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Krupka-Olek M, Bożek A, Aebisher D, Bartusik-Aebisher D, Cieślar G, Kawczyk-Krupka A. Potential Aspects of the Use of Cytokines in Atopic Dermatitis. Biomedicines 2024; 12:867. [PMID: 38672221 PMCID: PMC11048200 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an abnormal inflammatory response in the skin to food, environmental IgE, or non-IgE allergens. This disease belongs to a group of inflammatory diseases that affect both children and adults. In highly developed countries, AD is diagnosed twice as often in children than in adults, which may possibly be connected to increased urbanization. The immune system's pathomechanisms of AD involve humoral mechanisms with IgE, cellular T lymphocytes, dendritic cells occurring in the dermis, Langerhans cells occurring in the epidermis, and other cells infiltrating the site of inflammation (eosinophils, macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, and basophils). Cytokines are small proteins that affect the interaction and communication between cells. This review characterizes cytokines and potential aspects of the treatment of atopic dermatitis, as well as new strategies that are currently being developed, including targeting cytokines and their receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Krupka-Olek
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Geriatrics, Chair of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (A.B.)
- Doctoral School, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Andrzej Bożek
- Clinical Department of Internal Diseases and Geriatrics, Chair of Internal Diseases, Dermatology and Allergology in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland (A.B.)
| | - David Aebisher
- Department of Photomedicine and Physical Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Dorota Bartusik-Aebisher
- Department of Biochemistry and General Chemistry, Medical College of the University of Rzeszów, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Cieślar
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Centre for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Kawczyk-Krupka
- Department of Internal Diseases, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Centre for Laser Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Batorego 15, 41-902 Bytom, Poland;
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Shandilya UK, Sharma A, Kapila R, Kansal VK. Probiotic Dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum modulates immunoglobulin levels and cytokines expression in whey proteins sensitised mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:3180-3187. [PMID: 26459934 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cow milk allergy is the most common food allergy in children. So far, no effective treatment is available to prevent or cure food allergy. This study investigated whether orally administrated probiotics could suppress sensitisation in whey proteins (WP)-induced allergy mouse model. Two types of probiotic Dahi were prepared by co-culturing Dahi bacteria (Lactococcus lactis ssp. cremoris NCDC-86 and Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis biovar diacetylactis NCDC-60) along with selected strain of Lactobacillus acidophilus LaVK2 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BbVK3. Mice were fed with probiotic Dahi (La-Dahi and LaBb-Dahi) from 7 days before sensitisation with WP, respectively, in addition to milk protein-free basal diet, and control group received no supplements. RESULTS Feeding of probiotic Dahi suppressed the elevation of whey proteins-specific IgE and IgG response of WP-sensitised mice. In addition, sIgA levels were significantly (P < 0.001) increased in intestinal fluid collected from mice fed with La-Dahi. Production of T helper (Th)-1 cell-specific cytokines, i.e. interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-12, and IL-10 increased, while Th2-specific cytokines, i.e. IL-4 decreased in the supernatant of cultured splenocytes collected from mice fed with probiotic Dahi as compared to the other groups. Moreover, the splenic mRNA levels of IFN-γ, interleukin-10 were found to be significantly increased, while that of IL-4 decreased significantly in La-Dahi groups, as compared to control groups. CONCLUSION Results of the present study indicate that probiotic Dahi skewed Th2-specific immune response towards Th1-specific response and suppressed IgE in serum. Collectively, this study shows the potential use of probiotics intervention in reducing the allergic response to whey proteins in mice. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umesh Kumar Shandilya
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | | | - Rajeev Kapila
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Kansal
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, India
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Bae MJ, Shin HS, Kim EK, Kim J, Shon DH. Oral administration of chitin and chitosan prevents peanut-induced anaphylaxis in a murine food allergy model. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 61:164-8. [PMID: 23806320 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Peanut allergy is IgE-mediated type-I hypersensitivity, and T helper 2 cytokines are central to those pathogenesis. We investigated the effects of the administration of chitin and chitosan on peanut-induced hypersensitivities in mouse food allergy models. Chitin and chitosan protected mice against peanut-induced anaphylaxis reactions, and the peanut-specific IgE production decreased by up to 47% with the administration of β-chitosan. The levels of IL-5, IL-13, and IL-10 were significantly suppressed in all groups (α-chitin≥β-chitin≥β-chitosan). These results suggested that the administration of chitin and chitosan from by-products of food processing are beneficial for the prevention of food allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Jung Bae
- Division of Metabolism & Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, 1201-62, Anyangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seognam-si, Kyeonggi-do 463-746, Republic of Korea
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Spazierer D, Skvara H, Dawid M, Fallahi N, Gruber K, Rose K, Lloyd P, Heuerding S, Stingl G, Jung T. T helper 2 biased de novo immune response to Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin in humans. Clin Exp Allergy 2009; 39:999-1008. [PMID: 19236409 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergen-specific T helper 2 (Th2) cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of atopic disorders. To date, no model system exists in humans that would allow the monitoring of a developing de novo Th2 immune response in vivo. OBJECTIVE The aim of the experiment was to establish an immunization protocol inducing a de novo Th2 response in humans using Keyhole Limpet Hemocyanin (KLH) as neo-antigen. METHODS The double-blind placebo-controlled, parallel-group study was conducted in two groups of subjects (16 healthy volunteers and 16 patients with allergic rhinitis). Subjects received three i.m. injections of 100 microg KLH adsorbed to aluminium hydroxide or matching placebo (alum alone) in intervals of 2 weeks. On day 43, KLH alone (10 microg) was given intra-dermally (i.d.) to all subjects to assess immediate and late-phase skin responses. RESULTS The immunization protocol was well tolerated, highly specific and efficient. Antigen-specific production of Th2-cytokines (mainly IL-5 and IL-13) by PBMCs suggested a Th2 pattern, as did the presence of KLH-specific IgG4 in sera. Intra-dermal KLH challenge induced an immediate-type of response predominantly in atopic subjects followed by a late-phase skin reaction. The latter was accompanied by the presence of IgE(+) cells, eosinophils and a strong up-regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 along with the absence of Th1 transcripts in biopsies taken from the site of antigen challenge. IL-17 and IL-22 transcripts were detected only in healthy subjects skin following KLH challenge, while IL-1beta and IL-33 expression did not differ between the healthy and the atopics. CONCLUSIONS The immunization protocol resulted in the elicitation of a local and peripheral Th2 immune response in both healthy and atopic individuals. This may permit the investigation and monitoring of novel immunomodulatory strategies aiming to interfere with Th2 responses in man. The relevance of lack of Th17 cells in atopic skin in this model remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Spazierer
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna Competence Center, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Pouliot P, Spahr A, Careau E, Turmel V, Bissonnette EY. Alveolar macrophages from allergic lungs are not committed to a pro-allergic response and can reduce airway hyperresponsiveness following ex vivo culture. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:529-38. [PMID: 18201249 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02924.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We already demonstrated that adoptive transfer of alveolar macrophages (AMs) from non-allergic rats into AM-depleted allergic rats prevents airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). We also showed that AMs from non-sensitized, but not from sensitized, allergy-prone rats can prevent AHR following allergen challenge in sensitized allergic animals, establishing the importance of rat immunological status on the modulation of AM functions and suggesting that an allergic lung environment alters AM functions. OBJECTIVE We investigated how the activation of allergic AMs can be modulated to reinstitute them with their capacity to reduce AHR. METHODS AMs from sensitized Brown Norway rats were cultured ex vivo for up to 18 h in culture media to deprogram them from the influence of the allergic lung before being reintroduced into the lung of AM-depleted sensitized recipient. AHR and cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) were measured following allergen challenge. AMs stimulated ex vivo with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) were used as positive controls as BCG induces a T-helper type 1 activation in AMs. RESULTS AMs ex vivo cultured for 4-18 h reduced AHR to normal level. Interestingly, pro-allergic functions of AMs were dampened by 18 h culture and they reduced AHR even after spending 48 h in an allergic lung microenvironment. Furthermore, transfer of cultured AMs caused an increase in the levels of IFN-gamma and IL-12 in BAL when compared with their ovalbumin control. After 18 h of ex vivo culture, AMs expressed reduced levels of TNF, IL-1alpha, IL-6, and Arginase-2 mRNAs compared with freshly isolated AMs, suggesting that ex vivo culture exempted AMs from lung stimuli that affected their functions. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant crosstalk between lung microenvironment and AMs, affecting their functions. It is also the first report showing that sensitized AMs can be modulated ex vivo to reduce lung pro-allergic environment, opening the way to therapies targetting AMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pouliot
- Centre de recherche de l'Hôpital Laval, Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de l'Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
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Yoshioka Y, Kudo S, Nishimura H, Yajima T, Kishihara K, Saito K, Suzuki T, Suzuki Y, Kuroiwa S, Yoshikai Y. Oral administration of bovine colostrum stimulates intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes to polarize Th1-type in mice. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:581-90. [PMID: 15683853 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Th1 stimulus for Th2-skewed immune response during infancy is important for reduction of incidence of allergic diseases. We examined effects of oral administration of bovine colostrum on local immunity in intestine in adult mice. C57BL/6 mice were orally given bovine colostrum or control milk for 1, 3 or 6 months and intestinal microflora, fecal IgA, and lymphocyte population of gut-associated lymphoid tissues and their abilities of cytokine production were examined. Although the cell populations of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (i-IEL) were not remarkably changed, the T cells in i-IEL were polarized to Th1 type after oral administration of bovine colostrum. Intestinal microflora and IgA levels in feces were not changed by oral administration of bovine colostrum. These results suggest that colostrum stimulates directly to i-IEL to polarize Th1 type, which may protect from infectious diseases and allergic diseases mediated by Th2 type responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuko Yoshioka
- Division of Host Defense, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Fujihashi K, McGhee JR. Th1/Th2/Th3 Cells for Regulation of Mucosal Immunity, Tolerance, and Inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012491543-5/50032-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Häggqvist B, Hultman P. Effects of deviating the Th2-response in murine mercury-induced autoimmunity towards a Th1-response. Clin Exp Immunol 2003; 134:202-9. [PMID: 14616778 PMCID: PMC1808855 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.2003.02303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T-helper cells type 1 (Th1) and type 2 (Th2) play an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In many Th1-dependent autoimmune models, treatment with recombinant interleukin-12 (rIL-12) accelerates the autoimmune response. Mercury-induced autoimmunity (HgIA) in mice is an H-2 regulated condition with antinucleolar antibodies targeting fibrillarin (ANoA), systemic immune-complex (IC) deposits and transient polyclonal B-cell activation (PBA). HgIA has many characteristics of a Th2 type of reaction, including a strong increase of IgE, but disease induction is critically dependent on the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma. The aim of this study was to investigate if a strong deviation of the immune response in HgIA towards Th1 would aggravate HgIA. Injections of both rIL-12 and anti-IL-4 monoclonal antibody (alpha-IL-4) reduced the HgCl2-(Hg-)induced concentration of the Th2-dependent serum IgE and IgG1, but increased the Th1-dependent serum IgG2a. The IgG-ANoA developed earlier and attained a higher titre after combined treatment, and the ANoA titre of the IgG1 isotype decreased while the ANoA titre of the Th1-associated IgG2a, IgG2b and IgG3-ANoA isotypes increased. Treatment with rIL-12 alone increased the Hg-induced IgG2a and IgG3 ANoA titres, the PBA, and the IC deposits in renal and splenic vessel walls, while treatment with alpha-IL-4 + Hg inhibited renal but not splenic vessel wall IC deposits. We conclude that manipulating the cytokine status, by altering the Th1/Th2 balance, will influence autoimmune disease manifestations. This might be an important way of modulating human autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Häggqvist
- Division of Molecular and Immunological Pathology (AIR), Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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Hattori H, Okano M, Yamamoto T, Yoshino T, Yamashita Y, Watanabe T, Satoskar AR, Harn DA, Nishizaki K. Intranasal application of purified protein derivative suppresses the initiation but not the exacerbation of allergic rhinitis in mice. Clin Exp Allergy 2002; 32:951-9. [PMID: 12047444 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that exposure to pathogens such as those from the genus Mycobacterium leads to the suppression of allergic sensitization and inflammation. However, little is known as to whether pathogen-derived soluble antigens have the potential to modulate the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether application of purified protein derivative (PPD) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis can suppress the initiation and/or exacerbation of allergic rhinitis using a recently developed murine model. METHODS First, we investigated whether a single intranasal application of PPD could elicit cytokine production in the nose by RT-PCR. BALB/c mice were repeatedly sensitized with Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen (SEA) intranasally without an adjuvant. PPD was applied through different routes either before or after sensitization. The production of SEA-specific antibodies, nasal eosinophilia and cytokines by nasal lymphocytes was compared among mice that had or had not received PPD treatment. RESULTS IFN-gamma, but not IL-4, was detected in the nasal tissue 12 to 48 h after a single intranasal application of 10 microg PPD. Repeated intranasal application of PPD prior to and during sensitization with SEA significantly inhibited the production of both SEA-specific IgE/IgG1 and nasal eosinophilia. Moreover, it partially inhibited the production of IL-4 by nasal lymphocytes in response to SEA. Conversely, this treatment led to a significant increase in IFN-gamma production. On the other hand, PPD applied through the footpad had no effect over the same period. Repeated intranasal application of PPD after sensitization with SEA had no exacerbative effect on allergic inflammation. CONCLUSION These results indicate that the local application of PPD, and the subsequent induction of IFN-gamma, inhibits the initiation, but not the exacerbation, of allergic rhinitis in mice. This suggests that pathogen-derived antigens have potential for use in the prevention and prophylaxis of allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hattori
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery,Okayama University Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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Abstract
Inhalation of Saccharopolyspora rectivirgula (SR) can cause the disease Farmer's Lung, a classic example of hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Th1, but not Th2, cell lines can adoptively transfer experimental hypersensitivity pneumonitis (EHP). Substantial amounts of IL12 appear in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) after a single intratracheal (IT) injection of SR, and SR-induced IL12 secretion by both a macrophage cell line and alveolar macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that IL12 is essential for the development of EHP by addition of anti-IL12 to cultured cells, and adoptive transfer of EHP in IL12p40-/- animals. We transferred SR cultured spleen and lung associated lymph node cells from SR sensitized mice (both IL12p40-/- and wild type), to naïve recipients (both wild type and IL12p40-/-). The addition of anti-IL12 to cultures of sensitized cells could not ablate the ability of these cells to transfer EHP. Cultured cells from IL12p40-/- animals were fully capable of transferring EHP. In contrast, IL12p40-/- recipients of both wild type and IL12p40-/--cultured cells were less able to express EHP (lung histology and BALF characteristics) than wild type mice, and had more eosinophils in both lung tissue and BALF. We conclude that IL12 is not necessary for development of cells able to adoptively transfer EHP, but that it is required for full expression of EHP in recipient animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Schuyler
- Department of Medicine, Albuquerque VA Medical Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA.
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Yang X, Fan Y, Wang S, Han X, Yang J, Bilenki L, Chen L. Mycobacterial infection inhibits established allergic inflammatory responses via alteration of cytokine production and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression. Immunology 2002; 105:336-43. [PMID: 11918695 PMCID: PMC1782668 DOI: 10.1046/j.0019-2805.2002.01377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies, as well as those of others, have demonstrated that local or systemic Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection can inhibit de novo allergen-induced asthma-like reactions, but the effect of this infection on established allergic responses is unknown. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the effect of mycobacterial infection on established allergy in a murine model of asthma-like reaction. Mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) in alum followed by infection with BCG and subsequent intranasal challenge with the same allergen. In some experiments, mice were sensitized with OVA followed by intranasal challenge with OVA and then given BCG infection with subsequent rechallenge with OVA. Mice without BCG infection but treated with OVA in the same manner, were used as a control. The mice were examined for immunoglobulin E (IgE) response and eosinophilic inflammation, mucus production, cytokine/chemokine patterns and adhesion molecule expression in the lung. The results showed that postallergen BCG infection suppressed the established airway eosinophilia and mucus overproduction, but not IgE responses. The inhibition of asthma-like reactions by BCG infection was correlated with a shift of allergen-driven cytokine production pattern and, more interestingly, with a dramatic decrease of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) expression in the lung. These findings suggest that intracellular bacterial infection can inhibit established allergic responses via alteration of local cytokine production and the expression of adhesion molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Yang
- Immune Regulation of Allergy Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
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Walter DM, Wong CP, DeKruyff RH, Berry GJ, Levy S, Umetsu DT. Il-18 gene transfer by adenovirus prevents the development of and reverses established allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:6392-8. [PMID: 11342664 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.10.6392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We examined the role of IL-18 in preventing the development of and in reversing established allergen-induced airway inflammation and airway hyperreactivity (AHR), the cardinal features of asthma. IL-18, which potently induces IFN-gamma, was administered into the respiratory tract as cDNA in a replication-deficient adenovirus (Adv). Treatment of OVA-sensitized mice with the IL-18-expressing Adv reduced allergen-specific IL-4 production, airway eosinophilia, and mucus production, increased IFN-gamma production, and prevented the development of AHR. The effects of the IL-18 Adv treatment were dependent on the presence of IFN-gamma and IL-12. Moreover, administration of the IL-18 Adv to mice with established AHR greatly reduced AHR and IL-4 production and increased IFN-gamma production. These results demonstrate that IL-18, when administered by Adv into the respiratory tract, effectively reduces AHR and replaces an established Th2-biased immune response with a Th1-biased response.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Walter
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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13
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Tang C, Inman MD, van Rooijen N, Yang P, Shen H, Matsumoto K, O'Byrne PM. Th type 1-stimulating activity of lung macrophages inhibits Th2-mediated allergic airway inflammation by an IFN-gamma-dependent mechanism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:1471-81. [PMID: 11160186 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the mucosal immune system, resident dendritic cells are specialized for priming Th2-polarized immunity, whereas the Ag-presenting activity of macrophages has been linked with the development of Th1 phenotype. As an immune switch toward Th1 can protect against Th2-mediated allergic response, this study investigated the capacity of lung macrophages to stimulate Th1 responses during the secondary exposure to inhaled allergen, thereby suppressing Th2-mediated allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of allergic asthma. Following airway macrophage depletion in OVA-sensitized mice, lung T cells defaulted to a phenotype that produced less Th1 (IFN-gamma) and more Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5) cytokines, leading to more severe airway hyperreactivity and inflammation after intranasal Ag challenge. After OVA pulsing and adoptive transfer, lung macrophages selectively promoted a Th1 response in Ag-sensitized recipients and did not induce pulmonary eosinophilia. By contrast, OVA pulsing and adoptive transfer of a lung cell preparation, consisting of dendritic cells, B cells, and macrophages, promoted a Th2 response with an associated inflammatory response that was suppressed when macrophages were present and pretreated with IFN-gamma, but exacerbated when macrophages were depleted before IFN-gamma treatment. In addition, Th1-promoting activity of lung macrophages was not related to the autocrine production of IL-12p40. These results suggest that the Th1-promoting APC activity may be an inherent property of the lung macrophage population, and may play an important role, upon stimulation by IFN-gamma, in antagonizing an ongoing Th2 immunity and Th2-dependent allergic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tang
- Asthma Research Group, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Maecker HT, Hansen G, Walter DM, DeKruyff RH, Levy S, Umetsu DT. Vaccination with allergen-IL-18 fusion DNA protects against, and reverses established, airway hyperreactivity in a murine asthma model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:959-65. [PMID: 11145673 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.2.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with naked DNA encoding a specific allergen has been shown previously to prevent, but not reverse, the development of allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR). To enhance the effectiveness of DNA vaccine therapies and make possible the treatment of established AHR, we developed a DNA vaccination plasmid containing OVA cDNA fused to IL-18 cDNA. Vaccination of naive mice either with this fusion DNA construct or with an OVA cDNA-containing plasmid protected the mice from the subsequent induction of AHR. Protection from AHR correlated with increased IFN-gamma production and reduced OVA-specific IgE production. The protection appeared to be mediated by IFN-gamma and CD8(+) cells because treatment of mice with neutralizing anti-IFN-gamma mAb or with depleting anti-CD8 mAb abolished the protective effect. Moreover, vaccination of mice with preexisting AHR with the OVA-IL-18 fusion DNA, but not with the OVA cDNA plasmid, reversed established AHR, reduced allergen-specific IL-4, and increased allergen-specific IFN-gamma production. Thus, combining IL-18 cDNA with OVA cDNA resulted in a vaccine construct that protected against the development of AHR, and that was unique among cDNA constructs in its capacity to reverse established AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- H T Maecker
- Division of Oncology, Department of Medicine, and the Division of Immunology and Transplantation Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Stevenson MM, Su Z, Sam H, Mohan K. Modulation of host responses to blood-stage malaria by interleukin-12: from therapy to adjuvant activity. Microbes Infect 2001; 3:49-59. [PMID: 11226854 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(00)01354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the role of interleukin (IL)-12, a proinflammatory cytokine with pleiotropic effects as a potent immunoregulatory molecule and hematopoietic growth factor, in infection with Plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria. IL-12 has been demonstrated to have profound effects on the immune response to blood-stage malaria, to induce protection, and to alleviate malarial anemia. In combination with an anti-malarial drug, IL-12 is effective in an established malaria infection. This cytokine also has potent immune effects as a malaria vaccine adjuvant. However, IL-12 can also mediate pathology during blood-stage malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Stevenson
- Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, McGill University and The Montreal General Hospital Research Institute, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Quebec H3G 1A4, Montreal, Canada.
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Campbell D, DeKruyff RH, Umetsu DT. Allergen immunotherapy: novel approaches in the management of allergic diseases and asthma. Clin Immunol 2000; 97:193-202. [PMID: 11112358 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2000.4926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Currently available pharmacotherapies for allergic diseases and asthma, which are serious public health problems, are aimed primarily at neutralizing effector molecules and inflammatory mediators such as histamine and leukotrienes or at inhibiting the function of inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and Th2 lymphocytes. While this approach is effective in controlling symptoms, these therapies have a limited capacity to alter the natural course of allergic diseases and asthma, and discontinuation of medications results in the redevelopment of symptoms on reexposure to the offending allergens. In contrast, immune-based allergen immunotherapies modify and correct the underlying pathological immune responses in allergy and asthma in an antigen-specific manner. These immunotherapies replicate the regulatory processes that occur in nonallergic individuals and allow patients to tolerate exposure to allergens. Current and future methodologies for immunotherapy involve immunization with allergen, modified allergen, peptides of allergen, cDNA of allergen, with adjuvants, including immunostimulatory DNA sequences, cytokines, and bacterial products such as Listeria monocytogenes. This form of therapy can provide a long-lasting cure for allergic diseases without the need for continuous therapeutic intervention and without causing generalized immunosuppression or immune augmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Campbell
- Division of Allergy/Clinical Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5227, USA
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17
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Rempel JD, Wang MD, HayGlass KT. Failure of rIL-12 administration to inhibit established IgE responses in vivo is associated with enhanced IL-4 synthesis by non-B/non-T cells. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1025-34. [PMID: 10882414 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.7.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Administration of rIL-12 offers a widely successful tactic for preferential induction of type 1 immune responses in vivo. Its use to modulate ongoing cytokine or effector responses has proven to be substantially more difficult. Immediate hypersensitivity is the most common human immunologic disease. Here, rIL-12 was administered to C57Bl/6 and outbred CD1 mice with ongoing ovalbumin (OVA)-specific IgE responses in an attempt to redirect established type 2 cytokine and antibody production. Despite use of a broad range of treatment protocols for >4 months following initial immunization, recall IgE responses were consistently unaffected. rIL-12-treated mice exhibited strong in vivo and in vitro IFN-gamma responses, increased approximately 40-fold relative to controls, but also markedly enhanced (15- to 20-fold) OVA-specific IL-4 production. CD4 T cell function was successfully transformed from a type 2- to a type 1-dominated pattern following long-term IL-12 administration in vivo, as measured by strongly reduced IL-4 and IL-10 responses in antigen-stimulated primary culture, and 5-fold reductions in the frequencies of IL-4- and IL-10-producing OVA-specific CD4 T cells. However, chronically rIL-12-treated mice exhibited increased numbers of non-B/non-T cells that when re-stimulated with specific allergen, produce IL-4 at levels 20-fold higher than did CD4 T cells while IL-13 responses are unaffected. Collectively, the data indicate that even effectively shifting CD4 T cell activation from a type 2- to a type 1-dominated response does not in itself lead to altered effector (IgE) responses upon antigen re-exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Rempel
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, 626-730 William Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0W3, Canada
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18
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Boyaka PN, Lillard JW, McGhee J. Interleukin 12 and innate molecules for enhanced mucosal immunity. Immunol Res 2000; 20:207-17. [PMID: 10741861 DOI: 10.1007/bf02790404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent strategies for understanding the mechanisms underlying mucosal immune responses and subsequent development of mucosal vaccines for induction of targeted immunity now include cytokines and molecules of innate immunity. These studies have shown that cytokines influencing the development of T helper (Th) cells differentially affect the outcome of mucosal vs. systemic immune responses to mucosal vaccines. Serum antigen-specific antibody (Ab) responses were enhanced when either IL-6 or IL-12 was mucosally administered with a protein antigen, while only IL-12 induced antigen-specific mucosal IgA Ab responses. Mucosal IL-6 and IL-12 also affected the type of Th cell responses induced by CD4+ T cells from mice that received IL-12 secreted larger amounts of IFN-gamma and IL-6 when compared with mice nasally treated with IL-6. Discrepancies in the ability to enhance mucosal or systemic immune responses were also observed when human neutrophil peptide (HNP) defensins or lymphotactin were nasally coadministered with protein antigens. Only lymphotactin promoted mucosal secretory IgA (S-IgA) Ab responses while both lymphotactin and defensins enhanced systemic immunity to mucosally co-administered protein antigens. Mixed antigen-specific Th1 -and Th2-type CD4+ T cell responses were induced in the systemic compartment by both lymphotactin and the mixture of HNP-1, HNP-2, and HNP-3 defensins. However, HNPs failed to significantly enhance cytokine secretion by mucosally derived, antigen-specific CD4+ T cells relative to those isolated from the systemic compartment. In summary, these studies clearly show that IL-12 and lymphotactin are able to trigger S-IgA Ab responses and provide new avenues for the design of safe and targeted mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Boyaka
- The Immunobiology Vaccine Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294-2170, USA
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19
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Skok J, Poudrier J, Gray D. Dendritic Cell-Derived IL-12 Promotes B Cell Induction of Th2 Differentiation: A Feedback Regulation of Th1 Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.8.4284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
B cells convert what are normally conditions for Th1 differentiation into an environment suitable for Th2 development. This capacity is dependent on CD40 as B cells from CD40−/− mice do not elicit Th2 differentiation. To elucidate the basis of this effect, we surveyed cytokine RNA made by naive B cells after activation with anti-Ig and anti-CD40. Resting B cells make TGF-β message only, however, 4 days after activation, RNA encoding IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α was found. The expression of these messages was accelerated by 2 days in the presence of IL-12. The relevance of these observations to T cell differentiation was investigated: addition of OVA peptide to splenic cells from DO.11.10 transgenic mice causes most T cells to make IFN-γ. Coactivation of B cells in these cultures reduces the number of IFN-γ-producing T cells and increases the number synthesizing IL-4. Abs to IL-6 and IL-10 block the IL-4 enhancement. Dissection of the component APC demonstrated that interaction of B cells with IL-12-producing dendritic cells is crucial for B cell-mediated IL-4 enhancement: Thus, B cells preactivated in the presence of dendritic cells from IL-12−/− mice show little IL-4-inducing activity when used to activate T cells. This immune regulation is initiated by IL-12 and therefore represents a feedback loop to temper its own dominant effect (IFN-γ induction).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Skok
- *Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Johanne Poudrier
- *Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- †Clinical Research Institute of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - David Gray
- *Department of Immunology, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, United Kingdom
- ‡Institute of Cell Animal and Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Okano M, Satoskar A, Harn D, Nishizaki K, Okano M, Masuda Y, Yoshino T. Involvement of carbohydrate on phospholipase A2, a bee-venom allergen, inin vivoantigen-specific IgE synthesis in mice. Allergy 1999. [DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.1999.00096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Wellinghausen N, Gebert P, Kern P. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and IL-12 profile in serum of patients with alveolar echinococcosis. Acta Trop 1999; 73:165-74. [PMID: 10465056 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00027-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by Echinococcus multilocularis (E.m.), provokes a characteristic immune response. Based mainly on in vitro studies, Th2 dominated immunity is associated with increased susceptibility to disease, while Th1 cell activation is assumed to induce protective immunity. We investigated serum levels of interleukin (IL)4, IL-10, and IL-12 in 40 AE patients and 20 controls to assess Th1/Th2 cell activation in vivo. Significantly higher levels of IL-10 were found in AE patients (P = 0.003) than in controls, with a tendency to higher concentrations in progressive cases. In contrast, IL-4 was only measurable in a minority of patients and controls. IL-12 levels (measured with an ELISA that detects both the p35/p40 heterodimer and free p40) were comparable between AE patients and controls and showed a similar distribution pattern to IL-10 with regard to disease progression. By using an IL-12-ELISA specific for the heterodimer, only minute amounts of IL-12 were detectable in merely a minority of samples. In conclusion, our data are suggestive of Th2 dominated immune response in AE in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Wellinghausen
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Immunology, University of Ulm, Germany
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22
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González-Quintela A, Vidal C, Lojo S, Pérez LF, Otero-Antón E, Gude F, Barrio E. Serum cytokines and increased total serum IgE in alcoholics. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 1999; 83:61-7. [PMID: 10437818 DOI: 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63514-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that total serum IgE is increased in alcohol abusers, but the mechanisms responsible are not known. Production of IgE depends on B-cell stimulation by both antigens and some cytokines, particularly IL-4 and IL-13. Chronic alcoholism and alcoholic liver disease are accompanied by changes in cytokine production. AIM OF THE STUDY To evaluate if IgE increase in alcoholics could be associated to a ethanol-induced imbalance of the cytokine profile. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 65 patients (53 males and 12 females, aged 47 +/- 12 years), admitted to the hospital because of ethanol abstinence symptoms entered the study. On admission, total serum IgE was measured by chemiluminescent EIA and serum IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, and interferon-gamma were measured by ELISA. Data were compared with those of 40 healthy control subjects. RESULTS Serum IgE, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13 were found to be high in alcoholic patients compared with healthy volunteers. Some parallelism was observed between serum IgE and both serum IL-10 and IL-13 were increased in alcoholics. CONCLUSIONS Total serum IgE elevation in alcoholics with abstinence syndrome is accompanied by an increase of some type 2 cytokines. Ethanol-induced alterations in the cytokine profile may contribute to increased IgE levels in alcoholics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A González-Quintela
- Department of Internal Medicine, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago, Spain
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23
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Heinzel FP, Rerko RM. Cure of progressive murine leishmaniasis: interleukin 4 dominance is abolished by transient CD4(+) T cell depletion and T helper cell type 1-selective cytokine therapy. J Exp Med 1999; 189:1895-906. [PMID: 10377185 PMCID: PMC2192969 DOI: 10.1084/jem.189.12.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive infection with Leishmania major in susceptible BALB/c mice is mediated by interleukin (IL)-4-producing T helper cell type 2 (Th2) CD4(+) T cells that, once established, become resistant to Th1-deviating therapies with recombinant (r)IL-12 and/or neutralizing anti-IL-4 antibodies. We sought to restore protective immunity in advanced leishmaniasis by depletion of Th2-biased CD4(+) populations and by cytokine-directed reconstitution of Th1 cellular responses during lymphocyte recovery. Treatment with cytolytic GK1.5 anti-CD4 mAb alone did not reverse disease in 3 wk-infected BALB/c mice, but GK1.5 combined with anti-IL-4 antibody and intralesional rIL-12 cured cutaneous lesions in 80% of mice and established a Th1-polarized cytokine response to L. major antigen protective against reinfection. The curative effects of GK1.5 were not replaced by cytotoxic anti-CD8 monoclonal antibody 2.43 or nondepleting anti-CD4 mAb YTS177, confirming that depletion of CD4(+) cells was specific and essential for therapeutic effect. Finally, combined CD4(+) depletion and IL-4 neutralization were curative, indicating that neither increased parasite burden nor altered accessory cell function independently biased towards Th2 reconstitution in advanced leishmaniasis. Advanced leishmaniasis can be cured by T cell depletion and cytokine-directed recovery of Th1 cellular responses, suggesting novel interventions for other immune-mediated diseases and identifying distinct roles for CD4(+) T cell and non-T cell in the maintenance of Th2 and Th1 phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F P Heinzel
- Division of Geographic Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and the Research Service, Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-4983, USA.
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24
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Lee Y, Fu C, Chiang B. Administration of interleukin-12 exerts a therapeutic instead of a long-term preventive effect on mite Der p I allergen-induced animal model of airway inflammation. Immunology 1999; 97:232-40. [PMID: 10447737 PMCID: PMC2326828 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00768.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a key cytokine, which promotes T helper type 1 (Th1) cell-mediated immunity and inhibits Th2-type responses. It has been previously shown that IL-12 administration during active immunization following a single allergen exposure can prevent antigen-induced increases in immunoglobulin E (IgE) formation, Th2 cytokine production and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) eosinophils in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Thus, these studies have now been extended and two IL-12 treatment protocols on this murine model were evaluated. Administration of IL-12 during the active immunization strikingly increased Der p I-specific serum IgG2a and transiently decreased the levels of IgG1 and IgE antibodies following multiple allergen challenges. Such early treatment of IL-12 down-regulated IL-5 production and modestly up-regulated interferon-gamma production but did not effect BAL eosinophilia. These results suggest that repeated exposure to antigen and IL-12 is necessary to maintain a persistent Th1-recall response. Furthermore, administration of IL-12 to actively immunized mice, in which Th2-associated responses were established, had a significant effect on IgG2a synthesis and a modest effect on IgE levels, also down-regulation of IL-5 production, and markedly increased interferon-gamma production and abolished recruitment of eosinophils. Therefore, these data indicate that IL-12 can inhibit antigen-induced eosinophil infiltration into airways, despite the existence of a Th2-associated response. Taken together, these studies suggest that IL-12 may be useful as an immunotherapeutic agent in the treatment of such pulmonary allergic disorders as bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lee
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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25
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Hasegawa T, Ito K, Ueno S, Kumamoto S, Ando Y, Yamada A, Nomoto K, Yasunobu Y. Oral administration of hot water extracts of Chlorella vulgaris reduces IgE production against milk casein in mice. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 21:311-23. [PMID: 10408628 DOI: 10.1016/s0192-0561(99)00013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hot water extract of Chlorella vulgaris (CVE) is a biological response modifier (BRM) which enhances resistance to Listeria monocytogenes through augmentation of helper T cell type 1 (Thl) responses producing gamma-interferon (gammaIFN). We show here that oral administration of CVE in mice suppressed the production of immunoglobulin (Ig)E against casein antigen accompanied by increased gammaIFN and IL-12 mRNA expression. Oral administration of CVE enhanced Thl response to casein in the spleen of casein immunized mice. CVE may be useful for prevention of allergic diseases with a predominant Th2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Chlorella Industries Co., Ltd, Chikugo City, Fukuoka, Japan.
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26
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Baca-Estrada ME, Foldvari M, Snider M. Induction of mucosal immune responses by administration of liposome-antigen formulations and interleukin-12. J Interferon Cytokine Res 1999; 19:455-62. [PMID: 10386857 DOI: 10.1089/107999099313893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effect of interleukin-12 (IL-12) on the induction of mucosal immune responses following intranasal immunization with liposome-antigen formulations. We assessed the immune response to two recombinant glycoproteins (gD and gB) from bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1). Positively charged liposomes induced significantly higher gD-specific IgA titers than did immunization with antigen alone. This liposome formulation was selected to further assess the ability of IL-12 to influence mucosal immune responses. Intranasal immunization with IL-12 gD-liposome formulations did not alter the induction of mucosal immune responses. However, a significant increase in anti-gD antibody responses was induced in serum after intranasal immunization with IL-12 gD-liposome when compared with animals immunized with gD-liposomes. Mucosal antibody responses induced by a subcutaneous priming followed by an intranasal boost were significantly higher than those induced by two intranasal immunizations with the same IL-12 liposome-gD formulations. Furthermore, this immunization protocol resulted in the induction of high levels of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the lungs of subcutaneously primed mice. These findings indicate that the immunomodulatory effects of IL-12 influenced immune responses to a vaccine antigen when delivered intranasally and that these responses can be further enhanced by subcutaneous priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Baca-Estrada
- Veterinary Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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27
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Lee YL, Fu CL, Ye YL, Chiang BL. Administration of interleukin-12 prevents mite Der p 1 allergen-IgE antibody production and airway eosinophil infiltration in an animal model of airway inflammation. Scand J Immunol 1999; 49:229-36. [PMID: 10102639 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.1999.00503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the in vivo effect of interleukin (IL)-12 on a murine model of asthma induced by Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus-derived Der p 1 allergen. C57BL/6 mice immunized with Der p 1 allergen adsorbed to alum/pertussis toxin developed a T-helper type 2 (Th2)-dominant immune response characterized by the presence of IgE antibody, airway eosinophil infiltration and increased production of Th2 cytokine. Intraperitoneal injection of IL-12 (1 or 0.1 microg per day) for 5 days (day -1 to +3) simultaneously with each immunization, inhibited the production of IgE and IgG1 antigen-specific antibodies, whereas production of IgG2a was strongly enhanced. In addition, mice receiving both doses of IL-12 showed a strong inhibition of IL-5 but up-regulation of IFN-gamma production by spleen cells stimulated with antigen. Administration of IL-12 also prevented antigen-induced eosinophil infiltration into the bronchoalveolar area in a dose-dependent manner and the primary inflammatory mediator serotonin in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids was also reduced significantly. Taken together, the data indicate that IL-12 has a potent immunomodulatory effect on house-dust-mite-induced allergic disorders and may be used as an efficient agent for immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y L Lee
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
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28
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Nyindo M, Kariuki TM, Mola PW, Farah IO, Elson L, Blanton RE, King CL. Role of adult worm antigen-specific immunoglobulin E in acquired immunity to Schistosoma mansoni infection in baboons. Infect Immun 1999; 67:636-42. [PMID: 9916070 PMCID: PMC96366 DOI: 10.1128/iai.67.2.636-642.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Allergic-type immune responses, particularly immunoglobulin E (IgE), correlate with protective immunity in human schistosomiasis. To better understand the mechanisms of parasite elimination we examined the immune correlates of protection in baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis), which are natural hosts for Schistosoma mansoni and also develop allergic-type immunity with infection. In one experiment, animals were exposed to a single infection (1,000 cercariae) or were exposed multiple times (100 cercariae per week for 10 weeks) and subsequently were cured with praziquantel prior to challenge with 1, 000 cercariae. Singly and multiply infected animals mounted 59 and 80% reductions in worm burden, respectively (P < 0.01). In a second experiment, animals were inoculated with S. mansoni ova and recombinant human interleukin 12 (IL-12). This produced a 37 to 39% reduction in adult worm burden after challenge (P < 0.05). Parasite-specific IgG, IgE, IgM, and peripheral blood cytokine production were evaluated. The only immune correlate of protection in both experiments was levels of soluble adult worm antigen (SWAP)-specific IgE in serum at the time of challenge infection and/or 6 weeks later. Baboons repeatedly infected with cercariae or immunized with ova and IL-12 developed two- to sixfold-greater levels of SWAP-specific IgE in serum than did controls, and this correlated with reductions in worm burden (r2, -0.40 to -0.64; P, <0. 01). Thus, in baboons and unlike mice, adult worm-specific IgE is uniquely associated with acquired immunity to S. mansoni infection. This similar association of parasite-specific IgE and protection among primates infected with schistosomiasis, along with similar pathology, anatomy, and genetic make-up, indicates that baboons provide an excellent permissive experimental model for better understanding the mechanisms of innate and acquired immunity to schistosomiasis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nyindo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Karen, Nairobi, Kenya
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29
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VORONOV E, APTE RN, SOFER S. THE SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE SYNDROME RELATED TO THE RELEASE OF CYTOKINES FOLLOWING SEVERE ENVENOMATION. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1590/s0104-79301999000100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - S. SOFER
- Ben-Gurion University of theBen-Gurion University of theBen-Gurion University of the, Israel
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30
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Marinaro M, Boyaka PN, Jackson RJ, Finkelman FD, Kiyono H, Jirillo E, McGhee JR. Use of Intranasal IL-12 to Target Predominantly Th1 Responses to Nasal and Th2 Responses to Oral Vaccines Given with Cholera Toxin. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.1.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We have investigated the effects of IL-12 and cholera toxin (CT) on the immune response to tetanus toxoid (TT) given by intranasal or oral routes. CT inhibited IL-12-induced IFN-γ secretion both in vivo and in vitro. Intranasal administration of IL-12 to mice nasally immunized with the combined vaccine of TT and CT resulted in increased TT-specific IgG2a and IgG3 Abs, while IgG1 and IgE Ab responses were markedly reduced. This shift of the CT-induced immune response toward Th1 type was associated with TT-specific CD4+ T cells secreting IFN-γ and reduced levels of Th2-type cytokines (i.e., IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10). In contrast, intranasal IL-12 enhanced the CT-induced serum IgG1 and IgE Ab responses in mice given the combined vaccine orally. IFN-γ secretion by TT-specific CD4+ T cells was also enhanced; however, Th2-type cytokine responses were predominant. Mucosal secretory IgA responses to oral or nasal vaccines were not affected by intranasal IL-12. Thus, intranasal IL-12 delivery influences Th cell subset development in mucosal inductive sites that are dependent on the route of vaccine delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariarosaria Marinaro
- *Departments of Microbiology and Oral Biology, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Prosper N. Boyaka
- *Departments of Microbiology and Oral Biology, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Raymond J. Jackson
- *Departments of Microbiology and Oral Biology, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Fred D. Finkelman
- †Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- ‡Department of Mucosal Immunology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan; and
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- §Departimento di Clinica Medica, Immunologia e Malattie Infettive, Universita Degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Jerry R. McGhee
- *Departments of Microbiology and Oral Biology, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, University of Alabama Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294
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31
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Yeung VP, Gieni RS, Umetsu DT, DeKruyff RH. Heat-Killed Listeria monocytogenes as an Adjuvant Converts Established Murine Th2-Dominated Immune Responses into Th1-Dominated Responses. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.8.4146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the capacity of heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKL), a potent stimulator of the innate immune system, as a vaccine adjuvant to modify both primary and secondary Ag-specific immune responses. Mice immunized with the Ag keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) mixed with HKL generated a KLH-specific primary response characterized by production of Th1 cytokines and large quantities of KLH-specific IgG2a Ab. Moreover, administration of KLH with HKL as an adjuvant reversed established immune responses dominated by the production of Th2 cytokines and high levels of KLH-specific IgE and induced a Th1-type response with high levels of IFN-γ and IgG2a and low levels of IgE and IL-4. Neutralization of IL-12 activity at the time of HKL administration blocked the enhancement of IFN-γ and reduction of IL-4 production, indicating that IL-12, induced by HKL, was responsible for the adjuvant effects on cytokine production. These results suggest that HKL as an adjuvant during immunization can successfully bias the development of Ag-specific cytokine synthesis toward Th1 cytokine production even in the setting of an ongoing Th2-dominated response. Thus, HKL may be clinically effective in vaccine therapies for diseases such as allergy and asthma, which require the conversion of Th2-dominated immune responses into Th1-dominated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Peter Yeung
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Randall S. Gieni
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Dale T. Umetsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- G Trinchieri
- Wistar Institute of Anatomy and Biology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Murosaki S, Yamamoto Y, Ito K, Inokuchi T, Kusaka H, Ikeda H, Yoshikai Y. Heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 suppresses naturally fed antigen-specific IgE production by stimulation of IL-12 production in mice. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 102:57-64. [PMID: 9679848 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(98)70055-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy is caused by production of IgE against dietary antigen induced by T(H2) response. IL-12 inhibits T(H2) responses and strongly suppresses IgE production. We have recently established a murine model for IgE production with a predominant T(H2) response induced by feeding antigen. OBJECTIVE We here show a suppressive effect of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137, a potent inducer of IL-12, on IgE production against naturally fed antigen in a murine model. METHODS The ability of L. plantarum L-137 to induce IL-12 production was examined in vitro and in vivo. DBA/2 mice were fed a casein diet and injected intraperitoneally with L. plantarum L-137 from the beginning of feeding or 2 weeks later. Recombinant mouse IL-12 was also injected 2 weeks after the start of feeding. Casein-specific IgE and IgG1 in plasma were determined by ELISA. RESULTS L. plantarum L-137 directly induced IL-12 production by the peritoneal macrophages and also stimulated spleen cells to produce both IL-12 and interferon-gamma in vitro. In vivo treatment of L. plantarum L-137 also increased the plasma level of IL-12 in mice. Plasma anti-casein IgG1 and IgE levels were gradually elevated in DBA/2 mice fed a casein diet. Administration of L. plantarum L-137 from the beginning of feeding suppressed the elevation of anti-casein IgE levels, whereas the levels of anti-casein IgG1 were rather augmented by L. plantarum L-137. IL-12 production of the peritoneal macrophages was enhanced, but IL-4 production of concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated spleen cells was suppressed in the L. plantarum L-137-treated mice compared with control mice fed a casein diet. When L. plantarum L-137 was given from 2 weeks after the start of feeding, anti-casein IgE levels were also significantly suppressed, which was similar to the result found in mice treated with IL-12. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that L. plantarum L-137, a potent IL-12 inducer, is useful for prevention and treatment of food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murosaki
- Research & Development Section, Takeda Food Products, Ltd., Itami, Japan
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Kovarik J, Siegrist CA. Optimization of vaccine responses in early life: the role of delivery systems and immunomodulators. Immunol Cell Biol 1998; 76:222-36. [PMID: 9682966 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1998.00746.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Infant immunization is a particularly important field with multiple challenges for vaccine research and development. There is, together with a high susceptibility to infections, a lower efficacy of most vaccinations in newborns and young infants, compared to those performed later in life. In the present review, the authors focus on problems arising from the attempt to vaccinate against pathogens very early in life, and on the role of selective adjuvants (i.e. antigen delivery systems or immunomodulators) that could be used to: (i) rapidly induce strong antibody responses of the appropriate isotypes; (ii) elicit sustained antibody responses extending beyond infancy; (iii) induce efficient Th1 and CTL responses in spite of the preferential Th2 polarization of early life responses; (iv) escape from maternal antibody mediated inhibition of vaccine responses; (v) show acceptable reactogenicity in early life; and (vi) allow incorporation of several vaccine antigens into a single formulation so as to reduce the number of required injections. How such objectives might be achieved by several of the vaccine formulations currently in development is illustrated by reviewing data from experimental models and clinical studies, when available.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kovarik
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Neonatal Vaccinology, Department of Pathology, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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Gately MK, Renzetti LM, Magram J, Stern AS, Adorini L, Gubler U, Presky DH. The interleukin-12/interleukin-12-receptor system: role in normal and pathologic immune responses. Annu Rev Immunol 1998; 16:495-521. [PMID: 9597139 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.16.1.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 942] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine that plays a central role in promoting type 1 T helper cell (Th1) responses and, hence, cell-mediated immunity. Its activities are mediated through a high-affinity receptor composed of two subunits, designated beta 1 and beta 2. Of these two subunits, beta 2 is more restricted in its distribution, and regulation of its expression is likely a central mechanism by which IL-12 responsiveness is controlled. Studies with neutralizing anti-IL-12 antibodies and IL-12-deficient mice have suggested that endogenous IL-12 plays an important role in the normal host defense against infection by a variety of intracellular pathogens. However, IL-12 appears also to play a central role in the genesis of some forms of immunopathology. Inhibition of IL-12 synthesis or activity may be beneficial in diseases associated with pathologic Th1 responses, such as multiple sclerosis or Crohn's disease. On the other hand, administration of recombinant IL-12 may have utility in the treatment of diseases associated with pathologic Th2 responses such as allergic disorders and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Gately
- Department of Inflammation/Autoimmune Diseases, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey 07110, USA.
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Doyle AG, Ramm L, Kelso A. The CD4+ T-cell response to protein immunization is independent of accompanying IFN-gamma-producing CD8+ T cells. Immunology 1998; 93:341-9. [PMID: 9640244 PMCID: PMC1364082 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1998.00404.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
By virtue of their strong bias towards production of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), CD8+ T cells have the potential to promote the development of type 1 immune responses. We have previously shown that the CD4+ T-cell response to immunization with the protein antigen keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) has a mixed interleukin-4 (IL-4)/IFN-gamma production profile. Here we show that this immunization regimen also stimulates accumulation in the draining lymph nodes of CD8+ T cells, which preferentially contain IFN-gamma mRNA ex vivo and secrete IFN-gamma protein in vitro. This provides a model to test whether CD8+ cell-derived IFN-gamma participates in the normal control of the immune response to a non-viable exogenous antigen. To investigate regulation of the anti-KLH response by the CD8+ population or IFN-gamma produced by this or other cell types, mice were administered depleting antibodies. Depletion of CD8+ cells had no effect on the frequency of clonogenic KLH-specific CD4+ T cells, the IL-4/IFN-gamma profiles of their progeny, or the isotype profiles of the serum antibody response to KLH. In contrast, IFN-gamma neutralization diminished cell accumulation in the lymph nodes and reduced both the frequency of KLH-specific CD4+ T cells that gave rise to IFN-gamma-producing clones and serum titres of KLH-specific IgG2a and IgG3. Therefore, despite the potential for cross-regulation, the CD4+ T-cell response to this immunogen is independent of the IFN-gamma-skewed CD8+ response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Doyle
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Queensland, Australia
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Bagenstose LM, Salgame P, Monestier M. IL-12 Down-Regulates Autoantibody Production in Mercury-Induced Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.4.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In genetically susceptible H-2s mice, subtoxic doses of mercuric chloride (HgCl2) induce a complex autoimmune syndrome characterized by the production of anti-nucleolar IgG Abs, lymphoproliferation, increased serum levels of IgG1 and IgE Abs, and renal Ig deposits. Mercury-induced autoimmunity in H-2s mice provides a useful model for chemically related autoimmunity in humans. The increase in serum IgG1 and IgE, which are under IL-4 control, suggests a role for the Th2 subset in this syndrome. The IL-12 cytokine induces T cell proliferation and IFN-γ production and is necessary for differentiation of naive T cells into the Th1 subset. To gain an understanding of T cell control in this syndrome and, in particular, Th1/Th2 regulation, we assessed the effect of IL-12 administration in mercury-induced autoimmunity. Groups of A.SW mice (H-2s) received HgCl2 plus IL-12, HgCl2 alone, or IL-12 alone. IL-12 treatment resulted in a dramatic reduction of the anti-nucleolar Ab titers. IL-12 also inhibited the HgCl2-induced serum IgG1 increase, but, in contrast, did not significantly affect IgE induction in this model. This observation may be related to our unexpected finding that IL-12 further potentiated the HgCl2-triggered IL-4 induction in this model. The levels of renal Ig deposits were similar in mice receiving HgCl2 alone or HgCl2 plus IL-12. Our results indicate that IL-12 can down-regulate the autoimmune component of this experimental syndrome and that the various manifestations of mercury-induced autoimmunity are independently regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee M. Bagenstose
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Padmini Salgame
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Marc Monestier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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Abstract
Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a potent immunoregulatory cytokine that is crucially involved in a wide range of infectious diseases. In several experimental models of bacterial, parasitic, viral, and fungal infection, endogenous IL-12 is required for early control of infection and for generation and perhaps maintenance of acquired protective immunity, directed by T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and mediated by phagocytes. Although the relative roles of IL-12 and gamma interferon in Th1-cell priming may be to a significant extent pathogen dependent, common to most infections is that IL-12 regulates the magnitude of the gamma interferon response at the initiation of infection, thus potentiating natural resistance, favoring Th1-cell development; and inhibiting Th2 responses. Treatment of animals with IL-12, either alone or as a vaccine adjuvant, has been shown to prevent disease by many of the same infectious agents, by stimulating innate resistance or promoting specific reactivity. Although IL-12 may enhance protective memory responses in vaccination or in combination with antimicrobial chemotherapy, it is yet unclear whether exogenous IL-12 can alter established responses in humans. Continued investigation into the possible application of IL-12 therapy to human infections is warranted by the role of the cytokine in inflammation, immunopathology, and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, University of Perugia, Italy.
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The role of cytokines in human B-cell differentiation into immunoglobulin-secreting cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0020-2452(97)87084-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Germann T, Rüde E, Schmitt E. The influence of IL12 on the development of Th1 and Th2 cells and its adjuvant effect for humoral immune responses. RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 146:481-6. [PMID: 8839150 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2494(96)83020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Germann
- Institute for Immunology, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
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