1
|
Boichot V, Menetrier F, Saliou JM, Lirussi F, Canon F, Folia M, Heydel JM, Hummel T, Menzel S, Steinke M, Hackenberg S, Schwartz M, Neiers F. Characterization of human oxidoreductases involved in aldehyde odorant metabolism. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4876. [PMID: 36966166 PMCID: PMC10039900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31769-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidoreductases are major enzymes of xenobiotic metabolism. Consequently, they are essential in the chemoprotection of the human body. Many xenobiotic metabolism enzymes have been shown to be involved in chemosensory tissue protection. Among them, some were additionally shown to be involved in chemosensory perception, acting in signal termination as well as in the generation of metabolites that change the activation pattern of chemosensory receptors. Oxidoreductases, especially aldehyde dehydrogenases and aldo-keto reductases, are the first barrier against aldehyde compounds, which include numerous odorants. Using a mass spectrometry approach, we characterized the most highly expressed members of these families in the human nasal mucus sampled in the olfactory vicinity. Their expression was also demonstrated using immunohistochemistry in human epitheliums sampled in the olfactory vicinity. Recombinant enzymes corresponding to three highly expressed human oxidoreductases (ALDH1A1, ALDH3A1, AKR1B10) were used to demonstrate the high enzymatic activity of these enzymes toward aldehyde odorants. The structure‒function relationship set based on the enzymatic parameters characterization of a series of aldehyde odorant compounds was supported by the X-ray structure resolution of human ALDH3A1 in complex with octanal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Boichot
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Franck Menetrier
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Saliou
- CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UAR CNRS 2014-US Inserm 41-PLBS, University of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Frederic Lirussi
- UMR 1231, Lipides Nutrition Cancer, INSERM, 21000, Dijon, France
- UFR des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 25000, Besançon, France
- Plateforme PACE, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie-Toxicologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Besançon, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Francis Canon
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Mireille Folia
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Dijon University Hospital, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Menzel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Maria Steinke
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Roentgenring 11, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research ISC, Roentgenring 11, 97070, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mathieu Schwartz
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- Flavour Perception: Molecular Mechanisms (Flavours), INRAE, CNRS, Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Parida T, Daka G, Murapala D, Kolli SK, Malla RR, Namuduri S. PM2.5: Epigenetic Alteration in Lung Physiology and Lung Cancer Pathogenesis. Crit Rev Oncog 2023; 28:51-58. [PMID: 38050981 DOI: 10.1615/critrevoncog.2023049651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) has a very negative impact on human health, specifically the respiratory system. PM comes in many forms, among these is PM2.5,which is a major risk factor for lung cancer and other cardiovascular diseases. PM is inherent in emissions from industrial production, manufacturing, vehicle exhaust, mining, and cigarette smoking. For this reason, the composition of PM differs from area to area although its primary constituents are heavy metals and petroleum elements. PM has a long and toxic impact on human health. After extended exposure to PM2.5 the mortality rate for lung cancer patients increases. Already, lung cancer is the leading cause of death globally with the highest mortality rate. PM2.5 creates epigenetic changes in miRNA, histone modification, and DNA methylation, causing tumorigenesis followed by lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamanna Parida
- Department of Environmental Science, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Gopamma Daka
- Department of Environmental Science, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Deepthi Murapala
- Department of Environmental Science, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Suresh Kumar Kolli
- Department of Environmental Science, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rama Rao Malla
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM) (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India; Department of Biochemistry and Bioinformatics, School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Srinivas Namuduri
- Department of Environmental Science, GITAM School of Science, GITAM (Deemed to be University), Visakhapatnam-530045, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
The mercapturic acid pathway is a major route for the biotransformation of xenobiotic and endobiotic electrophilic compounds and their metabolites. Mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-l-cysteine S-conjugates) are formed by the sequential action of the glutathione transferases, γ-glutamyltransferases, dipeptidases, and cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase to yield glutathione S-conjugates, l-cysteinylglycine S-conjugates, l-cysteine S-conjugates, and mercapturic acids; these metabolites constitute a "mercapturomic" profile. Aminoacylases catalyze the hydrolysis of mercapturic acids to form cysteine S-conjugates. Several renal transport systems facilitate the urinary elimination of mercapturic acids; urinary mercapturic acids may serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. Although mercapturic acid formation and elimination is a detoxication reaction, l-cysteine S-conjugates may undergo bioactivation by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase. Moreover, some l-cysteine S-conjugates, particularly l-cysteinyl-leukotrienes, exert significant pathophysiological effects. Finally, some enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway are described as the so-called "moonlighting proteins," catalytic proteins that exert multiple biochemical or biophysical functions apart from catalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Hanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Board PG, Menon D. Glutathione transferases, regulators of cellular metabolism and physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012. [PMID: 23201197 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cytosolic glutathione transferases (GSTs) comprise a super family of proteins that can be categorized into multiple classes with a mixture of highly specific and overlapping functions. SCOPE OF REVIEW The review covers the genetics, structure and function of the human cytosolic GSTs with particular attention to their emerging roles in cellular metabolism. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS All the catalytically active GSTs contribute to the glutathione conjugation or glutathione dependant-biotransformation of xenobiotics and many catalyze glutathione peroxidase or thiol transferase reactions. GSTs also catalyze glutathione dependent isomerization reactions required for the synthesis of several prostaglandins and steroid hormones and the catabolism of tyrosine. An increasing body of work has implicated several GSTs in the regulation of cell signaling pathways mediated by stress-activated kinases like Jun N-terminal kinase. In addition, some members of the cytosolic GST family have been shown to form ion channels in intracellular membranes and to modulate ryanodine receptor Ca(2+) channels in skeletal and cardiac muscle. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE In addition to their well established roles in the conjugation and biotransformation of xenobiotics, GSTs have emerged as significant regulators of pathways determining cell proliferation and survival and as regulators of ryanodine receptors that are essential for muscle function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Cellular functions of glutathione.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip G Board
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wu W, Peden D, Diaz-Sanchez D. Role of GSTM1 in resistance to lung inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 53:721-9. [PMID: 22683820 PMCID: PMC3418458 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation resulting from oxidant/antioxidant imbalance is a common feature of many lung diseases. In particular, the role of enzymes regulated by the NF-E2-related factor 2 transcription factor has recently received increased attention. Among these antioxidant genes, glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) has been most extensively characterized because it has a null polymorphism that is highly prevalent in the population and associated with increased risk of inflammatory lung diseases. Present evidence suggests that GSTM1 acts through interactions with other genes and environmental factors, especially air pollutants. Here, we review GSTM1 gene expression and regulation and summarize the findings from epidemiological, clinical, animal, and in vitro studies on the role played by GSTM1 in lung inflammation. We discuss limitations in the existing knowledge base and future perspectives and evaluate the potential of pharmacologic and genetic manipulation of the GSTM1 gene to modulate pulmonary inflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 7599, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tatewaki N, Maekawa K, Katori N, Kurose K, Kaniwa N, Yamamoto N, Kunitoh H, Ohe Y, Nokihara H, Sekine I, Tamura T, Yoshida T, Saijo N, Saito Y, Sawada JI. Genetic Variations and Haplotype Structures of the Glutathione S-transferase Genes, GSTT1 and GSTM1, in a Japanese Patient Population. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2009; 24:118-26. [DOI: 10.2133/dmpk.24.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
7
|
Hayes JD, Pulford DJ. The Glut athione S-Transferase Supergene Family: Regulation of GST and the Contribution of the lsoenzymes to Cancer Chemoprotection and Drug Resistance Part II. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/10409239509083492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
8
|
Molecular characterization of mu class glutathione-S-transferase from disk abalone (Haliotis discus discus), a potential biomarker of endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2008; 150:187-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2008.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
9
|
Li X, Liu Z, Luo C, Jia H, Sun L, Hou B, Shen W, Packer L, Cotman CW, Liu J. Lipoamide protects retinal pigment epithelial cells from oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 44:1465-74. [PMID: 18258206 PMCID: PMC2597696 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2007] [Revised: 12/25/2007] [Accepted: 01/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
alpha-Lipoic acid (LA) has been widely studied as an agent for preventing and treating various diseases associated with oxidative disruption of mitochondrial functions. To investigate a related mitochondrial antioxidant, we compared the effects of lipoamide (LM), the neutral amide of LA, with LA for measures of oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in a human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell line. Acrolein, a major component of cigarette smoke and a product of lipid peroxidation, was used to induce oxidative mitochondrial damage in RPE cells. Overall, using comparable concentrations, LM was more effective than LA at preventing acrolein-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Relative to LA, LM improved ATP levels, membrane potentials, and activities of mitochondrial complexes I, II, and V and dehydrogenases that had been decreased by acrolein exposure. LM reduced acrolein-induced oxidant generation, calcium levels, protein oxidation, and DNA damage to a greater degree than LA. And, total antioxidant capacity, glutathione content, glutathione S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase activities and expression of nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 were increased by LM relative to LA. These results suggest that LM is a more potent mitochondrial-protective agent and antioxidant than LA in protecting RPE from oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuesen Li
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongbo Liu
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haiqun Jia
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Sun
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Bei Hou
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Weili Shen
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lester Packer
- Institute for Nutritional Science, Shanghai Institutes of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Carl W. Cotman
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA
| | - Jiankang Liu
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 949 824 2071. E-mail address: (J. Liu)
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Emrén LO, Kurtovic S, Runarsdottir A, Larsson AK, Mannervik B. Functionally diverging molecular quasi-species evolve by crossing two enzymes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:10866-70. [PMID: 16829572 PMCID: PMC1544140 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0604030103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular evolution is frequently portrayed by structural relationships, but delineation of separate functional species is more elusive. We have generated enzyme variants by stochastic recombinations of DNA encoding two homologous detoxication enzymes, human glutathione transferases M1-1 and M2-2, and explored their catalytic versatilities. Sampled mutants were screened for activities with eight alternative substrates, and the activity fingerprints were subjected to principal component analysis. This phenotype characterization clearly identified at least three distributions of substrate selectivity, where one was orthogonal to those of the parent-like distributions. This approach to evolutionary data mining serves to identify emerging molecular quasi-species and indicates potential trajectories available for further protein evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lars O Emrén
- Department of Biochemistry and Organic Chemistry, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Box 576, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Parl FF. Glutathione S-transferase genotypes and cancer risk. Cancer Lett 2005; 221:123-9. [PMID: 15808397 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Over 500 studies have examined the association of genetic variants of glutathione S-transferases with various malignancies yielding inconsistent results. The genotyping was based on PCR assays that identified the GSTM1 and GSTT1 null (-/-) genotypes but did not distinguish homozygous wild-type +/+ and heterozygous +/- individuals. Complete GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotyping can be accomplished by recently developed assays [Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 1233-1236; Pharmacogenetics 10 (2000) 557-565] that allow the definition of +/+, +/-, and -/- genotypes by separate identification of the respective GSTM1 and GSTT1 wild-type and null alleles. Application of the new GSTM1 assay to a breast cancer case-control study revealed that the relative risk of breast cancer for the +/+ genotype compared to the -/- genotype was 2.83 (95% confidence interval 1.45-5.59; P=0.002), suggesting a protective effect of the GSTM1 deletion [Cancer Res. 64 (2004) 1233-1236]. Regardless of the explanation for the association between the +/+ genotype and increased breast cancer risk, these results warrant application of true GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotyping to additional or previously analyzed groups with breast cancer or other malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz F Parl
- Department of Pathology and Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Weng MW, Hsiao YM, Chiou HL, Yang SF, Hsieh YS, Cheng YW, Yang CH, Ko JL. Alleviation of benzo[a]pyrene-diolepoxide-DNA damage in human lung carcinoma by glutathione S-transferase M2. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 4:493-502. [PMID: 15725629 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2004.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellular detoxification is important for the routine removal of environmental and dietary carcinogens. Glutathione S-transferases (GST) are major cellular phase II detoxification enzymes. MRC-5 cells have been found to exhibit significantly higher GST activity than human H1355 cells. This study investigates whether GST-M2 activity acts as a critical determinant of the target dose of carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene-diolepoxide (BPDE) and whether it has an effect on MDM2 splicing in the two cell lines. We used RT-PCR to clone Mu-class GST cDNA. Two forms of GST coming from the cell lines were characterized as GST-M2 (from MRC-5 cells) and GST-M4 (from H1355 cells). Nested-PCR showed that BPDE-induced MDM2 splicing had occurred in the H1355 cell line but not in normal MRC-5 cells. Furthermore, using nested-PCR and competitive ELISA, we found that in H1355 cells modified to stably overexpress GST-M2, splicing was abolished and BPDE adducts appeared in low abundance. In conclusion, exogenously overexpressed GST-M2 was effective in reducing BPDE-induced DNA damage in H1355 cells. The catalytic activity of GST-M2 may play an important future role in lowering the incidence of BPDE-induced DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Wen Weng
- Institute of Medical and Molecular Toxicology, Chung Shan Medical University, 110, Sec. 1, Chien-Kuo N. Road, Taichung, Taiwan 40203, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Mannervik B. Optimizing the Heterologous Expression of Glutathione Transferase. Methods Enzymol 2005; 401:254-65. [PMID: 16399391 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(05)01016-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The heterologous expression of a protein may be enhanced by silent mutations in the coding region of its corresponding DNA. This simple approach has been successfully used for optimized production of a number of glutathione-linked enzymes. For example, the yield of human glutathione transferase M2-2 was elevated by 140-fold in a clone isolated by immunoscreening of a library of plasmids with randomized synonymous codons in the 5'-segment of the region encoding the enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Mannervik
- Department of Biochemistry, Uppsala University Biomedical Center, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Tetlow N, Robinson A, Mantle T, Board P. Polymorphism of human mu class glutathione transferases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 14:359-68. [PMID: 15247628 DOI: 10.1097/00008571-200406000-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES AND METHODS A combined database mining approach was used to detect polymorphisms in the mu class glutathione-S-transferase (GST) genes. Although a large number of potential polymorphisms were detected in the five genes that comprise the Mu class GSTs using sequence alignment programs and by searching single nucleotide polymorphism databases, the majority were not validated or detected in three major ethnic populations (African, Southern Chinese and Australian European). RESULTS Two new polymorphisms were detected and characterized in the GSTM3 gene. A rare pG147W substitution was detected only in the Southern Chinese subjects. A more common pV224I substitution was found in each of the ethnic groups studied, and significant differences in allele frequencies were observed between each group. These two polymorphisms can combine to form four distinct haplotypes (GSTM3A [p.G147;V224], GSTM3C [p.G147;I224], GSTM3D [p.W147;V224], GSTM3E [p.W147;I224]). The four isoforms were expressed in Escherichia coli and characterized enzymatically with several substrates including 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), cumene hydroperoxide and t-nonenal. GSTM3-3 containing the variant p.W147 residue tended to show diminished specific activity and catalytic efficiency with CDNB. In contrast, GSTM3-3 containing the variant p.I224 residue tended to show increased specific activity and catalytic efficiency with CDNB. Interactions between the different p.147 and p.224 residues were also observed, with the GSTM3C isoform exhibiting the greatest activity with each substrate, and GSTM3E the lowest. CONCLUSION These functional polymorphisms may play a significant role in modulating the ability of GSTM3-3 to metabolize substrates such as the chemotherapeutic agent 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Tetlow
- Molecular Genetics Group, Division of Molecular Bioscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hatagima A. Genetic polymorphisms and metabolism of endocrine disruptors in cancer susceptibility. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2002; 18:357-77. [PMID: 11923879 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-311x2002000200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have estimated that approximately 80% of all cancers are related to environmental factors. Individual cancer susceptibility can be the result of several host factors, including differences in metabolism, DNA repair, altered expression of tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes, and nutritional status. Xenobiotic metabolism is the principal mechanism for maintaining homeostasis during the body's exposure to xenobiotics. The balance of xenobiotic absorption and elimination rates in metabolism can be important in the prevention of DNA damage by chemical carcinogens. Thus the ability to metabolize and eliminate xenobiotics can be considered one of the body's first protective mechanisms. Variability in individual metabolism has been related to the enzymatic polymorphisms involved in activation and detoxification of chemical carcinogens. This paper is a contemporary literature review on genetic polymorphisms involved in the metabolism of endocrine disruptors potentially related to cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hatagima
- Laboratório de Genética Humana, Departamento de Genética, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Beuckmann CT, Fujimori K, Urade Y, Hayaishi O. Identification of mu-class glutathione transferases M2-2 and M3-3 as cytosolic prostaglandin E synthases in the human brain. Neurochem Res 2000; 25:733-8. [PMID: 10905636 DOI: 10.1023/a:1007579507804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytosolic prostaglandin (PG) E synthase was purified from human brain cortex. The N-terminal amino acid sequence, PMTLGYXNIRGL, was identical to that of the human mu-class glutathione transferase (GST) M2 subunit. Complementary DNAs for human GSTM2, GSTM3, and GSTM4 subunits were cloned, and recombinant proteins were expressed as homodimers in Escherichia coli. The recombinant GSTM2-2 and 3-3 catalyzed the conversion of PGH2 to PGE2 at the rates of 282 and 923 nmol/min/mg of protein, respectively, at the optimal pH of 8, whereas GSTM4-4 was inactive; although all three enzymes showed GST activity. The PGE synthase activity depended on thiols, such as glutathione, dithiothreitol, 2-mercaptoethanol, or L-cysteine. Michaelis-Menten constants and turnover numbers for PGH2 were 141 microM and 10.8 min(-1) for GSTM2-2 and 1.5 mM and 130 min(-1) for GSTM3-3, respectively. GSTM2-2 and 3-3 may play crucial roles in temperature regulation, nociception, and sleep-wake regulation by producing PGE2 in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C T Beuckmann
- Department of Molecular Behavioral Biology, Osaka Bioscience Institute, Suita, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Gupta N, Greeser MJ, Ford-Hutchinson AW. A random rapid equilibrium mechanism for leukotriene C4 synthase. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2000; 469:327-32. [PMID: 10667349 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4793-8_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic studies performed on the conjugation reaction catalyzed by LTC4 synthase proved to conform to a random rapid equilibrium mechanism which was further substantiated by competition patterns ruling out other possible mechanisms. Most cytosolic Gst's investigated to date appear to follow a random kinetic mechanism although are mainly responsible for detoxification purposes. Conversely, LTC4 synthase possesses a very different biological role yet still follows a similar mechanism. Therefore, it can be concluded that most GSTs function in a consistent manner regardless of their biological function. Of interest are the mechanisms of the other members of the MAPEG family which in some respects are closer to conventional GSTs than to LTC4 synthase, yet they remain to be deciphered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Gupta
- Merck Frosst Centre for Therapeutic Research, Pointe Claire-Dorval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kudo H, Doi Y, Nishino T, Nara S, Hamasaki K, Fujimoto S. Dietary zinc deficiency decreases glutathione S-transferase expression in the rat olfactory epithelium. J Nutr 2000; 130:38-44. [PMID: 10613764 DOI: 10.1093/jn/130.1.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc deficiency leads to olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism of this phenomenon. We examined the effect of dietary zinc deficiency on the rat olfactory epithelium. Immunoreactivities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) mu, neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and in situ hybridization of GST mu mRNA in the olfactory epithelia were examined under different dietary zinc intake conditions. Adult male rats were fed a zinc-deficient (ZD) diet (0.5 mg zinc/kg diet), whereas control rats, including pair-fed (PF) and zinc-adequate (ad libitum consumption, AL) groups, were fed a zinc-adequate diet (58 mg zinc/kg diet) for 7 wk. We also examined the effect of zinc replacement (ZR) by subsequently feeding half of the ZD group a zinc-adequate diet for 5 wk after the initial 7-wk deprivation. No significant differences in immunoreactivity for NSE in olfactory epithelial receptor cells or for PCNA in basal cells were noted among groups. Intense GST mu immunoreactivity and hybridization signals were observed in olfactory supporting cells of AL, PF and ZR groups, but very minimal or no such signal was noted in ZD rats. Our findings indicated that zinc deficiency reduces GST mu expression in the supporting cells of rat olfactory epithelia but does not affect receptor cell proliferation or maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kudo
- Department of Anatomy, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Kitakyushu 807-8555, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hsieh CH, Liu LF, Tsai SP, Tam MF. Characterization and cloning of avian-hepatic glutathione S-transferases. Biochem J 1999; 343 Pt 1:87-93. [PMID: 10493915 PMCID: PMC1220527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were isolated from 1-day-old Leghorn chick livers by glutathione (GSH)-affinity chromatography. After sample loading and extensive washing with 0.2 M NaCl, the column was sequentially eluted with 5 mM GSH and 1 mM S-hexylglutathione. The isolated GSTs were subjected to reverse-phase HPLC, electrospray ionization-MS, N-terminal and internal peptide sequencing analyses. The proteins recovered from the 5 mM GSH eluant were predominantly cGSTM1. A protein (cGSTM1') with an N-terminal amino acid sequence identical to that of cGSTM1 but with the initiator methionine retained and a novel class-mu isozyme (cGSTM2*) were also recovered from this fraction. Nine class-alpha isozymes with distinctive molecular masses were identified from the 1 mM S-hexylglutathione eluant. Three of these proteins are probably variants with minor amino acid substitutions of other isozymes. Of the six remaining class-alpha isozymes, three of them have had their complete (cGSTA1 and cGSTA2) or partial (cGSTA3) cDNA sequences reported previously in the literature. A chicken liver cDNA library was screened with oligonucleotides generated from the cGSTA2 sequence as probes. Clones that encompass the complete coding regions of cGSTA3 and cGSTA4 were obtained. A clone encoding the C-terminal 187 residues of cGSTA5 was also isolated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Hsieh
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Johansson AS, Bolton-Grob R, Mannervik B. Use of silent mutations in cDNA encoding human glutathione transferase M2-2 for optimized expression in Escherichia coli. Protein Expr Purif 1999; 17:105-12. [PMID: 10497075 DOI: 10.1006/prep.1999.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterologous expression of human glutathione transferase M2-2 (GST M2-2) using Escherichia coli was improved 140-fold by mutating the cDNA expressing the enzyme. Expression of GST M2-2 from this cDNA clone, pKHXhGM2, generated approximately 190 mg protein per liter of bacterial culture, corresponding to approximately 12% of the total amount of soluble protein. The high-level-expressing cDNA was generated by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis introducing alternative silent mutations into the third nucleotide of codons 2, 4-7, and 10-14 in the 5' end of the cDNA coding region. The choice of alternative codons was restricted to those naturally occurring in highly biased genes in E. coli. Furthermore, the wild-type TAG stop codon at the 3' end was replaced with the two stop codons TAA and TGA in tandem to increase translation termination efficiency. The resulting partially randomized cDNA library was assayed for high-level expression using immunoscreening. Sequence similarities between the constructed high-level-expressing GST M2-2 cDNA and a similarly designed cDNA encoding the closely related human GST M1-1 suggest that the codons in the region immediately following the start codon are influential in achieving high-level expression. Pyrimidines seem to be more favorable than purines in the third position of codons in optimizing the expression of these enzymes in E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Johansson
- Department of Biochemistry, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, Uppsala, S-751 23, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hansson LO, Bolton-Grob R, Massoud T, Mannervik B. Evolution of differential substrate specificities in Mu class glutathione transferases probed by DNA shuffling. J Mol Biol 1999; 287:265-76. [PMID: 10080890 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1999.2607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A library of variant enzymes was created by combined shuffling of the DNA encoding the human Mu class glutathione transferases GST M1-1 and GST M2-2. The parental GSTs are 84 % sequence identical at the protein level, but their specific activities with the substrates aminochrome and 2-cyano-1,3-dimethyl-1-nitrosoguanidine (cyanoDMNG) differ by more than 100-fold. Aminochrome is of particular interest as an oxidation product of dopamine and of possible significance in the etiology of Parkinson's disease, and cyanoDMNG is a model for genotoxic and potentially carcinogenic nitroso compounds. GST M2-2 has at least two orders of magnitude higher catalytic activity with both of the substrates than any of the other known GSTs, including GST M1-1. The DNA library of variant Mu class GST sequences contained "mosaic" structures composed of alternating segments of both parental sequences. All clones contained the 5'-end of a GST M1-1 clone optimized for high-level expression in Escherichia coli. The remainder of the sequences derived from segments of GST M2-2 and GST M1-1 DNA. All of the clones analyzed contained between two and seven distinct DNA segments. In addition, each clone contained an average of approximately one point mutation. None of the library clones analyzed was identical with either of the two parental structures. Variant GST sequences were expressed in E. coli, and their enzymatic activities with aminochrome, cyanoDMNG, and 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) were determined in bacterial lysates. Such screening of more than 70 clones demonstrated a continuous range of activities covering at least two orders of magnitude for each of the substrates. For a given clone, the activities with aminochrome and cyanoDMNG, in spite of their different chemistries, were clearly correlated, whereas no strong correlation was found with CDNB. This functional correlation suggests a common structural basis for the enzymatic mechanisms for conjugation of aminochrome and denitrosation of cyanoDMNG. From an evolutionary perspective, the results show that recombination of segments from homologous proteins gives rise to a large proportion of functionally competent proteins with a range of activities. The data support the proposal that natural evolution of protein functions may involve recombination of DNA segments followed by selection for advantageous functional properties of the resulting proteins. Clearly, the same approach can be utilized in the engineering of proteins displaying novel functions by in vitro evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L O Hansson
- Department of Biochemistry, Uppsala University, Uppsala, S-751 23, Sweden
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
McCallum SA, Hitchens TK, Rule GS. Solution structure of the carboxyl terminus of a human class Mu glutathione S-transferase: NMR assignment strategies in large proteins. J Mol Biol 1999; 285:2119-32. [PMID: 9925789 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to obtain the NMR assignments for the HN, N, CO, Calpha and Cbeta resonance frequencies for the human class mu glutathione-S-transferase GSTM2-2 are reported. These assignments were obtained with deuterated protein using a combination of scalar and dipolar connectivities and various specific labeling schemes. The large size of this protein (55 kDa, homodimer) necessitated the development of a novel pulse sequence and specific labeling strategies. These aided in the identification of residue type and were essential components in determining sequence specific assignments. These assignments were utilized in this study to characterize the structure and dynamics of the carboxy-terminal residues in the unliganded protein. Previous crystallographic studies of this enzyme in complex with glutathione suggested that this region may be disordered, and that this disorder may be essential for catalysis. Furthermore, in the related class alpha protein extensive changes in conformation of the C terminus are observed upon ligand binding. On the basis of the results presented here, the time-averaged conformation of the carboxyl terminus of unliganded GSTM2-2 is similar to that seen in the crystal structure. NOE patterns and 1H-15N heteronuclear nuclear Overhauser enhancements suggest that this region of the enzyme does not undergo motion on a rapid time scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Patskovsky YV, Huang MQ, Takayama T, Listowsky I, Pearson WR. Distinctive structure of the human GSTM3 gene-inverted orientation relative to the mu class glutathione transferase gene cluster. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 361:85-93. [PMID: 9882431 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The sequence and exon-intron structure of the human class mu GSTM3 glutathione transferase gene and its orientation with respect to the remainder of the human class mu GSTM gene cluster were determined. The GSTM3 gene is 2847 bp long and is thus considerably shorter than the other class mu genes in the cluster, which range in size from 5325 to 7212 bp. Outside the protein-coding region, the GSTM3 gene does not share significant sequence similarity with other class mu glutathione transferase genes. Identification of overlapping cosmid clones that span the region between GSTM5, the next nearest glutathione transferase gene, and GSTM3 showed that the two genes are about 20,000 bp apart. PCR primers developed from sequences 3'-downstream from the GSTM5 gene were used to identify clones containing the GSTM3 gene. Amplification with these primers showed that the orientation of the GSTM3 gene is 5'-GSTM5-3'-3'-GSTM3-5'. Long-range PCR reactions confirmed this orientation both in the GSTM-YAC2 YAC clone, which contains the five class mu glutathione transferase genes on chromosome 1, and in human DNA. This tail-to-tail orientation is consistent with an evolutionary model of class mu glutathione transferase divergence from a pair of tail-to-tail "M1-like" and "M3-like" class mu glutathione transferase genes that was present at the mammalian radiation to the current organization of multiple head-to-tail M1-like genes tail-to-tail with a single M3-like gene with distinct structural properties and expression patterns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y V Patskovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, 10461, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
McCallum SA, Hitchens TK, Rule GS. Unambiguous correlations of backbone amide and aliphatic gamma resonances in deuterated proteins. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 1998; 134:350-354. [PMID: 9761709 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.1998.1525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Two 3D NMR pulse sequences that correlate aliphatic gamma carbon resonance frequencies to amide proton and nitrogen chemical shifts in perdeuterated proteins are presented. The HN(COCACB)CG provides only interresidue connectivities (NH(i) and Cgamma(i-1)) while the HN(CACB)CG detects both the inter- and intraresidue (NH(i) and Cgamma(i) or Cgamma(i-1)) correlations. These two experiments are useful for sequential assignments and the identification of residue type from the Cgamma shifts. Spectra acquired on a perdeuterated 53-kDa protein illustrate the sensitivity and utility of these experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S A McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sun YJ, Kuan IC, Tam MF, Hsiao CD. The three-dimensional structure of an avian class-mu glutathione S-transferase, cGSTM1-1 at 1.94 A resolution. J Mol Biol 1998; 278:239-52. [PMID: 9571047 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferase cGSTM1-1, an avian class-mu enzyme with high sequence identity with rGSTM3-3, was expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli. The three-dimensional structure of this protein that co-crystallized with an inhibitor, S-hexylglutathione, was determined by the molecular replacement method and refined to 1.94 A resolution. The three-dimensional structure and the folding topology of the dimeric cGSTM1-1 closely resembles those of other class-mu GSTs. The bound inhibitor, S-hexylglutathione, orients in disparate directions in the two subunits. The combined space occupied by the hexyl moiety of the inhibitors overlaps with that reported for rGSTM1-1 co-crystallized with (9 S,10 S)-9-(S-glutathionyl)-10-hydroxy-9,10-dihydrophenanthrene. Conformational differences at a flexible loop (residue 35 to 40) were also observed between the crystal structures of cGSTM1-1 and rGSTM1-1.cGSTM1-1 has the highest epoxidase activity among all the class-mu enzymes reported. Tyr115, has been identified as a residue that participates in the epoxidase activity of class-mu glutathione S-transferase and is conserved in cGSTM1-1. The epoxidase and trans-4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one conjugating activity of cGSTM1-1 are decreased drastically but not abolished by replacing Tyr115 with phenylalanine. The specificity constant of the cGSTM1-1(Y115F) mutant, with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as substrate, is 15-fold higher than that of the wild-type enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y J Sun
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, 11529, Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Liu S, Stoesz SP, Pickett CB. Identification of a novel human glutathione S-transferase using bioinformatics. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998; 352:306-13. [PMID: 9587421 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1998.0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In searching the expressed sequence tag (EST) data-base of GenBank with coding sequences of 11 known human glutathione S-transferases in conjunction with bioinformatic analysis, we have identified five ESTs that encode a new human glutathione S-transferase (GST) designated GST A4. The cDNA clone (I.M.A.G.E. Consortium cDNA Clone ID 515157) had an insert length of 1279 bp and contains an open reading frame of 666 bp, which encodes a protein of 222 amino acid residues. The GST A4 protein is identical in length to human GST A1 and A2 and is 54% identical to human GST A1 and A2. Sequence comparison with other human GSTs suggests that it is a new GST belonging to the alpha class GSTs. Northern blot analysis and EST database searches have demonstrated that the GST A4 mRNA is expressed at a high level in brain, placenta, and skeletal muscle and much lower in lung and liver. Analysis of the sequence tagged site (STS) database indicated that the GST A4 gene is located on chromosome 6. This STS represents a previously unidentified transcript further confirming the novelty of the new sequence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Liu
- Schering-Plough Research Institute, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Gupta N, Gresser MJ, Ford-Hutchinson AW. Kinetic mechanism of glutathione conjugation to leukotriene A4 by leukotriene C4 synthase. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1998; 1391:157-68. [PMID: 9554994 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00002-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetic mechanism for human leukotriene (LT) C4 synthase, a membrane-bound glutathione S-transferase, which catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to 5,6-oxido-7,9,11, 14-eicosatetraenoic acid (LTA4), to form 5(S)-hydroxy-6(R)-S-glutathionyl-7,9,trans-11, 14-cis-eicosatetraenoic acid (LTC4) was investigated by initial rate kinetic studies in which concentrations of both substrates and the reversible dead-end inhibitor, 2-[2-[1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-4-methyl-6-[(5-phenylpyridin-2-yl)- methoxy]- 4,5-dihydro-1H-thiopyrano[2,3,4-c,d]indol-2-yl]ethoxy]butanoic acid (L-699,333) were varied. Analysis of the initial velocities of LTC4 formation in the absence of the inhibitor using non-linear regression fits of various models to the data favoured a random, rapid equilibrium mechanism, with strong substrate inhibition by LTA4, over both a compulsory ordered mechanism and a ping-pong mechanism. The estimated parameters were calculated to be Vmax = 14 +/- 4 microM/min, KLTA4 = 40 +/- 18 microM, KGSH = 0.4 +/- 0.2 mM, and a KiLTA4 = 2.3 +/- 1.7 microM for the rapid equilibrium random model. Inhibition of enzymatic activity by L-699,333 was found to be reversible as assessed by the ability of the enzyme to restore its activity by 95% upon dilution. L-699,333 was found to be a competitive inhibitor against GSH and non-competitive against LTA4. Non-linear least squares regression analysis yielded estimated parameters of Km = 0.7 +/- 0.1 mM, Vmax = 2.5 +/- 0.1 microM/min, and Ki = 0.7 +/- 0.1 microM for GSH at a fixed LTA4 concentration of 20 microM, and Km = 45 +/- 3 microM, Vmax = 4.9 +/- 0.2 microM/min, and a Ki = 5.8+/-0.4 microM for LTA4 at a fixed GSH concentration of 2 mM. The rate equation for the random equilibrium mechanism accommodates the inhibition patterns observed for L-699,333 against both substrates as revealed by kinetic fits of the inhibition data to the overall rate equation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Gupta
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Drummond, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
De Bruin WC, Te Morsche RH, Wagenmans MJ, Alferink JC, Townsend AJ, Wieringa B, Peters WH. Identification of a novel murine glutathione S-transferase class mu gene. Biochem J 1998; 330 ( Pt 2):623-6. [PMID: 9480867 PMCID: PMC1219182 DOI: 10.1042/bj3300623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Screening of a genomic mouse DNA library with a glutathione S-transferase class mu cDNA probe resulted in the identification of mGSTM5, a novel member of the murine glutathione S-transferase class mu gene family. Here we present the sequence of the promoter region, the exon-intron organization of the gene and the isolation and characterization of its complete cDNA. Conceptual translation of the cDNA sequence revealed that several amino acid positions have been changed in 'invariant' mu class signature sequences in mGSTM5. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction using gene specific primers revealed that mGSTM5 is uniquely expressed in mouse liver, stomach and small intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W C De Bruin
- Department of Gastroenterology, St. Radboud University Hospital, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Xu S, Wang Y, Roe B, Pearson WR. Characterization of the human class Mu glutathione S-transferase gene cluster and the GSTM1 deletion. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:3517-27. [PMID: 9452477 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.6.3517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A partial physical map has been constructed of the human class Mu glutathione S-transferase genes on chromosome 1p13.3. The glutathione S-transferase genes in this cluster are spaced about 20 kilobase pairs (kb) apart, and arranged as 5'-GSTM4-GSTM2-GSTM1-GSTM5-3'. This map has been used to localize the end points of the polymorphic GSTM1 deletion. The left repeated region is 5 kb downstream from the 3'-end of the GSTM2 gene and 5 kb upstream from the beginning of the GSTM1 gene; the right repeated region is 5 kb downstream from the 3'-end of the GSTM1 and 10 kb upstream from the 5'-end of the GSTM5 gene. The GSTM1-0 deletion produces a novel 7.4-kb HindIII fragment with the loss of 10.3- and 11.4-kb HindIII fragments. The same novel fragment was seen in 13 unrelated individuals (20 null alleles), suggesting that most GSTM1-0 deletions involve recombinations between the same two regions. We have cloned and sequenced the deletion junction that is produced at the GSTM1-null locus; the 5'- and 3'-flanking regions are more than 99% identical to each other and to the deletion junction sequence over 2.3 kb. Because of the high sequence identity between the left repeat, right repeat, and deletion junction regions, the crossing over cannot be localized within the 2.3-kb region. The 2.3-kb repeated region contains a reverse class IV Alu repetitive element near one end of the repeat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Xu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
McLellan RA, Oscarson M, Alexandrie AK, Seidegård J, Evans DA, Rannug A, Ingelman-Sundberg M. Characterization of a human glutathione S-transferase mu cluster containing a duplicated GSTM1 gene that causes ultrarapid enzyme activity. Mol Pharmacol 1997; 52:958-65. [PMID: 9415705 DOI: 10.1124/mol.52.6.958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mu class glutathione S-transferase gene GSTM1 is polymorphic in humans, with approximately half of the Caucasian population being homozygous deleted for this gene. GSTM1 enzyme deficiency has been suggested to predispose people to lung and bladder cancer. Some people in a Saudi Arabian population, however, have been described previously with ultrarapid GSTM1 enzyme activity. Here we have evaluated the molecular genetic basis for this observation. Genomic DNA from two Saudi Arabian subjects exhibiting ultrarapid enzyme activity and from 13 Swedish subjects having null, one, or two GSTM1 genes were subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using the restriction enzymes EcoRI, EcoRV, and HindIII and combinations thereof. Hybridization was carried out using a full-length GSTM1 cDNA or the 5' and 3' parts of the cDNA. The restriction mapping data revealed the presence of a GST mu cluster with two GSTM1 genes in tandem situated between the GSTM2 and GSTM5 genes. A quantitative multiplex polymerase chain reaction method, which simultaneously amplified a fragment of the GSTM1 gene and the beta-globin gene, was developed, and the genomic GSTM1 copy number was determined from the GSTM1/beta-globin ratio. This method clearly separated GSTM1 +/- subjects (ratios between 0.4 and 0.7) from GSTM1 +/+ subjects (ratios between 0.8 and 1.2). The two Saudi Arabians with ultrarapid GSTM1 activities had ratios of approximately 1.5, indicating that they carried three GSTM1 genes. These results demonstrate the existence of a novel mu class GST cluster containing a duplicated active GSTM1 gene causing ultrarapid enzyme activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A McLellan
- Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Rossjohn J, Feil SC, Wilce MC, Sexton JL, Spithill TW, Parker MW. Crystallization, structural determination and analysis of a novel parasite vaccine candidate: Fasciola hepatica glutathione S-transferase. J Mol Biol 1997; 273:857-72. [PMID: 9367777 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) represent the major class of detoxifying enzymes from parasitic helminths. As a result, they are candidates for chemotherapeutic and vaccine design. Indeed, GSTs from Fasciola hepatica have been found to be effective for vaccinating sheep and cattle against fasciolosis. This helminth contains at least seven GST isoforms, of which four have been cloned. The cloned isoforms (Fh51, Fh47, Fh7 and Fh1) all belong to the mu class of GSTs, share greater than 71% sequence identity, yet display distinct substrate specificities. Crystals of Fh47 were obtained using the hanging drop vapour diffusion technique. The crystals belong to space group I4122, with one monomer in the asymmetric unit, which corresponds to a very high solvent content of approximately 75%. The physiological dimer is generated via a crystallographic 2-fold rotation. The three-dimensional structure of Fh47 was solved by molecular replacement using the Schistosoma japonicum glutathione S-transferase (Sj26) crystal structure as a search model. The structure adopts the canonical GST fold comprising two domains: an N-terminal glutathione-binding domain, consisting of a four-stranded beta-sheet and three helices whilst the C-terminal domain is entirely alpha-helical. The presence of Phe19 in Fh47 results in a 6 degrees interdomain rotation in comparison to Sj26, where the equivalent residue is a leucine. Homology models of Fh51, Fh7 and Fh1, based on the Fh47 crystal structure, reveal critical differences in the residues lining the xenobiotic binding site, particularly at residue positions 9, 106 and 204. In addition, differences amongst the isoforms in the non-substrate binding site were noted, which may explain the observed differential binding of large ligands. The major immunogenic epitopes of Fh47 were surprisingly found not to reside on the most solvent-exposed regions of the molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Rossjohn
- The Ian Potter Foundation Protein Crystallography Laboratory, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research, 41 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rowe JD, Nieves E, Listowsky I. Subunit diversity and tissue distribution of human glutathione S-transferases: interpretations based on electrospray ionization-MS and peptide sequence-specific antisera. Biochem J 1997; 325 ( Pt 2):481-6. [PMID: 9230131 PMCID: PMC1218585 DOI: 10.1042/bj3250481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Uncertainties about the composition and identities of glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) in human tissue have impeded studies on their biological functions. A rigorous protocol has therefore been developed to characterize the human proteins. Cytosolic GST subunits were resolved by reverse-phase HPLC methods, individual components were assigned to Alpha, Mu and Pi classes on the basis of their immunoreactivities, and peptide-sequence-specific antisera were used to distinguish among five different Mu-class subunits (GSTM1-GSTM5). Each subunit type was characterized and identified unambiguously by electrospray ionization-MS. Acetylation of N-terminal residues in the GSTA1, GSTA2, GSTM3 and GSTM4 subunits were the only natural post-translational modifications detected. The unique structure of GSTM3, with N- and C-terminal peptide extensions predicted from cDNA sequences, was confirmed. Only testis and brain were rich sources of GSTM3 subunits. Subunit profiles were distinct and characteristic of the particular tissue type, and this tissue specificity in GST expression was evident even in organs from different individuals. For instance, livers had relatively simple GST compositions, consisting of a preponderance of Alpha-class subunits and GSTM1 (when present). By contrast, representation of most subunit types was a characteristic feature of testis, which had the highest levels of GSTs. GSTM4 and GSTM5 subunits, here identified for the first time in human tissue extracts, were minor components, with GSTM5 found only in brain, lung and testis. Specimens devoid of GSTM1 subunits, particularly those from null-genotype individuals, were readily discerned at the protein level. Liver was the only rich source of the GSTM1 subunit (although it also constituted a major fraction of adrenal GSTs), and so the functional consequences of the GSTM1 gene deletion are likely to vary in extrahepatic tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Rowe
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York, NY 10461, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Baez S, Segura-Aguilar J, Widersten M, Johansson AS, Mannervik B. Glutathione transferases catalyse the detoxication of oxidized metabolites (o-quinones) of catecholamines and may serve as an antioxidant system preventing degenerative cellular processes. Biochem J 1997; 324 ( Pt 1):25-8. [PMID: 9164836 PMCID: PMC1218396 DOI: 10.1042/bj3240025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
o-Quinones are physiological oxidation products of catecholamines that contribute to redox cycling, toxicity and apoptosis, i.e. the neurodegenerative processes underlying Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia. The present study shows that the cyclized o-quinones aminochrome, dopachrome, adrenochrome and noradrenochrome, derived from dopamine, dopa, adrenaline and noradrenaline respectively, are efficiently conjugated with glutathione in the presence of human glutathione transferase (GST) M2-2. The oxidation product of adrenaline, adrenochrome, is less active as a substrate for GST M2-2, and more efficiently conjugated by GST M1-1. Evidence for expression of GST M2-2 in substantia nigra of human brain was obtained by identification of the corresponding PCR product in a cDNA library. Glutathione conjugation of these quinones is a detoxication reaction that prevents redox cycling, thus indicating that GSTs have a cytoprotective role involving elimination of reactive chemical species originating from the oxidative metabolism of catecholamines. In particular, GST M2-2 has the capacity to provide protection relevant to the prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Baez
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Department of Biochemistry, Stockholm University, Wallenberg Laboratory, S-106 91 Stockholm
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Raha
- Department of Pharmacology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hayes JD, Pulford DJ. The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 30:445-600. [PMID: 8770536 DOI: 10.3109/10409239509083491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2364] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GST) represent a major group of detoxification enzymes. All eukaryotic species possess multiple cytosolic and membrane-bound GST isoenzymes, each of which displays distinct catalytic as well as noncatalytic binding properties: the cytosolic enzymes are encoded by at least five distantly related gene families (designated class alpha, mu, pi, sigma, and theta GST), whereas the membrane-bound enzymes, microsomal GST and leukotriene C4 synthetase, are encoded by single genes and both have arisen separately from the soluble GST. Evidence suggests that the level of expression of GST is a crucial factor in determining the sensitivity of cells to a broad spectrum of toxic chemicals. In this article the biochemical functions of GST are described to show how individual isoenzymes contribute to resistance to carcinogens, antitumor drugs, environmental pollutants, and products of oxidative stress. A description of the mechanisms of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of GST isoenzymes is provided to allow identification of factors that may modulate resistance to specific noxious chemicals. The most abundant mammalian GST are the class alpha, mu, and pi enzymes and their regulation has been studied in detail. The biological control of these families is complex as they exhibit sex-, age-, tissue-, species-, and tumor-specific patterns of expression. In addition, GST are regulated by a structurally diverse range of xenobiotics and, to date, at least 100 chemicals have been identified that induce GST; a significant number of these chemical inducers occur naturally and, as they are found as nonnutrient components in vegetables and citrus fruits, it is apparent that humans are likely to be exposed regularly to such compounds. Many inducers, but not all, effect transcriptional activation of GST genes through either the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE), the xenobiotic-responsive element (XRE), the GST P enhancer 1(GPE), or the glucocorticoid-responsive element (GRE). Barbiturates may transcriptionally activate GST through a Barbie box element. The involvement of the Ah-receptor, Maf, Nrl, Jun, Fos, and NF-kappa B in GST induction is discussed. Many of the compounds that induce GST are themselves substrates for these enzymes, or are metabolized (by cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases) to compounds that can serve as GST substrates, suggesting that GST induction represents part of an adaptive response mechanism to chemical stress caused by electrophiles. It also appears probable that GST are regulated in vivo by reactive oxygen species (ROS), because not only are some of the most potent inducers capable of generating free radicals by redox-cycling, but H2O2 has been shown to induce GST in plant and mammalian cells: induction of GST by ROS would appear to represent an adaptive response as these enzymes detoxify some of the toxic carbonyl-, peroxide-, and epoxide-containing metabolites produced within the cell by oxidative stress. Class alpha, mu, and pi GST isoenzymes are overexpressed in rat hepatic preneoplastic nodules and the increased levels of these enzymes are believed to contribute to the multidrug-resistant phenotype observed in these lesions. The majority of human tumors and human tumor cell lines express significant amounts of class pi GST. Cell lines selected in vitro for resistance to anticancer drugs frequently overexpress class pi GST, although overexpression of class alpha and mu isoenzymes is also often observed. The mechanisms responsible for overexpression of GST include transcriptional activation, stabilization of either mRNA or protein, and gene amplification. In humans, marked interindividual differences exist in the expression of class alpha, mu, and theta GST. The molecular basis for the variation in class alpha GST is not known. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Hayes
- Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kelley MK, Engqvist-Goldstein A, Montali JA, Wheatley JB, Schmidt DE, Kauvar LM. Variability of glutathione S-transferase isoenzyme patterns in matched normal and cancer human breast tissue. Biochem J 1994; 304 ( Pt 3):843-8. [PMID: 7818489 PMCID: PMC1137410 DOI: 10.1042/bj3040843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The determination of GST levels in blood has been proposed to a marker of tumour burden in general, whereas level of the P1 isoenzyme has been identified as a prognostic factor for breast-cancer patients receiving no adjuvant chemotherapy. Particular glutathione S-transferase (GST) isoenzymes differ in their substrate specificity, however, and their presence or absence might therefore account for the resistance of tumours to particular chemotherapeutic drugs, as already established for cultured cell lines. Determination of the GST isoenzyme profile of a cancer tissue could have prognostic value in the selection of treatment if the levels of expression/activity show a degree of variation comparable with that exhibited by actual patient responses. Using reversed-phase h.p.l.c. to quantify affinity-isolated GSTs, we have analysed full isoenzyme profiles in the first large sample of matched normal and cancer human tissues (18 breast-cancer patients). In no patients did the tumour tissues express any isoenzymes that were not found in normal breast tissue. In addition to the GSTs, another enzyme, identified as enoyl-CoA isomerase, was regularly found in breast tissue cytosol following elution from a hexyl-glutathione affinity column. In most cases, the average level of GST was substantially elevated in the cancer tissues above the levels in normal breast tissue from the same patient. Furthermore, the relative levels of the isoenzymes were substantially more variable in the cancer samples than in the normal breast tissue, providing a plausible mechanism for the well established variable response to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M K Kelley
- Terrapin Technologies, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Hao XY, Widersten M, Ridderström M, Hellman U, Mannervik B. Co-variation of glutathione transferase expression and cytostatic drug resistance in HeLa cells: establishment of class Mu glutathione transferase M3-3 as the dominating isoenzyme. Biochem J 1994; 297 ( Pt 1):59-67. [PMID: 8280111 PMCID: PMC1137790 DOI: 10.1042/bj2970059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of glutathione, glutathione transferases (GSTs) and other glutathione-linked enzymes in HeLa cells have been made in order to study their significance in cellular resistance to electrophilic cytotoxic agents. The cytosolic concentrations of three GSTs, GST M1-1 (53 +/- 9 ng/mg of cytosolic protein), GST P1-1 (11 +/- 3 ng/mg) and GST A1-1 (1.1 +/- 0.4 ng/mg) were quantified by isoenzyme-specific enzyme-linked immunoassays. Electrophoretic analysis and immunoblotting demonstrated another component, GST M3-3, which was identified by amino acid sequence analysis. GST M3-3 was quantified (1550 +/- 250 ng/mg) by slot-blot immunoanalysis and was the most abundant GST in HeLa cells. An additional cytosolic 13 kDa protein with high affinity for immobilized glutathione or S-hexyglutathione was found to be identical with a macrophage migration-inhibitory factor, previously identified as a lymphokine. Cells grown in roller bottles (HR) rather than in ordinary culture flasks contain a significantly lower concentration of all the GSTs and were found to be more sensitive to the cytostatic agents doxorubicin (2.3-fold), cisplatin (1.7-fold) and melphalan (1.4-fold). The cytosolic concentrations of glutathione reductase and glyoxalase I were also lower in HR cells, whereas the total glutathione concentration was unchanged and the glutathione peroxidase activity was increased. The results indicate that GSTs contribute to the cellular resistance phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Y Hao
- Department of Biochemistry, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Liu LF, Hong JL, Tsai SP, Hsieh JC, Tam MF. Reversible modification of rat liver glutathione S-transferase 3-3 with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene: specific labelling of Tyr-115. Biochem J 1993; 296 ( Pt 1):189-97. [PMID: 8250842 PMCID: PMC1137673 DOI: 10.1042/bj2960189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Rat liver glutathione S-transferase 3-3 (GST, EC 2.5.1.18), a triple mutant with all three cysteine residues replaced with serine (CallS) and a quadruple mutant with a Tyr-115 to phenylalanine substitution on CallS (CallSY115F) were overexpressed in Escherichia coli under the control of a phoA promoter. Using this system, we obtained over 35 mg of fully active pure protein/litre of cell medium. GST 3-3 and CallS mutant were modified with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), a model substrate for the enzyme, in the absence of GSH. Dinitrophenol, but not S-methylglutathione, inhibits this process. The dinitrophenyl groups are readily removed from the enzyme with GSH, but much more slowly with dithiothreitol. Results from peptide mapping and amino acid sequence analyses indicate that CDNB modifies the cysteine residues and Tyr-115 on wild-type GST 3-3, but only Tyr-115 on CallS. In addition, CDNB cannot modify the CallSY115F mutant. We propose that Tyr-115 is located at or near the H-site of GST 3-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L F Liu
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Fryer AA, Zhao L, Alldersea J, Pearson WR, Strange RC. Use of site-directed mutagenesis of allele-specific PCR primers to identify the GSTM1 A, GSTM1 B, GSTM1 A,B and GSTM1 null polymorphisms at the glutathione S-transferase, GSTM1 locus. Biochem J 1993; 295 ( Pt 1):313-5. [PMID: 8216235 PMCID: PMC1134855 DOI: 10.1042/bj2950313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We describe the identification of the GSTM1 null, GSTM1 A, GSTM1 B and GSTM1 A,B polymorphisms at the glutathione S-transferase GSTM1 locus using a single-step PCR method. Target DNA was amplified using primers to intron 6 and exon 7 with site-directed mutagenesis being used to introduce a restriction site in DNA amplified from GSTM1 *A, thereby allowing differentiation of this allele and GSTM1 *B. The accuracy of this approach in identifying the GSTM1 A, GSTM1 B, GSTM1 A,B and GSTM1 null polymorphisms was confirmed by comparison with, firstly, an established PCR method that distinguishes GSTM1 *0 homozygotes from individuals with the other GSTM1 genotypes and, secondly, GSTM1 phenotypes determined using chromatofocusing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Fryer
- Centre for Pathology and Molecular Medicine, School of Postgraduate Medicine, University of Keele, North Staffordshire Hospital Centre, Stoke-on-Trent, U.K
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ross VL, Board PG. Molecular cloning and heterologous expression of an alternatively spliced human Mu class glutathione S-transferase transcript. Biochem J 1993; 294 ( Pt 2):373-80. [PMID: 8373352 PMCID: PMC1134464 DOI: 10.1042/bj2940373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Two cDNA clones encoding a new Mu class glutathione S-transferase (GST) have been isolated from a human testis cDNA library. Both clones are incomplete and appear to result from alternative splicing. One clone is missing the sequence encoding exon 4 and the other is missing exon 8. The complete sequence of the previously undescribed isoenzyme can be deduced from the two cDNA clones. This is the first report of alternative splicing in a GST transcript and may represent either a novel form of regulation in this multigene family or illegitimate transcription and experimental alternative splicing as part of the evolutionary process. By combining components from each clone a complete cDNA has been constructed and the encoded protein expressed in Escherichia coli. In general, the recombinant enzyme has relatively low activity when compared with all the previously described human Mu class GST isoenzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V L Ross
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Pearson WR, Vorachek WR, Xu SJ, Berger R, Hart I, Vannais D, Patterson D. Identification of class-mu glutathione transferase genes GSTM1-GSTM5 on human chromosome 1p13. Am J Hum Genet 1993; 53:220-33. [PMID: 8317488 PMCID: PMC1682241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The GSTM1, GSTM2, GSTM3, GSTM4, and GSTM5 glutathione transferase genes have been mapped to human chromosome 1 by using locus-specific PCR primer pairs spanning exon 6, intron 6, and exon 7, as probes on DNA from human/hamster somatic cell hybrids. For GSTM1, the assignment was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization to a pair of 12.5/2.4-kb HindIII fragments. The GSTM1-specific primer pairs can be used to identify individuals carrying non-null GSTM1 alleles. The organization of these five genes was confirmed by the isolation of a yeast artificial chromosome clone (GSTM-YAC2) that contains all five genes. With this clone, the location of the GSTM1-GSTM5 gene cluster on chromosome 1 was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Both regional assignment using the fractional length method and examination of probe signal with reference to R-banded chromosomes induced by BrdU places the gene cluster in or near the 1p13.3 region. The close physical proximity of the GSTM1 and GSTM2 loci, which share 99% nucleotide sequence identity over 460 nucleotides of 3'-untranslated mRNA, suggests that the GSTM1-null allele may result from unequal crossing-over.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W R Pearson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
A basis for differentiating among the multiple human Mu-glutathione S-transferases and molecular cloning of brain GSTM5. J Biol Chem 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)52957-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
43
|
Zhong S, Spurr NK, Hayes JD, Wolf CR. Deduced amino acid sequence, gene structure and chromosomal location of a novel human class Mu glutathione S-transferase, GSTM4. Biochem J 1993; 291 ( Pt 1):41-50. [PMID: 8471052 PMCID: PMC1132478 DOI: 10.1042/bj2910041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The Mu-Class glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are subject to marked inter-individual variation in man, owing to the fact that 40-50% of the population fail to express M1 subunits. Mu-Class GST from two lymphoblastoid cell lines (expressing M1 subunits and the other 'nulled' for M1) have been studied. Both cell lines were found to express a Mu-Class GST that has not been described previously. The cDNA encoding this novel transferase, designated 'GSTM4' has been isolated and the enzyme shown to be comprised of 218 amino acids (including the initiator methionine residue) with an M(r) of approx. 25.5 kDa. Molecular cloning demonstrated that the lymphoblastoid cell line which expressed GSTM1 possessed the b allelic variant (i.e. that with an asparagine residue at position 173). The genes for GSTM4 and GSTM1b have been cloned and found to contain seven introns and eight exons. The coding region of the GSTM4 gene, including the seven introns, encompasses 5.0 kb, whereas the same region of GSTM1b is 5.5 kb; the difference in the size of the two genes is due to the length of intron 7. DNA sequencing allowed a GSTM4-gene-specific oligo-primer to be designed which has been utilized in a PCR-based assay to determine that the GSTM4 gene is located on chromosome 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Zhong
- ICRF Molecular Pharmacology Group, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Flatgaard JE, Bauer KE, Kauvar LM. Isozyme specificity of novel glutathione-S-transferase inhibitors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1993; 33:63-70. [PMID: 8269591 DOI: 10.1007/bf00686025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A systematically diversified set of peptide analogs of the reaction product of glutathione with an electrophilic substrate have been tested as isozyme-specific inhibitors of human glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The potency of the best of the inhibitors is in the 0.5 to 20 micromolar range, with kinetics indicative of competitive inhibition with glutathione at the active site. The specificity observed among three recombinant-derived GST isozymes at both low and high potency ranged from negligible to high (at least 20-fold over the next most sensitive isozyme). These results define a novel strategy for the design of drugs targeting cells with elevated levels of particular GST isozymes, such as tumor cells for which elevated levels of GST are believed to be an important cause of chemotherapeutic drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Flatgaard
- Terrapin Technologies, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
The current knowledge about the structure of GST genes and the molecular mechanisms involved in regulation of their expression are reviewed. Information derived from the study of rat and mouse GST Alpha-class, Ya genes, and a rat GST Pi-class gene seems to indicate that a single cis-regulatory element, composed of two adjacent AP-1-like binding sites in the 5'-flanking region of these GST genes, is responsible for their basal and xenobiotic-inducible activity. The identification of Fos/Jun (AP-1) complex as the trans-acting factor that binds to this element and mediates the basal and inducible expression of GST genes offers a basis for an understanding of the molecular processes involved in GST regulation. The induction of expression of Fos and Jun transcriptional regulatory proteins by a variety of extracellular stimuli is known to mediate the activation of target genes via the AP-1 binding sites. The modulation of the AP-1 activity may account for the changes induced by growth factors, hormones, chemical carcinogens, transforming oncogenes, and cellular stress-inducing agents in the pattern of GST expression. Recent observations implying reactive oxygen as the transduction signal that mediates activation of c-fos and c-jun genes are presently considered to provide an explanation for the induction of GST gene expression by chemical agents of diverse structure. The possibility that these agents may all induce conditions of oxidative stress by various pathways to activate expression of GST genes that are regulated by the AP-1 complex is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Daniel
- Department of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- G J Beckett
- University Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bell DA, Thompson CL, Taylor J, Miller CR, Perera F, Hsieh LL, Lucier GW. Genetic monitoring of human polymorphic cancer susceptibility genes by polymerase chain reaction: application to glutathione transferase mu. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1992; 98:113-7. [PMID: 1486839 PMCID: PMC1519636 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9298113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Several genes involved in the metabolism of carcinogens have been found to be polymorphic in human populations and are associated with increased risk of cancer at some sites. This study focuses on the polymorphic enzyme glutathione transferase mu (GT mu). Smokers with low lymphocyte GT mu activity are at an approximately 2-fold higher risk for lung cancer and an approximately 3-fold higher risk for stomach and colon adenocarcinomas. Recent cloning and sequencing of the GST1 gene has allowed the development of convenient genotyping methods based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) or the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The GST1 polymorphism has been shown to be a deletion of the gene locus. To detect the presence or absence of the gene we amplified exons 4-5 and/or exons 6-7 of the GST1 gene by PCR. PCR amplification produced bands of 215-bp or 273-bp from individuals with one or two copies of the GST1 allele and no band if the individual was homozygously deleted (0/0). In the exon 6-7 PCR, we co-amplified a 268-bp portion of the beta-globin gene as an internal reference standard for quantitative analysis of product yield. This allowed homozygote individuals (+/+) to be distinguished from heterozygotes (+/0). We have compared the GST1 genotype to lymphocyte GT mu activity measured on trans-stilbene oxide (TSO) in the lymphocytes of 45 individuals. Low GT mu activity (< 67 pmole/min/10(7) cells) was strongly associated (24/24) with the GST1 0/0 genotype. With the exception of one individual, activities greater than 67 pmole/min/10(7) were associated with the presence of the GST1 allele (20/21). Individuals with the highest GT-TSO activity were found to be homozygous for GST1. (+/+), while heterozygotes (+/0) generally had lower activity, suggesting a gene dosage effect in lymphocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Bell
- Laboratory of Biochemical Risk Analysis, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Pemble SE, Taylor JB. An evolutionary perspective on glutathione transferases inferred from class-theta glutathione transferase cDNA sequences. Biochem J 1992; 287 ( Pt 3):957-63. [PMID: 1445253 PMCID: PMC1133100 DOI: 10.1042/bj2870957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the cDNA sequence for rat glutathione transferase (GST) subunit 5, which is one of at least three class Theta subunits in this species. This sequence, when compared with that of subunit 12 recently published by Ogura, Nishiyama, Okada, Kajita, Narihata, Watabe, Hiratsuka & Watabe [(1991) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 181, 1294-1300] proves that Theta is a separate multigene class of GST with little amino acid sequence identity with Mu-, Alpha- or Pi-class enzymes. The amino acid sequence identity of class-Theta subunits is highly conserved in rat, the fruitfly Drosophila, maize (Zea mays) and Methylobacterium, which suggests that this family is representative of the ancient progenitor GST gene and originates from the endosymbioses of a purple bacterium leading to the mitochondrion. The high conservation of class Theta brings into prominence that Alpha-, Mu- and Pi-class enzymes, which are not present in plants, derive from a Theta-class gene duplication before the divergence of fungi and animals and, given the binding properties of the Alpha-, Mu- and Pi-classes, suggests a role for these in the evolution of fungi and animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S E Pemble
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ketterer B, Harris JM, Talaska G, Meyer DJ, Pemble SE, Taylor JB, Lang NP, Kadlubar FF. The human glutathione S-transferase supergene family, its polymorphism, and its effects on susceptibility to lung cancer. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 1992; 98:87-94. [PMID: 1486868 PMCID: PMC1519626 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.929887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytosolic glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a supergene family of dimeric enzymes capable of detoxifying a number of carcinogenic electrophiles. Of the numerous components of tobacco smoke, the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons appear to be the principal compounds that yield substrates for these enzymes, GSTM1-1 being effective with those PAH derivatives so far studied; however, the gene locus for GSTM1 is polymorphic, containing two well-characterized expressing genes and a null allele. Use of cDNA for GSTM1-1 or appropriate fragments of genomic clones as probes in Southern blots indicated that the null allele is due to the absence of GSTM1. In preliminary experiments, described here, with lung tissue from smokers, levels of 32P-postlabeled nuclease P1-enhanced DNA adducts were inversely correlated with levels of antigen cross-reacting with antibody to GSTM1-1, suggesting that initiation depends on the expression of GSTM1-1. Since similar quantities of DNA adducts and GSTM1-1 activity have been shown to occur in bronchial and peripheral lung, however, the development of malignancy, which is usually in the bronchial region, presumably depends on additional factors that bring about promotion and progression, which are not necessarily affected by GSTM1 expression. Two epidemiological studies have been carried out in which a possible correlation between the absence of GSTM1 and lung cancer incidence is considered. In the first, involving a U.S. population sample, smokers with and without lung cancer were phenotyped, and a highly significant correlation between the absence of GSTM1-1 activity and adenocarcinoma of the lung was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Ketterer
- Department of Biochemistry, University College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Manoharan T, Gulick A, Puchalski R, Servais A, Fahl W. Structural studies on human glutathione S-transferase pi. Substitution mutations to determine amino acids necessary for binding glutathione. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)37051-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
|