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Li M, Zhou Y, Cheng J, Wang Y, Lan C, Shen Y. Response of the mosquito immune system and symbiotic bacteria to pathogen infection. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:69. [PMID: 38368353 PMCID: PMC10874582 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are the deadliest animal in the word, transmitting a variety of insect-borne infectious diseases, such as malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, and Zika, causing more deaths than any other vector-borne pathogen. Moreover, in the absence of effective drugs and vaccines to prevent and treat insect-borne diseases, mosquito control is particularly important as the primary measure. In recent decades, due to the gradual increase in mosquito resistance, increasing attention has fallen on the mechanisms and effects associated with pathogen infection. This review provides an overview of mosquito innate immune mechanisms in terms of physical and physiological barriers, pattern recognition receptors, signalling pathways, and cellular and humoral immunity, as well as the antipathogenic effects of mosquito symbiotic bacteria. This review contributes to an in-depth understanding of the interaction process between mosquitoes and pathogens and provides a theoretical basis for biological defence strategies against mosquito-borne infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjin Li
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jin Cheng
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yiqing Wang
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Cejie Lan
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
| | - Yuan Shen
- The Affiliated Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuxi, 214023, China.
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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2
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Arora G, Tang X, Cui Y, Yang J, Chuang YM, Joshi J, Sajid A, Dong Y, Cresswell P, Dimopoulos G, Fikrig E. mosGILT controls innate immunity and germ cell development in Anopheles gambiae. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:42. [PMID: 38191283 PMCID: PMC10775533 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Gene-edited mosquitoes lacking a gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase-like protein, namely (mosGILTnull) have lower Plasmodium infection, which is linked to impaired ovarian development and immune activation. The transcriptome of mosGILTnull Anopheles gambiae was therefore compared to wild type (WT) mosquitoes by RNA-sequencing to delineate mosGILT-dependent pathways. Compared to WT mosquitoes, mosGILTnull A. gambiae demonstrated altered expression of genes related to oogenesis, 20-hydroxyecdysone synthesis, as well as immune-related genes. Serendipitously, the zero population growth gene, zpg, an essential regulator of germ cell development was found to be one of the most downregulated genes in mosGILTnull mosquitoes. These results provide a crucial missing link between two previous studies on the role of zpg and mosGILT in ovarian development. This study further demonstrates that mosGILT has the potential to serve as a target for the biological control of mosquito vectors and to influence the Plasmodium life cycle within the vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunjan Arora
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA.
| | - Xiaotian Tang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Yingjun Cui
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
- Current Affiliation: Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Yu-Min Chuang
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Jayadev Joshi
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, 44195, USA
| | - Andaleeb Sajid
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Peter Cresswell
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06510, USA
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, USA
| | - Erol Fikrig
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, 06520, USA.
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3
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Palli SR. RNAi turns 25:contributions and challenges in insect science. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1209478. [PMID: 38469536 PMCID: PMC10926446 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1209478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1998, RNA interference (RNAi), a Nobel prize-winning technology, made significant contributions to advances in biology because of its ability to mediate the knockdown of specific target genes. RNAi applications in medicine and agriculture have been explored with mixed success. The past 25 years of research on RNAi resulted in advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of its action, target specificity, and differential efficiency among animals and plants. RNAi played a major role in advances in insect biology. Did RNAi technology fully meet insect pest and disease vector management expectations? This review will discuss recent advances in the mechanisms of RNAi and its contributions to insect science. The remaining challenges, including delivery to the target site, differential efficiency, potential resistance development and possible solutions for the widespread use of this technology in insect management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subba Reddy Palli
- Department of Entomology, Martin-Gatton College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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4
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Arora G, Tang X, Cui Y, Yang J, Chuang YM, Joshi J, Sajid A, Dong Y, Cresswell P, Dimopoulos G, Fikrig E. Anopheles gambiae mosGILT regulates innate immune genes and zpg expression. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.01.551536. [PMID: 37577703 PMCID: PMC10418185 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.01.551536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Gene-edited mosquitoes lacking a g amma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase-like protein, namely ( mosGILT null ) have lower Plasmodium infection, which is linked to impaired ovarian development and immune activation. The transcriptome of mosGILT null A. gambiae was therefore compared to wild type (WT) by RNA-sequencing to delineate mosGILT-dependent pathways. Compared to WT mosquitoes, mosGILT null A. gambiae demonstrated altered expression of genes related to oogenesis, 20-hydroxyecdysone synthesis, as well as immune-related genes. Serendipitously, the zero population growth gene, zpg , an essential regulator of germ cell development was found to be one of the most downregulated genes in mosGILT null mosquitoes. These results provide the crucial missing link between two previous studies on the role of zpg and mosGILT in ovarian development. This study further demonstrates that mosGILT has the potential to serve as a target for the biological control of mosquito vectors and to influence the Plasmodium life cycle within the vector.
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5
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Feng P, Wang Y, Zou H, Zhu Q, Ren Y, Shu Q, Su W, Liu W, Hu Y, Li B. The effects of glyphosate exposure on gene transcription and immune function of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 112:e21990. [PMID: 36537163 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a widely used herbicide and crop desiccant. However, whether its extensive use has any effect on the species diversity of nontarget organisms is still unclear. In this study, we used the silkworm, Bombyx mori, as the research subject, and performed RNA sequencing to analyze the transcriptional profile of silkworm midgut after exposure to glyphosate at 2975.20 mg/L (a concentration commonly used at mulberry fields). A total of 125 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected in the midgut of glyphosate-exposed silkworm (q < 0.05), of which 53 were upregulated and 72 were downregulated. Gene ontology enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in biological process, cellular component, and molecular function. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis showed that the differential genes were mainly related to oxidative stress, nutrient metabolism, and immune defense pathways, including oxidative stress-related Cat and Jafrac1, nutrient metabolism-related Fatp and Scpx, and immune-related CYP6AN2, UGT40B4, CTL11, serpin-2, and so forth. Experimental verification showed that glyphosate exposure led to a 4.35-fold increase in the mortality of silkworm after Beauveria bassiana infection, which might be caused by the decreased PO (phenoloxidase) activity and impaired immunity. These results provide evidence for the potential effects of residue glyphosate on the physiological functions of silkworm, and also provide a reference for the biosafety evaluation of glyphosate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piao Feng
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Hongbin Zou
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qingyu Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yuying Ren
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qilong Shu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wujie Su
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Suzhou Taihu snow silk Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Yufang Hu
- Suzhou Taihu snow silk Co., Ltd, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
- Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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6
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Tong X, Peng T, Liu S, Zhang D, Guo J. Transcriptomic Analysis Insight into the Immune Modulation during the Interaction of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Hepialus xiaojinensis. INSECTS 2022; 13:1119. [PMID: 36555029 PMCID: PMC9788539 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is an entomopathogenic fungus that can infect the larva of the ghost moth, Hepialus xiaojinensis, causing mummification after more than one year. This prolonged infection provides a valuable model for studying the immunological interplay between an insect host and a pathogenic fungus. A comparative transcriptome analysis of pre-infection (L) and one-year post-infection (IL) larvae was performed to investigate the immune response in the host. Here, a total of 59,668 unigenes were obtained using Illumina Sequencing in IL and L. Among the 345 identified immune-related genes, 83 out of 86 immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) had a much higher expression in IL than in L. Furthermore, the immune-related DEGs were classified as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), signal modulators or transductors, and immune effector molecules. Serpins and protease inhibitors were found to be upregulated in the late phase of infection, suppressing the host’s immune response. Based on the above analysis, the expression levels of most immune-related genes would return to the baseline with the immune response being repressed in the late phase of infection, leading to the fungal immunological tolerance after prolonged infection. Meanwhile, the transcriptomes of IL and the mummified larva (ML) were compared to explore O. sinensis invasion. A total of 1408 novel genes were identified, with 162 of them annotated with putative functions. The gene families likely implicated in O. sinensis pathogenicity have been identified, primarily including serine carboxypeptidase, peroxidase, metalloprotease peptidase, aminopeptidases, cytochrome P450, and oxidoreductase. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to assess the expression levels of some critical genes that were involved in immune response and fungal pathogenicity. The results showed that their expression levels were consistent with the transcriptomes. Taken together, our findings offered a comprehensive and precise transcriptome study to understand the immune defense in H. xiaojinensis and O. sinensis invasion, which would accelerate the large-scale artificial cultivation of this medicinal fungus.
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Zhang D, Zhu Y, Lu Q, Chen F, Wang J, Hou M, Chen L, Xu Z, Ji M, Chen L. Pipiserpin, a Culex factor Xa inhibitor, affects female reproductive capacity and serves as a potential target for mosquito control. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:3433-3441. [PMID: 35545958 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquito control is still the main prevention and control measure for numerous mosquito-borne diseases causing millions of deaths each year. New strategies for mosquito control are in demand. Proteases play an important role in mosquito physiology, therefore this study explored the inhibition of a serpin (serine protease inhibitor) in mosquitoes and its effect on reproductive capacity. RESULTS A factor Xa inhibitor homolog (named Pipiserpin) was amplified and identified in Culex pipiens pallens mosquitoes. We expressed a recombinant Pipiserpin protein in vitro against which a mouse antiserum was generated. We found that female mosquitoes expressed more Pipiserpin protein than male mosquitoes. After mating, female mosquitoes were fed with blood mixed with different amounts of antisera and results showed that consumption of Pipiserpin impeded ovary development and decreased eggs hatching rates compared to that of the pre-immune serum group. CONCLUSION We identified a Culex mosquito factor Xa inhibitor, Pipiserpin, which affects female reproductive potential. Our results suggest that Pipiserpin may be a novel target for mosquito population control. The conclusions from our study on Cx. pipiens pallens might serve as a reference for the development of control measures for other mosquitoes as well. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghui Zhang
- School of International Education, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yawen Zhu
- Program of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingyu Lu
- Program of '5+3' Integrative Clinical Medicine, School of First Clinical Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of First Clinical Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Program of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Hou
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjun Ji
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Tryptophan C-mannosylation is critical for Plasmodium falciparum transmission. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4400. [PMID: 35906227 PMCID: PMC9338275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32076-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Tryptophan C-mannosylation stabilizes proteins bearing a thrombospondin repeat (TSR) domain in metazoans. Here we show that Plasmodium falciparum expresses a DPY19 tryptophan C-mannosyltransferase in the endoplasmic reticulum and that DPY19-deficiency abolishes C-glycosylation, destabilizes members of the TRAP adhesin family and inhibits transmission to mosquitoes. Imaging P. falciparum gametogenesis in its entirety in four dimensions using lattice light-sheet microscopy reveals defects in ΔDPY19 gametocyte egress and exflagellation. While egress is diminished, ΔDPY19 microgametes still fertilize macrogametes, forming ookinetes, but these are abrogated for mosquito infection. The gametogenesis defects correspond with destabilization of MTRAP, which we show is C-mannosylated in P. falciparum, and the ookinete defect is concordant with defective CTRP secretion on the ΔDPY19 background. Genetic complementation of DPY19 restores ookinete infectivity, sporozoite production and C-mannosylation activity. Therefore, tryptophan C-mannosylation by DPY19 ensures TSR protein quality control at two lifecycle stages for successful transmission of the human malaria parasite. Here, Lopaticki et al. show that Plasmodium falciparum expresses a Dpy19 C-mannosyltransferase in the endoplasmic reticulum that glycosylates TSR domains. Functional characterization shows that PfDpy19 plays a critical role in transmission through mosquitoes as PfDpy19-deficiency abolishes C-glycosylation and destabilizes proteins relevant for gametogenesis and oocyst formation.
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9
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Gu Q, Wu Z, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Shi M, Huang J, Chen X. A teratocyte-specific serpin from the endoparasitoid wasp Cotesia vestalis inhibits the prophenoloxidase-activating system of its host Plutella xylostella. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 31:202-215. [PMID: 34897868 PMCID: PMC9303735 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many endoparasitoids adopt several parasitic factors, such as venom, polydnavirus and teratocytes, to suppress the immune response of their associated hosts including melanization for successful parasitism. A teratocyte-specific expressed serpin gene, designated as CvT-serpin6, was identified from the parasitoid Cotesia vestalis. The immunoblot result suggested that CvT-serpin6 was secreted into extracellular space. qPCR results showed that CvT-serpin6 was mainly transcribed at later stages of parasitism, and the transcriptional abundance of CvT-serpin6 in teratocytes was significantly increased in response to the challenge of bacteria. Inhibitory assay indicated that recombinant CvT-serpin6 (rCvT-serpin6) could inhibit the activation of Plutella xylostella prophenoloxidase and ultimately resulted in the inhibition of melanization in P. xylostella haemolymph. Furthermore, we confirmed that rCvT-serpin6 could form SDS-stable complexes with activated PxPAP1 and PxPAP3 in a dose-dependent manner. Altogether, our results further shed insight into the molecular mechanisms that teratocytes involved in controlling host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijuan Gu
- Institute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- College of Agriculture and Food scienceZhejiang Agriculture and Forestry UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhiwei Wu
- Institute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yuenan Zhou
- Institute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Zhizhi Wang
- Institute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect PestsZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jianhua Huang
- Institute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang ProvinceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xuexin Chen
- Institute of Insect SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- State Key Lab of Rice BiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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10
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Simões ML, Dong Y, Mlambo G, Dimopoulos G. C-type lectin 4 regulates broad-spectrum melanization-based refractoriness to malaria parasites. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001515. [PMID: 35025886 PMCID: PMC8791531 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae melanization-based refractoriness to the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum has rarely been observed in either laboratory or natural conditions, in contrast to the rodent model malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei that can become completely melanized by a TEP1 complement-like system-dependent mechanism. Multiple studies have shown that the rodent parasite evades this defense by recruiting the C-type lectins CTL4 and CTLMA2, while permissiveness to the human malaria parasite was not affected by partial depletion of these factors by RNAi silencing. Using CRISPR/Cas9-based CTL4 knockout, we show that A. gambiae can mount melanization-based refractoriness to the human malaria parasite, which is independent of the TEP1 complement-like system and the major anti-Plasmodium immune pathway Imd. Our study indicates a hierarchical specificity in the control of Plasmodium melanization and proves CTL4 as an essential host factor for P. falciparum transmission and one of the most potent mosquito-encoded malaria transmission-blocking targets. One way to block the spread of malaria is to modify the mosquito vectors so that they are unable to transmit the parasite. This study shows that the Anopheles mosquito can be engineered to block the human malaria parasite by melanizing it while in the mosquito’s midgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L. Simões
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Godfree Mlambo
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Carr AL, Rinker DC, Dong Y, Dimopoulos G, Zwiebel LJ. Transcriptome profiles of Anopheles gambiae harboring natural low-level Plasmodium infection reveal adaptive advantages for the mosquito. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22578. [PMID: 34799605 PMCID: PMC8604914 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01842-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheline mosquitoes are the sole vectors for the Plasmodium pathogens responsible for malaria, which is among the oldest and most devastating of human diseases. The continuing global impact of malaria reflects the evolutionary success of a complex vector-pathogen relationship that accordingly has been the long-term focus of both debate and study. An open question in the biology of malaria transmission is the impact of naturally occurring low-level Plasmodium infections of the vector on the mosquito's health and longevity as well as critical behaviors such as host-preference/seeking. To begin to answer this, we have completed a comparative RNAseq-based transcriptome profile study examining the effect of biologically salient, salivary gland transmission-stage Plasmodium infection on the molecular physiology of Anopheles gambiae s.s. head, sensory appendages, and salivary glands. When compared with their uninfected counterparts, Plasmodium infected mosquitoes exhibit increased transcript abundance of genes associated with olfactory acuity as well as a range of synergistic processes that align with increased fitness based on both anti-aging and reproductive advantages. Taken together, these data argue against the long-held paradigm that malaria infection is pathogenic for anophelines and, instead suggests there are biological and evolutionary advantages for the mosquito that drive the preservation of its high vectorial capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann L Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - David C Rinker
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Laurence J Zwiebel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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12
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Knockout of Anopheles stephensi immune gene LRIM1 by CRISPR-Cas9 reveals its unexpected role in reproduction and vector competence. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009770. [PMID: 34784388 PMCID: PMC8631644 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PfSPZ Vaccine against malaria is composed of Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) sporozoites (SPZ) manufactured using aseptically reared Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. Immune response genes of Anopheles mosquitoes such as Leucin-Rich protein (LRIM1), inhibit Plasmodium SPZ development (sporogony) in mosquitoes by supporting melanization and phagocytosis of ookinetes. With the aim of increasing PfSPZ infection intensities, we generated an A. stephensi LRIM1 knockout line, Δaslrim1, by embryonic genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9. Δaslrim1 mosquitoes had a significantly increased midgut bacterial load and an altered microbiome composition, including elimination of commensal acetic acid bacteria. The alterations in the microbiome caused increased mosquito mortality and unexpectedly, significantly reduced sporogony. The survival rate of Δaslrim1 mosquitoes and their ability to support PfSPZ development, were partially restored by antibiotic treatment of the mosquitoes, and fully restored to baseline when Δaslrim1 mosquitoes were produced aseptically. Deletion of LRIM1 also affected reproductive capacity: oviposition, fecundity and male fertility were significantly compromised. Attenuation in fecundity was not associated with the altered microbiome. This work demonstrates that LRIM1's regulation of the microbiome has a major impact on vector competence and longevity of A. stephensi. Additionally, LRIM1 deletion identified an unexpected role for this gene in fecundity and reduction of sperm transfer by males.
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Yang Z, Shi Y, Cui H, Yang S, Gao H, Yuan J. A malaria parasite phospholipid flippase safeguards midgut traversal of ookinetes for mosquito transmission. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/30/eabf6015. [PMID: 34301597 PMCID: PMC8302136 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf6015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito midgut epithelium traversal is essential for malaria parasite transmission. Phospholipid flippases are eukaryotic type 4 P-type adenosine triphosphatases (P4-ATPases), which, in association with CDC50, translocate phospholipids across the membrane lipid bilayers. In this study, we investigated the function of a putative P4-ATPase, ATP7, from the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii Disruption of ATP7 blocks the parasite infection of mosquitoes. ATP7 is localized on the ookinete plasma membrane. While ATP7-depleted ookinetes are capable of invading the midgut, they are eliminated within the epithelial cells by a process independent from the mosquito complement-like immunity. ATP7 colocalizes and interacts with the flippase cofactor CDC50C. Depletion of CDC50C phenocopies ATP7 deficiency. ATP7-depleted ookinetes fail to uptake phosphatidylcholine across the plasma membrane. Ookinete microinjection into the mosquito hemocoel reverses the ATP7 deficiency phenotype. Our study identifies Plasmodium flippase as a mechanism of parasite survival in the midgut epithelium that is required for mosquito transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenke Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Yang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Huiting Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Shuzhen Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Han Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signal Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102, China.
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Silva-Júnior NR, Cabrera YM, Barbosa SL, Barros RDA, Barros E, Vital CE, Ramos HJO, Oliveira MGA. Intestinal proteases profiling from Anticarsia gemmatalis and their binding to inhibitors. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 107:e21792. [PMID: 33948994 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although the importance of intestinal hydrolases is recognized, there is little information on the intestinal proteome of lepidopterans such as Anticarsia gemmatalis. Thus, we carried out the proteomic analysis of the A. gemmatalis intestine to characterize the proteases by LC/MS. We examined the interactions of proteins identified with protease inhibitors (PI) using molecular docking. We found 54 expressed antigens for intestinal protease, suggesting multiple important isoforms. The hydrolytic arsenal featured allows for a more comprehensive understanding of insect feeding. The docking analysis showed that the soybean PI (SKTI) could bind efficiently with the trypsin sequences and, therefore, insect resistance does not seem to involve changing the sequences of the PI binding site. In addition, a SERPIN was identified and the interaction analysis showed the inhibitor binding site is in contact with the catalytic site of trypsin, possibly acting as a regulator. In addition, this SERPIN and the identified PI sequences can be targets for the control of proteolytic activity in the caterpillar intestine and serve as a support for the rational design of a molecule with greater stability, less prone to cleavage by proteases and viable for the control of insect pests such as A. gemmatalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neilier R Silva-Júnior
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Yaremis M Cabrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Samuel L Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rafael de A Barros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Edvaldo Barros
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, NuBioMol, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCB, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Camilo E Vital
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Humberto J O Ramos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas, NuBioMol, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde - CCB, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Goreti A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Laboratory of Enzymology and Biochemistry of Proteins and Peptides, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, UFV, BIOAGRO/INCT-IPP, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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15
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Campos M, Rona LDP, Willis K, Christophides GK, MacCallum RM. Unravelling population structure heterogeneity within the genome of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:422. [PMID: 34103015 PMCID: PMC8185951 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-07722-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whole genome re-sequencing provides powerful data for population genomic studies, allowing robust inferences of population structure, gene flow and evolutionary history. For the major malaria vector in Africa, Anopheles gambiae, other genetic aspects such as selection and adaptation are also important. In the present study, we explore population genetic variation from genome-wide sequencing of 765 An. gambiae and An. coluzzii specimens collected from across Africa. We used t-SNE, a recently popularized dimensionality reduction method, to create a 2D-map of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii genes that reflect their population structure similarities. Results The map allows intuitive navigation among genes distributed throughout the so-called “mainland” and numerous surrounding “island-like” gene clusters. These gene clusters of various sizes correspond predominantly to low recombination genomic regions such as inversions and centromeres, and also to recent selective sweeps. Because this mosquito species complex has been studied extensively, we were able to support our interpretations with previously published findings. Several novel observations and hypotheses are also made, including selective sweeps and a multi-locus selection event in Guinea-Bissau, a known intense hybridization zone between An. gambiae and An. coluzzii. Conclusions Our results present a rich dataset that could be utilized in functional investigations aiming to shed light onto An. gambiae s.l genome evolution and eventual speciation. In addition, the methodology presented here can be used to further characterize other species not so well studied as An. gambiae, shortening the time required to progress from field sampling to the identification of genes and genomic regions under unique evolutionary processes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-07722-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina Campos
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Luisa D P Rona
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology in Molecular Entomology, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (INCT-EM, CNPq), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Katie Willis
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Chen J, Cui D, Ullah H, Hao K, Tu X, Zhang Z. Serpin7 controls egg diapause of migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) by regulating polyphenol oxidase. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:707-717. [PMID: 32107869 PMCID: PMC7193170 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diapause is a state of arrested growth, which allows insects to adapt to diverse environments. Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) play an important role in various physiological processes, including blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, development, complement activation and extracellular matrix remodeling. We hypothesized that serpin may affect energy metabolism and thereby control diapause of migratory locust (Locusta migratoria) embryos by regulating protease cascades. A total of seven nonredundant serpin genes (named serpin1–serpin7) of L. migratoria were obtained through transcriptomic analysis. We further performed label‐free proteomic sequencing and analysis of diapause and nondiapause eggs of L. migratoria, revealing significant differences in serpin7 expression. A significant reduction in diapause rate under the short photoperiod was observed in insects treated with serpin7 double‐stranded RNA. Furthermore, knockdown of the serpin7 gene resulted in significant upregulation of the activity of polyphenol oxidase. We therefore propose that the observed serpin7 gene plays a crucial role in diapause, suggesting that control of energy metabolism may have potential as a future strategy for the reproductive control of insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongnan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hidayat Ullah
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Agriculture, The University of Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Kun Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Kojin BB, Adelman ZN. The Sporozoite's Journey Through the Mosquito: A Critical Examination of Host and Parasite Factors Required for Salivary Gland Invasion. Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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18
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Xue Q. Pathogen proteases and host protease inhibitors in molluscan infectious diseases. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 166:107214. [PMID: 31348922 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of infectious diseases represents an outcome of dynamic interactions between the disease-producing agent's pathogenicity and the host's self-defense mechanism. Proteases secreted by pathogenic microorganisms and protease inhibitors produced by host species play an important role in the process. This review aimed at summarizing major findings in research on pathogen proteases and host protease inhibitors that had been proposed to be related to the development of mollusk diseases. Metalloproteases and serine proteases respectively belonging to Family M4 and Family S8 of the MEROPS system are among the most studied proteases that may function as virulence factors in mollusk pathogens. On the other hand, a mollusk-specific family (Family I84) of novel serine protease inhibitors and homologues of the tissue inhibitor of metalloprotease have been studied for their potential in the molluscan host defense. In addition, research at the genomic and transcriptomic levels showed that more proteases of pathogens and protease inhibitor of hosts are likely involved in mollusk disease processes. Therefore, the pathological significance of interactions between pathogen proteases and host protease inhibitors in the development of molluscan infectious diseases deserves more research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinggang Xue
- Zhejiang Key Lab of Aquatic Germplasm Resources, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315100, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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19
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Xu Z, Lin Z, Wei N, Di Q, Cao J, Zhou Y, Gong H, Zhang H, Zhou J. Immunomodulatory effects of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides serpin RHS2 on host immune responses. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:341. [PMID: 31296257 PMCID: PMC6624921 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3607-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides is a widespread tick species in China and other South East Asian countries, where it is the vector of many pathogens. The objective of this study was to study the role of serpin (serine protease inhibitor) during the tick-host interaction. Methods The differentiation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC) was induced in vitro, and the effect of RHS2 on the maturation of DCs was evaluated. The effects of RHS2 on T cell activation and cytotoxic T lymphocytes’ (CTLs) activity were analyzed by flow cytometry. Antibody subtypes after immunization of mice with RHS2 and OVA were determined. Results RHS2 can inhibit the differentiation of bone marrow-derived cells into DCs and promote their differentiation into macrophages. RHS2 can inhibit the maturation of DCs and the expression of CD80, CD86 and MHCII. The number of CD3+CD4+ and CD3+CD8+ T cells secreting IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α was decreased, and the number of CD3+CD4+ T cells secreting IL-4 was increased, indicating that RHS2 can inhibit the activation of CD4 T cells and CD8 T cells, leading to inhibition of Th1 immune response. RHS2 inhibits the elimination of target cells by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. After immunization of mice with RHS2 and OVA, serum IgG2b was significantly reduced and IgM was increased. Conclusions The results show that RHS2 has an inhibitory effect on the host immune response. Ticks have evolved various ways to circumvent adaptive immunity. Their serpin inhibits BMDC differentiation to reduce immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengmao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhibing Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nana Wei
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Di
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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20
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Gu QJ, Zhou SM, Zhou YN, Huang JH, Shi M, Chen XX. A trypsin inhibitor-like protein secreted by Cotesia vestalis teratocytes inhibits hemolymph prophenoloxidase activation of Plutella xylostella. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:41-48. [PMID: 31026441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
To establish successful infections, endoparasitoid wasps must develop strategies to evade immune responses of the host. Here, we identified and characterized a teratocytes-expressed gene encoding a trypsin inhibitor-like protein containing a cysteine-rich domain from Cotesia vestalis, CvT-TIL. CvT-TIL had a high expression level during the later developmental stage of teratocytes and was secreted into host hemolymph. Further experiments showed CvT-TIL strongly suppressed the prophenoloxidase activation of host hemolymph in a dose-dependent manner by interacting with PxPAP3 of PO cascade. Our results not only provide evidence for an inhibition between CvT-TIL gene and the host's melanization activity, but also expand our knowledge about the mechanisms by which parasitoids regulate humoral immunity of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Juan Gu
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi-Min Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue-Nan Zhou
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Hua Huang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Shi
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China; Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xue-Xin Chen
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China; State Key Lab of Rice Biology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, 310058 Hangzhou, China
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21
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Sharma A, Nuss AB, Gulia-Nuss M. Insulin-Like Peptide Signaling in Mosquitoes: The Road Behind and the Road Ahead. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:166. [PMID: 30984106 PMCID: PMC6448002 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin signaling is a conserved pathway in all metazoans. This pathway contributed toward primordial metazoans responding to a greater diversity of environmental signals by modulating nutritional storage, reproduction, and longevity. Most of our knowledge of insulin signaling in insects comes from the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, where it has been extensively studied and shown to control several physiological processes. Mosquitoes are the most important vectors of human disease in the world and their control constitutes a significant area of research. Recent studies have shown the importance of insulin signaling in multiple physiological processes such as reproduction, innate immunity, lifespan, and vectorial capacity in mosquitoes. Although insulin-like peptides have been identified and functionally characterized from many mosquito species, a comprehensive review of this pathway in mosquitoes is needed. To fill this gap, our review provides up-to-date knowledge of this subfield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Andrew B. Nuss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Agriculture, Veterinary, and Rangeland Sciences, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrew B. Nuss
| | - Monika Gulia-Nuss
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, United States
- Monika Gulia-Nuss
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22
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Li M, Christen JM, Dittmer NT, Cao X, Zhang X, Jiang H, Kanost MR. The Manduca sexta serpinome: Analysis of serpin genes and proteins in the tobacco hornworm. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 102:21-30. [PMID: 30237077 PMCID: PMC6249112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Members of the serpin superfamily of proteins occur in animals, plants, bacteria, archaea and some viruses. They adopt a variety of physiological functions, including regulation of immune system, modulation of apoptosis, hormone transport and acting as storage proteins. Most members of the serpin family are inhibitors of serine proteinases. In this study, we searched the genome of Manduca sexta and identified 32 serpin genes. We analyzed the structure of these genes and the sequences of their encoded proteins. Three M. sexta genes (serpin-1, serpin-15, and serpin-28) have mutually exclusive alternatively spliced exons encoding the carboxyl-terminal reactive center loop of the protein, which is the site of interaction with target proteases. We discovered that MsSerpin-1 has 14 splicing isoforms, including two undiscovered in previous studies. Twenty-eight of the 32 M. sexta serpins include a putative secretion signal peptide and are predicted to be extracellular proteins. Phylogenetic analysis of serpins in M. sexta and Bombyx mori indicates that 17 are orthologous pairs, perhaps carrying out essential physiological functions. Analysis of the reactive center loop and hinge regions of the protein sequences indicates that 16 of the serpin genes encode proteins that may lack proteinase inhibitor activity. Our annotation and analysis of these serpin genes and their transcript profiles should lead to future advances in experimental study of their functions in insect biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Jayne M Christen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Neal T Dittmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xiufeng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Michael R Kanost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Armistead JS, Jennison C, O'Neill MT, Lopaticki S, Liehl P, Hanson KK, Annoura T, Rajasekaran P, Erickson SM, Tonkin CJ, Khan SM, Mota MM, Boddey JA. Plasmodium falciparum
subtilisin-like ookinete protein SOPT plays an important and conserved role during ookinete infection of the Anopheles stephensi
midgut. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:458-473. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Armistead
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville 3052 Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville 3052 Australia
| | - Charlie Jennison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville 3052 Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville 3052 Australia
| | - Matthew T. O'Neill
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville 3052 Australia
| | - Sash Lopaticki
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville 3052 Australia
| | - Peter Liehl
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; 1649-028 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Kirsten K. Hanson
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; 1649-028 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Takeshi Annoura
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology; Leiden University Medical Centre; 2333ZA Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Pravin Rajasekaran
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville 3052 Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville 3052 Australia
| | - Sara M. Erickson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville 3052 Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville 3052 Australia
| | - Christopher J. Tonkin
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville 3052 Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville 3052 Australia
| | - Shahid M. Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology; Leiden University Medical Centre; 2333ZA Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Maria M. Mota
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina; Universidade de Lisboa; 1649-028 Lisbon Portugal
| | - Justin A. Boddey
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research; Parkville 3052 Australia
- Department of Medical Biology; The University of Melbourne; Parkville 3052 Australia
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Kumar A, Srivastava P, Sirisena P, Dubey SK, Kumar R, Shrinet J, Sunil S. Mosquito Innate Immunity. INSECTS 2018; 9:insects9030095. [PMID: 30096752 PMCID: PMC6165528 DOI: 10.3390/insects9030095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes live under the endless threat of infections from different kinds of pathogens such as bacteria, parasites, and viruses. The mosquito defends itself by employing both physical and physiological barriers that resist the entry of the pathogen and the subsequent establishment of the pathogen within the mosquito. However, if the pathogen does gain entry into the insect, the insect mounts a vigorous innate cellular and humoral immune response against the pathogen, thereby limiting the pathogen's propagation to nonpathogenic levels. This happens through three major mechanisms: phagocytosis, melanization, and lysis. During these processes, various signaling pathways that engage intense mosquito⁻pathogen interactions are activated. A critical overview of the mosquito immune system and latest information about the interaction between mosquitoes and pathogens are provided in this review. The conserved, innate immune pathways and specific anti-pathogenic strategies in mosquito midgut, hemolymph, salivary gland, and neural tissues for the control of pathogen propagation are discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Priyanshu Srivastava
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Pdnn Sirisena
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Sunil Kumar Dubey
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi-110067, India.
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Unbiased classification of mosquito blood cells by single-cell genomics and high-content imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7568-E7577. [PMID: 30038005 PMCID: PMC6094101 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1803062115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito blood cells are immune cells that help control infection by vector-borne pathogens. Despite their importance, little is known about mosquito blood cell biology beyond morphological and functional criteria used for their classification. Here, we combined the power of single-cell RNA sequencing, high-content imaging flow cytometry, and single-molecule RNA hybridization to analyze a subset of blood cells of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae By demonstrating that blood cells express nearly half of the mosquito transcriptome, our dataset represents an unprecedented view into their transcriptional program. Analyses of differentially expressed genes identified transcriptional signatures of two cell types and provide insights into the current classification of these cells. We further demonstrate the active transfer of a cellular marker between blood cells that may confound their identification. We propose that cell-to-cell exchange may contribute to cellular diversity and functional plasticity seen across biological systems.
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Simões ML, Caragata EP, Dimopoulos G. Diverse Host and Restriction Factors Regulate Mosquito-Pathogen Interactions. Trends Parasitol 2018; 34:603-616. [PMID: 29793806 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mosquitoes transmit diseases that seriously impact global human health. Despite extensive knowledge of the life cycles of mosquito-borne parasites and viruses within their hosts, control strategies have proven insufficient to halt their spread. An understanding of the relationships established between such pathogens and the host tissues they inhabit is therefore paramount for the development of new strategies that specifically target these interactions, to prevent the pathogens' maturation and transmission. Here we present an updated account of the antagonists and host factors that affect the development of Plasmodium, the parasite causing malaria, and mosquito-borne viruses, such as dengue virus and Zika virus, within their mosquito vectors, and we discuss the similarities and differences between Plasmodium and viral systems, looking toward the elucidation of new targets for disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Simões
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - Eric P Caragata
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; These authors contributed equally
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Bao J, Pan G, Poncz M, Wei J, Ran M, Zhou Z. Serpin functions in host-pathogen interactions. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4557. [PMID: 29632742 PMCID: PMC5889911 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Serpins are a broadly distributed superfamily of protease inhibitors that are present in all kingdoms of life. The acronym, serpin, is derived from their function as potent serine proteases inhibitors. Early studies of serpins focused on their functions in haemostasis since modulating serine proteases activities are essential for coagulation. Additional research has revealed that serpins function in infection and inflammation, by modulating serine and cysteine proteases activities. The aim of this review is to summarize the accumulating findings and current understanding of the functions of serpins in host-pathogen interactions, serving as host defense proteins as well as pathogenic factors. We also discuss the potential crosstalk between host and pathogen serpins. We anticipate that future research will elucidate the therapeutic value of this novel target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guoqing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mortimer Poncz
- Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.,Division of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Junhong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maoshuang Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zeyang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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Alam MN, Chakraborti S, Paik D, Bagchi A, Chakraborti T. Functional attribution of LdISP, an endogenous serine protease inhibitor from Leishmania donovani in promoting infection. Biochimie 2018; 147:105-113. [PMID: 29366936 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease caused by unicellular eukaryotic protozoa of the genus Leishmania, affects more than 12 million people worldwide. Events of leishmaniasis are based on the infection of the mammalian host, precisely macrophages, where both host and parasite derived proteases and endogenous inhibitors are significant. Pathogen derived protease inhibitors have generated considerable interest as they often act as an agent promoting infection and parasitic survivability. An endogenous serine protease inhibitor from Indian strain of Leishmania donovani was previously identified by our group and named as LdISP. It has been found to inhibit neutrophil elastase (NE), responsible for natural inflammation process. However, LdISP's role in progression of infection or the proteomics based structural exposition has not been explored. The present study is aimed to localize and validate the potential role of LdISP in infectivity. We found that LdISP localized endogenously and treatment of infected host cells with LdISP curbs ROS and NO production. Additionally, in silico studies are carried out to predict the putative amino acid residues of LdISP involved in the inhibition process. Taken together, our results demonstrate that LdISP eventually exerts a pronounced role in L. donovani infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nur Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Sajal Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Dibyendu Paik
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Angshuman Bagchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapati Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Kalyani, 741235, West Bengal, India.
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Yang L, Mei Y, Fang Q, Wang J, Yan Z, Song Q, Lin Z, Ye G. Identification and characterization of serine protease inhibitors in a parasitic wasp, Pteromalus puparum. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15755. [PMID: 29147019 PMCID: PMC5691223 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) regulate protease-mediated activities by inactivating their cognate proteinases, and are involved in multiple physiological processes. SPIs have been extensively studied in vertebrates and invertebrates; however, little SPI information is available in parasitoids. Herein, we identified 57 SPI genes in total through the genome of a parasitoid wasp, Pteromalus puparum. Gene structure analyses revealed that these SPIs contain 7 SPI domains. Depending on their mode of action, these SPIs can be categorized into serpins, canonical inhibitors and alpha-2-macroglobulins (A2Ms). For serpins and canonical inhibitors, we predicted their putative inhibitory activities to trypsin/chymotrypsin/elastase-like enzymes based on the amino acids in cleaved reactive sites. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic tree indicated that some serpins similar to known functional inhibitory serpins may participate in immune responses. Transcriptome analysis also showed some canonical SPI genes displayed distinct expression patterns in the venom gland and this was confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) analysis, suggesting their specific physiological functions as venom proteins in suppressing host immune responses. The study provides valuable information to clarify the functions of SPIs in digestion, development, reproduction and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yaotian Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qi Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zhichao Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Zhe Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gongyin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology & Ministry of Agriculture Key Lab of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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He Y, Wang Y, Zhao P, Rayaprolu S, Wang X, Cao X, Jiang H. Serpin-9 and -13 regulate hemolymph proteases during immune responses of Manduca sexta. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:71-81. [PMID: 28987647 PMCID: PMC5673523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Serpins are a superfamily of proteins, most of which inhibit cognate serine proteases by forming inactive acyl-enzyme complexes. In the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta, serpin-1, -3 through -7 negatively regulate a hemolymph serine protease system that activates precursors of the serine protease homologs (SPHs), phenoloxidases (POs), Spätzles, and other cytokines. Here we report the cloning and characterization of M. sexta serpin-9 and -13. Serpin-9, a 402-residue protein most similar to Drosophila Spn77Ba, has R366 at the P1 position right before the cleavage site; Serpin-13, a 444-residue ortholog of Drosophila Spn28Dc, is longer than the other seven serpins and has R410 as the P1 residue. Both serpins are mainly produced in fat body and secreted into plasma to function. While their mRNA and protein levels were not up-regulated upon immune challenge, they blocked protease activities and affected proPO activation in hemolymph. Serpin-9 inhibited human neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, trypsin, and chymotrypsin to different extents; serpin-13 reduced trypsin activity to approximately 10% at a molar ratio of 4:1 (serpin: enzyme). Serpin-9 was cleaved at Arg366 by the enzymes with different specificity, but serpin-13 had four P1 sites (Arg410 for trypsin-like proteases, Gly406 and Ala409 for the elastase and Thr404 for cathepsin G). Supplementation of induced cell-free hemolymph (IP, P for plasma) with recombinant serpin-9 did not noticeably affect proPO activation, but slightly reduced the PO activity increase after 0-50% ammonium sulfate fraction of the IP had been elicited by bacteria. In comparison, addition of recombinant serpin-13 significantly inhibited proPO activation in IP and the suppression was stronger in the fraction of IP. Serpin-9- and -13-containing protein complexes were isolated from IP using their antibodies. Hemolymph protease-1 precursor (proHP1), HP6 and HP8 were found to be associated with serpin-9, whereas proHP1, HP2 and HP6 were pulled downed with serpin-13. These results indicate that both serpins regulate immune proteases in hemolymph of M. sexta larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Picheng Zhao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Subrahmanyam Rayaprolu
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xiuhong Wang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Zhou Y, Liu G, Cheng X, Wang Q, Wang B, Wang B, Zhang H, He Q, Zhang L. Antimicrobial activity of a newly identified Kazal-type serine proteinase inhibitor, CcKPI1, from the jellyfish Cyanea capillata. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 107:1945-1955. [PMID: 29054522 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we reported a jellyfish-derived Kazal-type serine protease inhibitor, named CcKPI1, from Cyanea capillata. CcKPI1 has a calculated molecular mass of 19.02kDa and contains three typical Kazal domains. Soluble recombinant CcKPI1 (rCcKPI1) was successfully expressed and purified. rCcKPI1 exhibited significant inhibitory activities against elastase, subtilisin A and proteinase K, but not against trypsin or chymotrypsin. Kinetic studies showed that all of the inhibitory effects of rCcKPI1 were competitive, indicating that it may be a microbial serine protease inhibitor and can exhibit antimicrobial activity. As predicted, rCcKPI1 directly bound to various microorganisms, including the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, marine pathogenic vibrios Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio natriegens, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and fungi Candida albicans, Candida parapsilokis and Candida glabrata. In addition, rCcKPI1 inhibited the growth of most of the tested microorganisms that it bound to. These findings indicate that CcKPI1 possesses marked antibacterial and antifungal activities and may play an important role in the immune defence of C. capillata, providing a novel view for the understanding of the immune system of jellyfish and also facilitating future research on antimicrobial agents from marine natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhou
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xi Cheng
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Beilei Wang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qian He
- Department of Gynecology, Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Liming Zhang
- Marine Bio-pharmaceutical Institute, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Department of Marine Biotechnology, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Yu HM, Zhu BJ, Sun Y, Wei GQ, Wang L, Qian C, Nadeem Abbas M, Liu CL. Characterization and functional analysis of serpin-1 like gene from oak silkworm Antheraea pernyi. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 107:620-626. [PMID: 28228181 DOI: 10.1017/s000748531700013x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Serpins are a broadly distributed family of proteases found in various organisms that play an important role in regulating the immune response. Here, we identified a serpin-1 gene from Antheraea pernyi that encodes a 279 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 30.8 kDa. We expressed the recombinant Ap-serpin-1 protein in Escherichia coli and used the purified protein to prepare rabbit anti-Ap-serpin-1 polyclonal antibodies. We calculated the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titer of the antibody as 1:128000. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that Ap-serpin-1 was expressed in all examined tissues, including hemolymph, malpighian tubules, midgut, silk gland, integument and the fat body; the highest Ap-serpin-1 expression levels was detected in the fat body. We next investigated the expression patterns of Ap-serpin-1 in both fat body and hemolymph samples, following treatment with E. coli, Beauveria bassiana, Micrococcus luteus and nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV). We reported that NPV and M. luteus significantly enhanced Ap-serpin-1 expression in the fat body. While, in the hemolymph samples, treatment with B. bassiana and M. luteus was shown to upregulate Ap-serpin-1 expression at 24 h induction. Altogether, our results suggest that Ap-serpin-1 is involved in the innate immunity of A. pernyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Yu
- College of Life Sciences,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei,230036,China
| | - B J Zhu
- College of Life Sciences,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei,230036,China
| | - Y Sun
- College of Life Sciences,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei,230036,China
| | - G Q Wei
- College of Life Sciences,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei,230036,China
| | - L Wang
- College of Life Sciences,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei,230036,China
| | - C Qian
- College of Life Sciences,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei,230036,China
| | - M Nadeem Abbas
- College of Life Sciences,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei,230036,China
| | - C L Liu
- College of Life Sciences,Anhui Agricultural University,Hefei,230036,China
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He X, Cao X, He Y, Bhattarai K, Rogers J, Hartson S, Jiang H. Hemolymph proteins of Anopheles gambiae larvae infected by Escherichia coli. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 74:110-124. [PMID: 28431895 PMCID: PMC5531190 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae is a major vector of human malaria and its immune system in part determines the fate of ingested parasites. Proteins, hemocytes and fat body in hemolymph are critical components of this system, mediating both humoral and cellular defenses. Here we assessed differences in the hemolymph proteomes of water- and E. coli-pricked mosquito larvae by a gel-LC-MS approach. Among the 1756 proteins identified, 603 contained a signal peptide but accounted for two-third of the total protein amount on the quantitative basis. The sequence homology search indicated that 233 of the 1756 may be related to defense. In general, we did not detect substantial differences between the control and induced plasma samples in terms of protein numbers or levels. Protein distributions in the gel slices suggested post-translational modifications (e.g. proteolysis) and formation of serpin-protease complexes and high Mr immune complexes. Based on the twenty-five most abundant proteins, we further suggest that major functions of the larval hemolymph are storage, transport, and immunity. In summary, this study provided first data on constitution, levels, and possible functions of hemolymph proteins in the mosquito larvae, reflecting complex changes occurring in the fight against E. coli infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Xiaolong Cao
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Yan He
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Krishna Bhattarai
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Janet Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Steve Hartson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Haobo Jiang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Kwon H, Arends BR, Smith RC. Late-phase immune responses limiting oocyst survival are independent of TEP1 function yet display strain specific differences in Anopheles gambiae. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:369. [PMID: 28764765 PMCID: PMC5540282 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is emerging evidence that mosquito anti-Plasmodium immunity is multimodal with distinct mechanisms for killing malaria parasites at either the ookinete or oocyst stages. Early-phase responses targeting the ookinete require complement-like components circulating in the mosquito hemolymph that result in TEP1-mediated lysis or melanization. Additional responses mediated by the LL3 and STAT pathways limit oocyst survival through unknown mechanisms that require mosquito hemocyte function. While previous experiments argue that these mechanisms of parasite killing are independent, the transient nature of gene-silencing has rendered these experiments inconclusive. To address this issue, we outline experiments using a TALEN-derived TEP1 mutant line to examine the role of TEP1 in the Anopheles gambiae late-phase immune response. Results Despite higher early oocyst numbers in the TEP1 mutant line, no differences in oocyst survival were observed when compared to control mosquitoes, suggesting that TEP1 function is independent of the late-phase immune response. To further validate this phenotype in the TEP1 mutant, oocyst survival was evaluated in the TEP1 mutant background by silencing either LL3 or STAT-A. Surprisingly, only STAT-A silenced mosquitoes were able to reconstitute the late-phase immune phenotype increasing oocyst survival in the TEP1 mutant line. Additional experiments highlight significant differences in LL3 expression in the M/S hybrid genetic background of the TEP1 mutant line compared to that of the Keele strain (M form) of An. gambiae, and demonstrate that LL3 is not required for granulocyte differentiation in the M/S hybrid G3 genetic background in response to malaria parasite infection. Conclusions Through the combination of genetic experiments utilizing genetic mutants and reverse genetic approaches, new information has emerged regarding the mechanisms of mosquito late-phase immunity. When combined with previously published experiments, the body of evidence argues that Plasmodium oocyst survival is TEP1 independent, thus establishing that the mechanisms of early- and late-phase immunity are distinct. Moreover, we identify that the known components that mediate oocyst survival are susceptible to strain-specific differences depending on their genetic background and provide further evidence that the signals that promote hemocyte differentiation are required to limit oocyst survival. Together, this study provides new insights into the mechanisms of oocyst killing and the importance of genetics in shaping mosquito vector competence. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2308-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeogsun Kwon
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Benjamin R Arends
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA
| | - Ryan C Smith
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011, USA.
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League GP, Estévez-Lao TY, Yan Y, Garcia-Lopez VA, Hillyer JF. Anopheles gambiae larvae mount stronger immune responses against bacterial infection than adults: evidence of adaptive decoupling in mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:367. [PMID: 28764812 PMCID: PMC5539753 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2302-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune system of adult mosquitoes has received significant attention because of the ability of females to vector disease-causing pathogens while ingesting blood meals. However, few studies have focused on the immune system of larvae, which, we hypothesize, is highly robust due to the high density and diversity of microorganisms that larvae encounter in their aquatic environments and the strong selection pressures at work in the larval stage to ensure survival to reproductive maturity. Here, we surveyed a broad range of cellular and humoral immune parameters in larvae of the malaria mosquito, Anopheles gambiae, and compared their potency to that of newly-emerged adults and older adults. RESULTS We found that larvae kill bacteria in their hemocoel with equal or greater efficiency compared to newly-emerged adults, and that antibacterial ability declines further with adult age, indicative of senescence. This phenotype correlates with more circulating hemocytes and a differing spatial arrangement of sessile hemocytes in larvae relative to adults, as well as with the individual hemocytes of adults carrying a greater phagocytic burden. The hemolymph of larvae also possesses markedly stronger antibacterial lytic and melanization activity than the hemolymph of adults. Finally, infection induces a stronger transcriptional upregulation of immunity genes in larvae than in adults, including differences in the immunity genes that are regulated. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that immunity is strongest in larvae and declines after metamorphosis and with adult age, and suggest that adaptive decoupling, or the independent evolution of larval and adult traits made possible by metamorphosis, has occurred in the mosquito lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett P. League
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | | | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | | | - Julián F. Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
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Dong WT, Xiao LF, Hu JJ, Zhao XX, Liu JX, Zhang Y. iTRAQ proteomic analysis of the interactions between Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus and silkworm. J Proteomics 2017; 166:138-145. [PMID: 28755911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The silkworm hemolymph is an important defense system against bacteria and viruses. In this study, silkworms were infected with Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus to investigate the subsequent immune response at the protein level. Proteomes were analyzed before and after infection using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation and LC-MS. A total of 456 differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 179 were upregulated and 193 were downregulated. Changes in expression were validated by western blot for several proteins. Eleven of the differentially expressed proteins were involved in immunity. For example, modular serine protease and cecropin, which were downregulated, facilitate Toll and Imd signaling, while autophagy-related protein 3, which was upregulated, protects cells against oxidative damage. Collectively, the data highlight the unique interactions of baculovirus with the silkworm immune system. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE This is the first time isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation were used to analyze B. mori proteins mobilized against B. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and to investigate the immunity-associated proteome in B. mori. The results are a significant step towards a deeper understanding of immunoregulation in B. mori. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first time isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation were used to analyze B. mori proteins mobilized against B. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus, and to investigate the immunity-associated proteome in B. mori. The results are a significant step towards a deeper understanding of immunoregulation in B. mori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Tao Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Long-Fei Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xin-Xu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ji-Xing Liu
- Product R & D, Lanzhou Weitesen Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou 730030, China.
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
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Hong Y, Li C, Tan X, Xu L, Yang L, Yan Y. Schistosoma japonicum serine protease inhibitor increases endothelial barrier function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:7312-7324. [PMID: 31966571 PMCID: PMC6965217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis remains the second most prevalent zoonotic disease after malaria in veterinary medicine. The egg lodgement in target host tissue plays important roles in pathogenesis of this disease, but the process prior to egg-laying is still elusive. Surely, investigation of how this parasite invades and moves inside corresponding host will probably improve our understanding of homeostasis and maintenance of animal health, further, of related pathogenesis and thus potential intervention against schistosomiasis. TNT-coupled transcription/translation-expressed Sj serpin was employed for the protease inhibition assay. Transendothelial resistance (TER), its charge selectivity and size selectivity, were measured by the ussing chamber technique in serpin-transfected or recombinant serpin-treated HUVEC monolayer. The expressions of junction proteins were assayed using real-time PCR, Western blot and immunostaining. Sj serpin blocks the protease activity of elastase in a time-dependent manner; and Sj serpin can increase TER ofendothelial monolayer by decreasing its paracellular size selectivity, but not by interfere with the charge selectivity. Altered expression of tight junction protein claudin-2 was not observed at either RNA or protein levels; however, we found a marked increase in the expression of occludin, ZO-1,VE-cadherin and beta-catenin. Sj serpin can increase the transendothelial barrier function by decreasing the transendothelial permeability, implying serpin as a potential target to limit the invasion of schistosome into animal blood vessel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Hong
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chengtan Li
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangwen Xu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yutao Yan
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biology, Georgia State UniversityAtlanta, Georgia, USA
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Lin H, Lin X, Zhu J, Yu XQ, Xia X, Yao F, Yang G, You M. Characterization and expression profiling of serine protease inhibitors in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). BMC Genomics 2017; 18:162. [PMID: 28196471 PMCID: PMC5309989 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serine protease inhibitors (SPIs) have been found in all living organisms and play significant roles in digestion, development and innate immunity. In this study, we present a genome-wide identification and expression profiling of SPI genes in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), a major pest of cruciferous crops with global distribution and broad resistance to different types of insecticides. RESULTS A total of 61 potential SPI genes were identified in the P. xylostella genome, and these SPIs were classified into serpins, canonical inhibitors, and alpha-2-macroglobulins based on their modes of action. Sequence alignments showed that amino acid residues in the hinge region of known inhibitory serpins from other insect species were conserved in most P. xylostella serpins, suggesting that these P. xylostella serpins may be functionally active. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that P. xylostella inhibitory serpins were clustered with known inhibitory serpins from six other insect species. More interestingly, nine serpins were highly similar to the orthologues in Manduca sexta which have been demonstrated to participate in regulating the prophenoloxidase activation cascade, an important innate immune response in insects. Of the 61 P.xylostella SPI genes, 33 were canonical SPIs containing seven types of inhibitor domains, including Kunitz, Kazal, TIL, amfpi, Antistasin, WAP and Pacifastin. Moreover, some SPIs contained additional non-inhibitor domains, including spondin_N, reeler, and other modules, which may be involved in protein-protein interactions. Gene expression profiling showed gene-differential, stage- and sex-specific expression patterns of SPIs, suggesting that SPIs may be involved in multiple physiological processes in P. xylostella. CONCLUSIONS This is the most comprehensive investigation so far on SPI genes in P. xylostella. The characterized features and expression patterns of P. xylostella SPIs indicate that the SPI family genes may be involved in innate immunity of this species. Our findings provide valuable information for uncovering further biological roles of SPI genes in P. xylostella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Fujian and Taiwan, China Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xijian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Fujian and Taiwan, China Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jiwei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Fujian and Taiwan, China Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xiao-Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, 64110-2499, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Fujian and Taiwan, China Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Fengluan Yao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Fujian and Taiwan, China Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Minsheng You
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, and College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Institute of Applied Ecology and Research Centre for Biodiversity and Eco-Safety, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Fujian-Taiwan Joint Innovation Centre for Ecological Control of Crop Pests, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China. .,Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Fujian and Taiwan, China Ministry of Agriculture, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
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Koussis K, Goulielmaki E, Chalari A, Withers-Martinez C, Siden-Kiamos I, Matuschewski K, Loukeris TG. Targeted Deletion of a Plasmodium Site-2 Protease Impairs Life Cycle Progression in the Mammalian Host. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170260. [PMID: 28107409 PMCID: PMC5249076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-2 proteases (S2P) belong to the M50 family of metalloproteases, which typically perform essential roles by mediating activation of membrane–bound transcription factors through regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). Protease-dependent liberation of dormant transcription factors triggers diverse cellular responses, such as sterol regulation, Notch signalling and the unfolded protein response. Plasmodium parasites rely on regulated proteolysis for controlling essential pathways throughout the life cycle. In this study we examine the Plasmodium-encoded S2P in a murine malaria model and show that it is expressed in all stages of Plasmodium development. Localisation studies by endogenous gene tagging revealed that in all invasive stages the protein is in close proximity to the nucleus. Ablation of PbS2P by reverse genetics leads to reduced growth rates during liver and blood infection and, hence, virulence attenuation. Strikingly, absence of PbS2P was compatible with parasite life cycle progression in the mosquito and mammalian hosts under physiological conditions, suggesting redundant or dispensable roles in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Koussis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Malaria Biochemistry Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Evi Goulielmaki
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Anna Chalari
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Inga Siden-Kiamos
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kai Matuschewski
- Parasitology Unit, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thanasis G. Loukeris
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Greece
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Meekins DA, Zhang X, Battaile KP, Lovell S, Michel K. 1.45 Å resolution structure of SRPN18 from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2016; 72:853-862. [PMID: 27917832 PMCID: PMC5137461 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x16017854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine protease inhibitors (serpins) in insects function within development, wound healing and immunity. The genome of the African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae, encodes 23 distinct serpin proteins, several of which are implicated in disease-relevant physiological responses. A. gambiae serpin 18 (SRPN18) was previously categorized as non-inhibitory based on the sequence of its reactive-center loop (RCL), a region responsible for targeting and initiating protease inhibition. The crystal structure of A. gambiae SRPN18 was determined to a resolution of 1.45 Å, including nearly the entire RCL in one of the two molecules in the asymmetric unit. The structure reveals that the SRPN18 RCL is extremely short and constricted, a feature associated with noncanonical inhibitors or non-inhibitory serpin superfamily members. Furthermore, the SRPN18 RCL does not contain a suitable protease target site and contains a large number of prolines. The SRPN18 structure therefore reveals a unique RCL architecture among the highly conserved serpin fold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xin Zhang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, USA
| | - Kevin P. Battaile
- IMCA–CAT, Hauptman–Woodward Medical Research Institute, Argonne National Laboratory, USA
| | - Scott Lovell
- Protein Structure Laboratory, Del Shankel Structural Biology Center, University of Kansas, USA
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41
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Matetovici I, Caljon G, Van Den Abbeele J. Tsetse fly tolerance to T. brucei infection: transcriptome analysis of trypanosome-associated changes in the tsetse fly salivary gland. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:971. [PMID: 27884110 PMCID: PMC5123318 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3283-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background For their transmission, African trypanosomes rely on their blood feeding insect vector, the tsetse fly (Glossina sp.). The ingested Trypanosoma brucei parasites have to overcome a series of barriers in the tsetse fly alimentary tract to finally develop into the infective metacyclic forms in the salivary glands that are transmitted to a mammalian host by the tsetse bite. The parasite population in the salivary gland is dense with a significant number of trypanosomes tightly attached to the epithelial cells. Our current knowledge on the impact of the infection on the salivary gland functioning is very limited. Therefore, this study aimed to gain a deeper insight into the global gene expression changes in the salivary glands of Glossina morsitans morsitans in response to an infection with the T. brucei parasite. A detailed whole transcriptome comparison of midgut-infected tsetse with and without a mature salivary gland infection was performed to study the impact of a trypanosome infection on different aspects of the salivary gland functioning and the mechanisms that are induced in this tissue to tolerate the infection i.e. to control the negative impact of the parasite presence. Moreover, a transcriptome comparison with age-matched uninfected flies was done to see whether gene expression in the salivary glands is already affected by a trypanosome infection in the tsetse midgut. Results By a RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) approach we compared the whole transcriptomes of flies with a T. brucei salivary gland/midgut infection versus flies with only a midgut infection or versus non-infected flies, all with the same age and feeding history. More than 7500 salivary gland transcripts were detected from which a core group of 1214 differentially expressed genes (768 up- and 446 down-regulated) were shared between the two transcriptional comparisons. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis and detailed gene expression comparisons showed a diverse impact at the gene transcript level. Increased expression was observed for transcripts encoding for proteins involved in immunity (like several genes of the Imd-signaling pathway, serine proteases, serpins and thioester-containing proteins), detoxification of reactive species, cell death, cytoskeleton organization, cell junction and repair. Decreased expression was observed for transcripts encoding the major secreted proteins such as 5′-nucleotidases, adenosine deaminases and the nucleic acid binding proteins Tsals. Moreover, expression of some gene categories in the salivary glands were found to be already affected by a trypanosome midgut infection, before the parasite reaches the salivary glands. Conclusions This study reveals that the T. brucei population in the tsetse salivary gland has a negative impact on its functioning and on the integrity of the gland epithelium. Our RNA-seq data suggest induction of a strong local tissue response in order to control the epithelial cell damage, the ROS intoxication of the cellular environment and the parasite infection, resulting in the fly tolerance to the infection. The modified expression of some gene categories in the tsetse salivary glands by a trypanosome infection at the midgut level indicate a putative anticipatory response in the salivary glands, before the parasite reaches this tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3283-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Matetovici
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium.,Present address: Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Unit of Veterinary Protozoology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Antwerp, Belgium.
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Saraiva RG, Kang S, Simões ML, Angleró-Rodríguez YI, Dimopoulos G. Mosquito gut antiparasitic and antiviral immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:53-64. [PMID: 26827888 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are responsible for the transmission of diseases with a serious impact on global human health, such as malaria and dengue. All mosquito-transmitted pathogens complete part of their life cycle in the insect gut, where they are exposed to mosquito-encoded barriers and active factors that can limit their development. Here we present the current understanding of mosquito gut immunity against malaria parasites, filarial worms, and viruses such as dengue, Chikungunya, and West Nile. The most recently proposed immune mediators involved in intestinal defenses are discussed, as well as the synergies identified between the recognition of gut microbiota and the mounting of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl G Saraiva
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seokyoung Kang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria L Simões
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yesseinia I Angleró-Rodríguez
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Smith RC, King JG, Tao D, Zeleznik OA, Brando C, Thallinger GG, Dinglasan RR. Molecular Profiling of Phagocytic Immune Cells in Anopheles gambiae Reveals Integral Roles for Hemocytes in Mosquito Innate Immunity. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:3373-3387. [PMID: 27624304 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.060723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune response is highly conserved across all eukaryotes and has been studied in great detail in several model organisms. Hemocytes, the primary immune cell population in mosquitoes, are important components of the mosquito innate immune response, yet critical aspects of their biology have remained uncharacterized. Using a novel method of enrichment, we isolated phagocytic granulocytes and quantified their proteomes by mass spectrometry. The data demonstrate that phagocytosis, blood-feeding, and Plasmodium falciparum infection promote dramatic shifts in the proteomic profiles of An. gambiae granulocyte populations. Of interest, large numbers of immune proteins were induced in response to blood feeding alone, suggesting that granulocytes have an integral role in priming the mosquito immune system for pathogen challenge. In addition, we identify several granulocyte proteins with putative roles as membrane receptors, cell signaling, or immune components that when silenced, have either positive or negative effects on malaria parasite survival. Integrating existing hemocyte transcriptional profiles, we also compare differences in hemocyte transcript and protein expression to provide new insight into hemocyte gene regulation and discuss the potential that post-transcriptional regulation may be an important component of hemocyte gene expression. These data represent a significant advancement in mosquito hemocyte biology, providing the first comprehensive proteomic profiling of mosquito phagocytic granulocytes during homeostasis blood-feeding, and pathogen challenge. Together, these findings extend current knowledge to further illustrate the importance of hemocytes in shaping mosquito innate immunity and their principal role in defining malaria parasite survival in the mosquito host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Smith
- From the ‡W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,**Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011
| | - Jonas G King
- From the ‡W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,‡‡Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi 39762
| | - Dingyin Tao
- From the ‡W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205.,§§Division of Pre-clinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
| | - Oana A Zeleznik
- §Bioinformatics, Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.,¶Core Facility Bioinformatics, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria.,‖BioTechMed OMICS Center Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Clara Brando
- From the ‡W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Gerhard G Thallinger
- §Bioinformatics, Institute for Knowledge Discovery, Graz University of Technology, 8010 Graz, Austria.,¶Core Facility Bioinformatics, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, 8010 Graz, Austria.,‖BioTechMed OMICS Center Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Rhoel R Dinglasan
- From the ‡W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology and the Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205; .,¶¶Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611
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Serpins in arthropod biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:105-119. [PMID: 27603121 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serpins are the largest known family of serine proteinase inhibitors and perform a variety of physiological functions in arthropods. Herein, we review the field of serpins in arthropod biology, providing an overview of current knowledge and topics of interest. Serpins regulate insect innate immunity via inhibition of serine proteinase cascades that initiate immune responses such as melanization and antimicrobial peptide production. In addition, several serpins with anti-pathogen activity are expressed as acute-phase serpins in insects upon infection. Parasitoid wasps can downregulate host serpin expression to modulate the host immune system. In addition, examples of serpin activity in development and reproduction in Drosophila have also been discovered. Serpins also function in host-pathogen interactions beyond immunity as constituents of venom in parasitoid wasps and saliva of blood-feeding ticks and mosquitoes. These serpins have distinct effects on immunosuppression and anticoagulation and are of interest for vaccine development. Lastly, the known structures of arthropod serpins are discussed, which represent the serpin inhibitory mechanism and provide a detailed overview of the process.
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45
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Fernandes KM, de Magalhães-Júnior MJ, Baracat-Pereira MC, Martins GF. Proteomic analysis of Aedes aegypti midgut during post-embryonic development and of the female mosquitoes fed different diets. Parasitol Int 2016; 65:668-676. [PMID: 27597118 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work we analyzed protein expression in the Aedes aegypti midgut during the larval (fourth instar, L4), pupal, and adult stages [including newly emerged (NE), sugar-fed (SF) and blood-fed (BF) females]. Two-dimensional electrophoresis showed 13 spots in the midgut of larvae, 95 in the midgut of pupae, 90 in the midgut of NE, and 76 in the midgut of SF or BF females. In the larval midguts, high serpin expression was noted, while in the pupae, protein abundance was lower than in the NE, SF, and BF females. The spots related to proteins linked to energy production, protein metabolism, signaling, and transport were highly expressed in the NE stage, while spots related proteins involved in translation were abundant in SF and BF females. The differential abundance of proteins in the midgut of A. aegypti at different developmental stages supports the necessity for midgut development during immature stage followed by the necessity of proteins related to digestion in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenner Morais Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36571-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Cristina Baracat-Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36571-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV, 36571-900 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Kakani P, Suman S, Gupta L, Kumar S. Ambivalent Outcomes of Cell Apoptosis: A Barrier or Blessing in Malaria Progression. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:302. [PMID: 27014225 PMCID: PMC4791532 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The life cycle of Plasmodium in two evolutionary distant hosts, mosquito, and human, is a complex process. It is regulated at various stages of developments by a number of diverged mechanisms that ultimately determine the outcome of the disease. During the development processes, Plasmodium invades a variety of cells in two hosts. The invaded cells tend to undergo apoptosis and are subsequently removed from the system. This process also eliminates numerous parasites along with these apoptotic cells as a part of innate defense against the invaders. Plasmodium should escape the invaded cell before it undergoes apoptosis or it should manipulate host cell apoptosis for its survival. Interestingly, both these phenomena are evident in Plasmodium at different stages of development. In addition, the parasite also exhibits altruistic behavior and triggers its own killing for the selection of the best ‘fit’ progeny, removal of the ‘unfit’ parasites to conserve the nutrients and to support the host survival. Thus, the outcomes of cell apoptosis are ambivalent, favorable as well as unfavorable during malaria progression. Here we discuss that the manipulation of host cell apoptosis might be helpful in the regulation of Plasmodium development and will open new frontiers in the field of malaria research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parik Kakani
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Sneha Suman
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Lalita Gupta
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
| | - Sanjeev Kumar
- Molecular Parasitology and Vector Biology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, India
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Variation in susceptibility of African Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites to TEP1 mediated killing in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20440. [PMID: 26861587 PMCID: PMC4748223 DOI: 10.1038/srep20440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Anopheles gambiae s.s. mosquitoes are efficient vectors for Plasmodium falciparum, although variation exists in their susceptibility to infection. This variation depends partly on the thioester-containing protein 1 (TEP1) and TEP depletion results in significantly elevated numbers of oocysts in susceptible and resistant mosquitoes. Polymorphism in the Plasmodium gene coding for the surface protein Pfs47 modulates resistance of some parasite laboratory strains to TEP1-mediated killing. Here, we examined resistance of P. falciparum isolates of African origin (NF54, NF165 and NF166) to TEP1-mediated killing in a susceptible Ngousso and a refractory L3–5 strain of A. gambiae. All parasite clones successfully developed in susceptible mosquitoes with limited evidence for an impact of TEP1 on transmission efficiency. In contrast, NF166 and NF165 oocyst densities were strongly reduced in refractory mosquitoes and TEP1 silencing significantly increased oocyst densities. Our results reveal differences between African P. falciparum strains in their capacity to evade TEP1-mediated killing in resistant mosquitoes. There was no significant correlation between Pfs47 genotype and resistance of a given P. falciparum isolate for TEP1 killing. These data suggest that polymorphisms in this locus are not the sole mediators of immune evasion of African malaria parasites.
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48
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Alam MN, Das P, De T, Chakraborti T. Identification and characterization of a Leishmania donovani serine protease inhibitor: Possible role in regulation of host serine proteases. Life Sci 2015; 144:218-25. [PMID: 26656469 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study aims to identify, purify, and characterize an endogenous serine protease inhibitor from an Indian strain of Leishmania donovani, which causes the fatal visceral leishmaniasis. MAIN METHODS (i) Reverse zymography was used to identify the serine protease inhibitor by inhibiting the gelatinolytic activity of serine protease. (ii) Purification was performed by combining heat treatment, ultracentrifugation, and affinity and gel permeation chromatography. (iii) Spectrophotometric assays were conducted to quantify and compare the inhibitory activity of the L. donovani serine protease inhibitor (LdISP). (iv) Further, the protein was identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (ToF) mass spectrometry (MS). KEY FINDINGS An endogenous inhibitor with an apparent molecular weight of 21.8 kDa, which is acidic in nature, having a pI of 5.9 was identified. The Ki value of the inhibitor for trypsin was determined to be in the nanomolar range. The protein has the following features: (i) ecotin-like nature, (ii) cross-organism functionality, that is, an inhibitory effect on the serine proteases of higher organisms other than its own, and (iii) homology with other such proteins from a different species of Leishmania on conducting protein mass fingerprinting after MALDI ToF MS. SIGNIFICANCE The inhibitor shows varying and entirely contrasting efficacies toward serine proteases of its own as well as of higher organisms. This indicates that it accelerates disease progression and drives parasite survival as it inhibits the activities of the host serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Nur Alam
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Partha Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Tripti De
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India
| | - Tapati Chakraborti
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Kalyani, Nadia 741235, West Bengal, India.
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Smith RC, Vega-Rodríguez J, Jacobs-Lorena M. The Plasmodium bottleneck: malaria parasite losses in the mosquito vector. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015. [PMID: 25185005 PMCID: PMC4156458 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276130597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly one million people are killed every year by the malaria parasite Plasmodium. Although the disease-causing forms of the parasite exist only in the human blood, mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles are the obligate vector for transmission. Here, we review the parasite life cycle in the vector and highlight the human and mosquito contributions that limit malaria parasite development in the mosquito host. We address parasite killing in its mosquito host and bottlenecks in parasite numbers that might guide intervention strategies to prevent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Smith
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel Vega-Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marcelo Jacobs-Lorena
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Immunology, Baltimore, MD, USA
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50
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Meng Q, Yu HY, Zhang H, Zhu W, Wang ML, Zhang JH, Zhou GL, Li X, Qin QL, Hu SN, Zou Z. Transcriptomic insight into the immune defenses in the ghost moth, Hepialus xiaojinensis, during an Ophiocordyceps sinensis fungal infection. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 64:1-15. [PMID: 26165779 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepialus xiaojinensis is an economically important species of Lepidopteran insect. The fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis can infect its larvae, which leads to mummification after 5-12 months, providing a valuable system with which to study interactions between the insect hosts and pathogenic fungi. However, little sequence information is available for this insect. A time-course analysis of the fat body transcriptome was performed to explore the host immune response to O. sinensis infection. In total, 50,164 unigenes were obtained by assembling the reads from two high-throughput approaches: 454 pyrosequencing and Illumina Hiseq2000. Hierarchical clustering and functional examination revealed four major gene clusters. Clusters 1-3 included transcripts markedly induced by the fungal infection within 72 h. Cluster 4, with a lower number of transcripts, was suppressed during the early phase of infection but returned to normal expression levels sometime before 1 year. Based on sequence similarity to orthologs known to participate in immune defenses, 258 candidate immunity-related transcripts were identified, and their functions were hypothesized. The genes were more primitive than those in other Lepidopteran insects. In addition, lineage-specific family expansion of the clip-domain serine proteases and C-type lectins were apparent and likely caused by selection pressures. Global expression profiles of immunity-related genes indicated that H. xiaojinensis was capable of a rapid response to an O. sinensis challenge; however, the larvae developed tolerance to the fungus after prolonged infection, probably due to immune suppression. Specifically, antimicrobial peptide mRNAs could not be detected after chronic infection, because key components of the Toll pathway (MyD88, Pelle and Cactus) were downregulated. Taken together, this study provides insights into the defense system of H. xiaojinensis, and a basis for understanding the molecular aspects of the interaction between the host and the entomopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hai-Ying Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meng-Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ji-Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gui-Ling Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi-Lian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Song-Nian Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genome Sciences and Information, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Zhen Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing 100101, China.
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