The antioxidant properties of zinc

Copper-Based Complexes with Adamantane Ring-Conjugated bis(3,5-Dimethyl-pyrazol-1-yl)acetate Ligand as Promising Agents for the Treatment of Glioblastoma

The new ligand L2Ad, obtained by conjugating the bifunctional species bis(3,5-dimethylpyrazol-1-yl)-acetate and the drug amantadine, was used as a chelator for the synthesis of new Cu complexes 1-5. Their structures were investigated by synchrotron radiation-induced X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (SR-XPS), near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, and by combining X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy techniques and DFT modeling. The structure of complex 3 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Tested on U87, T98, and U251 glioma cells, Cu(II) complex 3 and Cu(I) complex 5 decreased cell viability with IC50 values significantly lower than cisplatin, affecting cell growth, proliferation, and death. Their effects were prevented by treatment with the Cu chelator tetrathiomolybdate, suggesting the involvement of copper in their cytotoxic activity. Both complexes were able to increase ROS production, leading to DNA damage and death. Interestingly, nontoxic doses of 3 or 5 enhanced the chemosensitivity to Temozolomide.

The interaction effects of zinc and polygenic risk score with benzo[a]pyrene exposure on lung cancer risk: A prospective case-cohort study among Chinese populations

The relationship of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) with lung cancer risk has been firmly established, but whether this association could be modified by other environmental or genetic factors remains to be explored. To investigate whether and how zinc (Zn) and genetic predisposition modify the association between BaP and lung cancer, we performed a case-cohort study with a 5.4-year median follow-up duration, comprising a representative subcohort of 1399 participants and 359 incident lung cancer cases. The baseline concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-albumin adduct (BPDE-Alb) and Zn were quantified. We also genotyped the participants and computed the polygenic risk score (PRS) for lung cancer. Our findings indicated that elevated BPDE-Alb and PRS were linked to increased lung cancer risk, with the HR (95%CI) of 1.54 (1.36, 1.74) per SD increment in ln-transformed BPDE-Alb and 1.27 (1.14, 1.41) per SD increment in PRS, but high plasma Zn level was linked to a lower lung cancer risk [HR (95%CI)=0.77 (0.66, 0.91) per SD increment in ln-transformed Zn]. There was evidence of effect modification by Zn on BaP-lung cancer association (P for multiplicative interaction = 0.008). As Zn concentrations increased from the lowest to the highest tertile, the lung cancer risk per SD increment in ln-transformed BPDE-Alb decreased from 2.07 (1.48, 2.89) to 1.33 (0.90, 1.95). Additionally, we observed a significant synergistic interaction of BPDE-Alb and PRS [RERI (95%CI) = 0.85 (0.03, 1.67)], with 42% of the incident lung cancer cases among individuals with high BPDE-Alb and high PRS attributable to their additive effect [AP (95%CI) = 0.42 (0.14, 0.69)]. This study provided the first prospective epidemiological evidence that Zn has protective effect against BaP-induced lung tumorigenesis, whereas high genetic risk can enhance the harmful effect of BaP. These findings may provide novel insight into the environment-environment and environment-gene interaction underlying lung cancer development, which may help to develop prevention and intervention strategies to manage BaP-induced lung cancer.

Antioxidant supplementation for sickle cell disease

BACKGROUND

Sickle cell disease (SCD) refers to a group of genetic disorders characterized by the presence of an abnormal haemoglobin molecule called haemoglobin S (HbS). When subjected to oxidative stress from low oxygen concentrations, HbS molecules form rigid polymers, giving the red cell the typical sickle shape. Antioxidants have been shown to reduce oxidative stress and improve outcomes in other diseases associated with oxidative stress. Therefore, it is important to review and synthesize the available evidence on the effect of antioxidants on the clinical outcomes of people with SCD.

OBJECTIVES

To assess the effectiveness and safety of antioxidant supplementation for improving health outcomes in people with SCD.

SEARCH METHODS

We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was 15 August 2023.

SELECTION CRITERIA

We included randomized and quasi-randomized controlled trials comparing antioxidant supplementation to placebo, other antioxidants, or different doses of antioxidants, in people with SCD.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Two authors independently extracted data, assessed the risk of bias and certainty of the evidence, and reported according to Cochrane methodological procedures.

MAIN RESULTS

The review included 1609 participants in 26 studies, with 17 comparisons. We rated 13 studies as having a high risk of bias overall, and 13 studies as having an unclear risk of bias overall due to study limitations. We used GRADE to rate the certainty of evidence. Only eight studies reported on our important outcomes at six months. Vitamin C (1400 mg) plus vitamin E (800 mg) versus placebo Based on evidence from one study in 83 participants, vitamin C (1400 mg) plus vitamin E (800 mg) may not be better than placebo at reducing the frequency of crisis (risk ratio (RR) 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64 to 2.18), the severity of pain (RR 1.33, 95% CI 0.40 to 4.37), or adverse effects (AE), of which the most common were headache, nausea, fatigue, diarrhoea, and epigastric pain (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.31 to 1.00). Vitamin C plus vitamin E may increase the risk of SCD-related complications (acute chest syndrome: RR 2.66, 95% CI 0.77 to 9.13; 1 study, 83 participants), and increase haemoglobin level (median (interquartile range) 90 (81 to 96) g/L versus 93.5 (84 to 105) g/L) (1 study, 83 participants) compared to placebo. However, the evidence for all the above effects is very uncertain. The study did not report on quality of life (QoL) of participants and their caregivers, nor on frequency of hospitalization. Zinc versus placebo Zinc may not be better than placebo at reducing the frequency of crisis at six months (rate ratio 0.62, 95% CI 0.17 to 2.29; 1 study, 36 participants; low-certainty evidence). We are uncertain whether zinc is better than placebo at improving sickle cell-related complications (complete healing of leg ulcers at six months: RR 2.00, 95% CI 0.60 to 6.72; 1 study, 34 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Zinc may be better than placebo at increasing haemoglobin level (g/dL) (MD 1.26, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.26; 1 study, 36 participants; low-certainty evidence). The study did not report on severity of pain, QoL, AE, and frequency of hospitalization. N-acetylcysteine versus placebo N-acetylcysteine (NAC) 1200 mg may not be better than placebo at reducing the frequency of crisis in SCD, reported as pain days (rate ratio 0.99 days, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.84; 1 study, 96 participants; low-certainty evidence). Low-certainty evidence from one study (96 participants) suggests NAC (1200 mg) may not be better than placebo at reducing the severity of pain (MD 0.17, 95% CI -0.53 to 0.87). Compared to placebo, NAC (1200 mg) may not be better at improving physical QoL (MD -1.80, 95% CI -5.01 to 1.41) and mental QoL (MD 2.00, 95% CI -1.45 to 5.45; very low-certainty evidence), reducing the risk of adverse effects (gastrointestinal complaints, pruritus, or rash) (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.75 to 1.14; low-certainty evidence), reducing the frequency of hospitalizations (rate ratio 0.98, 95% CI 0.41 to 2.38; low-certainty evidence), and sickle cell-related complications (RR 5.00, 95% CI 0.25 to 101.48; very low-certainty evidence), or increasing haemoglobin level (MD -0.18 g/dL, 95% CI -0.40 to 0.04; low-certainty evidence). L-arginine versus placebo L-arginine may not be better than placebo at reducing the frequency of crisis (monthly pain) (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.95; 1 study, 50 participants; low-certainty evidence). However, L-arginine may be better than placebo at reducing the severity of pain (MD -1.41, 95% CI -1.65 to -1.18; 2 studies, 125 participants; low-certainty evidence). One participant allocated to L-arginine developed hives during infusion of L-arginine, another experienced acute clinical deterioration, and a participant in the placebo group had clinically relevant increases in liver function enzymes. The evidence is very uncertain whether L-arginine is better at reducing the mean number of days in hospital compared to placebo (MD -0.85 days, 95% CI -1.87 to 0.17; 2 studies, 125 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Also, L-arginine may not be better than placebo at increasing haemoglobin level (MD 0.4 g/dL, 95% CI -0.50 to 1.3; 2 studies, 106 participants; low-certainty evidence). No study in this comparison reported on QoL and sickle cell-related complications. Omega-3 versus placebo Very low-certainty evidence shows no evidence of a difference in the risk of adverse effects of omega-3 compared to placebo (RR 1.05, 95% CI 0.74 to 1.48; 1 study, 67 participants). Very low-certainty evidence suggests that omega-3 may not be better than placebo at increasing haemoglobin level (MD 0.36 g/L, 95% CI -0.21 to 0.93; 1 study, 67 participants). The study did not report on frequency of crisis, severity of pain, QoL, frequency of hospitalization, and sickle cell-related complications.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

There was inconsistent evidence on all outcomes to draw conclusions on the beneficial and harmful effects of antioxidants. However, L-arginine may be better than placebo at reducing the severity of pain at six months, and zinc may be better than placebo at increasing haemoglobin level. We are uncertain whether other antioxidants are beneficial for SCD. Larger studies conducted on each comparison would reduce the current uncertainties.

Zinc and Its Antioxidant Properties: The Potential Use of Blood Zinc Levels as a Marker of Cancer Risk in BRCA1 Mutation Carriers

BRCA1 mutations predispose women to breast and ovarian cancer. The anticancer effect of zinc is typically linked to its antioxidant abilities and protecting cells against oxidative stress. Zinc regulates key processes in cancer development, including DNA repair, gene expression, and apoptosis. We took a blood sample from 989 female BRCA1 mutation carriers who were initially unaffected by cancer and followed them for a mean of 7.5 years thereafter. There were 172 incident cases of cancer, including 121 cases of breast cancer, 29 cases of ovarian cancers, and 22 cancers at other sites. A zinc level in the lowest tertile was associated with a modestly higher risk of ovarian cancer compared to women with zinc levels in the upper two tertiles (HR = 1.65; 95% CI 0.80 to 3.44; p = 0.18), but this was not significant. Among those women with zinc levels in the lowest tertile, the 10-year cumulative risk of ovarian cancer was 6.1%. Among those in the top two tertiles of zinc level, the ten-year cumulative risk of ovarian cancer was 4.7%. There was no significant association between zinc level and breast cancer risk. Our preliminary study does not support an association between serum zinc level and cancer risk in BRCA1 mutation carriers.

Impact of cow, buffalo, goat or camel milk consumption on oxidative stress, inflammation and immune response post weaning time

Milk is a whitish liquid that is secreted from mammary glands; and considered as the primary source of nutrition for newborns since they are not able to digest solid food. However, it contains primary nutrients, as well as growth and immune factors. Early weaning is a critical issue that face women and their babies in developing countries. To avoid infant malnutrition, they tend to use other milk types instead of baby formula. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of cow, buffalo, goat or camel milk consumption on oxidative stress, inflammation and immune response in male and female Sprague Dawley rats post weaning time. The amino acids, fatty acids, minerals and vitamins in the tested milk types were evaluated. Animals were divided into 5 groups (control, cow, buffalo, goat and camel milk administrated groups) (10 rats/group); each animal was administrated by 3.4 ml/day. Rats were administered with milk for 6 weeks; at the end of the 5th week, five animals of each group were isolated and the remaining five animals were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBCs) and kept for another week to mount immune response. The effect of different milk types on rats' immune response towards SRBCs was evaluated through pro-inflammatory cytokines, antioxidants, ESR and CRP measurement; together, with the histopathological examination of spleen samples and hemagglutination assay. Camel milk consumption reduced oxidative stress and inflammation in spleen that resulted from SRBCs immunization; in addition to, B cell stimulation that was apparent from the high level of anti-SRBCs antibodies. Camel milk is recommended for newborn consumption, due to its high-water content, unsaturated fatty acids, and vitamin C, as well as low lactose and fat content.

Analysis of Zinc and Copper Content in Selected Tissues and Organs of Wild Mallard Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos L.) in Poland

The research material included selected muscles and liver of mallard ducks obtained in two research areas. A total of 28 mallards were obtained for the study-six males and six females from the Siedlce hunting district and eight males and eight females from the Leszno hunting district. Zinc and copper concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). It was concluded from the study that the Leszno hunting district is more polluted than the Siedlce hunting district. Among the examined tissues of mallard ducks from both hunting districts, the highest content of zinc and copper was found in the liver. In this organ, birds shot in the Leszno hunting district were characterized by a significantly higher content of these elements compared to birds shot in the Siedlce hunting area. The significantly higher average zinc and copper concentrations in the liver of mallards harvested in this hunting district may have been influenced by fertilization of crop fields in this area with fertilizers containing these elements and by extraction of ore containing zinc and copper minerals in the Legnica-Głogów Copper District. This is an important problem with regard to the safety of consumers of game meat. It was shown that the tissues of male mallards were characterized by higher average levels of zinc and copper than those of females, but the differences were statistically significant only in the case of the average copper content in the leg muscles.

Complementary and Integrative Medicine for the Treatment of Trigeminal Neuralgia and Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgia

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Trigeminal neuralgia (TN) and trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) are both painful diseases which directly impact the branches of the trigeminal nerve, which supply the face. Patients who have experienced adverse effects, have not responded to mainstream treatments, or have a personal preference for nonmedication options, often turn to complementary and integrative medicine (CIM). The aim of this review is to discuss the efficacy and safety of CIM therapies available for the treatment of TN and TACs.

RECENT FINDINGS

Not only are there limited therapeutic options for TN and TAC patients, but also is there a proportion of patients who are intolerant to standard medical treatments. Recent findings have illustrated that 86% of patients with headache disorders utilize CIM modalities in combination with mainstream medical therapy. CIM modalities can be helpful for these diseases and have primarily been studied in combination with standard medical therapy. There is limited evidence for CIM and behavioral therapies in managing these conditions, and more research is needed to confirm which therapies are safe and effective.

Minerals and the Menstrual Cycle: Impacts on Ovulation and Endometrial Health

The role of minerals in female fertility, particularly in relation to the menstrual cycle, presents a complex area of study that underscores the interplay between nutrition and reproductive health. This narrative review aims to elucidate the impacts of minerals on key aspects of the reproductive system: hormonal regulation, ovarian function and ovulation, endometrial health, and oxidative stress. Despite the attention given to specific micronutrients in relation to reproductive disorders, there is a noticeable absence of a comprehensive review focusing on the impact of minerals throughout the menstrual cycle on female fertility. This narrative review aims to address this gap by examining the influence of minerals on reproductive health. Each mineral's contribution is explored in detail to provide a clearer picture of its importance in supporting female fertility. This comprehensive analysis not only enhances our knowledge of reproductive health but also offers clinicians valuable insights into potential therapeutic strategies and the recommended intake of minerals to promote female reproductive well-being, considering the menstrual cycle. This review stands as the first to offer such a detailed examination of minerals in the context of the menstrual cycle, aiming to elevate the understanding of their critical role in female fertility and reproductive health.

Effects of Dietary Zinc on Growth, Haematological Indices, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Tissue Mineralization, Antioxidant and Immune Status of Fingerling Heteropneustes fossilis

A 12 week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary zinc levels on Heteropneustes fossilis. Triplicate groups of fish were fed isoproteic (CP; 400 g/kg) and isocaloric (GE; 17.89 kJ/g) diets increasing levels of zinc (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg/kg) achieved by supplementing zinc sulphate heptahydrate to basal diet. Analysed concentrations of zinc in diets were 10.68, 15.83, 21.34, 26.74, 30.61, 34.91 and 41.34 mg/kg. Growth indices increased linearly (P<0.05) up to 26.74 mg/kg Zn. The protein and ash content of whole body also improved significantly up to 26.74 mg/kg Zn. Whole body fat content showed inverse pattern. Haematological parameters also showed an improving trend with the increase in dietary zinc up to 26.74 mg/kg and then levelled off. Activities of antioxidant enzymes were improved with the increase in dietary zinc level up to 26.74 mg/kg followed by no significant change (P>0.05). Serum lysozyme activity also exhibited the similar pattern. Immune response in terms of the activities of lysozyme, alkaline phosphatase and myeloperoxidase was also improved with the increase in dietary zinc levels up to 26.74 mg/kg. Dietary zinc levels affected significantly the whole body as well as vertebrae mineralization. Broken-line regression analysis of weight gain, vertebrae zinc activity, serum superoxide dismutase and protease activity against increasing amounts of dietary zinc revealed that the inclusion of zinc in diet in the range of 26.82-29.84 mg/kg is optimum for growth, haematological indices, antioxidant status, immune response and tissue mineralization in fingerling H. fossilis. The information obtained from present study would be helpful in formulating the zinc-balanced commercial feeds to improve the growth and health status of this important fish, thus contributing to aquaculture production and strengthening the food security.

Interactions between zinc and NRF2 in vascular redox signalling

Recent evidence highlights the importance of trace metal micronutrients such as zinc (Zn) in coronary and vascular diseases. Zn2+ plays a signalling role in modulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase and protects the endothelium against oxidative stress by up-regulation of glutathione synthesis. Excessive accumulation of Zn2+ in endothelial cells leads to apoptotic cell death resulting from dysregulation of glutathione and mitochondrial ATP synthesis, whereas zinc deficiency induces an inflammatory phenotype, associated with increased monocyte adhesion. Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) is a transcription factor known to target hundreds of different genes. Activation of NRF2 affects redox metabolism, autophagy, cell proliferation, remodelling of the extracellular matrix and wound healing. As a redox-inert metal ion, Zn has emerged as a biomarker in diagnosis and as a therapeutic approach for oxidative-related diseases due to its close link to NRF2 signalling. In non-vascular cell types, Zn has been shown to modify conformations of the NRF2 negative regulators Kelch-like ECH-associated Protein 1 (KEAP1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and to promote degradation of BACH1, a transcriptional suppressor of select NRF2 genes. Zn can affect phosphorylation signalling, including mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), phosphoinositide 3-kinases and protein kinase C, which facilitate NRF2 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Notably, several NRF2-targeted proteins have been suggested to modify cellular Zn concentration via Zn exporters (ZnTs) and importers (ZIPs) and the Zn buffering protein metallothionein. This review summarises the cross-talk between reactive oxygen species, Zn and NRF2 in antioxidant responses of vascular cells against oxidative stress and hypoxia/reoxygenation.

Effects of perioperative vitamin E and zinc co-supplementation on systemic inflammation and length of stay following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a randomized controlled trial

OBJECTIVES

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has been reported to be associated with lower postoperative plasma antioxidant and zinc levels. We hypothesized that perioperative supplementation of vitamin E and zinc might improve short-term postoperative outcomes.

METHODS

In this placebo-controlled double-blind, randomized study, patients undergoing CABG performed with cardiopulmonary bypass were recruited. The intervention group received zinc and vitamin E supplementation (1200 IU vitamin E and 120 mg elemental zinc) the day before surgery, followed by postoperative daily supplementation of 30 mg zinc and 200 IU vitamin E from the 2nd day after surgery to 3 weeks. The control group received placebos. Length of stay (LOS) in the intensive care unit and hospital, sequential organ failure assessment score on 3rd day after surgery, and plasma inflammatory markers on days 3 and 21 post-surgery were evaluated.

RESULTS

Seventy-eight patients completed the study (40 in the intervention group and 38 in the placebo group). The hospital LOS was significantly shorter (p < 0.05) in the intervention group. Postoperative changes in plasma albumin levels were not different between the two groups. The plasma zinc level was higher (p < 0.0001), but plasma C-reactive protein (p = 0.01), pentraxin 3 (p < 0.0001), interferon γ (p < 0.05), malondialdehyde (p < 0.05), and aspartate aminotransferase (p < 0.01) were lower in the intervention group compared to the placebo group.

CONCLUSIONS

Perioperative vitamin E and zinc supplementation significantly reduced hospital LOS and the inflammatory response in CABG surgery patients. In these patients, the optimal combination and dose of micronutrients need further study but could include zinc and vitamin E.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRY

This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov website (NCT05402826).

An Overview of Reactive Oxygen Species Damage Occurring during In Vitro Bovine Oocyte and Embryo Development and the Efficacy of Antioxidant Use to Limit These Adverse Effects

The in vitro production (IVP) of bovine embryos has gained popularity worldwide and in recent years and its use for producing embryos from genetically elite heifers and cows has surpassed the use of conventional superovulation-based embryo production schemes. There are, however, several issues with the IVP of embryos that remain unresolved. One limitation of special concern is the low efficiency of the IVP of embryos. Exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one reason why the production of embryos with IVP is diminished. These highly reactive molecules are generated in small amounts through normal cellular metabolism, but their abundances increase in embryo culture because of oocyte and embryo exposure to temperature fluctuations, light exposure, pH changes, atmospheric oxygen tension, suboptimal culture media formulations, and cryopreservation. When uncontrolled, ROS produce detrimental effects on the structure and function of genomic and mitochondrial DNA, alter DNA methylation, increase lipid membrane damage, and modify protein activity. Several intrinsic enzymatic pathways control ROS abundance and damage, and antioxidants react with and reduce the reactive potential of ROS. This review will focus on exploring the efficiency of supplementing several of these antioxidant molecules on oocyte maturation, sperm viability, fertilization, and embryo culture.

Fe-Zn alloy, a new biodegradable material capable of reducing ROS and inhibiting oxidative stress

Fe-based biodegradable materials have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional mechanical properties and favorable biocompatibility. Currently, research on Fe-based materials mainly focuses on regulating the degradation rate. However, excessive release of Fe ions during material degradation will induce the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to oxidative stress and ferroptosis. Therefore, the control of ROS release and the improvement of biocompatibility for Fe-based materials are very important. In this study, new Fe-Zn alloys were prepared by electrodeposition with the intention of using Zn as an antioxidant to reduce oxidative damage during alloy degradation. Initially, the impact of three potential degradation ions (Fe2+, Fe3+, Zn2+) from the Fe-Zn alloy on human endothelial cell (EC) activity and migration ability was investigated. Subsequently, cell adhesion, cell activity, ROS production and DNA damage were assessed at various locations surrounding the alloy. Finally, the influence of different concentrations of Zn2+ in the medium on cell viability and ROS production was evaluated. High levels of ROS exhibited evident toxic effects on ECs and promoted DNA damage. As an antioxidant, Zn2+ effectively reduced ROS production around Fe and improved the cell viability on its surface at a concentration of 0.04 mmol/l. These findings demonstrate that Fe-Zn alloy can attenuate the ROS generated from Fe degradation thereby enhancing cytocompatibility.

Formation of Supplementary Metal-Binding Centers in Proteins under Stress Conditions

In many proteins, supplementary metal-binding centers appear under stress conditions. They are known as aberrant or atypical sites. Physico-chemical properties of proteins are significantly changed after such metal binding, and very stable protein aggregates are formed, in which metals act as "cross-linking" agents. Supplementary metal-binding centers in proteins often arise as a result of posttranslational modifications caused by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and reactive carbonyl compounds. New chemical groups formed as a result of these modifications can act as ligands for binding metal ions. Special attention is paid to the role of cysteine SH-groups in the formation of supplementary metal-binding centers, since these groups are the main target for the action of reactive species. Supplementary metal binding centers may also appear due to unmasking of amino acid residues when protein conformation changing. Appearance of such centers is usually considered as a pathological process. Such unilateral approach does not allow to obtain an integral view of the phenomenon, ignoring cases when formation of metal complexes with altered proteins is a way to adjust protein properties, activity, and stability under the changed redox conditions. The role of metals in protein aggregation is being studied actively, since it leads to formation of non-membranous organelles, liquid condensates, and solid conglomerates. Some proteins found in such aggregates are typical for various diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and some types of cancer.

Green and eco-friendly biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Calendula officinalis flower extract: Wound healing potential and antioxidant activity

This study aimed to produce zinc oxide nanoparticles with Calendula officinalis flower extract (Co-ZnO NPs) using the green synthesis method. In addition, the antioxidant and wound healing potential of synthesized ZnO NPs were evaluated. The absorbance band at 355 nm, which is typical for ZnO NPs, was determined from the UV-Vis absorbance spectrum. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) measurements revealed a high zinc content of 42.90%. The x-ray diffractometer data showed Co-ZnO NPs with an average crystallite size of 17.66 nm. The Co-ZnO NPs did not have apparent cytotoxicity up to 10 μg/mL (IC50 25.96 μg/mL). C. officinalis ZnO NPs showed partial cell migration and percent wound closure (69.1%) compared with control (64.8%). In addition, antioxidant activities of Co-ZnO NPs with 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2 diphenyl-1 picrylhydrazil (DPPH) were evaluated and radical scavenging activity of 33.49% and 46.63%, respectively, was determined. These results suggest that C. officinalis extract is an effective reducing agent for the green synthesis of ZnO NPs with significant antioxidant and wound healing potential.

Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blocker on oxidative stress and metabolism of elements in kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats

In diabetes, increased oxidative stress and impaired trace element metabolism play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. The objective of this research was to examine the outcomes of blocking the renin-angiotensin system, using either the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), perindopril, or the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor blocker, irbesartan, on oxidative stress and trace element levels such as Zn, Mg, Cu, and Fe in the kidneys of diabetic rats that had been induced with streptozotocin. Thirty-two Wistar albino male rats were equally divided into four groups. The first group was used as a control. The second group of rats developed diabetes after receiving a single intraperitoneal dose of STZ. The third and fourth groups of rats had STZ-induced diabetes and received daily dosages of irbesartan (15 mg/kg b.w/day) and perindopril (6 mg/kg b.w/day) treatment, respectively. Biochemical analysis of the kidneys showed a distinct increase in oxidative stress, indicated by heightened levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, as well as reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in the kidneys of diabetic rats. In the kidneys of diabetic rats, the mean levels of Fe and Cu were found to be significantly higher than those of the control group. Additionally, the mean levels of Zn and Mg were significantly lower in the diabetic rats compared to the control rats. Both perindopril and irbesartan decreased significantly MDA content and increased SOD activities and GSH levels in the kidneys of rats with diabetes. The Zn and Mg concentrations in the kidneys of diabetic rats treated with perindopril and irbesartan were markedly higher than in untreated STZ-diabetic rats, while the Cu and Fe concentrations were significantly lower. The urinary excretion of rats treated with perindopril and irbesartan showed a pronounced increase in Cu levels, along with a significant reduction in Zn and Mg levels. Although diabetic rats demonstrated degenerative morphological alterations in their kidneys, both therapies also improved diabetes-induced histopathological modifications in the kidneys. Finally, the present results suggest that manipulating the levels of Zn, Mg, Cu, and Fe - either through ACE inhibition or by blocking AT1 receptors - could be advantageous in reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing antioxidant concentration in the kidneys of diabetic rats.

Associations Between Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index and Gout: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2018

Introduction: To explore the relationship between the composite dietary antioxidant index (CDAI) and gout to provide support for preventing gout through dietary intervention. Methods: Eligible participants from the 2007 to 2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey aged 20 years and older were included in this cross-sectional study. The weighted chi-square test was used to compare the categorical variables difference between CDAI quartiles groups. The weighted univariate and binary logistic regression analysis were used to test the association between variables and gout. The weighted multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association of CDAI and gout in 4 different models. Subgroup analysis on the associations of CDAI with gout was conducted with stratified factors. Results: The final participants were 26,117, 13,103 (50.17%) were female, 8718 (33.38%) were 40-59 years, 11,200 (42.88%) were white and 1232 (4.72%) had gout. After adjusting for all covariates, the CDAI was associated with gout (odds ratio (OR), .97; 95% CI: .95-1.00). Participants in the highest CDAI quantile group were at low risk of gout (odds ratio (OR), .65; 95% CI: .50-.84) versus those in the lowest quantile group. Subgroup analysis and interaction test showed no significant dependence on diabetes mellitus (DM), marital status, alcohol status, hypertension, poverty income ratio (PIR), education level, body mass index (BMI), smoke status, age, sex, race, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) on this association (all p for interaction >.05). Conclusions: Composite dietary antioxidant index was inversely associated with gout in US adults, and dietary antioxidant intervention might be a promising method in the therapy of gout and greater emphasis should be placed on zinc, selenium, carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E.

Study of Serum Copper and Zinc Levels and Serum Cu/Zn Ratio among Polish Women with Endometrial Cancer

BACKGROUND

Micronutrients are important components for the homeostasis of the human body. The studies available in the literature of the subject on their impact on the risk of population diseases, including malignant neoplasms, are ambiguous. In this paper, the relationship between Cu and Zn serum levels and the occurrence of endometrial cancer have been analyzed.

METHODS

306 patients (153 test group and 153 control group) matched for age were analyzed for Cu and Zn levels. Microelements levels were determined for sera collected during the hospitalization of patients by means of an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. In addition, the Cu/Zn ratio in the population included in the study was analyzed. Univariable and multivariable analyzes were used to examine the relationship between the factors under study and the incidence of endometrial cancer.

RESULTS

Lower levels of elements were observed in the study group compared with the control group (Cu: 959.39 μg/L vs. 1176.42 μg/L, p < 0.001; Zn: 707.05 μg/L vs. 901.67 μg/L, p < 0.001). A statistically significant relationship with the occurrence of endometrial cancer was observed for Cu and Zn. The patients with the lowest Cu level had a significantly higher occurrence of endometrial cancer compared with reference tertile (OR 8.54; p < 0.001). Similarly, compared with the reference tertile, the patients with the lowest Zn levels had a significantly greater incidence of endometrial cancer (OR 15.0; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The results of the study suggest an association of endometrial cancer occurrence with lower Cu and Zn serum levels.

Micronutrients and socio-demographic factors were major predictors of anaemia among the Ethiopian population

Anaemia is characterised by low hemoglobin (Hb) concentration. Despite being a public health concern in Ethiopia, the role of micronutrients and non-nutritional factors as a determinant of Hb concentrations has been inadequately explored. This study focused on the assessment of serum micronutrient and Hb concentrations and a range of non-nutritional factors, to evaluate their associations with the risk of anaemia among the Ethiopian population (n 2046). It also explored the mediation effect of Zn on the relation between se and Hb. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to identify the relationship between serum micronutrients concentration, inflammation biomarkers, nutritional status, presence of parasitic infection and socio-demographic factors with Hb concentration (n 2046). Sobel-Goodman test was applied to investigate the mediation of Zn on relations between serum se and Hb. In total, 18·6 % of participants were anaemic, 5·8 % had iron deficiency (ID), 2·6 % had ID anaemia and 0·6 % had tissue ID. Younger age, household head illiteracy and low serum concentrations of ferritin, Co, Cu and folate were associated with anaemia. Serum se had an indirect effect that was mediated by Zn, with a significant effect of se on Zn (P < 0·001) and Zn on Hb (P < 0·001). The findings of this study suggest the need for designing a multi-sectorial intervention to address anaemia based on demographic group.

Effects of alkaline mineral complex supplementation on production performance, serum variables, and liver transcriptome in calves

Calf diarrhea causes huge economic losses to livestock due to its high incidence and mortality rates. Alkaline mineral complex water is an alkaline solution containing silicon, sodium, potassium, zinc, and germanium, and has biological benefits and therapeutic effects. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of alkaline mineral complex water supplementation on the health of calves and to investigate the effect of Alkaline mineral complex water supplementation on neonatal calf serum variables and the liver transcriptome. Sixty Holstein calves (age 1.88 ± 0.85 days, weight 36.63 ± 3.34 kg) were selected and randomly divided into two groups: the T group (treatment group with alkaline mineral complex water supplemented during the experiment) and C group (control group without alkaline mineral complex water supplementation). Alkaline mineral complex water supplementation significantly increased the body weight for calves aged 60 d and average daily gain during the experimental period (1-60 d). In addition, Alkaline mineral complex water supplementation could significantly decrease the diarrhea rate for calves aged 16-30 d, enhance the T-AOC, IgG, IGF-1, and IGFBP-2 in concentrations. The results of KEGG enrichment analysis in transcriptomics indicate that Alkaline mineral complex water supplementation inhibited the target IL-1B gene of the NF-kappa B signaling pathway of liver. Alkaline mineral complex water supplementation decreased calf diarrhea and improved partial immune function, anti-inflammatory activity, antioxidant capacity, and health of calves. Alkaline mineral complex is a candidate to replace medicated feed additives. Alkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex waterAlkaline mineral complex water.

Dose-responses of zinc as zinc-methionine supplements on antioxidant status, hematological parameters, immune response and the expression of IL-4 and IL-6 genes of ewes in the hot season

This study was implemented to evaluate the effects of different zinc doses as Zinc-Met supplement (Zinpro®) on the antioxidant status, blood immune cells, antibody titers, and the expression of IL-4 and IL-6 genes of ewes in the hot season. In a completely randomized design, 24 ewes were assigned to treatments as follow: 0, 15, 30 and 45 mg/kg zinc as Zinc-Met supplementation for 40 days in region with 40 °C and vaccinated against food-and-mouth disease as an immune challenge at day 30, and then blood samples were collected on day 40. Ewes were fed a basal diet containing 29.9 mg zinc/kg. The highest activity of the antioxidant enzyme and the lowest lipid peroxidation values were found in ewes receiving 30 and 45 mg/kg zinc following a linear trend. The highest lymphocytes count and antibody titers were found in ewes received 30 mg zinc/kg. There were no significant differences among treatments for the relative expression of genes. In overall, zinc supplementation non-significantly up-regulate interleukin-4 and down-regulate interleukin-6. It was concluded that zinc supplementation as Zinc-Met could enhance the antioxidant status and immune response of ewes under heat stress; supplementation of diet with 30 mg zinc/kg (300 mg/kg Zinpro®) appeared to be the most effective dose.

Waterborne copper exposure decreases fish growth and survival by promoting gills and liver impairments in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides)

The study aimed to investigate the effect of Cu exposure (0, 51.3, 164, 513, 1,640, and 5,130 μg/L) on fish growth performance, histology, oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) juveniles. 270 fish (2.69 ± 0.02 g) were randomly divided into 6 groups of tanks for 4 weeks with each group comprising three replicate tanks. The results showed that fish exposed to 1,640 and 5,130 μg/L Cu exhibited a significant reduction in fish growth and survival rate (P < 0.05). Compared to the control, the fish at and above 513 μg/L Cu demonstrated histopathological damages in the gills and liver, such as shorter primary and secondary lamellae, smaller hepatocyte nuclei, and an increase in the number of necrotic cells in the liver. Compared to the control, fish at and above 1,640 μg/L Cu had a significantly higher malondialdehyde content and lower activity levels of total superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in the gills and liver (P < 0.05). Furthermore, high concentrations of Cu (1,640 and 5,130 μg/L) significantly increased hepatic inflammation by upregulating interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α expression and hepatic apoptosis by increasing cysteinyl aspartate specific protease 3 (caspase-3) and caspase-9 expression (P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that fish growth and survival positively correlated with histological and antioxidant defense parameters, and negatively correlated with oxidative stress parameters, hepatic inflammation, and hepatic apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that high levels of waterborne Cu can induce growth retardation and mortality by damaging the liver and gill health.

Micronutrient Deficiency in Inherited Metabolic Disorders Requiring Diet Regimen: A Brief Critical Review

Many inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs), including disorders of amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism, are treated with a dietary reduction or exclusion of certain macronutrients, putting one at risk of a reduced intake of micronutrients. In this review, we aim to provide available evidence on the most common micronutrient deficits related to specific dietary approaches and on the management of their deficiency, in the meanwhile discussing the main critical points of each nutritional supplementation. The emerging concepts are that a great heterogeneity in clinical practice exists, as well as no univocal evidence on the most common micronutrient abnormalities. In phenylketonuria, for example, micronutrients are recommended to be supplemented through protein substitutes; however, not all formulas are equally supplemented and some of them are not added with micronutrients. Data on pyridoxine and riboflavin status in these patients are particularly scarce. In long-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders, no specific recommendations on micronutrient supplementation are available. Regarding carbohydrate metabolism disorders, the difficult-to-ascertain sugar content in supplementation formulas is still a matter of concern. A ketogenic diet may predispose one to both oligoelement deficits and their overload, and therefore deserves specific formulations. In conclusion, our overview points out the lack of unanimous approaches to micronutrient deficiencies, the need for specific formulations for IMDs, and the necessity of high-quality studies, particularly for some under-investigated deficits.

Oxidative Stress and Male Infertility: The Protective Role of Antioxidants

Oxidative stress is a significant factor in male infertility, compromising sperm function and overall reproductive health. As male infertility garners increasing attention, effective therapeutic interventions become paramount. This review investigates the therapeutic role of antioxidants in addressing male infertility. A detailed examination was conducted on antioxidants such as vitamin C, E, B12, D, coenzyme Q10, zinc, folic acid, selenium, l-carnitine, l-arginine, inositols, and alpha-lipoic acid. This analysis examines the methodologies, outcomes, and constraints of current clinical studies. Antioxidants show notable potential in counteracting the negative effects of oxidative stress on sperm. Based on the evidence, these antioxidants, individually or synergistically, can enhance sperm health and reproductive outcomes. However, certain limitations in the studies call for careful interpretation. Antioxidants are integral in tackling male infertility attributed to oxidative stress. The current findings underscore their therapeutic value, yet there's a pressing need for deeper, comprehensive research. Future studies should focus on refining dosage guidelines, identifying potential side effects, and discerning the most efficacious antioxidant combinations for male infertility solutions.

Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the most common pregnancy complications. It is related to several gestational and fetal adverse outcomes. Moreover, women with GDM and their infants have a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future. The pathogenesis of GDM is not completely understood; nevertheless, two factors that contribute to its development are oxidative stress and inflammation. Oxidative stress and inflammation are related; reactive oxygen species (ROS) production can activate inflammatory cells and enhance the production of inflammatory mediators. Inflammation, in turn, leads to an increased ROS release, causing a vicious circle to ensue. Inflammatory responses can be achieved via the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Herein, we review the English literature regarding oxidative stress and inflammation evaluated simultaneously in the same population, attempting to identify mechanisms through which these factors contribute to the development of GDM. Furthermore, the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation by different therapies used in women with GDM and in cell models of GDM is included in the review. Probiotics and nutrient supplementations have been shown to reduce biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in vitro and in women with GDM.

Key Nutrients for Optimal Blood Glucose Control and Mental Health in Individuals with Diabetes: A Review of the Evidence

Diabetes is associated with an increased risk of mental disorders, including depression, anxiety, and cognitive decline. Mental disorders can also contribute to the development of diabetes through various mechanisms including increased stress, poor self-care behaviors, and adverse effects on glucose metabolism. Consequently, individuals suffering from either of these conditions frequently experience comorbidity with the other. Nutrition plays an important role in both diabetes and mental health disorders including depression and anxiety. Deficiencies in specific nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, B vitamins, zinc, chromium, magnesium, and selenium have been implicated in the pathogenesis of both diabetes and mental disorders. While the impact of nutrition on the progression and control of diabetes and mental disorders is broadly acknowledged, there is a notable knowledge gap concerning the implications of distinct nutrients in preventing and mitigating symptoms of both conditions when they coexist. The aim of this study was to examine the role of nutrition in improving glucose homeostasis and promoting mental well-being among individuals with diabetes. Further, we evaluated the preventive or delaying effects of key nutrients on the simultaneous manifestation of these conditions when one of them is present. Our findings indicated that the use of personalized dietary interventions and targeted nutrient supplementation can improve metabolic and mental health outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Zinc's protective role against hydroxychloroquine-induced cardiac effects in adult male albino rats

Background

Long exposure to Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has been complicated by some dangerous though infrequent cardiotoxicity.

Methods

A total of 40 normal adult male albino rats dispersed into 4 groups were used. Group 1 (Control group), Group II (HCQ treated group), Group III (zinc [Zn]-treated group), and Group IV (HCQ and Zn treated group). Once the experimentation ended, rats were sacrificed and cardiac soft tissue sections were processed twenty-four hours at the end of the experiment for histological study.

Results

Cardiac-stained sections revealed that HCQ induced widespread necrosis, dilatation, and vacuolar degeneration. However, the combination of HCQ with Zn ameliorated these damaging effects. Cardiac enzyme parameters were also studied in the 4 groups and revealed CK-MB and troponin were considerably elevated in groups II associated to the control group.

Conclusion

It was concluded that Zn revealed a protective role against HCQ cardiomyopathy in adult male albino rats. This might signify an appreciated means for Zn-based treatment in the upcoming subsequent clinical records to adjust doses and guarantee patient safeguard.

The Implications of Insufficient Zinc on the Generation of Oxidative Stress Leading to Decreased Oocyte Quality

Zinc is a transition metal that displays wide physiological implications ranging from participation in hundreds of enzymes and proteins to normal growth and development. In the reproductive tract of both sexes, zinc maintains a functional role in spermatogenesis, ovulation, fertilization, normal pregnancy, fetal development, and parturition. In this work, we review evidence to date regarding the importance of zinc in oocyte maturation and development, with emphasis on the role of key zinc-binding proteins, as well as examine the effects of zinc and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on oocyte quality and female fertility. We summarize our current knowledge about the participation of zinc in the developing oocyte bound to zinc finger proteins as well as loosely bound zinc ion in the intracellular and extracellular environments. These include aspects related to (1) the impact of zinc deficiency and overwhelming production of ROS under inflammatory conditions on the offset of the physiological antioxidant machinery disturbing biomolecules, proteins, and cellular processes, and their role in contributing to further oxidative stress; (2) the role of ROS in modulating damage to proteins containing zinc, such as zinc finger proteins and nitric oxide synthases (NOS), and expelling the zinc resulting in loss of protein function; and (3) clarify the different role of oxidative stress and zinc deficiency in the pathophysiology of infertility diseases with special emphasis on endometriosis-associated infertility.

Toxic copper level increases erythrocyte glycolytic rate, glutathione production and alters electrolyte balance in male Wistar rats

BACKGROUND

Copper is a micronutrient vital to several cellular energy metabolic processes and drives erythropoiesis. However, it disrupts cellular biological activities and causes oxidative damage when in excess of cellular needs. This study investigated the effects of copper toxicity on erythrocyte energy metabolism in male Wistar rats.

METHODS

Ten Wistar rats (150-170 g) were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (given 0.1 ml distilled water) and copper toxic (given 100 mg/kg copper sulphate). Rats were orally treated for 30 days. Blood, collected retro-orbitally after sodium thiopentone anaesthesia (50 mg/kg i.p.) into fluoride oxalate and EDTA bottles, was subjected to blood lactate assay and extraction of red blood cell respectively. Red blood cell nitric oxide (RBC NO), glutathione (RBC GSH), adenosine triphosphate (RBC ATP) levels, RBC hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate (RBC G6P), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (RBC G6PDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (RBC LDH) activity was estimated spectrophotometrically. Values (Mean±SEM, n = 5) were compared by Student's unpaired T-test at p < 0.05.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

Copper toxicity significantly increased RBC hexokinase (23.41 ± 2.80 µM), G6P (0.48 ± 0.03 µM), G6PDH (71.03 ± 4.76nmol/min/ml) activities, ATP (624.70 ± 57.36 µmol/gHb) and GSH (3.08 ± 0.37 µM) level compared to control (15.28 ± 1.37 µM, 0.35 ± 0.02 µM, 330.30 ± 49.58 µmol/gHb, 54.41 ± 3.01nmol/min/ml and 2.05 ± 0.14 µM respectively, p < 0.05). Also, RBC LDH activity (145.00 ± 19.88mU/ml), NO (3.45 ± 0.25 µM) and blood lactate (31.64 ± 0.91 mg/dl) level were lowered significantly compared to control (467.90 ± 94.23mU/ml, 4.48 ± 0.18 µM and 36.12 ± 1.06 mg/dl respectively). This study shows that copper toxicity increases erythrocyte glycolytic rate and glutathione production. This increase could be connected to a compensatory mechanism for cellular hypoxia and increased free radical generation.

Metal Complexes of Omadine (N-Hydroxypyridine-2-thione): Differences of Antioxidant and Pro-Oxidant Behavior in Light and Dark Conditions with Possible Toxicity Implications

Omadine or N-hydroxypyridine-2-thione and its metal complexes are widely used in medicine and show bactericidal, fungicidal, anticancer, and photochemical activity. The redox activity of omadine complexes with iron, copper, and zinc on lipid peroxidation under light and dark conditions has been investigated. The monitoring of the oxidation of linoleic acid micelles, resembling a model of lipid membrane, was carried out using nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR). It has been shown that the omadine-zinc complex can induce the oxidation of linoleic acid under light irradiation, whereas the complexes with iron and copper are photochemically stable. All the chelating complexes of omadine appear to be redox-inactive in the presence of hydrogen peroxide under dark conditions. These findings suggest that omadine can demonstrate antioxidant behavior in processes involving reactive oxygen species generation induced by transition metals (Fenton and photo-Fenton reactions). However, the omadine complex with zinc, which is widely used in shampoos and ointments, is photochemically active and may cause oxidative cell membrane damage when exposed to light, with possible implications to health.

Association between serum zinc levels and suicidal ideation in US adults: A population-based cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

Evidence suggests that the homeostatic disruption of zinc, copper, and selenium might contribute to the pathophysiology of mental disorders. However, the specific relationship between the serum levels of these trace elements with suicidal ideation remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigated the association among suicidal ideation on serum levels of zinc, copper, and selenium.

METHODS

The cross-sectional study was conducted using data from a nationally representative sample of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011-2016. Suicidal ideation was assessed using Item #9 of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 Items. Multivariate regression models and restricted cubic splines were performed and E-value was calculated.

RESULTS

A total of 4561 participants aged 20 years and older were analyzed, of whom 4.08 % had suicidal ideation. The serum zinc levels were lower in the suicidal ideation group than in the non-suicidal ideation group (P = 0.021). In Crude Model, the serum zinc levels were associated with a higher suicidal ideation risk in the second quartile compared with the highest quartile [odds ratio (OR) = 2.63; 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.53-4.53]. The association persisted (OR = 2.35; 95 % CI: 1.20-4.58) after full adjustment, with E-value 2.44. A nonlinear relationship was observed between serum zinc levels and suicidal ideation (P = 0.028). No relationship was observed between suicidal ideation and serum copper or selenium levels (all P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Decreased serum zinc levels may increase susceptibility to suicidal ideation. Future studies are needed to validate the findings of this study.

Low Level Mancozeb Exposure Causes Copper Bioaccumulation in the Renal Cortex of Rats Leading to Tubular Injury

Mancozeb is a widely-used, broad-spectrum contact dithiocarbamate fungicide. Dithiocarbamates are known to trans-chelate metals. This study was designed to evaluate the potential of Mancozeb to mobilize and bioaccumulate essential trace metals in various tissues. Long-Evans rats were orally gavaged with 0, 50, or 100mg/kg/day of Mancozeb for 28 days. Mancozeb caused a significant increase in copper and manganese in the hippocampus and manganese in the liver. Exceedingly higher level of copper was detected in the renal cortex using ICP-OES in both dose groups. This was confirmed histologically in the tubular epithelial cells. In addition, copper-associated protein levels were also increased. Copper bioaccumulation in the renal cortex was accompanied by oxidative damage and tubular insult indicated by increased 4-HNE, KIM-1, and NGAL immunoreactivity. These findings demonstrate that low-dose Mancozeb exposure is a potential risk for kidney injury due to copper overload and warrants further in vivo and human population-based investigations.

Attenuating effects of selenium and zinc against hexavalent chromium-induced oxidative stress, hormonal instability, and placenta damage in preimplanted rats

As a toxic metal, hexavalent chromium (CrVI) has effects on both the reproductive and endocrine systems. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of selenium (Se) and zinc (Zn) against the toxicity of chromium on the placenta in pregnant Wistar albino rats. Thirty pregnant Wistar rats were divided into control and four treated groups, receiving subcutaneously (s.c) on the 3rd day of pregnancy, K₂Cr₂O₇ (10 mg/kg body weight (bw)) alone, or in association with Se (0.3 mg/kg bw), ZnCl₂ (20 mg/kg bw), or both of them simultaneously. Plasma steroid hormones, placenta histoarchitecture, oxidative stress profile, and developmental parameters were investigated. These results showed that K₂Cr₂O₇ exposure induced a significant increase in the levels of both plasma estradiol (E₂) and placenta malondialdehyde (MDA), the number of fetal resorptions, and percent of post-implantation loss. On the other hand, K₂Cr₂O₇ significantly reduced developmental parameters, maternal body and placenta weight, and plasma progesterone (P) and chorionic gonadotropin hormone (β HCG) levels. However, K₂Cr₂O₇ significantly decreased the placenta activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), and nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH). These changes have been reinforced by histopathological evaluation of the placenta. Se and/or ZnCl₂ supplementation provoked a significant improvement in most indices. These results suggest that the co-treatment with Se or ZnCl₂ strongly opposes the placenta cytotoxicity induced by K₂Cr₂O₇ through its antioxidant action.

Muscle quality traits and oxidative status of Iberian pigs supplemented with zinc and betaine under heat stress

The study analyzed the effect of supplemental zinc and betaine on meat quality and redox status of muscles (longissimus lumborum and gluteus medius) from heat- stressed pigs. Twenty-four pure Iberian pigs were assigned to one of three treatments (n = 8): control diet, Zn supplemented diet (120 mg/kg) and betaine supplemented diet (5 g/kg) that were all exposed to 30 °C during 28 days. No significant differences were observed in chemical composition and fatty acid profile of the muscles. The Zn diet improved the water retention capacity of longissimus, increased the antioxidant properties (ABTS and FRAP) and the glutathione peroxidase activity, and reduced the level of MDA. No significant effects associated to the betaine diet were observed in quality traits and antioxidant markers of muscles. These findings suggest that Zn supplementation may be used as a nutritional strategy to improve the antioxidant properties of meat of Iberian pigs subjected to heat stress conditions.

Heavy metals and inflammatory, oxidative/antioxidant and DNA damage biomarkers among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) in Niger Delta, Nigeria

This study evaluated the association of heavy metals (HMs) and effect biomarkers (inflammation, oxidative stress/antioxidant capacity and DNA damage) among people living with HIV/AIDS (PHWHA) in Niger Delta area, Nigeria. Blood levels of lead (BPb), cadmium (BCd), copper (BCu), zinc (BZn), iron (BFe), C-reactive protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were determined in a total of 185 participants, 104 HIV-positive and 81 HIV-negative sampled in both Niger Delta and non-Niger Delta regions. BCd (p < 0.001) and BPb (p = 0.139) were higher in HIV-positive subjects compared to HIV-negative controls; on the contrary, BCu, BZn and BFe levels were lower (p < 0.001) in HIV-positive subjects compared to HIV-negative controls. The Niger Delta population had higher levels of heavy metals (p < 0.01) compared to non-Niger Delta residents. CRP and 8-OHdG were higher (p < 0.001) in HIV-positive than in HIV-negative subjects and in Niger-Delta than in non-Niger Delta residents. BCu had significant positive dose-response relationship with CRP (61.9%, p = 0.063) and GSH (1.64%, p = 0.035) levels in HIV-positive subjects, and negative response with MDA levels (26.6%, p < 0.001). Periodic assessment of HMs levels among PLWHA is recommended.

Zinc status in public health: exploring emerging research trends through bibliometric analysis of the historical context from 1978 to 2022

The current study aims to provide a roadmap for future research by analyzing the research structures and trends in scholarly publications related to the status of zinc in public health. Only journal articles published between 1978 and 2022 are included in the refined bibliographical outputs retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) database. The first section announces findings based on WoS categories, such as discipline heterogeneity, times cited and publications over time, and citation reports. The second section then employs VoSViewer software for bibliometric analysis, which includes a thorough examination of co-authorship among researchers, organizations, and countries and a count of all bibliographic databases among documents. The final section discusses the research's weaknesses and strengths in zinc status, public health, and potential future directions; 7158 authors contributed to 1730 papers (including 339 with publications, more than three times). "Keen, C.L." is a researcher with the most publications and a better understanding of zinc status in public health. Meanwhile, the USA has been the epicenter of research on the status of zinc in public health due to the highest percentage of publications with the most citations and collaboration with the rest of the world, with the top institution being the University of California, Davis. Future research can be organized collaboratively based on hot topics from co-occurrence network mapping and bibliographic couplings to improve zinc status and protect public health.

Combination of Phycocyanin, Zinc, and Selenium Improves Survival Rate and Inflammation in the Lipopolysaccharide-Galactosamine Mouse Model

Sepsis is related to systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, the primary causes of death in intensive care units. Severe functional abnormalities in numerous organs can arise due to sepsis, with acute lung damage being the most common and significant morbidity. Spirulina, blue-green algae with high protein, vitamins, phycocyanin, and antioxidant content, shows anti-inflammatory properties by decreasing the release of cytokines. In addition, zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) act as an antioxidant by inhibiting the oxidation of macromolecules, as well as the inhibition of the inflammatory response. The current study aimed to examine the combined properties of Zn, Se, and phycocyanin oligopeptides (ZnSePO) against lipopolysaccharide-D-galactosamine (LPS-GalN)-induced septic lung injury through survival rate, inflammatory, and histopathological changes in Balb/c mice. A total of 30 mice were allocated into three groups: normal control, LPS-GalN (100 ng of LPS plus 8 mg of D-galactosamine), LPS-GalN + ZnSePO (ZnPic, 52.5 µg/mL; SeMet, 0.02 µg/mL; and phycocyanin oligopeptide (PO), 2.00 mg/mL; at 1 h before the injection of LPS-GalN). Lung tissue from mice revealed noticeable inflammatory reactions and typical interstitial fibrosis after the LPS-GalN challenge. LPS-GalN-induced increased mortality rate and levels of IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, TGF-β, TNF-α, and NF-κB in lung tissue. Moreover, treatment of septic mice LPS-GalN + ZnSePO reduced mortality rates and inflammatory responses. ZnSePO considerably influenced tissue cytokine levels, contributing to its capacity to minimize acute lung injury (ALI) and pulmonary inflammation and prevent pulmonary edema formation in LPS-GalN-injected mice. In conclusion, ZnSePO treatment enhanced the survival rate of endotoxemia mice via improving inflammation and oxidative stress, indicating a possible therapeutic effect for patients with septic infections.

Role of antioxidants in fertility preservation of sperm - A narrative review

Male fertility is affected by multiple endogenous stressors, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), which greatly deteriorate the fertility. However, physiological levels of ROS are required by sperm for the proper accomplishment of different cellular functions including proliferation, maturation, capacitation, acrosomal reaction, and fertilization. Excessive ROS production creates an imbalance between ROS production and neutralization resulting in oxidative stress (OS). OS causes male infertility by impairing sperm functions including reduced motility, deoxyribonucleic acid damage, morphological defects, and enhanced apoptosis. Several in-vivo and in-vitro studies have reported improvement in quality-related parameters of sperm following the use of different natural and synthetic antioxidants. In this review, we focus on the causes of OS, ROS production sources, mechanisms responsible for sperm damage, and the role of antioxidants in preserving sperm fertility.

Oxidative stress induced by sub-lethal exposure to copper as a mediator in development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics

Limited information exists on how bacterial resistance to antibiotics is acquired and altered in response to short-term metal stress, and what the prevailing pathways are. Here the precursor mechanisms of development of bacterial antibiotic resistance mediated by oxidative stress induce under sub-lethal Cu²⁺ exposure were explored. The results showed that the overall level of antibiotic resistance in wild-type Escherichia coli and antibiotic-resistant E. coli was enhanced under 4 and 20 mg/L Cu²⁺ exposure, as demonstrated by the 2- to 8-fold increase in minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The MIC correlated with the increase of the cellular ROS generation and the enhancement of the antioxidant enzyme activity (p < 0.05), suggesting that changes in antibiotic resistance under sub-lethal Cu²⁺ exposure could be associated with oxidative stress. Likewise, enhanced cell membrane permeability and an increase in the number of bacteria entering the viable but non culturable (VBNC) state contributed to bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Moreover, the variance partitioning analysis demonstrated that the alterations of the antibiotic resistance phenotype of wild-type E. coli was mainly caused by oxidative stress-mediated increase in cell membrane permeability and entry into the VBNC state. The development of antibiotic resistance in resistant E. coli was primarily attributed to changes in the abundance and horizontal transfer ability of its antibiotic resistance genes, both of which contributed up to 20 %. Taken together the results allowed to propose a conseptual scheme on developing bacterial antibiotic resistance mediated by oxidative stress under sub-lethal Cu²⁺ exposure. This result provided a strong basis for reduction of early bacterial resistance.

Esophageal ulcer related to zinc deficiency following a total gastrectomy

A 76-y-old Japanese man who had undergone gastrectomy 4.5 y earlier experienced 2 wk of sore throat, heartburn, and difficulty swallowing. Endoscopy showed deep, craterlike, longitudinal ulcers in the lower and middle esophagus. Immunohistochemistry and blood tests were negative for herpes simplex virus and cytomegalovirus infections. The patient reported no other symptoms affecting the gastrointestinal tract. Although his symptoms ameliorated after initial hospitalization and treatment, they re-emerged a few days after being discharged. Fifty-one days after being first admitted, he complained of glossalgia. The serum zinc level was found to be 38 µg/dL, which was below the reference range; the patient was diagnosed with zinc deficiency. After oral zinc administration, the patient was relieved of the symptoms, and his pain was alleviated. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy after symptom relief showed improvement in the esophageal ulcers. He has continued taking zinc supplementations, and has not developed similar symptoms in the 5 y since being treated. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report of esophageal ulcers related to zinc deficiency.

Silymarin Encapsulated Liposomal Formulation: An Effective Treatment Modality against Copper Toxicity Associated Liver Dysfunction and Neurobehavioral Abnormalities in Wistar Rats

Wilson's disease causes copper accumulation in the liver and extrahepatic organs. The available therapies aim to lower copper levels by various means. However, a potent drug that can repair the damaged liver and brain tissue is needed. Silymarin has hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and cytoprotective properties. However, poor oral bioavailability reduces its efficacy. In this study, a "thin film hydration method" was used for synthesizing silymarin-encapsulated liposome nanoparticles (SLNPs) and evaluated them against copper toxicity, associated liver dysfunction and neurobehavioral abnormalities in Wistar rats. After copper toxicity induction, serological and behavioral assays were conducted to evaluate treatment approaches. Histological examination of the diseased rats revealed severe hepatocyte necrosis and neuronal vacuolation. These cellular degenerations were mild in rats treated with SLNPs and a combination of zinc and SLNPs (ZSLNPs). SLNPs also decreased liver enzymes and enhanced rats' spatial memory significantly (p = 0.006) in the diseased rats. During forced swim tests, SLNPs treated rats exhibited a 60-s reduction in the immobility period, indicating reduced depression. ZSLNPs were significantly more effective than traditional zinc therapy in decreasing the immobility period (p = 0.0008) and reducing liver enzymes, but not in improving spatial memory. Overall, SLNPs enhanced oral silymarin administration and managed copper toxicity symptoms.

New Insights into the In Vitro Antioxidant Routes and Osteogenic Properties of Sr/Zn Phytate Compounds

Sr/Zn phytate compounds have been shown interest in biomaterial science, specifically in dental implantology, due to their antimicrobial effects against Streptococcus mutans and their capacity to form bioactive coatings. Phytic acid is a natural chelating compound that shows antioxidant and osteogenic properties that can play an important role in bone remodelling processes affected by oxidative stress environments, such as those produced during infections. The application of non-protein cell-signalling molecules that regulate both bone and ROS homeostasis is a promising strategy for the regeneration of bone tissues affected by oxidative stress processes. In this context, phytic acid (PA) emerged as an excellent option since its antioxidant and osteogenic properties can play an important role in bone remodelling processes. In this study, we explored the antioxidant and osteogenic properties of two metallic PA complexes bearing bioactive cations, i.e., Sr²⁺ (SrPhy) and Zn²⁺ (ZnPhy), highlighting the effect of the divalent cations anchored to phytate moieties and their capability to modulate the PA properties. The in vitro features of the complexes were analyzed and compared with those of their precursor PA. The ferrozine/FeCl₂ method indicated that SrPhy exhibited a more remarkable ferrous ion affinity than ZnPhy, while the antioxidant activity demonstrated by a DPPH assay showed that only ZnPhy reduced the content of free radicals. Likewise, the antioxidant potential was assessed with RAW264.7 cell cultures. An ROS assay indicated again that ZnPhy was the only one to reduce the ROS content (20%), whereas all phytate compounds inhibited lipid peroxidation following the decreasing order of PA > SrPhy > ZnPhy. The in vitro evaluation of the phytate's osteogenic ability was performed using hMSC cells. The results showed tailored properties related to the cation bound in each complex. ZnPhy overexpressed ALP activity at 3 and 14 days, and SrPhy significantly increased calcium deposition after 21 days. This study demonstrated that Sr/Zn phytates maintained the antioxidant and osteogenic properties of PA and can be used in bone regenerative therapies involving oxidative environments, such as infected implant coatings and periodontal tissues.

Association between Dietary Zinc Intake, Serum Zinc Level and Multiple Comorbidities in Older Adults

Zinc is one of the essential micronutrients in the geriatric population, but the importance of zinc status and dietary zinc intake has been poorly characterized. We aimed to explore the relationships among dietary zinc intake, serum zinc concentrations and multimorbidity in a cross-sectional study of 300 employees of Electric Generating Authority of Thailand aged ≥ 60 years. Comprehensive questionnaires were completed, and clinical and laboratory assessments were performed. Factors associated with low serum zinc concentrations were identified using multivariate multinomial logistic regression analyses. The mean serum zinc level was 80.5 (12.8) µg/dL. After adjustment for baseline characteristics, being female and having been in education for ≤12 years were independent risk factors for the lowest tertile (T1) of serum zinc. After additional adjustment for clinical and biochemical parameters, there was a significant association between depression (Thai Geriatric Depression Scale-15 score > 5) and low serum zinc levels (T1 vs. T3, odds ratio (OR): 2.24; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06−4.77). Furthermore, as serum albumin increased, serum zinc concentration substantially increased (T1 vs. T3, OR: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.002−0.070). Therefore, the early detection of risk factors and the further management of depression and low serum albumin may assist physicians in preventing low serum concentrations.

Nutrition and Diet: A Double-Edged Sword in Development and Treatment of Brain Tumors

Brain tumor (BT) is the second most common pediatric cancer, one of the most common cancers among adults, and the major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Both genetics and environment can contribute to BT induction. One of the environmental risks is diet which has not been proven as a certain hazard yet. The objective of the current chapter was to review the literature concerning both positive and negative effects of nutrition on BT risk.

Effects of Zinc Adaptation on Histological Morphology, Antioxidant Responses, and Expression of Immune-Related Genes of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella)

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of zinc adaptation on histological morphology and antioxidant and immune responses of grass carp(Ctenopharyngodon idella). A total of 180 young grass carp (20.0 ± 2.0 g) was equally distributed into 9 groups, and triplicate groups were subjected to 0 μg/L Zn²⁺ (control group), 200 μg/L Zn²⁺, and 300 μg/L Zn²⁺ solution for 42 days, respectively. The results indicated that the liver and gill have obvious pathological changes after long-term adaptation to zinc except the intestine; the zinc adaptation can positively influence intestinal morphology. The activities of GPX (glutathione peroxidase activity), SOD (superoxide dismutase), and CAT (Catalase) were significantly increased in zinc treatment groups (P < 0.05). The genes expression levels of CuZnSOD (copper zinc superoxide dismutase), CAT, Hsp70 (heat shock protein-70), IL-1b (interleukin-1-b), and TGF-β1 (transforming growth factor-β1) were upregulated in the gill and intestine of grass carp following waterborne adaptation to zinc solution for 42 days (P < 0.05). In conclusion, zinc adaptation has different effects on organs of grass carp and may reduce the inflammatory response of the body's gills and intestines by improving the body's antioxidant and anti-stress defense capabilities.

Exploring mitigating role of zinc nanoparticles on arsenic, ammonia and temperature stress using molecular signature in fish

BACKGROUND

The pollution and climate change in aquatic ecosystems are major problems threatening the aquatic organisms for existence in the recent timeline, which promotes the extinction of the fish species. However, the present study dealt with zinc nanoparticles (Zn-NPs) in mitigating arsenic, ammonia and high temperature stresses in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To studying different gene expressions, an experiment was conducted to mitigate the multiple stressors using dietary Zn-NPs at 0, 2, 4, and 6 mg kg^-1 diets. In the present investigation, the gene expressions studies were performed for growth hormone regulator 1 (GHR1), growth hormone regulator β (GHRβ), growth hormone (GR) in liver and gill tissue as well as myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) in the muscle tissue. The anti-oxidative genes CAT, SOD and GPx in liver and gill tissues were also analysed. Expression studies for stress responsive heat shock protein gene (HSP70), DNA damage inducible protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), immune related genes such as interleukin (IL), tumour necrosis factor (TNFα), toll like receptor (TLR) and immunoglobulin were performed. At the end of the experiment the fish were infected with Aeromonas hydrophila to evaluate the immunomodulatory role of Zn-NPs.

RESULTS

In the present investigation, the growth hormone regulator 1 (GHR1), growth hormone regulator β (GHRβ), growth hormone (GR) in liver and gill as well as myostatin (MYST) and somatostatin (SMT) in muscle were noticeably altered, whereas, Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg^-1 diet improved gene expressions. The anti-oxidant gene viz. CAT, SOD and GPx in liver and gill tissues were upregulated by stressors such as As, NH₃, NH₃+T. As+T and As+NH₃+T. Therefore, anti-oxidant genes were noticeably improved with dietary Zn-NPs diet. The stress protein gene (HSP70), DNA damage inducible protein, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was significantly upregulated, whereas, Zn-NPs diet was applied to the corrected gene regulation. Similarly, immune related genes such as interleukin (IL), tumour necrosis factor (TNFα), toll like receptor (TLR) and immunoglobulin were highly affected by stressors. Dietary Zn-NPs at 4 mg kg^-1 diet was improved all the immune related gene expression and mitigate arsenic, ammonia and high temperature stress in fish.

CONCLUSION

The present investigation revealed that Zn-NPs at 4.0 mg kg^-1 diet has enormous potential to modulates arsenic, ammonia and high temperature stress, and protect against pathogenic infections in fish.

Nano Zinc Oxide Improves Performance, IGF-I mRNA Expression, Meat Quality, and Humeral Immune Response and Alleviates Oxidative Stress and NF-κB Immunohistochemistry of Broiler Chickens

A 35-day trial was set to explore the effects of different dietary zinc sources on growth, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) mRNA expression, meat quality, immune response, antioxidant activity, and immunohistochemistry of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κ7B) of broiler chickens. Ross 308 broiler chicks (n = 156) were randomly assigned into four experimental groups. The G1 received the basal control diet without zinc supplementation; the G2, G3, and G4 were supplemented with zinc oxide, zinc lysine, and nano zinc oxide, respectively, at a level of 40 mg Zn/kg diet. The data revealed that nano zinc oxide linearly improved the overall growth performance parameters. Nano zinc oxide linearly elevated (P < 0.001) mRNA expression of IGF-I followed by G3. The pH value of breast muscle in G4 shows a linearly decreasing value (P < 0.001). Also, the linearly highest expressible release volume percentage and lightness (L*) value with the lowest redness (a*) value (P < 0.05) were recorded in G4 and G3. A numerical increase in the total antibody titer was recorded on the 35^th day in the G3 and G4. A numerical elevation in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and a numerical reduction in the serum malondialdehyde (MDA) were recorded in the G4. The section of the liver from G4 revealed significantly very low expression of NF-κB staining. It is concluded that nano zinc oxide is considered the more trending zinc source. It had no negative effects on the health status and can be used in broiler diet premix.

Repurposable Drugs That Interact with Steroid Responsive Gene Targets for Inner Ear Disease

Corticosteroids, oral or transtympanic, remain the mainstay for inner ear diseases characterized by hearing fluctuation or sudden changes in hearing, including sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL), Meniere's disease (MD), and autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED). Despite their use across these diseases, the rate of complete recovery remains low, and results across the literature demonstrates significant heterogeneity with respect to the effect of corticosteroids, suggesting a need to identify more efficacious treatment options. Previously, our group has cross-referenced steroid-responsive genes in the cochlea with published single-cell and single-nucleus transcriptome datasets to demonstrate that steroid-responsive differentially regulated genes are expressed in spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) and stria vascularis (SV) cell types. These differentially regulated genes represent potential druggable gene targets. We utilized multiple gene target databases (DrugBank, Pharos, and LINCS) to identify orally administered, FDA approved medications that potentially target these genes. We identified 42 candidate drugs that have been shown to interact with these genes, with an emphasis on safety profile, and tolerability. This study utilizes multiple databases to identify drugs that can target a number of druggable genes in otologic disorders that are commonly treated with steroids, providing a basis for establishing novel repurposing treatment trials.