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Comes JDG, Pijlman GP, Hick TAH. Rise of the RNA machines - self-amplification in mRNA vaccine design. Trends Biotechnol 2023; 41:1417-1429. [PMID: 37328401 PMCID: PMC10266560 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have won the race for early COVID-19 vaccine approval, yet improvements are necessary to retain this leading role in combating infectious diseases. A next generation of self-amplifying mRNAs, also known as replicons, form an ideal vaccine platform. Replicons induce potent humoral and cellular responses with few adverse effects upon a minimal, single-dose immunization. Delivery of replicons is achieved with virus-like replicon particles (VRPs), or in nonviral vehicles such as liposomes or lipid nanoparticles. Here, we discuss innovative advances, including multivalent, mucosal, and therapeutic replicon vaccines, and highlight novelties in replicon design. As soon as essential safety evaluations have been resolved, this promising vaccine concept can transform into a widely applied clinical platform technology taking center stage in pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome D G Comes
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Virology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gorben P Pijlman
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Virology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tessy A H Hick
- Wageningen University and Research, Laboratory of Virology, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Irvine DJ, Aung A, Silva M. Controlling timing and location in vaccines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 158:91-115. [PMID: 32598970 PMCID: PMC7318960 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most powerful technologies supporting public health. The adaptive immune response induced by immunization arises following appropriate activation and differentiation of T and B cells in lymph nodes. Among many parameters impacting the resulting immune response, the presence of antigen and inflammatory cues for an appropriate temporal duration within the lymph nodes, and further within appropriate subcompartments of the lymph nodes– the right timing and location– play a critical role in shaping cellular and humoral immunity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how vaccine kinetics and biodistribution impact adaptive immunity, and the underlying immunological mechanisms that govern these responses. We discuss emerging approaches to engineer these properties for future vaccines, with a focus on subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darrell J Irvine
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Aereas Aung
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Murillo Silva
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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3
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Kozlowski PA, Aldovini A. Mucosal Vaccine Approaches for Prevention of HIV and SIV Transmission. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 15:102-122. [PMID: 31452652 DOI: 10.2174/1573395514666180605092054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Optimal protective immunity to HIV will likely require that plasma cells, memory B cells and memory T cells be stationed in mucosal tissues at portals of viral entry. Mucosal vaccine administration is more effective than parenteral vaccine delivery for this purpose. The challenge has been to achieve efficient vaccine uptake at mucosal surfaces, and to identify safe and effective adjuvants, especially for mucosally administered HIV envelope protein immunogens. Here, we discuss strategies used to deliver potential HIV vaccine candidates in the intestine, respiratory tract, and male and female genital tract of humans and nonhuman primates. We also review mucosal adjuvants, including Toll-like receptor agonists, which may adjuvant both mucosal humoral and cellular immune responses to HIV protein immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Kozlowski
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Anna Aldovini
- Department of Medicine, and Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Boston MA, 02115, USA
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4
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Altenburg AF, van Trierum SE, de Bruin E, de Meulder D, van de Sandt CE, van der Klis FRM, Fouchier RAM, Koopmans MPG, Rimmelzwaan GF, de Vries RD. Effects of pre-existing orthopoxvirus-specific immunity on the performance of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara-based influenza vaccines. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6474. [PMID: 29692427 PMCID: PMC5915537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The replication-deficient orthopoxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is a promising vaccine vector against various pathogens and has an excellent safety record. However, pre-existing vector-specific immunity is frequently suggested to be a drawback of MVA-based vaccines. To address this issue, mice were vaccinated with MVA-based influenza vaccines in the presence or absence of orthopoxvirus-specific immunity. Importantly, protective efficacy of an MVA-based influenza vaccine against a homologous challenge was not impaired in the presence of orthopoxvirus-specific pre-existing immunity. Nonetheless, orthopoxvirus-specific pre-existing immunity reduced the induction of antigen-specific antibodies under specific conditions and completely prevented induction of antigen-specific T cell responses by rMVA-based vaccination. Notably, antibodies induced by vaccinia virus vaccination, both in mice and humans, were not capable of neutralizing MVA. Thus, when using rMVA-based vaccines it is important to consider the main correlate of protection induced by the vaccine, the vaccine dose and the orthopoxvirus immune status of vaccine recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arwen F Altenburg
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stella E van Trierum
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien E van de Sandt
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fiona R M van der Klis
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control (Cib), National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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5
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HIV-vaccines: lessons learned and the way forward. ASIAN BIOMED 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/abm-2010-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A safe and efficacious preventive HIV vaccine, as part of a comprehensive prevention program, remains among the highest public health priorities. It would be the best tool that could reduce the spread of HIV significantly in the long run. Current AIDS vaccine candidates are unable to induce neutralizing antibodies against primary HIV isolates or only to a very limited and narrow extent, representing a major obstacle in the development of an efficacious HIV vaccine. Clinical efforts have mainly focused on T-cell vaccines such as DNA and various recombinant vectors alone or in prime-boost regimens. The Merck Ad5 vaccine not only failed to show efficacy but also was associated with increased risk of HIV acquisition in vaccinees in a Phase IIb trial. While gp120 alone was not efficacious, the ALVAC prime and gp120 boost regimen showed 31% efficacy in a Phase III trial in Thailand. These contrasting results illustrate the limitations of available laboratory assays to assess the vaccine-induced immune responses and the lack of understanding of immune correlates of protection. Efforts should therefore focus on developing vaccine candidates inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies. Similarly, new vector strategies such as replicating vectors should be explored to induce strong and broad T-cell responses in the systemic and mucosal compartments. Innovation in immune assay development and testing algorithms is critically needed. The standardization of more relevant and predictive non-human primate models for immunogenicity and efficacy studies will contribute to better and faster vaccine assessment. HIV vaccine development requires innovative ideas and a sustained long-term commitment of the scientific community, civil society, politicians, and donors and participants for clinical research.
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6
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7
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Kochetov AV. The alien replicon: Artificial genetic constructs to direct the synthesis of transmissible self-replicating RNAs. Bioessays 2014; 36:1204-12. [DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex V. Kochetov
- Institute of Cytology & Genetics, SB RAS; Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Novosibirsk Russia
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8
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Caufour P, Rufael T, Lamien CE, Lancelot R, Kidane M, Awel D, Sertse T, Kwiatek O, Libeau G, Sahle M, Diallo A, Albina E. Protective efficacy of a single immunization with capripoxvirus-vectored recombinant peste des petits ruminants vaccines in presence of pre-existing immunity. Vaccine 2014; 32:3772-9. [PMID: 24837763 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sheeppox, goatpox and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) are highly contagious ruminant diseases widely distributed in Africa, the Middle East and Asia. Capripoxvirus (CPV)-vectored recombinant PPR vaccines (rCPV-PPR vaccines), which have been developed and shown to protect against both Capripox (CP) and PPR, would be critical tools in the control of these important diseases. In most parts of the world, these disease distributions overlap each other leaving concerns about the potential impact that pre-existing immunity against either disease may have on the protective efficacy of these bivalent rCPV-PPR vaccines. Currently, this question has not been indisputably addressed. Therefore, we undertook this study, under experimental conditions designed for the context of mass vaccination campaigns of small ruminants, using the two CPV recombinants (Kenya sheep-1 (KS-1) strain-based constructs) developed previously in our laboratory. Pre-existing immunity was first induced by immunization either with an attenuated CPV vaccine strain (KS-1) or the attenuated PPRV vaccine strain (Nigeria 75/1) and animals were thereafter inoculated once subcutaneously with a mixture of CPV recombinants expressing either the hemagglutinin (H) or the fusion (F) protein gene of PPRV (10(3) TCID50/animal of each). Finally, these animals were challenged with a virulent CPV strain followed by a virulent PPRV strain 3 weeks later. Our study demonstrated full protection against CP for vaccinated animals with prior exposure to PPRV and a partial protection against PPR for vaccinated animals with prior exposure to CPV. The latter animals exhibited a mild clinical form of PPR and did not show any post-challenge anamnestic neutralizing antibody response against PPRV. The implications of these results are discussed herein and suggestions made for future research regarding the development of CPV-vectored vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Caufour
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France.
| | - Tesfaye Rufael
- National Animal health Diagnosis and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Charles Euloge Lamien
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Renaud Lancelot
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Menbere Kidane
- National Animal health Diagnosis and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Dino Awel
- National Animal health Diagnosis and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Sertse
- National Animal health Diagnosis and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Olivier Kwiatek
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mesfin Sahle
- National Animal health Diagnosis and Investigation Center (NAHDIC), P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Adama Diallo
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, FAO/IAEA Agriculture & Biotechnology Laboratory, IAEA Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramer Strasse 5, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - Emmanuel Albina
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, F-34398 Montpellier, France; CIRAD, UMR CMAEE, F-97170 Petit-Bourg, Guadeloupe, France
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9
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Moser C, Amacker M, Kammer AR, Rasi S, Westerfeld N, Zurbriggen R. Influenza virosomes as a combined vaccine carrier and adjuvant system for prophylactic and therapeutic immunizations. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 6:711-21. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.6.5.711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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10
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Moser C, Amacker M, Zurbriggen R. Influenza virosomes as a vaccine adjuvant and carrier system. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 10:437-46. [DOI: 10.1586/erv.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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Evaluation of the safety and immunogenicity of a candidate tuberculosis vaccine, MVA85A, delivered by aerosol to the lungs of macaques. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:663-72. [PMID: 23446219 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00690-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a reemerging disease. The only available vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, is delivered intradermally and confers highly variable efficacy against pulmonary disease. There is an urgent need for improved vaccination strategies. Murine studies suggest that immunizations delivered directly to the respiratory mucosa might be a more effective route of vaccination. This study compared the immunogenicity of a leading candidate tuberculosis (TB) vaccine, modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing antigen 85A (MVA85A), in rhesus macaques, delivered either as an aerosol or as an intradermal boost immunization 12 weeks after an intradermal BCG prime vaccine. Aerosol vaccination was well tolerated. MVA85A delivered by aerosol or by intradermal injection induced antigen-specific immune responses in the periphery and the lung, with a trend toward the highest response when the compartment and route of delivery were matched. The ability of poxvirus-vectored vaccines delivered by the systemic route to induce responses in the mucosal immune compartment in macaques is in contrast to the independent compartmentalization of mucosal and systemic immune systems described in mice. Unlike intradermal vaccination, aerosol vaccination did not induce a detectable serum anti-vector antibody response. The delivery of vaccines to the lungs might provide an immunization strategy that limits the induction of systemic anti-vector immunity, which would be extremely useful in the development of improved vaccine strategies. This is the first study to show a recombinant MVA-vectored vaccine to be highly immunogenic when delivered by the aerosol route to nonhuman primates. These results provide important safety and proof-of-concept data for further evaluation of this route of immunization for use in human clinical trials.
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12
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The development of gene-based vectors for immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2013. [PMCID: PMC7151937 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0090-5.00064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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A new rabies vaccine based on a recombinant ORF virus (parapoxvirus) expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein. J Virol 2012; 87:1618-30. [PMID: 23175365 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02470-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study describes the generation of a new Orf virus (ORFV) recombinant, D1701-V-RabG, expressing the rabies virus (RABV) glycoprotein that is correctly presented on the surface of infected cells without the need of replication or production of infectious recombinant virus. One single immunization with recombinant ORFV can stimulate high RABV-specific virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers in mice, cats, and dogs, representing all nonpermissive hosts for the ORFV vector. The protective immune response against severe lethal challenge infection was analyzed in detail in mice using different dosages, numbers, and routes for immunization with the ORFV recombinant. Long-term levels of VNA could be elicited that remained greater than 0.5 IU per ml serum, indicative for the protective status. Single applications of higher doses (10(7) PFU) can be sufficient to confer complete protection against intracranial (i.c.) challenge, whereas booster immunization was needed for protection by the application of lower dosages. Anamnestic immune responses were achieved by each of the seven tested routes of inoculation, including oral application. Finally, in vivo antibody-mediated depletion of CD4-positive and/or CD8-posititve T cell subpopulations during immunization and/or challenge infection attested the importance of CD4 T cells for the induction of protective immunity by D1701-V-RabG. This report demonstrates another example of the potential of the ORFV vector and also indicates the capability of the new recombinant for vaccination of animals.
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Wang X, Feng N, Ge J, Shuai L, Peng L, Gao Y, Yang S, Xia X, Bu Z. Recombinant canine distemper virus serves as bivalent live vaccine against rabies and canine distemper. Vaccine 2012; 30:5067-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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15
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Lack of interference with immunogenicity of a chimeric alphavirus replicon particle-based influenza vaccine by preexisting antivector immunity. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2012; 19:991-8. [PMID: 22623651 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00031-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Antivector immunity has been recognized as a potential caveat of using virus-based vaccines. In the present study, an alphavirus-based replicon particle vaccine platform, which has demonstrated robust immunogenicity in animal models, was tested for effects of antivector immunity on immunogenicity against hemagglutinin of influenza virus as a target antigen and efficacy for protection against lethal challenge with the virus. Chimeric alphavirus-based replicon particles, comprising Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus nonstructural and Sindbis virus structural components, induced efficient protective antibody responses, which were not adversely influenced after multiple immunizations with the same vector expressing various antigens.
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16
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Ge J, Wang X, Tao L, Wen Z, Feng N, Yang S, Xia X, Yang C, Chen H, Bu Z. Newcastle disease virus-vectored rabies vaccine is safe, highly immunogenic, and provides long-lasting protection in dogs and cats. J Virol 2011; 85:8241-52. [PMID: 21632762 PMCID: PMC3147977 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00519-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective, safe, and affordable rabies vaccines are still being sought. Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus, has shown promise as a vaccine vector for mammals. Here, we generated a recombinant avirulent NDV La Sota strain expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (RVG) and evaluated its potential to serve as a vaccine against rabies. The recombinant virus, rL-RVG, retained its high-growth property in chicken eggs, with titers of up to 10⁹·⁸ 50% egg infective doses (EID₅₀)/ml of allantoic fluid. RVG expression enabled rL-RVG to spread from cell to cell in a rabies virus-like manner, and RVG was incorporated on the surface of the rL-RVG viral particle. RVG incorporation did not alter the trypsin-dependent infectivity of the NDV vector in mammalian cells. rL-RVG and La Sota NDV showed similar levels of sensitivity to a neutralization antibody against NDV and similar levels of resistance to a neutralization antibody against rabies virus. Animal studies demonstrated that rL-RVG is safe in several species, including cats and dogs, when administered as multiple high doses of recombinant vaccine. Intramuscular vaccination with rL-RVG induced a substantial rabies virus neutralization antibody response and provided complete protection from challenge with circulating rabies virus strains. Most importantly, rL-RVG induced strong and long-lasting protective neutralization antibody responses to rabies virus in dogs and cats. A low vaccine dose of 10⁸·³ EID₅₀ completely protected dogs from challenge with a circulating strain of rabies virus for more than a year. This is the first study to demonstrate that immunization with an NDV-vectored vaccine can induce long-lasting, systemic protective immunity against rabies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Ge
- Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, 427 Maduan Street, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Excler JL, Parks CL, Ackland J, Rees H, Gust ID, Koff WC. Replicating viral vectors as HIV vaccines: summary report from the IAVI-sponsored satellite symposium at the AIDS vaccine 2009 conference. Biologicals 2011; 38:511-21. [PMID: 20537552 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In October 2009, The International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) convened a satellite symposium entitled 'Replicating Viral Vectors for use in AIDS Vaccines' at the AIDS Vaccine 2009 Conference in Paris. The purpose of the symposium was to gather together researchers, representatives from regulatory agencies, and vaccine developers to discuss issues related to advancement of replication-competent viral vector- based HIV vaccines into clinical trials. The meeting introduced the rationale for accelerating the development of replicating viral vectors for use as AIDS vaccines. It noted that the EMEA recently published draft guidelines that are an important first step in providing guidance for advancing live viral vectors into clinical development. Presentations included case studies and development challenges for viral vector-based vaccine candidates. These product development challenges included cell substrates used for vaccine manufacturing, the testing needed to assess vaccine safety, conducting clinical trials with live vectors, and assessment of vaccination risk versus benefit. More in depth discussion of risk and benefit highlighted the fact that AIDS vaccine efficacy trials must be conducted in the developing world where HIV incidence is greatest and how inequities in global health dramatically influence the political and social environment in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Excler
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, 110 William Street, 27th Floor, New York, NY 10038-3901, USA
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18
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Walczak M, de Mare A, Riezebos-Brilman A, Regts J, Hoogeboom BN, Visser JT, Fiedler M, Jansen-Dürr P, van der Zee AGJ, Nijman HW, Wilschut J, Daemen T. Heterologous Prime-Boost Immunizations with a Virosomal and an Alphavirus Replicon Vaccine. Mol Pharm 2010; 8:65-77. [DOI: 10.1021/mp1002043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Walczak
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan de Mare
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies Riezebos-Brilman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Regts
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Baukje-Nynke Hoogeboom
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen T. Visser
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Fiedler
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ate G. J. van der Zee
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans W. Nijman
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Wilschut
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toos Daemen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Tumour Virology Group, Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria, and Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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19
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Martinon F, Kaldma K, Sikut R, Culina S, Romain G, Tuomela M, Adojaan M, Männik A, Toots U, Kivisild T, Morin J, Brochard P, Delache B, Tripiciano A, Ensoli F, Stanescu I, Le Grand R, Ustav M. Persistent immune responses induced by a human immunodeficiency virus DNA vaccine delivered in association with electroporation in the skin of nonhuman primates. Hum Gene Ther 2010; 20:1291-307. [PMID: 19627235 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2009.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies to improve vaccine efficacy are still required, especially in the case of chronic infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DNA vaccines have potential advantages over conventional vaccines; however, low immunological efficacy has been demonstrated in many experiments involving large animals and in clinical trials. To improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines, we have designed a plasmid vector exploiting the binding capacity of the bovine papillomavirus E2 protein and we have used electroporation (EP) to increase DNA uptake after intradermal inoculation. We demonstrated, in nonhuman primates (NHPs), efficient induction of anti-HIV immunity with an improved DNA vaccine vector encoding an artificial fusion protein, consisting of several proteins and selected epitopes from HIV-1. We show that a DNA vaccine delivery method combining intradermal injection and noninvasive EP dramatically increased expression of the vaccine antigen selectively in the epidermis, and our observations strongly suggest the involvement of Langerhans cells in the strength and quality of the anti-HIV immune response. Although the humoral responses to the vaccine were transient, the cellular responses were exceptionally robust and persisted, at high levels, more than 2 years after the last vaccine boost. The immune responses were characterized by the induction of significant proportions of T cells producing both interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 cytokines, in both subpopulations, CD4(+) and CD8(+). This strategy is an attractive approach for vaccination in humans because of its high efficacy and the possible use of newly developed devices for EP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Martinon
- Division of Immunovirology, Life Sciences Program (DSV), Institute for Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Atomic Energy Commission (CEA), Fontenay aux Roses, France.
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20
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Zheng Y, Ourmanov I, Goeken RM, Whitted S, Brown CR, Buckler-White A, Iyengar R, Plishka RJ, Hirsch VM. Correction of a carboxyl terminal simian immunodeficiency virus Nef frameshift mutation restores virus replication in macaques. Virology 2010; 401:207-14. [PMID: 20303562 PMCID: PMC3418331 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies demonstrated that the nef gene is a critical determinant of the pathogenicity of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in macaques. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of a spontaneous frameshift mutation in the C-terminus of the nef gene of the minimally pathogenic SIVsmH4i clone. This clone exhibited a single nucleotide deletion in the nef gene relative to pathogenic SIV clones that resulted in a frameshift and addition of 46 amino acids to the C-terminus of Nef. We generated a corrected version of this clone, SIVsmH4i Nef+ that restored Nef protein expression. Inoculation of macaques with SIVsmH4i resulted in delayed and low levels of peak viremia. This contrasted with improved kinetics and robust peak viremia in macaques inoculated with the corrected version. Despite the restoration of in vivo replication ability, neither clone resulted in memory CD4+ T cell loss or disease in a period of two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zheng
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ilnour Ourmanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Robert M. Goeken
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sonya Whitted
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Charles R. Brown
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Alicia Buckler-White
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ranjini Iyengar
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ronald J. Plishka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Vanessa M. Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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21
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Li GX, Zhou YJ, Yu H, Tian ZJ, Yan LP, Zhang Q, Hu SP, Tong GZ. Prime–boost immunization with HA/C3d DNA followed by a recombinant pseudorabies virus boost enhanced protective immunity against H3N2 swine influenza virus in mice. Res Vet Sci 2010; 88:345-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2009.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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22
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Bukreyev AA, Dinapoli JM, Yang L, Murphy BR, Collins PL. Mucosal parainfluenza virus-vectored vaccine against Ebola virus replicates in the respiratory tract of vector-immune monkeys and is immunogenic. Virology 2010; 399:290-8. [PMID: 20129638 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We previously used human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) as a vector to express the Ebola virus (EBOV) GP glycoprotein. The resulting HPIV3/EboGP vaccine was immunogenic and protective against EBOV challenge in a non-human primate model. However, it remained unclear whether the vaccine would be effective in adults due to preexisting immunity to HPIV3. Here, the immunogenicity of HPIV3/EboGP was compared in HPIV3-naive and HPIV3-immune Rhesus monkeys. After a single dose of HPIV3/EboGP, the titers of EBOV-specific serum ELISA or neutralization antibodies were substantially less in HPIV3-immune animals compared to HPIV3-naive animals. However, after two doses, which were previously determined to be required for complete protection against EBOV challenge, the antibody titers were indistinguishable between the two groups. The vaccine virus appeared to replicate, at a reduced level, in the respiratory tract despite the preexisting immunity. This may reflect the known ability of HPIV3 to re-infect and may also reflect the presence of EBOV GP in the vector virion, which confers resistance to neutralization in vitro by HPIV3-specific antibodies. These data suggest that HPIV3/EboGP will be immunogenic in adults as well as children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Bukreyev
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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23
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Ramanathan VD, Kumar M, Mahalingam J, Sathyamoorthy P, Narayanan PR, Solomon S, Panicali D, Chakrabarty S, Cox J, Sayeed E, Ackland J, Verlinde C, Vooijs D, Loughran K, Barin B, Lombardo A, Gilmour J, Stevens G, Smith MS, Tarragona-Fiol T, Hayes P, Kochhar S, Excler JL, Fast P. A Phase 1 study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant HIV type 1 subtype C-modified vaccinia Ankara virus vaccine candidate in Indian volunteers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:1107-16. [PMID: 19943789 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara virus vaccine candidate (TBC-M4) expressing HIV-1 subtype C env, gag, tat-rev, and nef-RT genes was tested in a randomized, double-blind, dose escalation Phase I trial in 32 HIV-uninfected healthy volunteers who received three intramuscular injections of TBC-M4 at 0, 1, and 6 months of 5 x 10(7) plaque-forming units (pfu) (low dosage, LD) (n = 12) or 2.5 x 10(8) pfu (high dosage, HD) (n = 12) or placebo (n = 8). Local and systemic reactogenicity was experienced by approximately 67% and 83% of vaccine recipients, respectively. The reactogenicity events were mostly mild in severity. Severe but transient systemic reactogenicity was seen in one volunteer of the HD group. No vaccine-related serious adverse events or events suggesting perimyocarditis were seen. A higher frequency of local reactogenicity events was observed in the HD group. Cumulative HIV-specific IFN-gamma ELISPOT responses were detected in frozen PBMCs from 9/11 (82%), 12/12 (100%), and 1/8 (13%) volunteers after the third injection of the LD, HD, and placebo groups, respectively. Most of the responses were to gag and env proteins (maximum of 430 SFU/10(6) PBMCs) persisting across multiple time points. HIV-specific ELISA antibody responses were detected in 10/11, 12/12, and 0/8 volunteers post-third vaccination, in the LD, HD, and placebo groups, respectively. No neutralizing activity against HIV-1 subtype C isolates was detected. TBC-M4 appears to be generally safe and well-tolerated. The immune response detected was dose dependent, modest in magnitude, and directed mostly to env and gag proteins, suggesting further evaluation of this vaccine in a prime-boost regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Josephine Cox
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | - Eddy Sayeed
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | - James Ackland
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | - Carl Verlinde
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | - Dani Vooijs
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | | | - Burc Barin
- EMMES Corporation, Rockville Maryland 20850
| | - Angela Lombardo
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Fast
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative, New York, New York 10038
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24
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Hodge JW, Higgins J, Schlom J. Harnessing the unique local immunostimulatory properties of modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus to generate superior tumor-specific immune responses and antitumor activity in a diversified prime and boost vaccine regimen. Vaccine 2009; 27:4475-82. [PMID: 19450631 PMCID: PMC3518379 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant poxviruses expressing tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) are currently being evaluated in clinical trials as an approach to treat various cancers. We have previously generated poxviral vectors expressing a TAA and a TRIad of COstimulatory Molecules (B7-1, ICAM-1, and LFA-3; TRICOM) as transgenes, including replication competent recombinant vaccinia (rV) or replication-defective modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), to prime tumor-specific immune responses, and a replication-defective recombinant fowlpox (rF) to boost these responses. MVA is a potentially safer, replication-defective form of vaccinia virus with unique immunostimulatory properties that could make it a superior priming vaccine. Here, an MVA vector encoding a tumor antigen (CEA) and TRICOM was utilized (rMVA). A single rMVA-CEA/TRICOM vaccination induced greater expression of several serum cytokines associated with enhanced T-cell immunity than that seen with vaccinia. We hypothesized that this effect might "precondition" the vaccination site for a more effective boost. An rMVA-CEA/TRICOM prime followed 7 days later (but not 30 days later) by an rF-CEA/TRICOM boost at the same injection site (but not at a distal site) induced more potent CEA-specific T-cell responses, and superior CEA-specific immunity and antitumor activity, than rV-CEA/TRICOM followed by rF-CEA/TRICOM. This preconditioning effect was also observed using a heterologous antigen model, where priming with rMVA-CEA/TRICOM followed 7 days later by rF-LacZ/TRICOM enhanced beta-gal-specific immunity compared to rF-LacZ/TRICOM only. The studies reported here show for the first time that priming with rMVA followed 7 days later by an rF boost at the same injection site, versus a distal site, generates superior tumor-specific immunity and antitumor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey Schlom
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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25
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Chiam R, Sharp E, Maan S, Rao S, Mertens P, Blacklaws B, Davis-Poynter N, Wood J, Castillo-Olivares J. Induction of antibody responses to African horse sickness virus (AHSV) in ponies after vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA). PLoS One 2009; 4:e5997. [PMID: 19543394 PMCID: PMC2694985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African horse sickness virus (AHSV) causes a non-contagious, infectious disease in equids, with mortality rates that can exceed 90% in susceptible horse populations. AHSV vaccines play a crucial role in the control of the disease; however, there are concerns over the use of polyvalent live attenuated vaccines particularly in areas where AHSV is not endemic. Therefore, it is important to consider alternative approaches for AHSV vaccine development. We have carried out a pilot study to investigate the ability of recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vaccines expressing VP2, VP7 or NS3 genes of AHSV to stimulate immune responses against AHSV antigens in the horse. Methodology/Principal Findings VP2, VP7 and NS3 genes from AHSV-4/Madrid87 were cloned into the vaccinia transfer vector pSC11 and recombinant MVA viruses generated. Antigen expression or transcription of the AHSV genes from cells infected with the recombinant viruses was confirmed. Pairs of ponies were vaccinated with MVAVP2, MVAVP7 or MVANS3 and both MVA vector and AHSV antigen-specific antibody responses were analysed. Vaccination with MVAVP2 induced a strong AHSV neutralising antibody response (VN titre up to a value of 2). MVAVP7 also induced AHSV antigen–specific responses, detected by western blotting. NS3 specific antibody responses were not detected. Conclusions This pilot study demonstrates the immunogenicity of recombinant MVA vectored AHSV vaccines, in particular MVAVP2, and indicates that further work to investigate whether these vaccines would confer protection from lethal AHSV challenge in the horse is justifiable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Chiam
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Sharp
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| | - Sushila Maan
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Shujing Rao
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mertens
- Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright Laboratory, Pirbright, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Barbara Blacklaws
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Davis-Poynter
- Sir Albert Sakzewski Virus Research Centre, University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - James Wood
- Cambridge Infectious Diseases Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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26
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Rimmelzwaan GF, Sutter G. Candidate influenza vaccines based on recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara. Expert Rev Vaccines 2009; 8:447-54. [PMID: 19348560 DOI: 10.1586/erv.09.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is attractive and promising as a novel viral vector for the expression of foreign genes of interest because it possesses unique properties. In particular, its excellent safety profile and the availability of versatile vector technologies have frequently made MVA the vaccinia virus of choice for preclinical and clinical studies. Owing to its avirulence and deficiency to productively replicate after in vivo inoculation, MVA can be used under biosafety level 1 conditions. In addition to a better safety profile than replication competent vaccinia viruses, the use of MVA leads to similar levels of gene expression and has better immunostimulatory properties and improved efficacy as a recombinant vaccine. In animal models, recombinant MVA vaccines were immunogenic and induced protective immunity against various infectious agents, including viruses, bacteria and parasites. Here we review the progress that has been made in the development of recombinant MVA as a viral vector and candidate pandemic influenza H5N1 vaccine. Specifically, we will focus on the preclinical evaluation of recombinant MVA vector as pandemic influenza A/H5N1 vaccine candidates and discuss the possible future approaches for the use of these novel MVA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guus F Rimmelzwaan
- Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Virology, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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27
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Bukreyev A, Marzi A, Feldmann F, Zhang L, Yang L, Ward JM, Dorward DW, Pickles RJ, Murphy BR, Feldmann H, Collins PL. Chimeric human parainfluenza virus bearing the Ebola virus glycoprotein as the sole surface protein is immunogenic and highly protective against Ebola virus challenge. Virology 2009; 383:348-61. [PMID: 19010509 PMCID: PMC2649782 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 09/19/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We generated a new live-attenuated vaccine against Ebola virus (EBOV) based on a chimeric virus HPIV3/DeltaF-HN/EboGP that contains the EBOV glycoprotein (GP) as the sole transmembrane envelope protein combined with the internal proteins of human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3). Electron microscopy analysis of the virus particles showed that they have an envelope and surface spikes resembling those of EBOV and a particle size and shape resembling those of HPIV3. When HPIV3/DeltaF-HN/EboGP was inoculated via apical surface of an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium, the virus was released from the apical surface; when applied to basolateral surface, the virus infected basolateral cells but did not spread through the tissue. Following intranasal (IN) inoculation of guinea pigs, scattered infected cells were detected in the lungs by immunohistochemistry, but infectious HPIV3/DeltaF-HN/EboGP could not be recovered from the lungs, blood, or other tissues. Despite the attenuation, the virus was highly immunogenic, and a single IN dose completely protected the animals against a highly lethal intraperitoneal challenge of guinea pig-adapted EBOV.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Base Sequence
- Blood/virology
- Body Weight
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Ebola Vaccines/genetics
- Ebola Vaccines/immunology
- Guinea Pigs
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/prevention & control
- Humans
- Lung/virology
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Organ Culture Techniques
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/genetics
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- Virion/ultrastructure
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bukreyev
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Building 50, Room 6505, NIAID, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Dr. MSC 8007, Bethesda, MD 20892-8007, USA.
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28
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Yang L, Sanchez A, Ward JM, Murphy BR, Collins PL, Bukreyev A. A paramyxovirus-vectored intranasal vaccine against Ebola virus is immunogenic in vector-immune animals. Virology 2008; 377:255-64. [PMID: 18570964 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2008.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2007] [Revised: 04/14/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes outbreaks of a highly lethal hemorrhagic fever in humans. The virus can be transmitted by direct contact as well as by aerosol and is considered a potential bioweapon. Because direct immunization of the respiratory tract should be particularly effective against infection of mucosal surfaces, we previously developed an intranasal vaccine based on replication-competent human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) expressing EBOV glycoprotein GP (HPIV3/EboGP) and showed that it is immunogenic and protective against a high dose parenteral EBOV challenge. However, because the adult human population has considerable immunity to HPIV3, which is a common human pathogen, replication and immunogenicity of the vaccine in this population might be greatly restricted. Indeed, in the present study, replication of the vaccine in the respiratory tract of HPIV3-immune guinea pigs was found to be restricted to undetectable levels. This restriction appeared to be based on both neutralizing antibodies and cellular or other components of the immunity to HPIV3. Surprisingly, even though replication of HPIV3/EboGP was highly restricted in HPIV3-immune animals, it induced a high level of EBOV-specific antibodies that nearly equaled that obtained in HPIV3-naive animals. We also show that the previously demonstrated presence of functional GP in the vector particle was not associated with increased replication in the respiratory tract nor with spread beyond the respiratory tract of HPIV3-naive guinea pigs, indicating that expression and functional incorporation of the attachment/penetration glycoprotein of this systemic virus did not mediate a change in tissue tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Yang
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Rm. 6505, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-8007, USA
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29
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A West Nile virus (WNV) recombinant canarypox virus vaccine elicits WNV-specific neutralizing antibodies and cell-mediated immune responses in the horse. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 123:230-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2007] [Revised: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Nabel GJ. The development of gene-based vectors for immunization. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [PMCID: PMC7310921 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50066-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
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31
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Improved protection against simian immunodeficiency virus mucosal challenge in macaques primed with a DNA vaccine and boosted with the recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara and recombinant Semliki Forest virus. Vaccine 2007; 26:532-45. [PMID: 18093703 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 11/11/2007] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Using the experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) as a model of human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans, we studied the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a vaccine strategy combining DNA, the modified recombinant vaccinia virus strain Ankara (MVA) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV) expressing gag, pol, env, tat, rev and nef from SIV. Although this immunization strategy induced moderate immune responses, the control of pathogenic SIVmac251 infection following mucosal challenge was clearly improved by vaccination. The viral load in vaccinated animals was reduced by 2 logs during the acute phase of infection and, in five of the six macaques, viral load fell below the detection limit at set point. No correlates of immune protection were identified, but SIV-specific T-cell responses were detected earlier in vaccinated animals than in controls. These results highlight the power of live attenuated virus vectors for vaccination strategies.
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32
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de Mare A, Lambeck AJA, Regts J, van Dam GM, Nijman HW, Snippe H, Wilschut J, Daemen T. Viral vector-based prime-boost immunization regimens: a possible involvement of T-cell competition. Gene Ther 2007; 15:393-403. [PMID: 18004406 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3303060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination with recombinant viral vectors may be impeded by preexisting vector-specific immunity or by vector-specific immunity induced during the priming immunization. It is assumed that virus-neutralizing antibodies represent the principal effector mechanism of vector-specific immunity, while killing of infected cells by vector-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) has also been suggested. Using recombinant Semliki Forest virus (rSFV) expressing E6E7 antigen from human papillomavirus, we demonstrate that secondary immune responses against E6E7 are neither affected by vector-specific antibodies nor by CTL-mediated killing of infected cells. Instead, the presence of the antigen during the prime immunization appeared to be the main determinant for the boosting efficacy. After priming with rSFVeE6,7, a homologous booster stimulated the primed E6E7-specific CTL response and induced long-lasting memory. Passively transferred SFV-neutralizing antibodies did not inhibit E6E7-specific CTL responses, although transgene expression was strongly reduced under these conditions. Conversely, in mice primed with irrelevant rSFV, induction of E6E7-specific CTLs was inhibited presumably due to vector-specific responses induced by the priming immunization. When during the priming with irrelevant rSFV, E7-protein was co-administered, the inhibitory effect of vector-specific immunity was abolished. These results suggest that, apart from vector-specific antibodies or killing of infected cells, T-cell competition may be involved in determining the efficacy of viral vector-based prime-boost immunization regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A de Mare
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Molecular Virology Section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Greer CE, Zhou F, Goodsell A, Legg HS, Tang Z, zur Megede J, Uematsu Y, Polo JM, Vajdy M. Long-term protection in hamsters against human parainfluenza virus type 3 following mucosal or combinations of mucosal and systemic immunizations with chimeric alphavirus-based replicon particles. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:645-53. [PMID: 17944814 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.02019.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
No licensed vaccines are available to protect against parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3), a significant health risk for infants. In search of a safe vaccine, we used an alphavirus-based chimeric vector, consisting of Sindbis virus (SIN) structural proteins and Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE) replicon RNA, expressing the PIV3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoprotein (VEE/SIN-HN). We compared different routes of intramuscular (i.m.), intranasal (i.n.), or combined i.n. and i.m. immunizations with VEE/SIN-HN in hamsters. Six months after the final immunization, all hamsters were protected against live PIV3 i.n. challenge in nasal turbinates and lungs. This protection appeared to correlate with antibodies in serum, nasal turbinates and lungs. This is the first report demonstrating mucosal protection against PIV3 for an extended time following immunizations with an RNA replicon delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Greer
- Novartis Vaccines and Diagnostics, Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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34
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Berry N, Stebbings R, Brown S, Christian P, Thorstensson R, Ahmed RK, Davis L, Ferguson D, D'Arcy N, Elsley W, Hull R, Lines J, Wade-Evans A, Stott J, Almond N. Immunological responses and viral modulatory effects of vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) expressing structural and regulatory transgenes of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVmac32H/J5M). J Med Primatol 2007; 36:80-94. [PMID: 17493138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00216.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) vectors expressing structural (gag/pol, env) and regulatory (tat, rev, nef) genes of SIVmac251/32H-J5 (rMVA-J5) were assessed. METHODS Immunization with rMVA constructs (2.5 x 10(7) IU) 32, 20 and 8 weeks pre-challenge was compared with 32 and 20 weeks but with a final boost 8 weeks pre-challenge with 2 x 10(6) fixed-inactivated HSC-F4 cells infected with SIVmac32H. Controls received rMVA vectors expressing an irrelevant transgene or were naïve challenge controls. All received 10 MID(50) SIVmac32H/J5 intravenously. RESULTS Vaccinates immunized with rMVA-J5 exhibited significant, albeit transient, control of peak primary viraemia despite inconsistent and variable immune responses elicted by vaccination. Humoral and cellular responses to Env were most consistent, with lower responses to Nef, Rev and Tat. Increasing titres of anti-vaccinia neutralizing antibodies reflected the number and dose of rMVA inoculations. CONCLUSIONS Improved combinations of viral vectors are required to elicit appropriate immune responses to control viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Berry
- Division of Retrovirology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, UK.
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35
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Hovav AH, Panas MW, Osuna CE, Cayabyab MJ, Autissier P, Letvin NL. The impact of a boosting immunogen on the differentiation of secondary memory CD8+ T cells. J Virol 2007; 81:12793-802. [PMID: 17881444 PMCID: PMC2169130 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01519-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
While recent studies have demonstrated that secondary CD8+ T cells develop into effector-memory cells, the impact of particular vaccine regimens on the elicitation of these cells remains poorly defined. In the present study we evaluated the effect of three different immunogens--recombinant vaccinia, recombinant adenovirus, and plasmid DNA--on the generation of memory cellular immune responses. We found that vectors that induce the rapid movement of CD8+ T cells into the memory compartment during a primary immune response also drive a rapid differentiation of these cells into effector-memory CD8+ T cells following a secondary immunization. In contrast, the functional profiles of both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, assessed by measuring antigen-stimulated gamma interferon and interleukin-2 production, were not predominantly shaped by the boosting immunogen. We also demonstrated that the in vivo expression of antigen by recombinant vectors was brief following boosting immunization, suggesting that antigen persistence has a minimal impact on the differentiation of secondary CD8+ T cells. When used in heterologous or in homologous prime-boost combinations, these three vectors generated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells with different phenotypic profiles. Expression of the memory-associated molecule CD27 on effector CD8+ T cells decreased following heterologous but not homologous boosting, resulting in a phenotypic profile similar to that seen on primary CD8+ T cells. These data therefore suggest that the phenotype of secondary CD8+ T cells is determined predominantly by the boosting immunogen whereas the cytokine profile of these cells is shaped by both the priming and boosting immunogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avi-Hai Hovav
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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36
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Bråve A, Boberg A, Gudmundsdotter L, Rollman E, Hallermalm K, Ljungberg K, Blomberg P, Stout R, Paulie S, Sandström E, Biberfeld G, Earl P, Moss B, Cox JH, Wahren B. A New Multi-clade DNA Prime/Recombinant MVA Boost Vaccine Induces Broad and High Levels of HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell and Humoral Responses in Mice. Mol Ther 2007; 15:1724-33. [PMID: 17579577 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The results presented here are from the preclinical evaluation in BALB/c mice of a DNA prime/modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) boost multi-gene multi-subtype human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) vaccine intended for use in humans. The plasmid DNA vaccine was delivered intradermally using a Biojector, and the MVA was delivered intramuscularly by needle. This combination of recombinant DNA and MVA proved to induce extraordinarily strong cellular responses, with more than 80% of the CD8(+) T cells specific for HIV-1 antigens. Furthermore, we show that the DNA priming increases the number of T-cell epitopes recognized after the MVA boost. In the prime/boost-immunized animals, a significant proportion of CD8(+) T cells were stained positive for both interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-2 (IL-2), a feature that has been associated with control of HIV-1 infection in long-term non-progressors. The HIV-1-specific antibody levels were moderate after the plasmid DNA immunizations but increased dramatically after the MVA boost. Although the initial injection of MVA induced significant levels of vaccinia-neutralizing antibodies, the HIV-specific responses were still significantly boosted by the second MVA immunization. The results from this study demonstrate the potency of this combination of DNA plasmids and MVA construct to induce broad and high levels of immune responses against several HIV-1 proteins of different subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bråve
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, Solna, Sweden.
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37
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Bråve A, Gudmundsdotter L, Gasteiger G, Hallermalm K, Kastenmuller W, Rollman E, Boberg A, Engström G, Reiland S, Cosma A, Drexler I, Hinkula J, Wahren B, Erfle V. Immunization of mice with the nef gene from Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1: study of immunological memory and long-term toxicology. Infect Agent Cancer 2007; 2:14. [PMID: 17623060 PMCID: PMC1978202 DOI: 10.1186/1750-9378-2-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 07/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) regulatory protein, Nef, is an attractive vaccine target because it is involved in viral pathogenesis, is expressed early in the viral life cycle and harbors many T and B cell epitopes. Several clinical trials include gene-based vaccines encoding this protein. However, Nef has been shown to transform certain cell types in vitro. Based on these findings we performed a long-term toxicity and immunogenicity study of Nef, encoded either by Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara or by plasmid DNA. BALB/c mice were primed twice with either DNA or MVA encoding Nef and received a homologous or heterologous boost ten months later. In the meantime, the Nef-specific immune responses were monitored and at the time of sacrifice an extensive toxicological evaluation was performed, where presence of tumors and other pathological changes were assessed. Results The toxicological evaluation showed that immunization with MVAnef is safe and does not cause cellular transformation or other toxicity in somatic organs. Both DNAnef and MVAnef immunized animals developed potent Nef-specific cellular responses that declined to undetectable levels over time, and could readily be boosted after almost one year. This is of particular interest since it shows that plasmid DNA vaccine can also be used as a potent late booster of primed immune responses. We observed qualitative differences between the T cell responses induced by the two different vectors: DNA-encoded nef induced long-lasting CD8+ T cell memory responses, whereas MVA-encoded nef induced CD4+ T cell memory responses. In terms of the humoral immune responses, we show that two injections of MVAnef induce significant anti-Nef titers, while repeated injections of DNAnef do not. A single boost with MVAnef could enhance the antibody response following DNAnef prime to the same level as that observed in animals immunized repeatedly with MVAnef. We also demonstrate the possibility to boost HIV-1 Nef-specific immune responses using the MVAnef construct despite the presence of potent anti-vector immunity. Conclusion This study shows that the nef gene vectored by MVA does not induce malignancies or other adverse effects in mice. Further, we show that when the nef gene is delivered by plasmid or by a viral vector, it elicits potent and long-lasting immune responses and that these responses can be directed towards a CD4+ or a CD8+ T cell response depending on the choice of vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bråve
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lindvi Gudmundsdotter
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Georg Gasteiger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1a, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kristian Hallermalm
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmuller
- Institute for Virology at Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 4b, D-81675 München, Germany
| | - Erik Rollman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Vic. 3010, Australia
| | - Andreas Boberg
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnel Engström
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Antonio Cosma
- Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1a, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ingo Drexler
- Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1a, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jorma Hinkula
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britta Wahren
- Swedish Institute for Infectious Disease Control, 17182 Solna, Sweden
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker Erfle
- Institute of Molecular Virology, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1a, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute for Virology at Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 4b, D-81675 München, Germany
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38
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DiNapoli JM, Kotelkin A, Yang L, Elankumaran S, Murphy BR, Samal SK, Collins PL, Bukreyev A. Newcastle disease virus, a host range-restricted virus, as a vaccine vector for intranasal immunization against emerging pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:9788-93. [PMID: 17535926 PMCID: PMC1887550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0703584104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The international outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002-2003 highlighted the need to develop pretested human vaccine vectors that can be used in a rapid response against newly emerging pathogens. We evaluated Newcastle disease virus (NDV), an avian paramyxovirus that is highly attenuated in primates, as a topical respiratory vaccine vector with SARS-CoV as a test pathogen. Complete recombinant NDV was engineered to express the SARS-CoV spike S glycoprotein, the viral neutralization and major protective antigen, from an added transcriptional unit. African green monkeys immunized through the respiratory tract with two doses of the vaccine developed a titer of SARS-CoV-neutralizing antibodies comparable with the robust secondary response observed in animals that have been immunized with a different experimental SARS-CoV vaccine and challenged with SARS-CoV. When animals immunized with NDV expressing S were challenged with a high dose of SARS-CoV, direct viral assay of lung tissues taken by necropsy at the peak of viral replication demonstrated a 236- or 1,102-fold (depending on the NDV vector construct) mean reduction in pulmonary SARS-CoV titer compared with control animals. NDV has the potential for further development as a pretested, highly attenuated, intranasal vector to be available for expedited vaccine development for humans, who generally lack preexisting immunity against NDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. DiNapoli
- *Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Alexander Kotelkin
- *Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Lijuan Yang
- *Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | | | - Brian R. Murphy
- *Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | | | - Peter L. Collins
- *Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- *Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at:
Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 50 South Drive, Room 6505, Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail:
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39
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Stolte-Leeb N, Sauermann U, Norley S, Fagrouch Z, Heeney J, Franz M, Hunsmann G, Stahl-Hennig C. Sustained Conservation of CD4+T Cells in Multiprotein Triple Modality-Immunized Rhesus Macaques after Intrarectal Challenge with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus. Viral Immunol 2006; 19:448-57. [PMID: 16987063 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2006.19.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a European multicenter study designed to determine the optimal combination and order of a mixed-modality vaccine against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, rhesus monkeys received a combination of three different vectors, all expressing the same Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) genes followed by mucosal challenge with highly pathogenic SIV. In the study reported here, animals were primed with DNA followed by one booster immunization with Semliki Forest Virus (SFV) and two immunizations with modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA). To address the relevance of mucosal immunization, we compared systemic versus a combination of systemic and mucosal antigen application. Although all vaccinees became infected after intrarectal challenge with SIV, most (six of eight) were protected from profound loss of CD4+ cells. In addition, vaccinees showed lower viral loads than did controls (p < 0.05). Overall, these protective effects were more pronounced in those animals whose schedule included immunization via the mucosa. In summary, the vaccine regimen used here achieved one important criterion of efficacy: the suppression of disease development as indicated by conservation of CD4+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- German Primate Center, Department of Virology and Immunology, Göttingen, Germany
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40
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Greer CE, Zhou F, Legg HS, Tang Z, Perri S, Sloan BA, Megede JZ, Uematsu Y, Vajdy M, Polo JM. A chimeric alphavirus RNA replicon gene-based vaccine for human parainfluenza virus type 3 induces protective immunity against intranasal virus challenge. Vaccine 2006; 25:481-9. [PMID: 17052811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.07.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 07/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) infections continue to be a significant health risk for infants, young children, and immunocompromised adults. We describe a gene-based vaccine strategy against PIV3 using replication-defective alphavirus vectors. These RNA replicon vectors, delivered as virus-like particles and expressing the PIV3 hemagglutinin-neuraminidase glycoprotein, were shown to be highly immunogenic in mice and hamsters, inducing PIV3-specific neutralizing antibody responses. Importantly, the replicon particle-based vaccine administered intramuscularly or intranasally protected against mucosal PIV3 challenge in hamsters, preventing virus replication in both nasal turbinates and lungs. These data suggest that the alphavirus replicon platform can be useful for a PIV3 vaccine and possibly other respiratory viruses.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal
- Alphavirus/genetics
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Encephalitis Virus, Venezuelan Equine/immunology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Mesocricetus
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Parainfluenza Vaccines/immunology
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/growth & development
- Parainfluenza Virus 3, Human/immunology
- Paramyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Paramyxoviridae Infections/prevention & control
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/immunology
- Replicon/genetics
- Replicon/immunology
- Sindbis Virus/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/genetics
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine E Greer
- Vaccines Research, Chiron Corporation, 4560 Horton Street, MS 4.3, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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41
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Preclinical primate studies of HIV-1-envelope-based vaccines: towards human clinical trials. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2006; 1:336-43. [DOI: 10.1097/01.coh.0000232350.61650.f0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Chen W, McCluskey J. Immunodominance and Immunodomination: Critical Factors in Developing Effective CD8+ T‐Cell–Based Cancer Vaccines. Adv Cancer Res 2006; 95:203-47. [PMID: 16860659 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(06)95006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The focusing of cellular immunity toward one, or just a few, antigenic determinant, even during immune responses to complex microorganisms or antigens, is known as immunodominance. Although described in many systems, the mechanisms of determinant immunodominance are only just beginning to be appreciated, especially in relation to the interplay between T cells of differing specificities and the interactions between T cells and the antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The outcome of these cellular interactions can lead to a form of immune suppression of one specificity by another-described as "immunodomination". The specific and detailed mechanisms involved in this process are now partly defined. A full understanding of all the factors that control immunodominance and influence immunodomination will help us to develop better viral and cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weisan Chen
- T Cell Laboratory, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
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43
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Cranage M, Taylor G. Carriers for the delivery of a vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5:939-52. [PMID: 16018739 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.7.939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children and the elderly. Despite its clinical importance, there is no licensed vaccine available at present. Vaccine development has been hampered by observations of increased pathology after RSV infection in infants vaccinated with formalin-inactivated RSV; incomplete immunity following natural infection; and the need to be effective during the neonatal period when levels of maternal antibody are high. Four categories of RSV vaccine carriers--live-attenuated RSVs, recombinant vectors expressing the protective antigens of RSV, DNA vaccines and subunit vaccines--have been evaluated in animal models and/or clinical trials. So far, studies with live-attenuated virus vaccines highlight the need to improve immunogenicity whilst maintaining a suitable level of attenuation. Studies with recombinant vectors, DNA and subunit vaccines illustrate the pivotal nature of the vaccine carrier in determining the balance between immune-mediated protection against infection and the induction of immune-mediated pulmonary pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Cranage
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Centre for Infection, St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK.
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44
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Hanke T, McMichael AJ, Dennis MJ, Sharpe SA, Powell LAJ, McLoughlin L, Crome SJ. Biodistribution and persistence of an MVA-vectored candidate HIV vaccine in SIV-infected rhesus macaques and SCID mice. Vaccine 2005; 23:1507-14. [PMID: 15670887 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2004] [Accepted: 08/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is together with a few other attenuated viral vectors on the forefront of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccine development. As such, MVA-vectored vaccines are likely to be administered into immunocompromized individuals. Here, we demonstrated in a good laboratory practice study safety and biological clearance of candidate HIV-1 vaccine MVA.HIVA in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus macaques and mice with a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) following an intradermal vaccine administration. In SIV-infected macaques, MVA.HIVA DNA was undetectable by nested PCR 6 weeks after dosing. In SCID mice, the MVA.HIVA vaccine was well tolerated and a positive PCR signal was only observed at the site of injection 49 days after dosing in four out of six mice, but even these sites were negative by day 81 post-injection. Therefore, the MVA.HIVA vaccine is considered safe for application in phase I clinical trials in HIV-1-infected human subjects. These results also contribute to the confidence of using MVA as a smallpox vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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45
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Sundbäck M, Douagi I, Dayaraj C, Forsell MNE, Nordström EKL, McInerney GM, Spångberg K, Tjäder L, Bonin E, Sundström M, Liljeström P, Karlsson Hedestam GB. Efficient expansion of HIV-1-specific T cell responses by homologous immunization with recombinant Semliki Forest virus particles. Virology 2005; 341:190-202. [PMID: 16098555 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 07/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines based on recombinant viruses represent a promising strategy for the development of a prophylactic vaccine against HIV-1. However, despite a proven capacity to stimulate potent HIV-1-specific immune responses, viral systems have limited utility in homologous prime-boost regimens due to the generation of anti-vector immune responses. It is therefore important to develop a diverse set of vaccine candidates that can be combined in different heterologous prime-boost regimens and/or to identify a vaccine candidate that is less sensitive to anti-vector mediated immunity. In this report, we describe the design and pre-clinical immunogenicity of a Semliki Forest virus-based vaccine, VREP-C, encoding Indian origin HIV-1 clade C antigens. We show that a single immunization with VREP-C stimulates HIV-1-specific IFNgamma ELISPOT responses, which were efficiently boosted by a second and a third homologous VREP-C immunization resulting in highly potent cytotoxic T cell responses. These results suggest that VREP-C may be a valuable component of a future prophylactic vaccine against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sundbäck
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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46
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Egan MA, Chong SY, Megati S, Montefiori DC, Rose NF, Boyer JD, Sidhu MK, Quiroz J, Rosati M, Schadeck EB, Pavlakis GN, Weiner DB, Rose JK, Israel ZR, Udem SA, Eldridge JH. Priming with plasmid DNAs expressing interleukin-12 and simian immunodeficiency virus gag enhances the immunogenicity and efficacy of an experimental AIDS vaccine based on recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2005; 21:629-43. [PMID: 16060834 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2005.21.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the various approaches being developed as prophylactic HIV vaccines, those based on a heterologous plasmid DNA prime, live vector boost vaccination regimen appear especially promising in the nonhuman primate/simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) challenge model. In this study, we sought to determine whether a series of intramuscular priming immunizations with a plasmid DNA vaccine expressing SIVgag p39, in combination with plasmid expressed rhesus IL-12, could effectively enhance the immunogenicity and postchallenge efficacy of two intranasal doses of recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV)-based vectors expressing HIV-1 env 89.6P gp160 and SIVmac239 gag p55 in rhesus macaques. In macaques receiving the combination plasmid DNA prime, rVSV boost vaccination regimen we observed significantly increased SIVgag- specific cell-mediated and humoral immune responses and significantly lower viral loads postintravenous SHIV89.6P challenge relative to macaques receiving only the rVSV vectored immunizations. In addition, the plasmid DNA prime, rVSV boost vaccination regimen also tended to increase the preservation of peripheral blood CD4+ cells and reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with SHIV89.6P infection. An analysis of immune correlates of protection after SHIV89.6P challenge revealed that the prechallenge SHIV-specific IFN-gamma ELISpot response elicited by vaccination and the ability of the host to mount a virus-specific neutralizing antibody response postchallenge correlated with postchallenge clinical outcome. The correlation between vaccine-elicited cell-mediated immune responses and an improved clinical outcome after SHIV challenge provides strong justification for the continued development of a cytokine-enhanced plasmid DNA prime, rVSV vector boost immunization regimen for the prevention of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Egan
- Wyeth Vaccines Research, Pearl River, New York 10965, USA.
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47
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Meyer RG, Britten CM, Siepmann U, Petzold B, Sagban TA, Lehr HA, Weigle B, Schmitz M, Mateo L, Schmidt B, Bernhard H, Jakob T, Hein R, Schuler G, Schuler-Thurner B, Wagner SN, Drexler I, Sutter G, Arndtz N, Chaplin P, Metz J, Enk A, Huber C, Wölfel T. A phase I vaccination study with tyrosinase in patients with stage II melanoma using recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA-hTyr). Cancer Immunol Immunother 2005; 54:453-67. [PMID: 15627214 PMCID: PMC11033008 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2004] [Accepted: 08/15/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A significant percentage of patients with stage II melanomas suffer a relapse after surgery and therefore need the development of adjuvant therapies. In the study reported here, safety and immunological response were analyzed after vaccination in an adjuvant setting with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara carrying the cDNA for human tyrosinase (MVA-hTyr). A total of 20 patients were included and vaccinated three times at 4-week intervals with 5x10(8) IU of MVA-hTyr each time. The responses to the viral vector, to known HLA class I-restricted tyrosinase peptides, and to dendritic cells transfected with tyrosinase mRNA, were investigated by ELISpot assay on both ex vivo T cells and on T cells stimulated in vitro prior to testing. The delivery of MVA-hTyr was safe and did not cause any side effects above grade 2. A strong response to the viral vector was achieved, indicated by an increase in the frequency of MVA-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and an increase in virus-specific antibody titers. However, no tyrosinase-specific T-cell or antibody response was observed with MVA-hTyr in any of the vaccinated patients. Although MVA-hTyr provides a safe and effective antigen-delivery system, it does not elicit a measurable immune response to its transgene product in patients with stage II melanoma after repeated combined intradermal and subcutaneous vaccination. We presume that modification of the antigen and/or prime-boost vaccination applying different approaches to antigen delivery may be required to induce an effective tyrosinase-specific immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf G. Meyer
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | - Cedrik M. Britten
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrike Siepmann
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Tolga A. Sagban
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans A. Lehr
- Institut fuer Pathologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Weigle
- Institut fuer Immunologie, Technische Universitaet, Dresden, Germany
| | - Marc Schmitz
- Institut fuer Immunologie, Technische Universitaet, Dresden, Germany
| | - Luis Mateo
- Bavarian Nordic GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Burkhard Schmidt
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Helga Bernhard
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Technische Universitaet, Munich, Germany
| | - Thilo Jakob
- Klinische Kooperationsgruppe Umweltdermatologie und Allergologie GSF/TUM, Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Dermatologie und Allergologie, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Hein
- Klinik und Poliklinik fuer Dermatologie und Allergologie, Technische Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ingo Drexler
- GSF, Institut fuer Molekulare Virologie, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerd Sutter
- GSF, Institut fuer Molekulare Virologie, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Jost Metz
- HSK-Aukammallee, Wilhelm Fresenius Klinik, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Alexander Enk
- Hautklinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Huber
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55116 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Wölfel
- III. Medizinische Klinik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universitaet, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55116 Mainz, Germany
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48
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Uberla K. Efficacy of AIDS vaccine strategies in nonhuman primates. Med Microbiol Immunol 2005; 194:201-6. [PMID: 15843997 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-005-0238-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Since only a limited number of vaccines can be tested for efficacy in phase 3 studies in humans, a filter is needed allowing selection of the most promising ones. Although differences between HIV infection in humans and simian immunodeficiency virus infection in nonhuman primates (NHP) might limit the predictive value of these models, comparative efficacy studies in NHPs could facilitate ranking of vaccine candidates. While various forms of protein vaccines failed to induce consistent protection, live-attenuated vaccines, DNA vaccines and viral vector vaccines provided various levels of protection in NHPs. However, variability in the experimental models limits the conclusions that can be drawn with respect to the relative efficacy of vaccines not tested in the same experiment. Therefore, better standardization is an urgent necessity in order to exploit the full potential of nonhuman primate models in AIDS vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Uberla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780 Bochum, Germany.
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49
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Domènech VES, Panthel K, Meinel KM, Rüssmann H. Rapid clearance of a recombinant Salmonella vaccine carrier prevents enhanced antigen-specific CD8 T-cell responses after oral boost immunizations. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:860-6. [PMID: 15878680 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2005] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The type III secretion system of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium can be used to target heterologous antigens directly into the cytosol of antigen-presenting cells. Our laboratory has previously reported that the single oral immunization of mice with a recombinant Salmonella strain expressing the translocated Yersinia outer protein E fused to the immunodominant antigen p60 from Listeria monocytogenes results in the efficient induction of p60-specific CD8 T cells and confers protection against a lethal wild-type Listeria challenge infection. In the present study, we investigated whether these antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes induced by the prime immunization contribute to a more rapid clearance of the vaccine carrier after subsequent boost immunizations and whether oral boost immunizations lead to an augmented p60-specific CD8 T-cell response. We found that the ability of recombinant Salmonella strains to colonize the intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, and spleen was markedly impaired after boost immunizations but that this effect was independent of existing CD8 T cells reactive with p60(217-225). A significant elevation of antigen-specific CD8 T cells could not be detected by enzyme-linked immunospot assay after the second or the third oral immunization, possibly due to the rapid clearance of the bacterial vaccine carrier from lymphatic organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victòria E Sevil Domènech
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut für Hygiene und Medizinische Mikrobiologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Pettenkoferstrasse 9a, 80336 Munich, Germany
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50
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Abstract
A vaccine against HIV Type 1 (HIV-1) is urgently needed. Modified vaccinia virus Ankara is an attenuated smallpox vaccine which can be adapted to express HIV-1 antigens. In this review, we discuss the features which make modified vaccinia virus Ankara an attractive vector for genetic vaccines and have put it, together with several other recombinant viral vectors, at the forefront of HIV-1 vaccine development. Many candidate vaccines including those vectored by modified vaccinia virus Ankara are now entering human trials, the results of which will become available in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eung-Jun Im
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, The John Radcliffe, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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