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Rowland SN, James LJ, O'Donnell E, Bailey SJ. Influence of acute dietary nitrate supplementation timing on nitrate metabolism, central and peripheral blood pressure and exercise tolerance in young men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1381-1396. [PMID: 38040982 PMCID: PMC11055761 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation can lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) and improve exercise performance. Salivary flow rate (SFR) and pH are key determinants of oral NO3- reduction and purported to peak in the afternoon. We tested the hypotheses that NO3--rich beetroot juice (BR) would increase plasma [nitrite] ([NO2-]), lower SBP and improve exercise performance to a greater extent in the afternoon (AFT) compared to the morning (MORN) and evening (EVE). METHOD Twelve males completed six experimental visits in a repeated-measures, crossover design. NO3--depleted beetroot juice (PL) or BR (~ 13 mmol NO3-) were ingested in the MORN, AFT and EVE. SFR and pH, salivary and plasma [NO3-] and [NO2-], brachial SBP and central SBP were measured pre and post supplementation. A severe-intensity exercise tolerance test was completed to determine cycling time to exhaustion (TTE). RESULTS There were no between-condition differences in mean SFR or salivary pH. The elevation in plasma [NO2-] after BR ingestion was not different between BR-MORN, BR-AFT and BR-EVE. Brachial SBP was unchanged following BR supplementation in all conditions. Central SBP was reduced in BR-MORN (- 3 ± 4 mmHg), BR-AFT (- 4 ± 3 mmHg), and BR-EVE (- 2 ± 3 mmHg), with no differences between timepoints. TTE was not different between BR and PL at any timepoint. CONCLUSION Acute BR supplementation was ineffective at improving TTE and brachial SBP and similarly effective at increasing plasma [NO2-] and lowering central SBP across the day, which may have implications for informing NO3- supplementation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Rowland
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Lewis J James
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Emma O'Donnell
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK.
- Department of Cardiovascular Science, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
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Mohammadpour A, Gharehchahi E, Narooie MR, Derakhshan Z, Aliyeva A, Mousavi Khaneghah A. Nitrates in industrial and traditional tomato paste from Arsenjan City, Iran: a health risk assessment study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1638-1651. [PMID: 37399369 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2231367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive approach was used for the first time to measure NO3- risk in tomato paste consumption; besides a robust deterministic and probabilistic method was used. The mean levels of NO3- in homemade and industrial tomato paste were 7.36 mg/kg and 43.69 mg/kg, respectively. The Monte Carlo simulation confirmed that these values were below normal levels (HQ less than 1). The sensitivity analysis displayed that FIR was the main factor affecting the risk to human health in both groups. The interactive plot demonstrated the interaction between C and IR for children and adults in both types of tomato paste. This study concludes that NO3- ingestion due to tomato paste consumption poses no significant health risk. However, considering that food and water constitute the primary sources of NO3- intake, continuous monitoring is recommended due to potential health risks associated with excessive NO3- consumption, including certain forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Mohammadpour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Ehsan Gharehchahi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Narooie
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Iranshahr University of Medical Sciences, Iranshahr, Iran
| | - Zahra Derakhshan
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Research Center for Health Sciences, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aynura Aliyeva
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
- Department of Technology of Chemistry, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Baku, Azerbaijan
- Department of Fruit and Vegetable Product Technology, Prof. Wacław Dąbrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland
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3
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Yu X, Devine D, Vernon J. Manipulating the diseased oral microbiome: the power of probiotics and prebiotics. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2307416. [PMID: 38304119 PMCID: PMC10833113 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2307416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Dental caries and periodontal disease are amongst the most prevalent global disorders. Their aetiology is rooted in microbial activity within the oral cavity, through the generation of detrimental metabolites and the instigation of potentially adverse host immune responses. Due to the increasing threat of antimicrobial resistance, alternative approaches to readdress the balance are necessary. Advances in sequencing technologies have established relationships between disease and oral dysbiosis, and commercial enterprises seek to identify probiotic and prebiotic formulations to tackle preventable oral disorders through colonisation with, or promotion of, beneficial microbes. It is the metabolic characteristics and immunomodulatory capabilities of resident species which underlie health status. Research emphasis on the metabolic environment of the oral cavity has elucidated relationships between commensal and pathogenic organisms, for example, the sequential metabolism of fermentable carbohydrates deemed central to acid production in cariogenicity. Therefore, a focus on the preservation of an ecological homeostasis in the oral environment may be the most appropriate approach to health conservation. In this review we discuss an ecological approach to the maintenance of a healthy oral environment and debate the potential use of probiotic and prebiotic supplementation, specifically targeted at sustaining oral niches to preserve the delicately balanced microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Yu
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - D.A. Devine
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - J.J. Vernon
- Division of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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4
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Rosier BT, Johnston W, Carda-Diéguez M, Simpson A, Cabello-Yeves E, Piela K, Reilly R, Artacho A, Easton C, Burleigh M, Culshaw S, Mira A. Nitrate reduction capacity of the oral microbiota is impaired in periodontitis: potential implications for systemic nitric oxide availability. Int J Oral Sci 2024; 16:1. [PMID: 38177101 PMCID: PMC10767001 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-023-00266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The reduction of nitrate to nitrite by the oral microbiota has been proposed to be important for oral health and results in nitric oxide formation that can improve cardiometabolic conditions. Studies of bacterial composition in subgingival plaque suggest that nitrate-reducing bacteria are associated with periodontal health, but the impact of periodontitis on nitrate-reducing capacity (NRC) and, therefore, nitric oxide availability has not been evaluated. The current study aimed to evaluate how periodontitis affects the NRC of the oral microbiota. First, 16S rRNA sequencing data from five different countries were analyzed, revealing that nitrate-reducing bacteria were significantly lower in subgingival plaque of periodontitis patients compared with healthy individuals (P < 0.05 in all five datasets with n = 20-82 samples per dataset). Secondly, subgingival plaque, saliva, and plasma samples were obtained from 42 periodontitis patients before and after periodontal treatment. The oral NRC was determined in vitro by incubating saliva with 8 mmol/L nitrate (a concentration found in saliva after nitrate-rich vegetable intake) and compared with the NRC of 15 healthy individuals. Salivary NRC was found to be diminished in periodontal patients before treatment (P < 0.05) but recovered to healthy levels 90 days post-treatment. Additionally, the subgingival levels of nitrate-reducing bacteria increased after treatment and correlated negatively with periodontitis-associated bacteria (P < 0.01). No significant effect of periodontal treatment on the baseline saliva and plasma nitrate and nitrite levels was found, indicating that differences in the NRC may only be revealed after nitrate intake. Our results suggest that an impaired NRC in periodontitis could limit dietary nitrate-derived nitric oxide levels, and the effect on systemic health should be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob T Rosier
- Department of Genomics and Health, FISABIO Foundation, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - William Johnston
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
- Oral Sciences, University of Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Miguel Carda-Diéguez
- Department of Genomics and Health, FISABIO Foundation, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Annabel Simpson
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Elena Cabello-Yeves
- Department of Genomics and Health, FISABIO Foundation, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IBV-CSIC), Valencia, Spain
| | - Krystyna Piela
- Oral Sciences, University of Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robert Reilly
- Oral Sciences, University of Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Department of Genomics and Health, FISABIO Foundation, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain
| | - Chris Easton
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Mia Burleigh
- Sport and Physical Activity Research Institute, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland
| | - Shauna Culshaw
- Oral Sciences, University of Glasgow Dental School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Genomics and Health, FISABIO Foundation, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, Valencia, Spain.
- CIBER Center for Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain.
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Apte M, Nadavade N, Sheikh SS. A review on nitrates' health benefits and disease prevention. Nitric Oxide 2024; 142:1-15. [PMID: 37981005 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Dietary nitrates (NO3-) are naturally occurring compounds in various vegetables, especially beetroot, which is mainly supplemented in the form of BRJ. Dietary nitrates (NO3-) play a crucial function in human physiology. On consumption, nitrates (NO3-) undergo a conversion process, producing nitric oxide (NO) via a complex metabolic pathway. Nitric oxide (NO) is associated with many physiological processes, entailing immune modulation, neurotransmission, and vasodilation, enabling blood vessel dilation and relaxation, which boosts blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues, positively influencing cardiovascular health, exercise performance, and cognitive function. There are various analytical processes to determine the level of nitrate (NO3-) present in dietary sources. The impact of dietary nitrates (NO3-) can differ among individuals. Thus, the review revisits the dietary source of nitrates (NO3-), its metabolism, absorption, excretion, analytical techniques to assess nitrates (NO3-) content in various dietary sources, and discusses health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhavi Apte
- Department: Quality Assurance, Pharmacognosy, and Phytochemistry, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
| | - Nishigandha Nadavade
- Department: Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
| | - Sohail Shakeel Sheikh
- Department: Quality Assurance, SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India.
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Zhang M, Mi N, Ying Z, Lin X, Jin Y. Advances in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease based on oral bacteria. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1291455. [PMID: 38156323 PMCID: PMC10754487 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1291455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
With the global population undergoing demographic shift towards aging, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a prominent neurodegenerative disorder that primarily afflicts individuals aged 65 and above, has increased across various geographical regions. This phenomenon is accompanied by a concomitant decline in immune functionality and oral hygiene capacity among the elderly, precipitating compromised oral functionality and an augmented burden of dental plaque. Accordingly, oral afflictions, including dental caries and periodontal disease, manifest with frequency among the geriatric population worldwide. Recent scientific investigations have unveiled the potential role of oral bacteria in instigating both local and systemic chronic inflammation, thereby delineating a putative nexus between oral health and the genesis and progression of AD. They further proposed the oral microbiome as a potentially modifiable risk factor in AD development, although the precise pathological mechanisms and degree of association have yet to be fully elucidated. This review summarizes current research on the relationship between oral bacteria and AD, describing the epidemiological and pathological mechanisms that may potentially link them. The purpose is to enrich early diagnostic approaches by incorporating emerging biomarkers, offering novel insights for clinicians in the early detection of AD. Additionally, it explores the potential of vaccination strategies and guidance for clinical pharmacotherapy. It proposes the development of maintenance measures specifically targeting oral health in older adults and advocates for guiding elderly patients in adopting healthy lifestyle habits, ultimately aiming to indirectly mitigate the progression of AD while promoting oral health in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ying Jin
- Department of Stomatology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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7
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Kurhaluk N. Supplementation with l-arginine and nitrates vs age and individual physiological reactivity. Nutr Rev 2023:nuad131. [PMID: 37903373 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuad131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a natural ontogenetic phenomenon that entails a decrease in the adaptive capacity of the organism, as a result of which the body becomes less adaptable to stressful conditions. Nitrate and nitrite enter the body from exogenous sources and from nitrification of ammonia nitrogen by intestinal microorganisms. This review considers the mechanisms of action of l-arginine, a known inducer of nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis, and nitrates as supplements in the processes of ageing and aggravated stress states, in which mechanisms of individual physiological reactivity play an important role. This approach can be used as an element of individual therapy or prevention of premature ageing processes depending on the different levels of initial reactivity of the functional systems. A search was performed of the PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases (n = 181 articles) and the author's own research (n = 4) up to May 5, 2023. The review presents analyses of data on targeted treatment of NO generation by supplementation with l-arginine or nitrates, which is a promising means for prevention of hypoxic conditions frequently accompanying pathological processes in an ageing organism. The review clarifies the role of the individual state of physiological reactivity, using the example of individuals with a high predominance of cholinergic regulatory mechanisms who already have a significant reserve of adaptive capacity. In studies of the predominance of adrenergic influences, a poorly trained organism as well as an elderly organism correspond to low resistance, which is an additional factor of damage at increased energy expenditure. Conclusion: It is suggested that the role of NO synthesis from supplementation of dietary nitrates and nitrites increases with age rather than from oxygen-dependent biosynthetic reactions from l-arginine supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurhaluk
- Department of Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Słupsk, Poland
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8
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Liu H, Huang Y, Huang M, Wang M, Ming Y, Chen W, Chen Y, Tang Z, Jia B. From nitrate to NO: potential effects of nitrate-reducing bacteria on systemic health and disease. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:425. [PMID: 37821966 PMCID: PMC10566198 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research has described improving multisystem disease and organ function through dietary nitrate (DN) supplementation. They have provided some evidence that these floras with nitrate (NO3-) reductase are mediators of the underlying mechanism. Symbiotic bacteria with nitrate reductase activity (NRA) are found in the human digestive tract, including the mouth, esophagus and gastrointestinal tract (GT). Nitrate in food can be converted to nitrite under the tongue or in the stomach by these symbiotic bacteria. Then, nitrite is transformed to nitric oxide (NO) by non-enzymatic synthesis. NO is currently recognized as a potent bioactive agent with biological activities, such as vasodilation, regulation of cardiomyocyte function, neurotransmission, suppression of platelet agglutination, and prevention of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. NO also can be produced through the conventional L-arginine-NO synthase (L-NOS) pathway, whereas endogenous NO production by L-arginine is inhibited under hypoxia-ischemia or disease conditions. In contrast, exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO activity is enhanced and becomes a practical supplemental pathway for NO in the body, playing an essential role in various physiological activities. Moreover, many diseases (such as metabolic or geriatric diseases) are primarily associated with disorders of endogenous NO synthesis, and NO generation from the exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO route can partially alleviate the disease progression. The imbalance of NO in the body may be one of the potential mechanisms of disease development. Therefore, the impact of these floras with nitrate reductase on host systemic health through exogenous NO3-/NO2-/NO pathway production of NO or direct regulation of floras ecological balance is essential (e.g., regulation of body homeostasis, amelioration of diseases, etc.). This review summarizes the bacteria with nitrate reductase in humans, emphasizing the relationship between the metabolic processes of this microflora and host systemic health and disease. The potential effects of nitrate reduction bacteria on human health and disease were also highlighted in disease models from different human systems, including digestive, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous, respiratory, and urinary systems, providing innovative ideas for future disease diagnosis and treatment based on nitrate reduction bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Liu
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yisheng Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingshu Huang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Ming
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weixing Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengming Tang
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Oral Surgery, School of Stomatology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ibrahim SS, Abou-Bakr A, Ghalwash DM, Hussein RR. Effectiveness of thyme honey in the management of xerostomia in geriatric patients with end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled clinical trial with a biochemical assessment. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:406. [PMID: 37805605 PMCID: PMC10559599 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01351-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taking into consideration the value of the oral health condition in geriatric people with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) associated with xerostomia and believing that salivary stimulants or substitutes could potentially be used to manage this condition. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of thyme honey as oral rinse in geriatric patients with ESRD using the subjective dry mouth score as a primary objective and to assess the effect of thyme honey on the salivary nitric oxide level, salivary flow rate, and salivary ph in addition to objective dry mouth score as a secondary objective. METHODS This was a single blinded randomized controlled trial with two equal arms, the interventional arm (thyme honey oral rinse) and the control arm (saline). Twenty-eight geriatric patients with ESRD undergoing hemodialysis complained of xerostomia were recruited from the renal dialysis center. Patients in both arms followed the same administration protocol either with thyme honey oral rinse or saline. The following clinical parameters (the subjective and objective dry mouth scores, salivary flow rate, salivary ph, and salivary nitric oxide (NO) levels) were evaluated for both groups at different intervals (baseline, 1 week, and 1 month). RESULTS In the current study, it was found that both the subjective and objective dry mouth scores were significantly lower after one month of using thyme honey oral rinse (1.86 ± 0.66B) and (2.21 ± 0.43B) respectively, than the control group (3.07 ± 0.73B) and (3.07 ± 0.83B), respectively with a (p < 0.001). Also, the salivary flow rate was significantly higher after one month of using thyme honey oral rinse (1.56 ± 0.51A), than the control group (0.78 ± 0.27A) with a (p < 0.001). For the NO levels, there was a significant increase in measured value after 1 month in the intervention group (p < 0.001), while for the control group the change was not statistically significant (p = 0.166). CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study have revealed the efficacy of Thyme honey oral rinse in the management of xerostomia in geriatric patients with ESRD. Trial registration The ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier for this study is NCT05247008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan S Ibrahim
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
- Faculty of Oral and Dental Medicine, Nahda University in Beni Seuf City, Beni Seuf, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Abou-Bakr
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City, Egypt.
| | - Dalia M Ghalwash
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The British University in Egypt, El Sherouk City, Egypt
| | - Radwa R Hussein
- Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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10
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Tan R, Baranauskas MN, Karl ST, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Shei RJ, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Bailey SJ. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on peak power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population. Nitric Oxide 2023; 138-139:105-119. [PMID: 37438201 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability and its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular peak power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Effect sizes were calculated for peak power output and absolute and/or relative nitrate doses were considered where applicable. There was no relationship between the effect sizes of peak power output change following nitrate supplementation and when nitrate dosage when considered in absolute or relative terms. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus on nitrate dosing regimens that optimize nitric oxide bioavailability for enhancing peak power at times of increased muscular work in a variety of healthy and disease populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | | | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Indiana University Alumni Association, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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11
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Wyszyńska M, Czelakowska A, Rosak P, Kasperski J, Łopacińska M, Ghanem A, Mertas A, Skucha-Nowak M. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Oral Bacterial Flora in Patients Wearing Complete Dentures and on the Level of Exhaled Nitric Oxide as a Marker of Inflammation. J Clin Med 2023; 12:5556. [PMID: 37685622 PMCID: PMC10488653 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12175556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exhaled nitric oxide is helpful in the diagnosis of the inflammation process. The study aimed to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 disease on the oral bacterial flora of patients using complete dentures with a diagnostic device that measures the level of NO in exhaled air. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study included patients using upper and lower acrylic complete dentures. All patients participating in the study were vaccinated against COVID-19. The patients were divided into two groups. A dental examination was conducted in each group. The NO concentration was measured using the Vivatmo Pro device. An oral microbiological examination was performed by taking a swab from the bottom of the mouth. RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of NO in relation to the number of bacteria from isolated families in the study and control groups and no statistically significant correlations between the level of NO and the number of bacteria from all families in the control and study group. Significantly higher NO values were present in the vaccinated and COVID-19-positive history population compared to the vaccinated and with no COVID-19 history population (patients with no clinical symptoms of infection or unaware they had COVID-19). CONCLUSIONS There are statistically significant differences in NO distribution in the considered populations: vaccinated and sick, and vaccinated and with a negative history of COVID-19. The measurement of NO in exhaled air can be a complementary, non-invasive diagnostic and inflammation monitoring method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wyszyńska
- Department of Dental Materials, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Czelakowska
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (A.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Przemysław Rosak
- Specialist Dental Practice Przemysław Rosak, 13 Piłsudskiego Street, 41-300 Dąbrowa Górnicza, Poland;
| | - Jacek Kasperski
- Department of Dental Prosthetics, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland; (A.C.); (J.K.)
| | - Maria Łopacińska
- Institute of Dentistry and General Medicine, 8 Łabędzia Street, 40-534 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Amir Ghanem
- Doctoral’s School, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Anna Mertas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Skucha-Nowak
- Department of Dental Propedeutics, Division of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 15 Poniatowskiego Street, 40-055 Katowice, Poland;
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12
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Lewis JP, Gui Q. Iron Deficiency Modulates Metabolic Landscape of Bacteroidetes Promoting Its Resilience during Inflammation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0473322. [PMID: 37314331 PMCID: PMC10434189 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04733-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria have to persist under low iron conditions in order to adapt to the nutritional immunity of a host. Since the knowledge of iron stimulon of Bacteroidetes is sparse, we examined oral (Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia) and gut (Bacteroides thataiotaomicron) representatives for their ability to adapt to iron deplete and iron replete conditions. Our transcriptomics and comparative genomics analysis show that many iron-regulated mechanisms are conserved within the phylum. They include genes upregulated in low iron, as follows: fldA (flavodoxin), hmu (hemin uptake operon), and loci encoding ABC transporters. Downregulated genes were frd (ferredoxin), rbr (rubrerythrin), sdh (succinate dehydrogenase/fumarate reductase), vor (oxoglutarate oxidoreductase/dehydrogenase), and pfor (pyruvate:ferredoxin/flavodoxin oxidoreductase). Some genus-specific mechanisms, such as the sus of B. thetaiotaomicron coding for carbohydrate metabolism and the xusABC coding for xenosiderophore utilization were also identified. While all bacteria tested in our study had the nrfAH operon coding for nitrite reduction and were able to reduce nitrite levels present in culture media, the expression of the operon was iron dependent only in B. thetaiotaomicron. It is noteworthy that we identified a significant overlap between regulated genes found in our study and the B. thetaiotaomicron colitis study (W. Zhu, M. G. Winter, L. Spiga, E. R. Hughes et al., Cell Host Microbe 27:376-388, 2020, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.01.010). Many of those commonly regulated genes were also iron regulated in the oral bacterial genera. Overall, this work points to iron being the master regulator enabling bacterial persistence in the host and paves the way for a more generalized investigation of the molecular mechanisms of iron homeostasis in Bacteroidetes. IMPORTANCE Bacteroidetes are an important group of anaerobic bacteria abundant both in the oral and gut microbiomes. Although iron is a required nutrient for most living organisms, the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to the changing levels of iron are not well known in this group of bacteria. We defined the iron stimulon of Bacteroidetes by examination of the transcriptomic response of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia (both belong to the oral microbiome) and Bacteroidetes thetaiotaomicron (belongs to the gut microbiome). Our results indicate that many of the iron-regulated operons are shared among the three genera. Furthermore, using bioinformatics analysis, we identified a significant overlap between our in vitro studies and transcriptomic data derived from a colitis study, thus underscoring the biological significance of our work. Defining the iron-dependent stimulon of Bacteroidetes can help to identify the molecular mechanisms of iron-dependent regulation as well as better understand the persistence of the anaerobes in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina P. Lewis
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Qin Gui
- Philips Institute for Oral Health Research, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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13
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Kosikowska U, Dłuski DF, Pietras-Ożga D, Leszczyńska-Gorzelak B, Andrzejczuk S. Prevalence of Culturable Bacteria and Yeasts in the Nasopharynx Microbiota during the Physiological Course of Pregnancy. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4447. [PMID: 37445482 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12134447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the prevalence of the nasopharyngeal carriage of culturable microorganisms in the microbiota of asymptomatic women with a physiological pregnancy (PW) and nonpregnant women (NPW). Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 53 PW and 30 NPW to detect bacterial and fungal colonization. Isolates were identified using the culture method and the MALDI-TOF MS technique. The nasopharyngeal microbiota (NPM) partially differed between PW and NPW. These differences in the frequency of nasopharyngeal colonization between the PW and NPW groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05); all cases were colonized by bacteria and only two cases in the PW group were colonized by yeasts, namely, Rhodotorula spp. High levels of staphylococcal colonization, including predominantly coagulase-negative staphylococci and S. aureus in the nasopharyngeal sample, were present in both groups. The reduced number of Gram-negative rods colonized in the cases studied was seen in samples from the NPW group, particularly with Enterobacterales, and anaerobic Cutibacterium spp. were isolated only in the PW group (p < 0.05). Moreover, a higher carriage rate of Enterobacter aerogenes colonization was statistically significant (p < 0.05) and correlated with the NPW group. Pregnancy may disturb the composition of the NPM represented by commensals and opportunistic bacteria and promote yeast colonization as compared to nonpregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Kosikowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Dorota Pietras-Ożga
- Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
| | | | - Sylwia Andrzejczuk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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14
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Mazurel D, Carda-Diéguez M, Langenburg T, Žiemytė M, Johnston W, Martínez CP, Albalat F, Llena C, Al-Hebshi N, Culshaw S, Mira A, Rosier BT. Nitrate and a nitrate-reducing Rothia aeria strain as potential prebiotic or synbiotic treatments for periodontitis. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2023; 9:40. [PMID: 37330520 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-023-00406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A few studies indicate that nitrate can reduce dysbiosis from a periodontitis point of view. However, these experiments were performed on samples from healthy individuals, and it is unknown if nitrate will be effective in periodontal patients, where the presence of nitrate-reducing bacteria is clearly reduced. The aim of this study was to test the effect of nitrate and a nitrate-reducing R. aeria (Ra9) on subgingival biofilms of patients with periodontitis. For this, subgingival plaque was incubated with 5 mM nitrate for 7 h (n = 20) or 50 mM nitrate for 12 h (n = 10), achieving a ~50% of nitrate reduction in each case. Additionally, Ra9 was combined with 5 mM nitrate (n = 11), increasing the nitrate reduced and nitrite produced (both p < 0.05). The addition of nitrate to periodontitis communities decreased biofilm mass (50 mM > 5 mM, both p < 0.05). Five millimolar nitrate, 50 mM nitrate and 5 mM nitrate + Ra9 led to 3, 28 and 20 significant changes in species abundance, respectively, which were mostly decreases in periodontitis-associated species. These changes led to a respective 15%, 63% (both p < 0.05) and 6% (not significant) decrease in the dysbiosis index. Using a 10-species biofilm model, decreases in periodontitis-associated species in the presence of nitrate were confirmed by qPCR (all p < 0.05). In conclusion, nitrate metabolism can reduce dysbiosis and biofilm growth of periodontitis communities. Five millimolar nitrate (which can be found in saliva after vegetable intake) was sufficient, while increasing this concentration to 50 mM (which could be achieved by topical applications such as a periodontal gel) increased the positive effects. Ra9 increased the nitrate metabolism of periodontitis communities and should be tested in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Mazurel
- Genomics & Health Department, FISABIO Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Miglė Žiemytė
- Genomics & Health Department, FISABIO Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - William Johnston
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
| | | | | | - Carmen Llena
- Department of Stomatology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Nezar Al-Hebshi
- Oral Microbiome Research Laboratory, Kornberg School of Dentistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Shauna Culshaw
- Oral Sciences, Glasgow Dental Hospital and School, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alex Mira
- Genomics & Health Department, FISABIO Institute, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Bob T Rosier
- Genomics & Health Department, FISABIO Institute, Valencia, Spain.
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15
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Tan R, Baranauskas MN, Karl ST, Ortiz de Zevallos J, Shei RJ, Paris HL, Wiggins CC, Bailey SJ. Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on muscular power output: Influence of supplementation strategy and population. Nitric Oxide 2023:S1089-8603(23)00047-2. [PMID: 37244391 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that dietary nitrate supplementation has the potential to increase muscular power output during skeletal muscle contractions. However, there is still a paucity of data characterizing the impact of different nitrate dosing regimens on nitric oxide bioavailability its potential ergogenic effects across various population groups. This narrative review discusses the potential influence of different dietary nitrate supplementation strategies on nitric oxide bioavailability and muscular power output in healthy adults, athletes, older adults and some clinical populations. Areas for further research are also recommended including a focus individualized nitrate dosing regimens to optimize nitric oxide bioavailability and to promote muscular power enhancements in different populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA.
| | - Marissa N Baranauskas
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, CO, 80918, USA
| | - Sean T Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | | | - Ren-Jay Shei
- Indiana University Alumni Association, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47408, USA
| | - Hunter L Paris
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA, 90263, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
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16
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Min Z, Yang L, Hu Y, Huang R. Oral microbiota dysbiosis accelerates the development and onset of mucositis and oral ulcers. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1061032. [PMID: 36846768 PMCID: PMC9948764 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1061032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of metagenomic high-throughput sequencing technology, more and more oral mucosal diseases have been proven to be associated with oral microbiota shifts or dysbiosis. The commensal oral microbiota can greatly influence the colonization and resistance of pathogenic microorganisms and induce primary immunity. Once dysbiosis occurs, it can lead to damage to oral mucosal epithelial defense, thus accelerating the pathological process. As common oral mucosal diseases, oral mucositis and ulcers seriously affect patients' prognosis and quality of life. However, from the microbiota perspective, the etiologies, specific alterations of oral flora, pathogenic changes, and therapy for microbiota are still lacking in a comprehensive overview. This review makes a retrospective summary of the above problems, dialectically based on oral microecology, to provide a new perspective on oral mucosal lesions management and aims at improving patients' quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Min
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Hu
- Arts College, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruijie Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Ruijie Huang,
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17
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Cocksedge SP, Causer AJ, Winyard PG, Jones AM, Bailey SJ. Oral Temperature and pH Influence Dietary Nitrate Metabolism in Healthy Adults. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030784. [PMID: 36771490 PMCID: PMC9919366 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study tested the hypothesis that the increases in salivary and plasma [NO2-] after dietary NO3- supplementation would be greater when oral temperature and pH were independently elevated, and increased further when oral temperature and pH were elevated concurrently. Seven healthy males (mean ± SD, age 23 ± 4 years) ingested 70 mL of beetroot juice concentrate (BR, which provided ~6.2 mmol NO3-) during six separate laboratory visits. In a randomised crossover experimental design, salivary and plasma [NO3-] and [NO2-] were assessed at a neutral oral pH with a low (TLo-pHNorm), intermediate (TMid-pHNorm), and high (THi-pHNorm) oral temperature, and when the oral pH was increased at a low (TLo-pHHi), intermediate (TMid-pHHi), and high (THi-pHHi) oral temperature. Compared with the TMid-pHNorm condition (976 ± 388 µM), the mean salivary [NO2-] 1-3 h post BR ingestion was higher in the TMid-pHHi (1855 ± 423 µM), THi-pHNorm (1371 ± 653 µM), THi-pHHi (1792 ± 741 µM), TLo-pHNorm (1495 ± 502 µM), and TLo-pHHi (2013 ± 662 µM) conditions, with salivary [NO2-] also higher at a given oral temperature when the oral pH was increased (p < 0.05). Plasma [NO2-] was higher 3 h post BR ingestion in the TMid-pHHi, THi-pHHi, and TLo-pHHi conditions, but not the TLo-pHNorm and THi-pHNorm conditions, compared with TMid-pHNorm (p < 0.05). Therefore, despite ingesting the same NO3- dose, the increases in salivary [NO2-] varied depending on the temperature and pH of the oral cavity, while the plasma [NO2-] increased independently of oral temperature, but to a greater extent at a higher oral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart P. Cocksedge
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Adam J. Causer
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Paul G. Winyard
- Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
- Correspondence:
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18
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Huang X, Zhang Z, Wang X, Wang G, Wang Y, Tang K, Gao B. Influence of Chronic Nitrate-Rich Beetroot Juice Supplementation on the Endurance Performance of Active Winter Triathletes: A Randomized Controlled Trial. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2023; 42:195-206. [PMID: 35512758 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.2021562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of high-nitrate beetroot juice (BRJ) supplementation has seen a recent explosion of interest in sports science. This study examined the potential influence of 7-day BRJ supplementation on the endurance performance of winter triathletes. METHODS Eighty young active winter triathletes (44 males, age = 21.50 ± 1.15 yrs; 36 females, age = 20.66 ± 1.45 yrs) participated in this study and were provided with either BRJ (6.5 mmol NO3-/70 mL) or a placebo (PL, 0.065 mmol NO3-/70 mL) for 7 days (a dose of ×3 per day) in a randomized, double-blind design. The athletes then completed a submaximal treadmill run, intraday cycling exhaustion testing, and a 10-km cross country (XC) skiing competition on the second day. RESULTS There was a significant decrease in the oxygen uptake, respiratory exchange ratio, and blood lactic acid level (p < 0.05) between the BRJ and PL treatment groups during V3 speed running (males: 13.3 km·h-1, females: 11.6 km·h-1). BRJ treatment also remarkably increased the time to exhaustion (TTE) during cycling exhaustion testing (males: p = 0.02, females: p = 0.04). No significant differences were observed in medium- or low-speed submaximal treadmill runs and 10-km XC skiing performance. CONCLUSIONS One week of daily nitrate-rich BRJ supplementation improved running economy at high speed during the submaximal treadmill running test and extended the TTE of athletes during cycling exhaustion testing. However, BRJ supplementation did not improve the performance in 10-km on-snow time trials in XC skiing. Regarding nutritional strategies to improve endurance performance in exercise training and competition, these results should be carefully considered owing to the different motor skill levels and competitive abilities of participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhang Huang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Winter Sports Training Monitoring and Control, Heilongjiang Research Institute of Sports Science, Harbin, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiu Wang
- Harbin No. 26 Middle School, Harbin, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Winter Sports Training Monitoring and Control, Heilongjiang Research Institute of Sports Science, Harbin, China
| | - Yan Wang
- China Winter Triathlon National Team, Heilongjiang Snow Sports Training Center, Harbin, China
| | - Kun Tang
- Key Laboratory of Winter Sports Training Monitoring and Control, Heilongjiang Research Institute of Sports Science, Harbin, China
| | - Binghong Gao
- School of Physical Education and Sport Training, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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19
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Bordonie NC, Saunders MJ, de Zevallos JO, Kurti SP, Luden ND, Crance JH, Baur DA. Dietary nitrate supplementation enhances heavy load carriage performance in military cadets. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:91-102. [PMID: 36175576 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-05056-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effects of dietary nitrate (NO3-) supplementation on physiological responses, cognitive function, and performance during heavy load carriage in military cadets. METHODS Ten healthy males (81.0 ± 6.5 kg; 180.0 ± 4.5 cm; 56.2 ± 3.7 ml·kg·min-1 VO2max) consumed 140 mL·d-1 of beetroot juice (BRJ; 12.8 mmol NO3-) or placebo (PL) for six d preceding an exercise trial, which consisted of 45 min of load carriage (55% body mass) at 4.83 km·h-1 and 1.5% grade, followed by a 1.6-km time-trial (TT) at 4% grade. Gas exchange, heart rate, and perceptual responses were assessed during constant-load exercise and the TT. Cognitive function was assessed immediately prior to, during, and post-exercise via the psychomotor vigilance test (PVT). RESULTS Post-TT HR (188 ± 7.1 vs. 185 ± 7.4; d = 0.40; p = 0.03), mean tidal volume (2.15 ± 0.27 vs. 2.04 ± 0.23; p = 0.02; d = 0.47), and performance (770.9 ± 78.2 s vs. 809.8 ± 61.4 s; p = 0.03; d = 0.63) were increased during the TT with BRJ versus PL. There were no effects of BRJ on constant-load gas exchange or perceptual responses, and cognitive function was unchanged at all time points. CONCLUSION BRJ supplementation improves heavy load carriage performance in military cadets possibly as a result of attenuated respiratory muscle fatigue, rather than enhanced exercise economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas C Bordonie
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Michael J Saunders
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Joaquin Ortiz de Zevallos
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| | - Stephanie P Kurti
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Nicholas D Luden
- Department of Kinesiology, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, 22807, USA
| | - Jenny H Crance
- Infirmary, Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA
| | - Daniel A Baur
- Department of Human Performance and Wellness, Virginia Military Institute, 208 Cormack Hall, Lexington, VA, 24450, USA.
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20
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Bahuguna M, Hooda S, Mohan L, Gupta RK, Diwan P. Identifying oral microbiome alterations in adult betel quid chewing population of Delhi, India. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278221. [PMID: 36598926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study targets to establish a factorial association of oral microbiome alterations (oral dysbiosis) with betel quid chewing habits through a comparison of the oral microbiome of Betel quid chewers and non-chewing individuals. Oral microbiome analysis of 22 adult individuals in the Delhi region of India through the 16S sequencing approach was carried out to observe the differences in taxonomic abundance and diversity. A significant difference in diversity and richness among Betel Quid Chewers (BQC) and Betel Quid Non-Chewers (BQNC) groups was observed. There were significant differences in alpha diversity among the BQC in comparison to BQNC. However, in the age group of 21-30 years old young BQC and BQNC there was no significant difference in alpha diversity. Similar result was obtained while comparing BQC and Smoker-alcoholic BQC. BQ smoker-chewers expressed significant variance in comparison to BQC, based on cluster pattern analysis. The OTU-based Venn Diagram Analysis revealed an altered microbiota, for BQ chewing group with 0-10 years exposure in comparison to those with 10 years and above. The change in the microbial niche in early chewers may be due to abrupt chemical component exposure affecting the oral cavity, and thereafter establishing a unique microenvironment in the long-term BQC. Linear discriminant analysis revealed, 55 significant features among BQC and Alcoholic-Smoker BQC; and 20 significant features among BQC and Smoker BQC respectively. The study shows the abundance of novel bacterial genera in the BQC oral cavity in addition to the commonly found ones. Since the oral microbiome plays a significant role in maintaining local homeostasis, investigating the link between its imbalance in such conditions that are known to have an association with oral diseases including cancers may lead to the identification of specific microbiome-based signatures for its early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Bahuguna
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunila Hooda
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Mohan
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Rohini, Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Prerna Diwan
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
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21
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Abstract
The oral cavity is an unique ecosystem formed by different structures, tissues, and a complex microbial community formed by hundreds of different species of bacteria, fungi, viruses, phages, and the candidate phyla radiation (CPR) group, all living in symbiosis with healthy individuals. In an opposite state, dental caries is a biofilm-mediated dysbiosis that involves changes in the core microbiome composition and function, which leads to the demineralization of tooth tissues due to the fermentation of dietary carbohydrates, producing acid by select oral bacteria. The cariogenic biofilm is typically characterized by bacterial species with the ability of adhering to the saliva-coated tooth surface, production of exopolysaccharides-rich matrix (which will limit the diffusion of acidic products of carbohydrate fermentation), and the ability of surviving in this acidic environment. Besides years of research and dental treatment, dental caries remains the most common chronic disease in children worldwide. This article aims to bring an insightful discussion about important questions that remain unanswered in the Cariology and Oral Microbiology fields, to move Science forward, characterize the interrelationships of these communities, and understand mechanistic functions between microorganisms and the host, therefore leading to translatable knowledge that benefits the provision of care to our pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoena Aguiar Ribeiro
- Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA
- CONTACT Apoena Aguiar Ribeiro Division of Diagnostic Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 150 Dental Circle, Chapel Hill, CB 7450, USA
| | - Bruce J. Paster
- Department of Microbiology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection and Immunity, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, USA
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22
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Mirlohi S. Characterization of Metallic Off-Flavors in Drinking Water: Health, Consumption, and Sensory Perception. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416829. [PMID: 36554714 PMCID: PMC9778853 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of taste- and flavor-producing metals, namely iron and copper, in drinking water is a multifaceted subject. Both metals are essential nutrients, can be toxic, and are known to produce unpleasant tastes and flavor sensations in drinking water. Ingestion of trace metal contaminants through drinking water is a probable source of human exposure. Biochemical mechanisms of metallic flavor perception have been previously described; however, less is known about how variations in salivary constituents might impact individuals' sensitivities to metallic flavors and beverage consumption behaviors. This research presents findings from in vitro experiments, using artificial human saliva, to better understand the role of salivary lipids and proteins on metallic flavor production as measured by biomarkers of metal-induced oxidative stress. The results indicate that metal-induced lipid oxidation, as measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), is dominated by salivary proteins, is slightly inhibited in the presence of salivary nitrite, and is detectable by the TBARS method at and above respective concentrations of 9 µM (0.5 mg/L) and 90 µM (5 mg/L), which are both above the aesthetic standards for iron (0.3 mg/L) and copper (1.0 mg/L) in drinking water. Preliminary study with human subjects indicated that reduction in metallic flavor sensitivity, as measured by the best estimate flavor threshold for ferrous iron among 33 healthy adults aged 19-84 years old (22 females), corresponded with reduced drinking water consumption and increased caloric beverage intake among older subjects (>60 years), as determined by a validated self-reported beverage intake questionnaire. These findings provide insights for further research to examine how salivary constituents can impact humans' sensory abilities in detecting metallic off-flavors in water, and how reduced metallic flavor sensitivity may influence beverage choices and drinking water consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Mirlohi
- Department of Public Health, California State University, Fresno, CA 93740-8031, USA
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Moraitou M, Forsythe A, Fellows Yates JA, Brealey JC, Warinner C, Guschanski K. Ecology, Not Host Phylogeny, Shapes the Oral Microbiome in Closely Related Species. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6874787. [PMID: 36472532 PMCID: PMC9778846 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Host-associated microbiomes are essential for a multitude of biological processes. Placed at the contact zone between external and internal environments, the little-studied oral microbiome has important roles in host physiology and health. Here, we investigate the roles of host evolutionary relationships and ecology in shaping the oral microbiome in three closely related gorilla subspecies (mountain, Grauer's, and western lowland gorillas) using shotgun metagenomics of 46 museum-preserved dental calculus samples. We find that the oral microbiomes of mountain gorillas are functionally and taxonomically distinct from the other two subspecies, despite close evolutionary relationships and geographic proximity with Grauer's gorillas. Grauer's gorillas show intermediate bacterial taxonomic and functional, and dietary profiles. Altitudinal differences in gorilla subspecies ranges appear to explain these patterns, suggesting a close connection between dental calculus microbiomes and the environment, likely mediated through diet. This is further supported by the presence of gorilla subspecies-specific phyllosphere/rhizosphere taxa in the oral microbiome. Mountain gorillas show a high abundance of nitrate-reducing oral taxa, which may promote adaptation to a high-altitude lifestyle by modulating blood pressure. Our results suggest that ecology, rather than evolutionary relationships and geographic distribution, shape the oral microbiome in these closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James A Fellows Yates
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Department of Paleobiotechnology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jaelle C Brealey
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University Museum, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Christina Warinner
- Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany,Department of Paleobiotechnology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology Hans Knöll Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany,Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, 07743 Jena, Germany,Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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24
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Li Y, Zhu M, Liu Y, Luo B, Cui J, Huang L, Chen K, Liu Y. The oral microbiota and cardiometabolic health: A comprehensive review and emerging insights. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1010368. [PMID: 36466857 PMCID: PMC9716288 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1010368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is mounting evidence demonstrating that oral dysbiosis causes periodontal disease and promotes the development of cardiovascular disease. The advancement of omics techniques has driven the optimization of oral microbiota species analysis and has provided a deeper understanding of oral pathogenic bacteria. A bi-directional relationship exists between the oral microbiota and the host, and oral-gut microbiota transfer is known to alter the composition of the gut microbiota and may cause local metabolic disorders. Furthermore, cardiovascular health can also be highly affected by oral microbiota functions and metabolites, including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S), and some lipid metabolites. Studies have found that trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) may have adverse effects on cardiovascular health, whereas SCFAs, NO, and H2S have cardioprotective effects. SCFAs and H2S exert varying oral and cardiovascular effects, however reports on this specific topic remain controversial. Previous evidences are accustomed to summarizing the functions of oral microbiota in the context of periodontitis. The direct relationship between oral microbiota and cardiovascular diseases is insufficient. By systematically summarizing the methods associated with oral microbiota transplantation (OMT), this review facilitates an investigation into the causal links between oral microbiota and cardiovascular disease. The concomitant development of omics, bioinformatics, bacterial culture techniques, and microbiota transplantation techniques is required to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between oral microbiota and cardiovascular disease occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfei Liu
- The Second Department of Gerontology, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Binyu Luo
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cui
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luqi Huang
- China Center for Evidence-based Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keji Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Cardiology, Xiyuan Hospital, Chinese Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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25
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Wells PM, Sprockett DD, Bowyer RCE, Kurushima Y, Relman DA, Williams FMK, Steves CJ. Influential factors of saliva microbiota composition. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18894. [PMID: 36344584 PMCID: PMC9640688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23266-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral microbiota is emerging as an influential factor of host physiology and disease state. Factors influencing oral microbiota composition have not been well characterised. In particular, there is a lack of population-based studies. We undertook a large hypothesis-free study of the saliva microbiota, considering potential influential factors of host health (frailty; diet; periodontal disease), demographics (age; sex; BMI) and sample processing (storage time), in a sample (n = 679) of the TwinsUK cohort of adult twins. Alpha and beta diversity of the saliva microbiota was associated most strongly with frailty (alpha diversity: β = -0.16, Q = 0.003, Observed; β = -0.16, Q = 0.002, Shannon; β = -0.16, Q = 0.003, Simpson; Beta diversity: Q = 0.002, Bray Curtis dissimilarity) and age (alpha diversity: β = 0.15, Q = 0.006, Shannon; β = 0.12, Q = 0.003, Simpson; beta diversity: Q = 0.002, Bray Curtis dissimilarity; Q = 0.032, Weighted UniFrac) in multivariate models including age, frailty, sex, BMI, frailty and diet, and adjustment for multiple testing. Those with a more advanced age were more likely to be dissimilar in the saliva microbiota composition than younger participants (P = 5.125e-06, ANOVA). In subsample analyses, including consideration of periodontal disease (total n = 138, periodontal disease n = 66), the association with frailty remained for alpha diversity (Q = 0.002, Observed ASVs; Q = 0.04 Shannon Index), but not beta diversity, whilst age was not demonstrated to associate with alpha or beta diversity in this subsample, potentially due to insufficient statistical power. Length of time that samples were stored prior to sequencing was associated with beta diversity (Q = 0.002, Bray Curtis dissimilarity). Six bacterial taxa were associated with age after adjustment for frailty and diet. Of the factors studied, frailty and age emerged as the most influential with regards to saliva microbiota composition. Whilst age and frailty are correlates, the associations were independent of each other, giving precedence to both biological and chronological ageing as processes of potential importance when considering saliva microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippa M Wells
- Department of Twin Research, St Thomas Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel D Sprockett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Ruth C E Bowyer
- Department of Twin Research, St Thomas Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yuko Kurushima
- Department of Twin Research, St Thomas Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - David A Relman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Frances M K Williams
- Department of Twin Research, St Thomas Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Claire J Steves
- Department of Twin Research, St Thomas Hospital, King's College London, London, UK.
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26
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Gao D, Asghar S, Hu R, Chen S, Niu R, Liu J, Chen Z, Xiao Y. Recent advances in diverse nanosystems for nitric oxide delivery in cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 13:1498-1521. [PMID: 37139410 PMCID: PMC10149905 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gas therapy has been proven to be a promising and advantageous treatment option for cancers. Studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) is one of the smallest structurally significant gas molecules with great potential to suppress cancer. However, there is controversy and concern about its use as it exhibits the opposite physiological effects based on its levels in the tumor. Therefore, the anti-cancer mechanism of NO is the key to cancer treatment, and rationally designed NO delivery systems are crucial to the success of NO biomedical applications. This review summarizes the endogenous production of NO, its physiological mechanisms of action, the application of NO in cancer treatment, and nano-delivery systems for delivering NO donors. Moreover, it briefly reviews challenges in delivering NO from different nanoparticles and the issues associated with its combination treatment strategies. The advantages and challenges of various NO delivery platforms are recapitulated for possible transformation into clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Sajid Asghar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Rongfeng Hu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Su Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruixin Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Jiangyin Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Jiangyin 214499, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 510 86700000 (Jia Liu); +86 25 85811050 (Zhipeng Chen); +86 25 83271079 (Yanyu Xiao).
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 510 86700000 (Jia Liu); +86 25 85811050 (Zhipeng Chen); +86 25 83271079 (Yanyu Xiao).
| | - Yanyu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding authors. Tel./fax: +86 510 86700000 (Jia Liu); +86 25 85811050 (Zhipeng Chen); +86 25 83271079 (Yanyu Xiao).
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Vieceli T, Tejada S, Martinez-Reviejo R, Pumarola T, Schrenzel J, Waterer GW, Rello J. Impact of air pollution on respiratory microbiome: A narrative review. Intensive Crit Care Nurs 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Xu J, Lan Y, Wang X, Shang K, Liu X, Wang J, Li J, Yue B, Shao M, Fan Z. Multi-omics analysis reveals the host–microbe interactions in aged rhesus macaques. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:993879. [PMID: 36238598 PMCID: PMC9551614 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.993879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex multifactorial process that greatly affects animal health. Multi-omics analysis is widely applied in evolutionary biology and biomedical research. However, whether multi-omics can provide sufficient information to reveal comprehensive changes in aged non-human primates remains unclear. Here, we explored changes in host–microbe interactions with aging in Chinese rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta lasiota, CRs) using multi-omics analysis. Results showed marked changes in the oral and gut microbiomes between young and aged CRs, including significantly reduced probiotic abundance and increased pathogenic bacterial abundance in aged CRs. Notably, the abundance of Lactobacillus, which can metabolize tryptophan to produce aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands, was decreased in aged CRs. Consistently, metabolomics detected a decrease in the plasma levels of AhR ligands. In addition, free fatty acid, acyl carnitine, heparin, 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester levels were increased in aged CRs, which may contribute to abnormal fatty acid metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Transcriptome analysis identified changes in the expression of genes associated with tryptophan metabolism and inflammation. In conclusion, many potential links among different omics were found, suggesting that aged CRs face multiple metabolic problems, immunological disorders, and oral and gut diseases. We determined that tryptophan metabolism is critical for the physiological health of aged CRs. Our findings demonstrate the value of multi-omics analyses in revealing host–microbe interactions in non-human primates and suggest that similar approaches could be applied in evolutionary and ecological research of other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jue Xu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yue Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke Shang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bisong Yue
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Meiying Shao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- *Correspondence: Meiying Shao,
| | - Zhenxin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology on Endangered Wildlife, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Zhenxin Fan,
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29
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Tan R, Pennell A, Price KM, Karl ST, Seekamp-Hicks NG, Paniagua KK, Weiderman GD, Powell JP, Sharabidze LK, Lincoln IG, Kim JM, Espinoza MF, Hammer MA, Goulding RP, Bailey SJ. Effects of Dietary Nitrate Supplementation on Performance and Muscle Oxygenation during Resistance Exercise in Men. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183703. [PMID: 36145080 PMCID: PMC9504620 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to assess the effects of acute and short-term nitrate (NO3−)-rich beetroot juice (BR) supplementation on performance outcomes and muscle oxygenation during bench press and back squat exercise. Fourteen recreationally active males were assigned in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design to supplement for 4 days in two conditions: (1) NO3−-depleted beetroot juice (PL; 0.10 mmol NO3− per day) and (2) BR (11.8 mmol NO3− per day). On days 1 and 4 of the supplementation periods, participants completed 2 sets of 2 × 70%1RM interspersed by 2 min of recovery, followed by one set of repetitions-to-failure (RTF) at 60%1RM for the determination of muscular power, velocity, and endurance. Quadriceps and pectoralis major tissue saturation index (TSI) were measured throughout exercise. Plasma [NO3−] and nitrite ([NO2−]) were higher after 1 and 4 days of supplementation with BR compared to PL (p < 0.05). Quadriceps and pectoralis major TSI were not different between conditions (p > 0.05). The number of RTF in bench press was 5% greater after acute BR ingestion compared to PL (PL: 23 ± 4 vs. BR: 24 ± 5, p < 0.05). There were no differences between BR and PL for RTF for back squat or power and velocity for back squat or bench press (p > 0.05). These data improve understanding on the ergogenic potential of BR supplementation during resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Tan
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-3105067041
| | - Adam Pennell
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Katherine M. Price
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Sean T. Karl
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | | | - Grant D. Weiderman
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Joanna P. Powell
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Luka K. Sharabidze
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | - Justin M. Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | | | - Maya A. Hammer
- Department of Sports Medicine, Pepperdine University, Malibu, CA 90263, USA
| | - Richie P. Goulding
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
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30
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Burcher KM, Burcher JT, Inscore L, Bloomer CH, Furdui CM, Porosnicu M. A Review of the Role of Oral Microbiome in the Development, Detection, and Management of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4116. [PMID: 36077651 PMCID: PMC9454796 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the microbiome in the development and propagation of head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC) is largely unknown and the surrounding knowledge lags behind what has been discovered related to the microbiome and other malignancies. In this review, the authors performed a structured analysis of the available literature from several databases. The authors discuss the merits and detriments of several studies discussing the microbiome of the structures of the aerodigestive system throughout the development of HNSCC, the role of the microbiome in the development of malignancies (generally and in HNSCC) and clinical applications of the microbiome in HNSCC. Further studies will be needed to adequately describe the relationship between HNSCC and the microbiome, and to push this relationship into a space where it is clinically relevant outside of a research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Logan Inscore
- Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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31
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Mei X, Mell B, Cheng X, Yeo JY, Yang T, Chiu N, Joe B. Beyond the Gastrointestinal Tract: Oral and Sex-Specific Skin Microbiota Are Associated with Hypertension in Rats with Genetic Disparities. Physiol Genomics 2022; 54:242-250. [PMID: 35503026 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00169.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge of the link between microbiota and hypertension is limited to the gut. Besides the gut, oral cavity and skin are other locations where sodium chloride (NaCl) is in direct contact with microbiota. While oral nitrate reducing-bacteria generate nitric oxide, which lead to vasodilation and lowering of blood pressure (BP), the skin excretes sodium via sweat glands and is an important site for sodium and BP homeostasis. However, knowledge on the contributions of oral and skin microbiota to BP regulation, is limited. Therefore, the current study was conducted to compare the tripartite relationship between site, sex, and genetic effects on the composition of oral, skin and gut microbiota impacting hypertension. Microbiota were profiled from the oral cavity, skin and feces of both male and female hypertensive Dahl salt-sensitive (S) and congenic rats with genomic substitutions on rat chromosomes (RNO) 1, 5, 9 and 10, demonstrating disparate BP effects. Sex-specific differences in β-diversity were observed only in skin microbiota. The most abundant taxa of the oral and skin microbiota were Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria, respectively. Oral Actinobacteria were inversely associated with BP. While the abundance of oral Actinobacteria was upregulated by the BP locus on RNO10 in both sexes, depletion of skin Cyanobacteria decreased the protection from hypertension in the RNO5 female, but not male, congenic strain. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify specific microbiota in sites other than gut as contributors to BP regulation. Notably, both oral Actinobacteria and skin Cyanobacteria were beneficial for lowering BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Mei
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Blair Mell
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Xi Cheng
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Ji-Youn Yeo
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Tao Yang
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Nathaline Chiu
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States
| | - Bina Joe
- Program in Physiological Genomics, Center for Hypertension and Personalized Medicine, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio, United States
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32
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Kurtz T, Pravenec M, DiCarlo S. Mechanism-based strategies to prevent salt sensitivity and salt-induced hypertension. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:599-620. [PMID: 35452099 PMCID: PMC9069470 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
High-salt diets are a major cause of hypertension and cardiovascular (CV) disease. Many governments are interested in using food salt reduction programs to reduce the risk for salt-induced increases in blood pressure and CV events. It is assumed that reducing the salt concentration of processed foods will substantially reduce mean salt intake in the general population. However, contrary to expectations, reducing the sodium density of nearly all foods consumed in England by 21% had little or no effect on salt intake in the general population. This may be due to the fact that in England, as in other countries including the U.S.A., mean salt intake is already close to the lower normal physiologic limit for mean salt intake of free-living populations. Thus, mechanism-based strategies for preventing salt-induced increases in blood pressure that do not solely depend on reducing salt intake merit attention. It is now recognized that the initiation of salt-induced increases in blood pressure often involves a combination of normal increases in sodium balance, blood volume and cardiac output together with abnormal vascular resistance responses to increased salt intake. Therefore, preventing either the normal increases in sodium balance and cardiac output, or the abnormal vascular resistance responses to salt, can prevent salt-induced increases in blood pressure. Suboptimal nutrient intake is a common cause of the hemodynamic disturbances mediating salt-induced hypertension. Accordingly, efforts to identify and correct the nutrient deficiencies that promote salt sensitivity hold promise for decreasing population risk of salt-induced hypertension without requiring reductions in salt intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore W. Kurtz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94017-0134, U.S.A
| | - Michal Pravenec
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Stephen E. DiCarlo
- Department of Physiology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, U.S.A
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33
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Liu M, Shi Y, Wu K, Xie W, Ser HL, Jiang Q, Wu L. From Mouth to Brain: Distinct Supragingival Plaque Microbiota Composition in Cerebral Palsy Children With Caries. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:814473. [PMID: 35480234 PMCID: PMC9037539 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.814473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Children with cerebral palsy (CP) present a higher prevalence and severity of caries. Although researchers have studied multiple risk factors for caries in CP, the role of microorganisms in caries remains one of the critical factors worth exploring. In order to explore the differences in the supragingival plaque microbiota (SPM), supragingival plaque samples were collected from 55 CP children and 23 non-CP children for 16S rRNA sequencing. Distinct SPM composition was found between CP children with severe caries (CPCS) and non-CP children with severe caries (NCPCS). Further subanalysis was also done to identify if there were any differences in SPM among CP children with different degrees of caries, namely, caries-free (CPCF), mild to moderate caries (CPCM), and severe caries (CPCS). After selecting the top 15 most abundant species in all groups, we found that CPCS was significantly enriched for Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, Campylobacter rectus, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Catonella morbi, Alloprevotella tannerae, Parvimonas micra, Streptobacillus moniliformis, and Porphyromonas canoris compared to NCPCS. By comparing CPCF, CPCM, and CPCS, we found that the core caries-associated microbiota in CP children included Prevotella, Alloprevotella, Actinomyces, Catonella, and Streptobacillus, while Capnocytophaga and Campylobacter were dental health-associated microbiota in CP children. Alpha diversity analysis showed no significant difference between NCPCS and CPCS, but the latter had a much simpler core correlation network than that of NCPCS. Among CP children, CPCM and CPCF displayed lower bacterial diversity and simpler correlation networks than those of CPCS. In summary, the study showed the specific SPM characteristics of CPCS compared to NCPCS and revealed the core SPM in CP children with different severities of caries (CPCF, CPCM, and CPCS) and their correlation network. Hopefully, the study would shed light on better caries prevention and therapies for CP children. Findings from the current study offer exciting insights that warrant larger cohort studies inclusive of saliva and feces samples to investigate the potential pathogenic role of oral microbiota through the oral–gut–brain axis in CP children with caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxiao Liu
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Shi
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaibin Wu
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hooi-Leng Ser
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Lihong Wu, ; Qianzhou Jiang, ; Hooi-Leng Ser,
| | - Qianzhou Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lihong Wu, ; Qianzhou Jiang, ; Hooi-Leng Ser,
| | - Lihong Wu
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Lihong Wu, ; Qianzhou Jiang, ; Hooi-Leng Ser,
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Chervinets VM, Chervinets YV, Chichanovskaja LV, Ganzja DV, Grigoryants EO, Belyaev VS, Mironov AY. The microbiome of oral cavity patients with periodontitis, adhesive and biofilm forming properties. Klin Lab Diagn 2022; 67:163-169. [PMID: 35320632 DOI: 10.51620/0869-2084-2022-67-3-163-169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The work characterizes the intestinal microbiota of patients with ischemic stroke, including the spectrum, frequency and number of microorganisms, as well as the spectrum and amount of gas signaling molecules secreted by lactobacilli. It was found that in patients with ischemic stroke, the frequency of the main representatives of normal microflora, Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Escherichia coli, decreased in 2-3 times, and the same time the prevalence of Clostridia spp., Bacillus spp., Peptostreptococcus spp., Klebsiella spp. increased in 2-3 times; yeast like fungi C. albicans was isolated in 25% of cases. Lactobacilli isolated from the intestinal microbiota of patients with ischemic stroke were represented by a wide variety of species: L. rhamnosus, L. fermentum, L. plantarum, L. brevis, L. pentosus, L. curvatus, L. salivarius. In most cases, they did not produce NO, they released CO 2 times less compared to healthy people. The most active NO producers - L. plantarum, CO - L. rhamnosus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - A Yu Mironov
- G.N. Gabrichevskogo Moscow research institute for epidemiology and microbiology.,Russian academy of post-graduate education Federal Research and Clinical Center of Specialized Medical Care and Medical Technologies FMBA of Russia
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35
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Huffines JT, Stoner SN, Baty JJ, Scoffield JA. Nitrite Triggers Reprogramming of the Oral Polymicrobial Metabolome by a Commensal Streptococcus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:833339. [PMID: 35300375 PMCID: PMC8923425 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.833339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Commensal streptococci regulate health and homeostasis within oral polymicrobial communities. Remarkably, high salivary nitrite concentrations have also been associated with improved health in the oral cavity. We previously demonstrated that nitrite assists hydrogen peroxide-producing oral commensal streptococci in regulating homeostasis via the generation of reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which have antimicrobial activity on oral pathogens. However, it is unknown how nitrite and commensal streptococci work in concert to influence the metabolome of oral polymicrobial communities. In this study, we report that nitrite aids commensal streptococci in the inhibition of multi-kingdom pathogens that reside in distinct oral niches, which supports commensal dominance. More importantly, we show that commensal streptococci utilize nitrite to drive the metabolic signature of multispecies biofilms in a manner that supports commensal metabolism and resistance to RNS, and restricts metabolic processes that are required for pathogen virulence. Taken together, our study provides insight into how commensal streptococci use nitrite to trigger shifts in the oral polymicrobial metabolome to support health and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica A. Scoffield
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
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36
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Rosier BT, Takahashi N, Zaura E, Krom BP, MartÍnez-Espinosa RM, van Breda SGJ, Marsh PD, Mira A. The Importance of Nitrate Reduction for Oral Health. J Dent Res 2022; 101:887-897. [PMID: 35196931 DOI: 10.1177/00220345221080982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Salivary glands concentrate plasma nitrate into saliva, leading to high nitrate concentrations that can reach the millimolar range after a nitrate-rich vegetable meal. Whereas human cells cannot reduce nitrate to nitrite effectively, certain oral bacteria can. This leads to an increase in systemic nitrite that can improve conditions such as hypertension and diabetes through nitric oxide availability. Apart from systemic benefits, it has been proposed that microbial nitrate reduction can also promote oral health. In this review, we discuss evidence associating dietary nitrate with oral health. Oral bacteria can reduce nitrite to nitric oxide, a free radical with antimicrobial properties capable of inhibiting sensitive species such as anaerobes involved in periodontal diseases. Nitrate has also been shown to increase resilience against salivary acidification in vivo and in vitro, thus preventing caries development. One potential mechanism is proton consumption during denitrification and/or bacterial reduction of nitrite to ammonium. Additionally, lactic acid (organic acid involved in oral acidification) and hydrogen sulfide (volatile compound involved in halitosis) can act as electron donors for these processes. The nitrate-reducing bacteria Rothia and Neisseria are consistently found at higher levels in individuals free of oral disease (vs. individuals with caries, periodontitis, and/or halitosis) and increase when nitrate is consumed in clinical studies. Preliminary in vitro and clinical evidence show that bacteria normally associated with disease, such as Veillonella (caries) and Prevotella (periodontal diseases and halitosis), decrease in the presence of nitrate. We propose nitrate as an ecologic factor stimulating eubiosis (i.e., an increase in health-associated species and functions). Finally, we discuss the preventive and therapeutic potential, as well as safety issues, related to the use of nitrate. In vivo evidence is limited; therefore, robust clinical studies are required to confirm the potential benefits of nitrate reduction on oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Rosier
- Department of Health and Genomics, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - N Takahashi
- Department of Ecological Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - E Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B P Krom
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R M MartÍnez-Espinosa
- Agrochemistry and Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - S G J van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - P D Marsh
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - A Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain.,CIBER Institute of Epidemiology and Public Health, Madrid, Spain
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37
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Zakaria ZZ, Al-Rumaihi S, Al-Absi RS, Farah H, Elamin M, Nader R, Bouabidi S, Suleiman SE, Nasr S, Al-Asmakh M. Physiological Changes and Interactions Between Microbiome and the Host During Pregnancy. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:824925. [PMID: 35265534 PMCID: PMC8899668 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.824925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, it has become clear that microbiome play a variety of essential roles in human metabolism, immunity, and overall health and that the composition of these microbiome is influenced by our environment, diet, weight, hormones, and other factors. Indeed, numerous physiological and pathological conditions, including obesity and metabolic syndrome, are associated with changes in our microbiome, referred to as dysbiosis. As a result, it is not surprising that such changes occur during pregnancy, which includes substantial weight gain and significant changes in metabolism and immune defenses. The present review relates physiological changes during pregnancy to alterations in the microbial composition at various sites, including the gut, oral cavity, and vagina. Pregnancy has been linked to such microbial changes, and we believe that, in contrast to certain disease states, these microbial changes are vital for a healthy pregnancy, probably through their influence on the mother’s immunological, endocrinological, and metabolic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zain Zaki Zakaria
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University (QU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Shouq Al-Rumaihi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rana S. Al-Absi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University (QU), Doha, Qatar
| | - Huda Farah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Muram Elamin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Rahaf Nader
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Salma Bouabidi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sara Elgaili Suleiman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shahd Nasr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University (QU) Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University (QU), Doha, Qatar
- *Correspondence: Maha Al-Asmakh,
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38
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Morou-Bermúdez E, Torres-Colón JE, Bermúdez NS, Patel RP, Joshipura KJ. Pathways Linking Oral Bacteria, Nitric Oxide Metabolism, and Health. J Dent Res 2022; 101:623-631. [PMID: 35081826 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211064571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate-reducing oral bacteria have gained a lot of interest due to their involvement in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis and its important cardiometabolic outcomes. Consortia of nitrate-metabolizing oral bacteria associated with cardiometabolic health and cognitive function have been recently identified. Longitudinal studies and clinical trials have shown that chronic mouthwash use is associated with increased blood pressure and increased risk for prediabetes/diabetes and hypertension. Concurrently, recent studies are beginning to shed some light on the complexity of nitrate reduction pathways of oral bacteria, such as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), which converts nitrite into ammonium, and denitrification, which converts nitrite to NO, nitrous oxide, and dinitrogen. These pathways can affect the composition and metabolism of the oral microbiome; consequently, salivary nitrate and nitrite metabolism have been proposed as targets for probiotics and oral health. These pathways could also affect systemic NO levels because NO generated through denitrification can be oxidized back to nitrite in the saliva, thus facilitating flux along the NO3--NO2--NO pathway, while DNRA converts nitrite to ammonium, leading to reduced NO. It is, therefore, important to understand which pathway predominates under different oral environmental conditions, since the clinical consequences could be different for oral and systemic health. Recent studies show that oral hygiene measures such as tongue cleaning and dietary nitrate are likely to favor denitrifying bacteria such as Neisseria, which are linked with better cardiometabolic health. A vast body of literature demonstrates that redox potential, carbon-to-nitrate ratio, and nitrate-to-nitrite ratio are key environmental drivers of the competing denitrification and DNRA pathways in various natural and artificial ecosystems. Based on this information, a novel behavioral and microbial model for nitric oxide metabolism and health is proposed, which links lifestyle factors with oral and systemic health through NO metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Morou-Bermúdez
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, School of Dental Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - J E Torres-Colón
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, School of Dental Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - N S Bermúdez
- Department of Linguistics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - R P Patel
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham and Center for Free Radical Biology, AL, USA
| | - K J Joshipura
- University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, School of Dental Medicine, San Juan, Puerto Rico.,T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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39
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Negrini TDC, Carlos IZ, Duque C, Caiaffa KS, Arthur RA. Interplay Among the Oral Microbiome, Oral Cavity Conditions, the Host Immune Response, Diabetes Mellitus, and Its Associated-Risk Factors-An Overview. FRONTIERS IN ORAL HEALTH 2022; 2:697428. [PMID: 35048037 PMCID: PMC8757730 DOI: 10.3389/froh.2021.697428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This comprehensive review of the literature aimed to investigate the interplay between the oral microbiome, oral cavity conditions, and host immune response in Diabetes mellitus (DM). Moreover, this review also aimed to investigate how DM related risk factors, such as advanced age, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hypertension and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), act in promoting or modifying specific mechanisms that could potentially perpetuate both altered systemic and oral conditions. We found that poorly controlled glycemic index may exert a negative effect on the immune system of affected individuals, leading to a deficient immune response or to an exacerbation of the inflammatory response exacerbating DM-related complications. Hyperglycemia induces alterations in the oral microbiome since poor glycemic control is associated with increased levels and frequencies of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival biofilm of individuals with DM. A bidirectional relationship between periodontal diseases and DM has been suggested: DM patients may have an exaggerated inflammatory response, poor repair and bone resorption that aggravates periodontal disease whereas the increased levels of systemic pro-inflammatory mediators found in individuals affected with periodontal disease exacerbates insulin resistance. SARS-CoV-2 infection may represent an aggravating factor for individuals with DM. Individuals with DM tend to have low salivary flow and a high prevalence of xerostomia, but the association between prevalence/experience of dental caries and DM is still unclear. DM has also been associated to the development of lesions in the oral mucosa, especially potentially malignant ones and those associated with fungal infections. Obesity plays an important role in the induction and progression of DM. Co-affected obese and DM individuals tend to present worse oral health conditions. A decrease in HDL and, an increase in triglycerides bloodstream levels seem to be associated with an increase on the load of periodontopathogens on oral cavity. Moreover, DM may increase the likelihood of halitosis. Prevalence of impaired taste perception and impaired smell recognition tend to be greater in DM patients. An important interplay among oral cavity microbiome, DM, obesity and hypertension has been proposed as the reduction of nitrate into nitrite, in addition to contribute to lowering of blood pressure, reduces oxidative stress and increases insulin secretion, being these effects desirable for the control of obesity and DM. Women with PCOS tend to present a distinct oral microbial composition and an elevated systemic response to selective members of this microbial community, but the association between oral microbiome, PCOS are DM is still unknown. The results of the studies presented in this review suggest the interplay among the oral microbiome, oral cavity conditions, host immune response and DM and some of the DM associated risk factors exist. DM individuals need to be encouraged and motivated for an adequate oral health care. In addition, these results show the importance of adopting multidisciplinary management of DM and of strengthening physicians-dentists relationship focusing on both systemic and on oral cavity conditions of DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais de Cássia Negrini
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Duque
- Department of Restorative and Preventive Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Karina Sampaio Caiaffa
- Department of Restorative and Preventive Dentistry, Araçatuba Dental School, São Paulo State University, Araçatuba, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Alex Arthur
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Dental School, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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40
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Fernández AI, Bermejo J, Yotti R, Martínez-Gonzalez MÁ, Mira A, Gophna U, Karlsson R, Al-Daccak R, Martín-Demiguel I, Gutiérrez-Ibanes E, Charron D, Fernández-Avilés F. The impact of Mediterranean diet on coronary plaque vulnerability, microvascular function, inflammation and microbiome after an acute coronary syndrome: study protocol for the MEDIMACS randomized, controlled, mechanistic clinical trial. Trials 2021; 22:795. [PMID: 34772433 PMCID: PMC8588729 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-021-05746-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary prevention trials have demonstrated that the traditional Mediterranean diet is associated with a reduction in cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. However, this benefit has not been proven for secondary prevention after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We hypothesized that a high-intensity Mediterranean diet intervention after an ACS decreases the vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaques by complex interactions between anti-inflammatory effects, microbiota changes and modulation of gene expression. Methods The MEDIMACS project is an academically funded, prospective, randomized, controlled and mechanistic clinical trial designed to address the effects of an active randomized intervention with the Mediterranean diet on atherosclerotic plaque vulnerability, coronary endothelial dysfunction and other mechanistic endpoints. One hundred patients with ACS are randomized 1:1 to a monitored high-intensity Mediterranean diet intervention or to a standard-of-care arm. Adherence to diet is assessed in both arms using food frequency questionnaires and biomarkers of compliance. The primary endpoint is the change (from baseline to 12 months) in the thickness of the fibrous cap of a non-significant atherosclerotic plaque in a non-culprit vessel, as assessed by repeated optical coherence tomography intracoronary imaging. Indices of coronary vascular physiology and changes in gastrointestinal microbiota, immunological status and protein and metabolite profiles will be evaluated as secondary endpoints. Discussion The results of this trial will address the key effects of dietary habits on atherosclerotic risk and will provide initial data on the complex interplay of immunological, microbiome-, proteome- and metabolome-related mechanisms by which non-pharmacological factors may impact the progression of coronary atherosclerosis after an ACS. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.govNCT03842319. Registered on 13 May 2019 Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13063-021-05746-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Fernández
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, and CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bermejo
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, and CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Raquel Yotti
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, and CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-Gonzalez
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Navarra, IDISNA, CIBEROBN, Pamplona, Spain.,Department of Nutrition, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, CSISP-FISABIO, and CIBERESP, Valencia, Spain
| | - Uri Gophna
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Roger Karlsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy of the University of Gothenburg; Sweden Nanoxis Consulting AB; Centre for Antibiotic Resistance Research (CARe), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reem Al-Daccak
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS-97f, Université Paris-Diderot, HLA et Médecine, Labex Transplantex, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Irene Martín-Demiguel
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, and CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Gutiérrez-Ibanes
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, and CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dominique Charron
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) UMRS-97f, Université Paris-Diderot, HLA et Médecine, Labex Transplantex, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Francisco Fernández-Avilés
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, and CIBERCV, Madrid, Spain
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Ritz T, Salsman ML, Young DA, Lippert AR, Khan DA, Ginty AT. Boosting nitric oxide in stress and respiratory infection: Potential relevance for asthma and COVID-19. Brain Behav Immun Health 2021; 14:100255. [PMID: 33842899 PMCID: PMC8019595 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule that is critical for supporting a plethora of processes in biological organisms. Among these, its role in the innate immune system as a first line of defense against pathogens has received less attention. In asthma, levels of exhaled NO have been utilized as a window into airway inflammation caused by allergic processes. However, respiratory infections count among the most important triggers of disease exacerbations. Among the multitude of factors that affect NO levels are psychological processes. In particular, longer lasting states of psychological stress and depression have been shown to attenuate NO production. The novel SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has caused a pandemic, and with that, sustained levels of psychological stress globally, also adversely affects NO signaling. We review evidence on the role of NO in respiratory infection, including COVID-19, and stress, and argue that boosting NO bioavailability may be beneficial in protection from infections, thus benefitting individuals who suffer from stress in asthma or SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ritz
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, 6116 N. Central Expressway, Suite 1160, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Margot L Salsman
- Department of Psychology, Southern Methodist University, 6116 N. Central Expressway, Suite 1160, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Danielle A Young
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, One Bear Place, 97334, Baylor Sciences Building, Suite B.309, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Alexander R Lippert
- Department of Chemistry, Southern Methodist University, Fondren Science Building 303, P.O. Box, 750314, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Dave A Khan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323, Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Annie T Ginty
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Baylor University, One Bear Place, 97334, Baylor Sciences Building, Suite B.309, Waco, TX, USA
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42
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Shannon OM, Easton C, Shepherd AI, Siervo M, Bailey SJ, Clifford T. Dietary nitrate and population health: a narrative review of the translational potential of existing laboratory studies. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:65. [PMID: 34099037 PMCID: PMC8186051 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00292-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary inorganic nitrate (NO3-) is a polyatomic ion, which is present in large quantities in green leafy vegetables and beetroot, and has attracted considerable attention in recent years as a potential health-promoting dietary compound. Numerous small, well-controlled laboratory studies have reported beneficial health effects of inorganic NO3- consumption on blood pressure, endothelial function, cerebrovascular blood flow, cognitive function, and exercise performance. Translating the findings from small laboratory studies into 'real-world' applications requires careful consideration. MAIN BODY This article provides a brief overview of the existing empirical evidence basis for the purported health-promoting effects of dietary NO3- consumption. Key areas for future research are then proposed to evaluate whether promising findings observed in small animal and human laboratory studies can effectively translate into clinically relevant improvements in population health. These proposals include: 1) conducting large-scale, longer duration trials with hard clinical endpoints (e.g. cardiovascular disease incidence); 2) exploring the feasibility and acceptability of different strategies to facilitate a prolonged increase in dietary NO3- intake; 3) exploitation of existing cohort studies to explore associations between NO3- intake and health outcomes, a research approach allowing larger samples sizes and longer duration follow up than is feasible in randomised controlled trials; 4) identifying factors which might account for individual differences in the response to inorganic NO3- (e.g. sex, genetics, habitual diet) and could assist with targeted/personalised nutritional interventions; 5) exploring the influence of oral health and medication on the therapeutic potential of NO3- supplementation; and 6) examining potential risk of adverse events with long term high- NO3- diets. CONCLUSION The salutary effects of dietary NO3- are well established in small, well-controlled laboratory studies. Much less is known about the feasibility and efficacy of long-term dietary NO3- enrichment for promoting health, and the factors which might explain the variable responsiveness to dietary NO3- supplementation between individuals. Future research focussing on the translation of laboratory data will provide valuable insight into the potential applications of dietary NO3- supplementation to improve population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver M Shannon
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Chris Easton
- Institute for Clinical Exercise and Health Science, University of the West of Scotland, Blantyre, Scotland, UK
| | - Anthony I Shepherd
- School of Sport, Health & Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Mario Siervo
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Tom Clifford
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.
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43
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Milton-Laskibar I, Martínez JA, Portillo MP. Current Knowledge on Beetroot Bioactive Compounds: Role of Nitrate and Betalains in Health and Disease. Foods 2021; 10:foods10061314. [PMID: 34200431 PMCID: PMC8229785 DOI: 10.3390/foods10061314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An increase in the prevalence of noncommunicable chronic diseases has been occurring in recent decades. Among the deaths resulting from these conditions, cardiovascular diseases (CVD) stand out as the main contributors. In this regard, dietary patterns featuring a high content of vegetables and fruits, such as the Mediterranean and the DASH diets, are considered beneficial, and thus have been extensively studied. This has resulted in growing interest in vegetable-derived ingredients and food-supplements that may have potential therapeutic properties. Among these supplements, beetroot juice, which is obtained from the root vegetable Beta vulgaris, has gained much attention. Although a significant part of the interest in beetroot juice is due to its nitrate (NO3-) content, which has demonstrated bioactivity in the cardiovascular system, other ingredients with potential beneficial properties such as polyphenols, pigments and organic acids are also present. In this context, the aim of this review article is to analyze the current knowledge regarding the benefits related to the consumption of beetroot and derived food-supplements. Therefore, this article focuses on nitrate and betalains, which are considered to be the major bioactive compounds present in beetroot, and thus in the derived dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iñaki Milton-Laskibar
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA—Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-917278100
| | - J. Alfredo Martínez
- Precision Nutrition and Cardiometabolic Health Program, IMDEA—Food Institute (Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies), Campus of International Excellence (CEI) UAM + CSIC, Spanish National Research Council, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
| | - María P. Portillo
- CIBERobn Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain;
- Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Pharmacy and Lucio Lascaray Research Centre, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Rosier BT, Palazón C, García-Esteban S, Artacho A, Galiana A, Mira A. A Single Dose of Nitrate Increases Resilience Against Acidification Derived From Sugar Fermentation by the Oral Microbiome. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:692883. [PMID: 34195102 PMCID: PMC8238012 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.692883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth decay starts with enamel demineralization due to an acidic pH, which arises from sugar fermentation by acidogenic oral bacteria. Previous in vitro work has demonstrated that nitrate limits acidification when incubating complex oral communities with sugar for short periods (e.g., 1-5 h), driven by changes in the microbiota metabolism and/or composition. To test whether a single dose of nitrate can reduce acidification derived from sugar fermentation in vivo, 12 individuals received a nitrate-rich beetroot supplement, which was compared to a placebo in a blinded crossover setting. Sucrose-rinses were performed at baseline and 2 h after supplement or placebo intake, and the salivary pH, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium and lactate were measured. After nitrate supplement intake, the sucrose-induced salivary pH drop was attenuated when compared with the placebo (p < 0.05). Salivary nitrate negatively correlated with lactate production and positively with ΔpH after sucrose exposure (r= -0.508 and 0.436, respectively, both p < 0.05). Two additional pilot studies were performed to test the effect of sucrose rinses 1 h (n = 6) and 4 h (n = 6) after nitrate supplement intake. In the 4 h study, nitrate intake was compared with water intake and bacterial profiles were analysed using 16S rRNA gene Illumina sequencing and qPCR detection of Rothia. Sucrose rinses caused a significant pH drop (p < 0.05), except 1 h and 4 h after nitrate supplement intake. After 4 h of nitrate intake, there was less lactate produced compared to water intake (p < 0.05) and one genus; Rothia, increased in abundance. This small but significant increase was confirmed by qPCR (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Rothia and Neisseria negatively correlated with lactate production (r = -0.601 and -0.669, respectively) and Neisseria positively correlated with pH following sucrose intake (r = 0.669, all p < 0.05). Together, these results show that nitrate can acutely limit acidification when sugars are fermented, which appears to result from lactate usage by nitrate-reducing bacteria. Future studies should assess the longitudinal impact of daily nitrate-rich vegetable or supplement intake on dental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob T Rosier
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Palazón
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra García-Esteban
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Artacho
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Galiana
- Department of Microbiology, General University Hospital of Elche, FISABIO Foundation, Alicante, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Department of Health and Genomics, Center for Advanced Research in Public Health, FISABIO Foundation, Valencia, Spain
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Sinha R, Zhao N, Goedert JJ, Byrd DA, Wan Y, Hua X, Hullings AG, Knight R, Breda SV, Mathijs K, de Kok TM, Ward MH. Effects of processed meat and drinking water nitrate on oral and fecal microbial populations in a controlled feeding study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111084. [PMID: 33785324 PMCID: PMC8388086 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One mechanism that can explain the link between processed meat consumption and colorectal cancer (CRC) is the production of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds (NOCs) in the gastrointestinal tract. Oral and gut microbes metabolize ingested proteins (a source of secondary and tertiary amines and amides) and can reduce nitrate to nitrite, generating potentially carcinogenic NOCs. OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether nitrate/nitrite in processed meat or water influences the fecal or salivary microbiota. DESIGN In this dietary intervention study, 63 volunteers consumed diets high in conventional processed meats for two weeks, switched to diets high in poultry for two weeks, and then consumed phytochemical-enriched conventional processed or low-nitrite processed meat diets for two weeks. During the intervention, they drank water with low nitrate concentrations and consumed a healthy diet with low antioxidants. Then the volunteers drank nitrate-enriched water for 1 week, in combination with one of the four different diets. We measured creatinine-adjusted urinary nitrate levels and characterized the oral and fecal microbiota using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. RESULTS Using linear mixed models, we found that, compared to baseline, urinary nitrate levels were reduced during the phytochemical-enriched low-nitrite meat diet (p-value = 0.009) and modestly during the poultry diet (p-value = 0.048). In contrast, urinary nitrate increased after 1-week of drinking nitrate-enriched water (p-value<10-5). Nitrate-enriched water, but not processed meats with or without phytochemicals, altered the saliva microbial population (p-value ≤0.001), and significantly increased abundance of 8 bacterial taxa, especially genus Neisseria and other nitrate-reducing taxa. Meats, phytochemicals and nitrate-enriched water had no significant effects on saliva alpha diversity or any diversity parameter measured for the fecal microbiota. CONCLUSION These findings support the hypothesis that drinking high nitrate water increases oral nitrate-reducing bacteria, which likely results in increased NOC. However, meat nitrate/nitrite at the levels tested had no effect on either the gut or oral bacteria. CLINICALTRIALS. GOV IDENTIFIER NCT04138654.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Sinha
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Ni Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Bloomberg School of Public Health, The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James J Goedert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Doratha A Byrd
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yunhu Wan
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xing Hua
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Autumn G Hullings
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Departments of Pediatrics, Bioengineering, and Computer Science & Engineering, and Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Simone van Breda
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Karen Mathijs
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M de Kok
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW-school for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, P.O Box 616, 6200, MD, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Mary H Ward
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Abstract
The mouth presents a multiplicity of local environments in communication with one another via saliva. The spatial organization of microbes within the mouth is shaped by opposing forces in dynamic equilibrium-salivary flow and adhesion, shedding and colonization-and by interactions among and between microbes and the host. Here we review recent evidence confirming that oral microbes are specialized for individual habitats within the mouth and that microbial habitats and niches are defined by micron-scale gradients in combination with short- and long-range interactions. Micron-scale structure illuminates the roles of individual taxa and provides insight into their community ecology and potential pathogenicity.
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Yates BA, Coggan AR. Gut Reaction: Habitual Dietary Nitrate Intake as a Modulator of Skeletal Muscle Contractile Function. J Nutr 2021; 151:1049-1050. [PMID: 33760918 PMCID: PMC8112769 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxab023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon A Yates
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew R Coggan
- Indiana Center for Musculoskeletal Health, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Health and Human Science, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Sundqvist ML, Lundberg JO, Weitzberg E, Carlström M. Renal handling of nitrate in women and men with elevated blood pressure. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2021; 232:e13637. [PMID: 33630408 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM The inorganic anions nitrate and nitrite are oxidation products of nitric oxide (NO) that have often been used as an index of NO generation. More than just being surrogate markers of NO, nitrate/nitrite can recycle to bioactive NO again. Nitrate is predominantly eliminated via the kidneys; however, there is less knowledge regarding tubular handling. The aim of this study, as part of a large randomized controlled trial, was to explore potential sex differences in renal nitrate handling during low and high dietary nitrate intake. We hypothesized that renal clearance and excretion of nitrate are higher in men compared to women. METHODS In prehypertensive and hypertensive individuals (n = 231), nitrate and nitrite were measured in plasma and urine at low dietary nitrate intake (baseline) and after 5 weeks supplementation with nitrate (300 mg potassium nitrate/day) or placebo (300 mg potassium chloride/day). Twenty-four hours ambulatory blood pressure recordings and urine collections were conducted. RESULTS At baseline, plasma nitrate and nitrite, as well as the downstream marker of NO signalling cyclic guanosine monophosphate, were similar in women and men. Approximately 80% of filtered nitrate was spared by the kidneys. Urinary nitrate concentration, amount of nitrate excreted, renal nitrate clearance (Cnitrate ) and fractional excretion of nitrate (FEnitrate ) were lower in women compared to men. No association was observed between plasma nitrate concentrations and glomerular filtration rate (GFR), nor between FEnitrate and GFR in either sex. After 5 weeks of nitrate supplementation plasma nitrate and nitrite increased significantly, but blood pressure remained unchanged. FEnitrate increased significantly and the sex difference observed at baseline disappeared. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate substantial nitrate sparing capacity of the kidneys, which is higher in women compared to men. This suggests higher tubular nitrate reabsorption in women but the underlying mechanism(s) warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela L. Sundqvist
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jon O. Lundberg
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyKarolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
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Wilbert SA, Mark Welch JL, Borisy GG. Spatial Ecology of the Human Tongue Dorsum Microbiome. Cell Rep 2021; 30:4003-4015.e3. [PMID: 32209464 PMCID: PMC7179516 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.02.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental question in microbial ecology is how microbes are spatially organized with respect to each other and their host. A test bed for examining this question is the tongue dorsum, which harbors a complex and important microbial community. Here, we use multiplexed fluorescence spectral imaging to investigate the organization of the tongue microbiome at micron to hundred-micron scales. We design oligonucleotide probes for taxa both abundant and prevalent, as determined by sequence analysis. Imaging reveals a highly structured spatial organization of microbial consortia, ranging in linear dimension from tens to hundreds of microns. The consortia appear to develop from a core of epithelial cells, with taxa clustering in domains suggestive of clonal expansion. Quantitative proximity analysis provides the basis for a model of tongue dorsum microbiome organization and dynamics. Our work illustrates how high-resolution analysis of micron-scale organization provides insights into physiological functions and microbiome-host interactions. How microbes are spatially organized is a fundamental question in microbial ecology about which little is known. Using fluorescence spectral imaging, Wilbert et al. discover dense, highly structured microbial consortia on the human tongue. Analysis of the organization of these consortia permits inferences about community dynamics and oral microbial ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica L Mark Welch
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and Evolution, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.
| | - Gary G Borisy
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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50
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Ferguson SK, Woessner MN, Holmes MJ, Belbis MD, Carlström M, Weitzberg E, Allen JD, Hirai DM. Effects of inorganic nitrate supplementation on cardiovascular function and exercise tolerance in heart failure. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2021; 130:914-922. [PMID: 33475460 PMCID: PMC8424551 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00780.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) results in a myriad of central and peripheral abnormalities that impair the ability to sustain skeletal muscle contractions and, therefore, limit tolerance to exercise. Chief among these abnormalities is the lowered maximal oxygen uptake, which is brought about by reduced cardiac output and exacerbated by O2 delivery-utilization mismatch within the active skeletal muscle. Impaired nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is considered to play a vital role in the vascular dysfunction of both reduced and preserved ejection fraction HF (HFrEF and HFpEF, respectively), leading to the pursuit of therapies aimed at restoring NO levels in these patient populations. Considering the complementary role of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway in the regulation of enzymatic NO signaling, this review explores the potential utility of inorganic nitrate interventions to increase NO bioavailability in the HFrEF and HFpEF patient population. Although many preclinical investigations have suggested that enhanced reduction of nitrite to NO in low Po2 and pH environments may make a nitrate-based therapy especially efficacious in patients with HF, inconsistent results have been found thus far in clinical settings. This brief review provides a summary of the effectiveness (or lack thereof) of inorganic nitrate interventions on exercise tolerance in patients with HFrEF and HFpEF. Focus is also given to practical considerations and current gaps in the literature to facilitate the development of effective nitrate-based interventions to improve exercise tolerance in patients with HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott K Ferguson
- Department of Kinesiology and Exercise Science, College of Natural and Health Sciences, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, Hawaii
| | - Mary N Woessner
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael J Holmes
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Michael D Belbis
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Mattias Carlström
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eddie Weitzberg
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jason D Allen
- Department of Kinesiology & Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Daniel M Hirai
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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