was not secreted and therefore failed to antagonize IL-22 signaling. Furthermore, IL-22BPi2 was the only isoform that was increased in abundance when myeloid cells were activated by Toll-like receptor 2 signaling or retinoic acid, a maturation factor for myeloid cells. These data suggest that the human IL-22BP isoforms have distinct spatial and temporal roles and coordinately fine-tune IL-22-dependent STAT3 responses in tissues as a type of rheostat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrissie Lim
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - MeeAe Hong
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Ram Savan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Perusina Lanfranca M, Lin Y, Fang J, Zou W, Frankel T. Biological and pathological activities of interleukin-22. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 94:523-34. [PMID: 26923718 PMCID: PMC4860114 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22, a member of the IL-10 family, is a cytokine secreted by several types of immune cells including IL-22(+)CD4(+) T cells (Th22) and IL-22 expressing innate leukocytes (ILC22). Recent studies have demonstrated that IL-22 is a key component in mucosal barrier defense, tissue repair, epithelial cell survival, and proliferation. Furthermore, accumulating evidence has defined both protective and pathogenic properties of IL-22 in a number of conditions including autoimmune disease, infection, and malignancy. In this review, we summarize the expression and signaling pathway and functional characteristics of the IL-22 and IL-22 receptor axis in physiological and pathological scenarios and discuss the potential to target IL-22 signaling to treat human diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Perusina Lanfranca
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Yanwei Lin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Jingyuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao-Tong University, Shanghai, 200001, China
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Graduate Programs in Immunology and Tumor Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| | - Timothy Frankel
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, 109 Zina Pitcher Place, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- The University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lamarthée B, Malard F, Saas P, Mohty M, Gaugler B. Interleukin-22 in Graft-Versus-Host Disease after Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:148. [PMID: 27148267 PMCID: PMC4836046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a potential curative treatment for hematologic malignancies and non-malignant diseases. Because of the lower toxicity of reduced intensity conditioning, the number of transplants is in constant increase. However, allo-HSCT is still limited by complications, such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is associated with important morbidity and mortality. Acute GVHD is an exacerbated inflammatory response that leads to the destruction of healthy host tissues by donor immune cells. Recently, the contribution of innate immunity in GVHD triggering has been investigated by several groups and resulted in the identification of new cellular and molecular effectors involved in GVHD pathogenesis. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is produced by both immune and adaptive cells and has both protective and inflammatory properties. Its role in GVHD processes has been investigated, and the data suggest that its effect depends on the timing, the target tissue, and the origin of the producing cells (donor/host). In this review, we discuss the role of IL-22 in allo-HSCT and GVHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Lamarthée
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR 938, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Florent Malard
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR 938, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Saas
- INSERM UMR1098, Besançon, France; UMR 1098, SFR FED 4234, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; UMR 1098, Etablissement Français du Sang Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Mohamad Mohty
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR 938, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Service d'Hématologie Clinique, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | - Béatrice Gaugler
- Centre de Recherche Saint Antoine, INSERM UMR 938, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Parks OB, Pociask DA, Hodzic Z, Kolls JK, Good M. Interleukin-22 Signaling in the Regulation of Intestinal Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 3:85. [PMID: 26793707 PMCID: PMC4710696 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2015.00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines that has been extensively studied since its discovery in 2000. This review article aims to describe the cellular sources and signaling pathways of this cytokine as well as the functions of IL-22 in the intestine. In addition, this article describes the roles of IL-22 in the pathogenesis of several gastrointestinal diseases, including inhibition of inflammation and barrier defense against pathogens within the intestine. Since many of the functions of IL-22 in the intestine are incompletely understood, this review is meant to assess our current understanding of the roles of IL-22 and provide new opportunities for inquiry to improve human intestinal health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia B Parks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Derek A Pociask
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Zerina Hodzic
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Richard King Mellon Foundation Institute for Pediatric Research, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA; Division of Newborn Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ainscough JS, Gerberick GF, Kimber I, Dearman RJ. Interleukin-1β Processing Is Dependent on a Calcium-mediated Interaction with Calmodulin. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:31151-61. [PMID: 26559977 PMCID: PMC4692238 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.680694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The secretion of IL-1β is a central event in the initiation of inflammation. Unlike most other cytokines, the secretion of IL-1β requires two signals: one signal to induce the intracellular up-regulation of pro-IL-1β and a second signal to drive secretion of the bioactive molecule. The release of pro-IL-1β is a complex process involving proteolytic cleavage by caspase-1. However, the exact mechanism of secretion is poorly understood. Here we sought to identify novel proteins involved in IL-1β secretion and intracellular processing to gain further insights into the mechanism of IL-1 release. A human proteome microarray containing 19,951 unique proteins was used to identify proteins that bind human recombinant pro-IL-1β. Probes with a signal-to-noise ratio of >3 were defined as biologically relevant. In these analyses, calmodulin was identified as a particularly strong hit, with a signal-to-noise ratio of ∼11. Using an ELISA-based protein-binding assay, the interaction of recombinant calmodulin with pro-IL-1β, but not mature IL-1β, was confirmed and shown to be calcium-dependent. Finally, using small molecule inhibitors, it was demonstrated that both calcium and calmodulin were required for nigericin-induced IL-1β secretion in THP-1 cells and primary human monocytes. Together, these data suggest that, following calcium influx into the cell, pro-IL-1β interacts with calmodulin and that this interaction is important for IL-1β processing and release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph S Ainscough
- From the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom and
| | | | - Ian Kimber
- From the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom and
| | - Rebecca J Dearman
- From the Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom and
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a recently described IL-10 family cytokine that is produced by T helper (Th) 17 cells, γδ T cells, NKT cells, and newly described innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Knowledge of IL-22 biology has evolved rapidly since its discovery in 2000, and a role for IL-22 has been identified in numerous tissues, including the intestines, lung, liver, kidney, thymus, pancreas, and skin. IL-22 primarily targets nonhematopoietic epithelial and stromal cells, where it can promote proliferation and play a role in tissue regeneration. In addition, IL-22 regulates host defense at barrier surfaces. However, IL-22 has also been linked to several conditions involving inflammatory tissue pathology. In this review, we assess the current understanding of this cytokine, including its physiologic and pathologic effects on epithelial cell function.
Collapse
|
29
|
Lim C, Savan R. The role of the IL-22/IL-22R1 axis in cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:257-71. [PMID: 24856143 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is an IL-10 family cytokine produced by T cells and innate lymphoid cells. The IL-22 signaling pathway orchestrates mucosal immune defense and tissue regeneration through pleiotropic effects including pro-survival signaling, cell migration, dysplasia and angiogenesis. While these functions can prevent initial establishment of tumors, they can also be hijacked by aggressive cancers to enhance tumor growth and metastasis. Thus, the role of the IL-22/IL-22R1 axis in cancer is complex and context-specific. Evidence of IL-22 involvement manifests as dysregulation of IL-22 expression and signaling in patients with many common cancers including those of the gut, skin, lung and liver. Unlike other cancer-associated cytokines, IL-22 has restricted tissue specificity as its unique receptor IL-22R1 is exclusively expressed on epithelial and tissue cells, but not immune cells. This makes it an attractive target for therapy as there is potential achieve anti-tumor immunity with fewer side effects. This review summarizes current findings on functions of IL-22 in association with general mechanisms for tumorigenesis as well as specific contributions to particular cancers, and ponders how best to approach further research in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrissie Lim
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ram Savan
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang X, Ouyang W. Interleukin-22: A Bridge Between Epithelial Innate Host Defense and Immune Cells. CYTOKINE FRONTIERS 2014. [PMCID: PMC7120444 DOI: 10.1007/978-4-431-54442-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22), an IL-10 family cytokine, is produced by various leukocytes. The receptor of IL-22, however, is preferentially detected on peripheral tissue epithelial cells. IL-22 functions as a unique messenger from immune system to tissue epithelial cells and to regulate homeostasis of epithelia. IL-22 is able to directly enhance antimicrobial defense mechanisms in epithelial cells and to facilitate epithelial barrier repair and wound healing process. It, therefore, possesses an irreplaceable role in host defense against certain pathogens that specifically invade epithelial cells. In addition, IL-22 can help to preserve the integrity and homeostasis of various epithelial organs during infection or inflammation. The importance of its tissue-protective function is manifested in many inflammatory situations such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and hepatitis. On the other hand, as a cytokine, IL-22 is capable of induction of proinflammatory responses, especially in synergy with other cytokines. Consequently, IL-22 contributes to pathogenesis of certain inflammatory diseases for example psoriasis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a key effector molecule that is produced by activated T cells, including T helper 22 (TH22) cells, TH17 cells and TH1 cells, as well as subsets of innate lymphoid cells. Although IL-22 can act synergistically with IL-17 or tumour necrosis factor, some important functions of IL-22 are unique to this cytokine. Data obtained over the past few years indicate that the IL-22-IL-22 receptor subunit 1 (IL-22R1) system has a high potential clinical relevance in psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, graft-versus-host disease, certain infections and tumours, as well as in liver and pancreas damage. This Review highlights current knowledge of the biology of the IL-22-IL-22R1 system, its role in inflammation, tissue protection, regeneration and antimicrobial defence, as well as the positive and potentially negative consequences of its therapeutic modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sabat
- 1] Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Institute of Medical Immunology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Medicine Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. [2] Research Center Immunosciences, University Hospital Charité, Hessische Strasse 3-4, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Kerstin Wolk
- 1] Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Institute of Medical Immunology, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Medicine Charité, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany. [2] Research Center Immunosciences, University Hospital Charité, Hessische Strasse 3-4, D-10115 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Martin JCJ, Bériou G, Heslan M, Chauvin C, Utriainen L, Aumeunier A, Scott CL, Mowat A, Cerovic V, Houston SA, Leboeuf M, Hubert FX, Hémont C, Merad M, Milling S, Josien R. Interleukin-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) is constitutively expressed by a subset of conventional dendritic cells and is strongly induced by retinoic acid. Mucosal Immunol 2014; 7:101-13. [PMID: 23653115 PMCID: PMC4291114 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2013.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is mainly produced at barrier surfaces by T cells and innate lymphoid cells and is crucial to maintain epithelial integrity. However, dysregulated IL-22 action leads to deleterious inflammation and is involved in diseases such as psoriasis, intestinal inflammation, and cancer. IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP) is a soluble inhibitory IL-22 receptor and may represent a crucial regulator of IL-22. We show both in rats and mice that, in the steady state, the main source of IL-22BP is constituted by a subset of conventional dendritic cells (DCs) in lymphoid and non-lymphoid tissues. In mouse intestine, IL-22BP was specifically expressed in lamina propria CD103(+)CD11b(+) DC. In humans, IL-22BP was expressed in immature monocyte-derived DC and strongly induced by retinoic acid but dramatically reduced upon maturation. Our data suggest that a subset of immature DCs may actively participate in the regulation of IL-22 activity in the gut by producing high levels of IL-22BP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- JCJ Martin
- INSERM Center of Research in Transplantation and Immunology, UMR1064, Nantes, F - 44000, France,CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Nantes, F-44000, France,CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d’immunologie, Nantes, F-44000, France,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - G Bériou
- INSERM Center of Research in Transplantation and Immunology, UMR1064, Nantes, F - 44000, France,CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - M Heslan
- INSERM Center of Research in Transplantation and Immunology, UMR1064, Nantes, F - 44000, France,CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - C Chauvin
- INSERM Center of Research in Transplantation and Immunology, UMR1064, Nantes, F - 44000, France,CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - L Utriainen
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - A Aumeunier
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - CL Scott
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - A Mowat
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - V Cerovic
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - SA Houston
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - M Leboeuf
- Department of Gene and Cell medicine and the Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
| | - FX Hubert
- INSERM Center of Research in Transplantation and Immunology, UMR1064, Nantes, F - 44000, France,CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Nantes, F-44000, France,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - C Hémont
- INSERM Center of Research in Transplantation and Immunology, UMR1064, Nantes, F - 44000, France,CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Nantes, F-44000, France,CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d’immunologie, Nantes, F-44000, France,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, F-44000, France
| | - M Merad
- Department of Gene and Cell medicine and the Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York 10029, USA
| | - S Milling
- Centre for Immunobiology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - R Josien
- INSERM Center of Research in Transplantation and Immunology, UMR1064, Nantes, F - 44000, France,CHU Nantes, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie (ITUN), Nantes, F-44000, France,CHU Nantes, Laboratoire d’immunologie, Nantes, F-44000, France,Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, Nantes, F-44000, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jia L, Wu C. The biology and functions of Th22 cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 841:209-30. [PMID: 25261209 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-017-9487-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T helper (Th) cells develop from naïve CD4(+) T cells under lineage-specific culture conditions and are nominated by their lineage-specific cytokines. Th22 cells, new players in adoptive immune responses, are identified by the production of interleukin (IL)-22. Plenty of observations are obtained over the past few years indicating that IL-22 is produced by activated T cells including Th22 cells, Th17 cells, Th1 cells, innate lymphoid cells and some nonlymphocytes. IL-22 functions synergistically with IL-17 or tumor necrosis factor (TNF), however, it plays different roles by IL-22/IL-22 receptor signal transductions in pathologic processes, including inflammations, autoimmunity, tumor, and digestive organs damages. In this chapter, we focus on the biology of IL-22, the generation and regulation of Th22 cells, the possible signal pathways that involved in the functions of Th22 cells, as well as the relationship between Th22 cells and various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control Research of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen University, 74th, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kumari S, Bonnet MC, Ulvmar MH, Wolk K, Karagianni N, Witte E, Uthoff-Hachenberg C, Renauld JC, Kollias G, Toftgard R, Sabat R, Pasparakis M, Haase I. Tumor necrosis factor receptor signaling in keratinocytes triggers interleukin-24-dependent psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice. Immunity 2013; 39:899-911. [PMID: 24211183 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2013.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common chronic inflammatory skin disease with a prevalence of about 2% in the Caucasian population. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, but its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Here we report that the development of psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice with epidermis-specific inhibition of the transcription factor NF-κB was triggered by TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1)-dependent upregulation of interleukin-24 (IL-24) and activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling in keratinocytes. IL-24 was strongly expressed in human psoriatic epidermis, and pharmacological inhibition of NF-κB increased IL-24 expression in TNF-stimulated human primary keratinocytes, suggesting that this mechanism is relevant for human psoriasis. Therefore, our results expand current views on psoriasis pathogenesis by revealing a new keratinocyte-intrinsic mechanism that links TNFR1, NF-κB, ERK, IL-24, IL-22R1, and STAT3 signaling to disease initiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Snehlata Kumari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50931 Cologne, Germany; Institute for Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine (CMMC), and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47a, 50674 Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hakim O, Sung MH, Nakayamada S, Voss TC, Baek S, Hager GL. Spatial congregation of STAT binding directs selective nuclear architecture during T-cell functional differentiation. Genome Res 2012; 23:462-72. [PMID: 23212947 PMCID: PMC3589535 DOI: 10.1101/gr.147652.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Higher-order genome organization shows tissue-specific patterns. However, functional relevance and the mechanisms shaping the genome architecture are poorly understood. Here we report a profound shift from promiscuous to highly selective genome organization that accompanies the effector lineage choice of differentiating T cells. As multipotent naive cells receive antigenic signals and commit to a T helper (Th) pathway, the genome-wide contacts of a lineage-specific cytokine locus are preferentially enriched for functionally relevant genes. Despite the establishment of divergent interactomes and global reprogramming of transcription in Th1 versus Th2, the overall expression status of the contact genes is surprisingly similar between the two lineages. Importantly, during differentiation, the genomic contacts are retained and strengthened precisely at DNA binding sites of the specific lineage-determining STAT transcription factor. In cells from the specific STAT knock-out mouse, the signature cytokine locus is unable to shed the promiscuous contacts established in the naive T cells, indicating the importance of genomic STAT binding. Altogether, the global aggregation of STAT binding loci from genic and nongenic regions highlights a new role for differentiation-promoting transcription factors in direct specification of higher-order nuclear architecture through interacting with regulatory regions. Such subnuclear environments have significant implications for efficient functioning of the mature effector lymphocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Hakim
- Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sabat R, Wolk K. Research in practice: IL-22 and IL-20: significance for epithelial homeostasis and psoriasis pathogenesis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2011; 9:518-23. [PMID: 21251229 DOI: 10.1111/j.1610-0387.2011.07611.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris is a frequent, chronically relapsing, immune-mediated, systemic disease with characteristic skin changes. Despite the importance of this disease there are currently limited therapeutic options indicating a need for effective, long-lasting treatment strategies with few side effects. The most recent discoveries regarding psoriasis pathogenesis, particularly our results regarding two cytokines - IL-22 and IL-20 - could prove to be the foundation for such therapies. Whereas IL-22 is mainly produced by activated T-cell sub-populations (Th22, Th1, Th17), monocytes, dendritic cells and keratinocytes produce IL-20. Blood and lesional skin samples from psoriasis patients demonstrate high levels of IL-22 and IL-20. Interestingly, both cytokines act principally on keratinocytes and do not impact the immune system. Similar to the changes in the psoriasis epidermis these cytokines inhibit the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes although they simultaneously increase their innate defense, mobility, and the production of some chemokines. Some IL-22 effects are amplified by TNF-α, IL-17, and IFN-α. IL-22/IL-20 lends the reconstructed epidermis a psoriasis-like appearance with acanthosis, hypogranularity, and hyperkeratosis. In addition, mice that constitutively express high levels of IL-22 or IL-20 demonstrate a psoriasis-like appearance. A therapy counteracting IL-22 and IL-20 would be an innovative treatment with the potential for few side effects that would act on the final phase of psoriasis pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sabat
- Psoriasis Research and Treatment Center, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Charité, Berlin, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lindroos J, Svensson L, Norsgaard H, Lovato P, Moller K, Hagedorn PH, Olsen GM, Labuda T. IL-23-mediated epidermal hyperplasia is dependent on IL-6. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1110-8. [PMID: 21289639 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2010.432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease primarily driven by Th17 cells. IL-23 facilitates the differentiation and induces complete maturation of Th17 cells. Lesional psoriatic skin has increased levels of IL-23 and recent studies show that intradermal injections of IL-23 induce a psoriasis-like skin phenotype in mice. We have now characterized the IL-23-induced skin inflammation in mice at the molecular level and found a significant correlation with the gene expression profile from lesional psoriatic skin. As observed in psoriasis, the pathogenesis of the IL-23-induced skin inflammation in mice is driven by Th17 cells. We demonstrate a dramatic upregulation of IL-6 mRNA and protein after intradermal injections of IL-23 in mice. Using IL-6(-/-) mice we show that IL-6 is essential for development of the IL-23-elicited responses. Despite producing high levels of IL-22, IL-6(-/-) mice were unable to express the high-affinity IL-22 receptor chain and produced minimal IL-17A in response to intradermal injections of IL-23. In conclusion, we provide evidence for the critical role played by IL-6 in IL-23-induced skin inflammation and show that IL-6 is required for expression of IL-22R1A.
Collapse
|
38
|
Petermann F, Korn T. Cytokines and effector T cell subsets causing autoimmune CNS disease. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:3747-57. [PMID: 21477588 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.03.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is limited in its potency to reproduce the entirety of clinical and histopathologic features of multiple sclerosis (MS), this model has been successfully used to prove that MS like autoimmunity in the CNS is orchestrated by autoantigen specific T cells. EAE was also very useful to refute the idea that IFN-γ producing T helper type 1 (Th1) cells were the sole players within the pathogenic T cell response. Rather, "new" T cell lineages such as IL-17 producing Th17 cells or IL-9 producing Th9 cells have been first discovered in the context of EAE. Here, we will summarize new concepts of early and late T cell plasticity and the cytokine network that shapes T helper cell responses and lesion development in CNS specific autoimmunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Petermann
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Department of Neurology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fernández S, Molina IJ, Romero P, González R, Peña J, Sánchez F, Reynoso FR, Pérez-Navero JL, Estevez O, Ortega C, Santamaría M. Characterization of gliadin-specific Th17 cells from the mucosa of celiac disease patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2011; 106:528-38. [PMID: 21206487 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2010.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Celiac disease (CD) is a disorder characterized by a deregulated immune response to ingested wheat gluten and related cereal proteins in susceptible individuals. It has been considered that the onset of CD is mediated by a skewed Th1 response. However, the participation of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of the disease, a key cell population in other autoimmune disorders, has not been studied in detail. We have investigated the presence of Th17 cells in the mucosa of active CD patients and their functional implications in the pathogenesis of the disease. METHODS T cells obtained from duodenum biopsies from 15 untreated patients and 11 control individuals were characterized by flow cytometry, immunoassays, and real-time PCR. RESULTS We found gliadin-specific CD4(+) interleukin (IL)-17A-producing T cells in the mucosa of CD patients with a phenotype consisting of TCR (T-cell receptor)αβ(+) CD45RO(+) CD161(+) CCR6(+) (C-C chemokine receptor type 6) and IL-23R(+). Functional analysis showed that Th17 cells from CD patients are different from those of control individuals in terms of cytokines production. Th17 cells from CD patients, but not from controls, simultaneously express transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). Th17 CD cells also produce interferon-γ (IFNγ), IL-21, and IL-22. The analysis of the transcription factors revealed a high expression of interferon regulatory factor-4 as a feature of gliadin-specific cells from CD patients with respect to controls. CONCLUSIONS Gliadin-specific Th17 cells are present in the mucosa of CD patients having a dual role in the pathogenesis of the disease as they produce proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-17, IFNγ, IL-21), mucosa-protective IL-22, and regulatory TGFβ, which actively modulates IL-17A production by T cells in the celiac mucosa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Fernández
- Unidad de Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Lemaire MM, Vanhaudenarde A, Nizet Y, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC. Induction of autoantibodies against mouse soluble proteins after immunization with living cells presenting the autoantigen at the cell surface in fusion with a human type 2 transmembrane protein. J Immunol Methods 2011; 367:56-62. [PMID: 21334341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Induction of autoantibodies towards immune regulatory proteins, such as cytokines or their receptors, is a powerful strategy for functional studies on the role of these factors in vivo. Here we describe a new procedure to elicit autoantibodies by taking advantage of tumor cells as a vaccine against peptides presented at their surface in fusion with the human CD134L transmembrane protein. P1.HTR, an immunogenic variant of the P815 mastocytoma cell line, was used to generate stably transfected cell clones with expression vectors encoding the human CD134L transmembrane protein fused with either mouse IL-22BP or IL-9. Following repeated injections of living tumor cells expressing the mIL-22BP construct, mice developed autoantibodies that bind to mIL-22BP and inhibit its interaction with IL-22 in vitro. Mice similarly immunized against mIL-9 produced high titers of autoantibodies that block the activity of this cytokine in the TS1 bioassay. This procedure also inhibits IL-9 activity in vivo as no increase of serum MMCP-1 mast cell protease concentration was observed following IL-9 administration to immunized mice. As an alternative to the injection of living tumor cells expressing the CD134L-antigen fusion protein, intramuscular electrotransfer of the corresponding DNA construct also induced autoantibodies. These results validate this method as a simple and convenient approach to knock down the in vivo activity of soluble regulatory proteins, including cytokines and their receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muriel M Lemaire
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels branch, Avenue Hippocrate, 74, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ueda Y, Kitamoto A, Willmore LJ, Kojima T. Hippocampal gene network analysis in an experimental model of posttraumatic epilepsy. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:1323-8. [PMID: 21191651 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0386-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we performed comprehensive gene expression and gene network analyses using a DNA microarray to elucidate the molecular events responsible for the pathology of posttraumatic epilepsy at the partial seizure stage. We used an experimental posttraumatic epilepsy model of amygdalar focal FeCl(3)-injected rats and compared gene expression profiles in the hippocampus at the partial seizure stage (less than stage 3 on Racine's convulsion scale) and that of sham-operated animals. At the partial seizure stage, upregulation of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and lipid metabolism were observed, which have been reported to be caused by brain injury and seizures in previous studies. Furthermore, significant upregulation of genes related to inflammation and the immune system was observed. These molecular changes in PLA2 and lipid metabolism may be related to seizure propagation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Ueda
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-1692, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Donnelly RP, Sheikh F, Dickensheets H, Savan R, Young HA, Walter MR. Interleukin-26: an IL-10-related cytokine produced by Th17 cells. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 21:393-401. [PMID: 20947410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
IL-26 is classified as a member of the IL-10 cytokine family because it has limited sequence homology to IL-10 and the IL-10-related cytokines. The human IL-26 gene, IL26, is located on chromosome 12q15 between the genes for two other important class-2 cytokines, IFNG (IFN-γ) and IL22 (IL-22). IL-26 is often co-expressed with IL-22 by activated T cells, especially Th17 cells. It signals through a heterodimeric receptor complex composed of the IL-20R1 and IL-10R2 chains. IL-26 receptors are primarily expressed on non-hematopoietic cell types, particularly epithelial cells. Signaling through IL-26 receptor complexes results in the activation of STAT1 and STAT3 with subsequent induction of IL-26-responsive genes. The biological functions of IL-26 have only begun to be defined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raymond P Donnelly
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Witte E, Witte K, Warszawska K, Sabat R, Wolk K. Interleukin-22: a cytokine produced by T, NK and NKT cell subsets, with importance in the innate immune defense and tissue protection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2010; 21:365-79. [PMID: 20870448 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family that is produced by special immune cell populations, including Th22, Th1, and Th17 cells, classical and non-classical (NK-22) NK cells, NKT cells, and lymphoid tissue inducer cells. This cytokine does not influence cells of the hematopoietic lineage. Instead, its target cells are certain tissue cells from the skin, liver and kidney, and from organs of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. The main biological role of IL-22 includes the increase of innate immunity, protection from damage, and enhancement of regeneration. IL-22 can play either a protective or a pathogenic role in chronic inflammatory diseases depending on the nature of the affected tissue and the local cytokine milieu. This review highlights the primary effects of IL-22 on its target cells, its role in the defense against infections, in tumorigenesis, in inflammatory diseases and allergy as well as the potential of the therapeutic modulation of IL-22 action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Witte
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, University Hospital Charité, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wolk K, Witte E, Witte K, Warszawska K, Sabat R. Biology of interleukin-22. Semin Immunopathol 2010; 32:17-31. [PMID: 20127093 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-009-0188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of the IL-10 family of cytokines and represents an important effector molecule of activated Th22, Th1, and Th17 cells, as well as Tc-cell subsets, gammadelta T cells, natural killer (NK), and NKT cells. IL-22 mediates its effects via a heterodimeric transmembrane receptor complex consisting of IL-22R1 and IL-10R2 and subsequent Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT) signaling pathways including Jak1, Tyk2, and STAT3. Whereas in some aspects, IL-22 acts synergistically with tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, or IL-17, most functions of IL-22 are unique. Importantly, IL-22 does not serve the communication between immune cells. It mainly acts on epithelial cells and hepatocytes, where it favors the antimicrobial defense, regeneration, and protection against damage and induces acute phase reactants and some chemokines. This chapter illuminates in detail the properties of IL-22 with respect to its gene, protein structure, cellular sources, receptors, target cells, biological effects, and, finally, its role in chronic inflammatory diseases, tumors, and infection.
Collapse
|
45
|
Watanabe L, de Moura PR, Nascimento AS, Colau D, Dumoutier L, Renauld JC, Polikarpov I. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of human IL-22 bound to its soluble decoy receptor IL-22BP. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2009; 65:102-4. [PMID: 19193995 PMCID: PMC2635854 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309108042309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is involved in inflammatory responses. Human IL-22 was incubated with its soluble decoy receptor IL-22BP (IL-22 binding protein) and the IL-22-IL-22BP complex was crystallized in hanging drops using the vapour-diffusion method. Suitable crystals were obtained from polyethylene glycol solutions and diffraction data were collected to 2.75 A resolution. The crystal belonged to the tetragonal space group P4(1), with unit-cell parameters a = b = 67.9, c = 172.5 A, and contained two IL-22-IL-22BP complexes per asymmetric unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandra Watanabe
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia Ribeiro de Moura
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Silva Nascimento
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| | - Didier Colau
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
| | - Laure Dumoutier
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Christophe Renauld
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Brussels Branch, Belgium
- Experimental Medicine Unit, Christian de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Igor Polikarpov
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, 13560-970 São Carlos-SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kreymborg K, Etzensperger R, Dumoutier L, Haak S, Rebollo A, Buch T, Heppner FL, Renauld JC, Becher B. IL-22 is expressed by Th17 cells in an IL-23-dependent fashion, but not required for the development of autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 179:8098-104. [PMID: 18056351 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.12.8098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Lately, IL-17-secreting Th cells have received an overwhelming amount of attention and are now widely held to be the major pathogenic population in autoimmune diseases. In particular, IL-22-secreting Th17 cells were shown to specifically mark the highly pathogenic population of self-reactive T cells in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). As IL-17A itself was found to only play a minor role during the development of EAE, IL-22 is now postulated to contribute to the pathogenic function of Th17 cells. The goal of this study was to determine the role and function of IL-22 during the development of CNS autoimmunity in vivo. We found that CNS-invading encephalitogenic Th17 cells coexpress IL-22 and that IL-22 is specifically induced by IL-23 in autoimmune-pathogenic CD4+ T cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner. We next generated IL-22-/- mice, which--in contrast to the prediction that expression of inflammatory cytokines by CNS-invading T cells inevitably confers pathogenic function--turned out to be fully susceptible to EAE. Taken together, we show that self-reactive Th cells coexpress IL-17 and IL-22, but that the latter also does not appear to be directly involved in autoimmune pathogenesis of the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kreymborg
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Piriyapongsa J, Polavarapu N, Borodovsky M, McDonald J. Exonization of the LTR transposable elements in human genome. BMC Genomics 2007; 8:291. [PMID: 17725822 PMCID: PMC2008291 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-8-291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retrotransposons have been shown to contribute to evolution of both structure and regulation of protein coding genes. It has been postulated that the primary mechanism by which retrotransposons contribute to structural gene evolution is through insertion into an intron or a gene flanking region, and subsequent incorporation into an exon. RESULTS We found that Long Terminal Repeat (LTR) retrotransposons are associated with 1,057 human genes (5.8%). In 256 cases LTR retrotransposons were observed in protein-coding regions, while 50 distinct protein coding exons in 45 genes were comprised exclusively of LTR RetroTransposon Sequence (LRTS). We go on to reconstruct the evolutionary history of an alternatively spliced exon of the Interleukin 22 receptor, alpha 2 gene (IL22RA2) derived from a sequence of retrotransposon of the Mammalian apparent LTR retrotransposons (MaLR) family. Sequencing and analysis of the homologous regions of genomes of several primates indicate that the LTR retrotransposon was inserted into the IL22RA2 gene at least prior to the divergence of Apes and Old World monkeys from a common ancestor (approximately 25 MYA). We hypothesize that the recruitment of the part of LTR as a novel exon in great ape species occurred prior to the divergence of orangutans and humans from a common ancestor (approximately 14 MYA) as a result of a single mutation in the proto-splice site. CONCLUSION Our analysis of LRTS exonization events has shown that the patterns of LRTS distribution in human exons support the hypothesis that LRTS played a significant role in human gene evolution by providing cis-regulatory sequences; direct incorporation of LTR sequences into protein coding regions was observed less frequently. Combination of computational and experimental approaches used for tracing the history of the LTR exonization process of IL22RA2 gene presents a promising strategy that could facilitate further studies of transposon initiated gene evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nalini Polavarapu
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Mark Borodovsky
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Division of Computational Science and Engineering at College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - John McDonald
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Wolk K, Witte E, Hoffmann U, Doecke WD, Endesfelder S, Asadullah K, Sterry W, Volk HD, Wittig BM, Sabat R. IL-22 induces lipopolysaccharide-binding protein in hepatocytes: a potential systemic role of IL-22 in Crohn's disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2007; 178:5973-81. [PMID: 17442982 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.9.5973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a common, chronic, inflammatory bowel disease characterized by intestinal infiltration of activated immune cells and distortion of the intestinal architecture. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-22, a cytokine that is mainly produced by activated Th1 and Th17 cells, was present in high quantities in the blood of CD patients in contrast to IFN-gamma and IL-17. In a mouse colitis model, IL-22 mRNA expression was elevated predominantly in the inflamed intestine but also in the mesenteric lymph nodes. IL-22BP, the soluble receptor for IL-22, demonstrated an affinity to IL-22 that was at least 4-fold higher than its membrane-bound receptor, and its strong constitutive expression in the intestine and lymph nodes was decreased in the inflamed intestine. To investigate the possible role of systemic IL-22 in CD, we then administered IL-22 to healthy mice and found an up-regulation of LPS-binding protein (LBP) blood levels reaching concentrations known to neutralize LPS. This systemic up-regulation was associated with increased hepatic but not renal or pulmonary LBP mRNA levels. IL-22 also enhanced the secretion of LBP in human primary hepatocytes and HepG2 hepatoma cells in vitro. This increase was mainly transcriptionally regulated and synergistic with that of other LBP inducers. Finally, elevated LBP levels were detected in CD patients and the mouse colitis model. These data suggest that systemic IL-22 may contribute to the prevention of systemic inflammation provoked by LPS present in the blood of CD patients through its induction of hepatic LBP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wolk
- Interdisciplinary Group of Molecular Immunopathology, Dermatology/Medical Immunology, Campus Charité Mitte, University Hospital Charité, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Weber GF, Schlautkötter S, Kaiser-Moore S, Altmayr F, Holzmann B, Weighardt H. Inhibition of interleukin-22 attenuates bacterial load and organ failure during acute polymicrobial sepsis. Infect Immun 2007; 75:1690-7. [PMID: 17261606 PMCID: PMC1865721 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01564-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a recently discovered proinflammatory cytokine, structurally related to IL-10. Since IL-22 is induced by lipopolysaccharide in vivo, we studied the role of IL-22 in a model of polymicrobial peritonitis. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis showed marked induction of IL-22 and IL-22 receptor in spleen and kidney during the course of sepsis. The biological activity of IL-22 is modulated by IL-22-binding protein (IL-22BP), which is considered a natural antagonist of IL-22. To further analyze the role of IL-22 during septic peritonitis, mice were treated with recombinant IL-22BP generated as Fcgamma2a fusion protein. IL-22BP-Fc completely blocked IL-22-induced STAT3 activation in hepatocytes in vitro. Treatment of mice with IL-22BP-Fc 4 h before sepsis induction led to enhanced accumulation of neutrophils and mononuclear phagocytes and a reduced bacterial load at the site of infection. In addition, IL-22 blockade led to an enhanced bacterial clearance in liver and kidney and reduced kidney injury. These results imply an important proinflammatory role of IL-22 during septic peritonitis, contributing to bacterial spread and organ failure. IL-22 therefore appears to play an important role in the regulation of inflammatory processes in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg F Weber
- Department of Surgery, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Strasse 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wegenka UM, Dikopoulos N, Reimann J, Adler G, Wahl C. The murine liver is a potential target organ for IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24: Type I Interferons and LPS regulate the expression of IL-20R2. J Hepatol 2007; 46:257-65. [PMID: 17069926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The biological functions of the recently discovered IL-10-related cytokines IL-19, IL-20, IL-22, IL-24 and their receptors IL-20R1, IL-20R2 and IL-22R are not clear. Therefore, the expression of these cytokines and their receptors in the hepatic acute phase response to LPS was analysed. Type I interferons have important immunomodulatory functions in bacterial infections. We investigated if they influence release and organ-specific expression of TNF, IL-6 and IL-10 and the responsiveness of liver to IL-10 related cytokines during the reaction to LPS in vivo. METHODS B6 and congenic IFNAR-/- mice were intraperitoneally injected with 5mg/kg LPS. Systemic release of cytokines was quantified by ELISA. Organ-specific expression of cytokines and their receptors was evaluated by (semi quantitative or quantitative) RT-PCR. RESULTS The cytokines IL-19, IL-22 and the IL-20R2 receptor subunit are up-regulated by LPS in the liver of normal mice. IFNalpha/beta enhance the secretion and expression of IL-6 and IL-10 during the response to LPS, but also the up-regulation of IL-20R2 expression. CONCLUSIONS We show that the liver is a potential target for IL-19, IL-20 and IL-24. During an LPS response, IFNalpha/beta influence cytokine secretion and expression and possibly the response to IL-19 and IL-24.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Maria Wegenka
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Robert-Koch-Strasse 8, D-89081 Ulm, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|