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Henderson AD, Butler-Cole BFC, Tazare J, Tomlinson LA, Marks M, Jit M, Briggs A, Lin LY, Carlile O, Bates C, Parry J, Bacon SCJ, Dillingham I, Dennison WA, Costello RE, Wei Y, Walker AJ, Hulme W, Goldacre B, Mehrkar A, MacKenna B, Herrett E, Eggo RM. Clinical coding of long COVID in primary care 2020-2023 in a cohort of 19 million adults: an OpenSAFELY analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2024; 72:102638. [PMID: 38800803 PMCID: PMC11127160 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Long COVID is the patient-coined term for the persistent symptoms of COVID-19 illness for weeks, months or years following the acute infection. There is a large burden of long COVID globally from self-reported data, but the epidemiology, causes and treatments remain poorly understood. Primary care is used to help identify and treat patients with long COVID and therefore Electronic Health Records (EHRs) of past COVID-19 patients could be used to help fill these knowledge gaps. We aimed to describe the incidence and differences in demographic and clinical characteristics in recorded long COVID in primary care records in England. Methods With the approval of NHS England we used routine clinical data from over 19 million adults in England linked to SARS-COV-2 test result, hospitalisation and vaccination data to describe trends in the recording of 16 clinical codes related to long COVID between November 2020 and January 2023. Using OpenSAFELY, we calculated rates per 100,000 person-years and plotted how these changed over time. We compared crude and adjusted (for age, sex, 9 NHS regions of England, and the dominant variant circulating) rates of recorded long COVID in patient records between different key demographic and vaccination characteristics using negative binomial models. Findings We identified a total of 55,465 people recorded to have long COVID over the study period, which included 20,025 diagnoses codes and 35,440 codes for further assessment. The incidence of new long COVID records increased steadily over 2021, and declined over 2022. The overall rate per 100,000 person-years was 177.5 cases in women (95% CI: 175.5-179) and 100.5 in men (99.5-102). The majority of those with a long COVID record did not have a recorded positive SARS-COV-2 test 12 or more weeks before the long COVID record. Interpretation In this descriptive study, EHR recorded long COVID was very low between 2020 and 2023, and incident records of long COVID declined over 2022. Using EHR diagnostic or referral codes unfortunately has major limitations in identifying and ascertaining true cases and timing of long COVID. Funding This research was supported by the National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) (OpenPROMPT: COV-LT2-0073).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ben FC. Butler-Cole
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - John Tazare
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Laurie A. Tomlinson
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Michael Marks
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Mark Jit
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Andrew Briggs
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Liang-Yu Lin
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Oliver Carlile
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Chris Bates
- TPP, TPP House, 129 Low Lane, Horsforth, Leeds LS18 5PX, UK
| | - John Parry
- TPP, TPP House, 129 Low Lane, Horsforth, Leeds LS18 5PX, UK
| | - Sebastian CJ. Bacon
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Iain Dillingham
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | | | - Ruth E. Costello
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Yinghui Wei
- Centre for Mathematical Sciences, School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, UK
| | - Alex J. Walker
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - William Hulme
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Ben Goldacre
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Amir Mehrkar
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Brian MacKenna
- Bennett Institute for Applied Data Science, Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, OX2 6GG, UK
| | - Emily Herrett
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rosalind M. Eggo
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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2
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Reekie J, Stovring H, Nielsen H, Johansen IS, Benfield T, Wiese L, Stærke NB, Iversen K, Mustafa AB, Petersen KT, Juhl MR, Knudsen LS, Iversen MB, Andersen SD, Larsen FD, Baerends EAM, Lindvig SO, Rasmussen LD, Madsen LW, Bannister W, Jensen TO, Dietz LL, Ostrowski SR, Østergaard L, Tolstrup M, Lundgren JD, Søgaard OS. Development of antibody levels and subsequent decline in individuals with vaccine induced and hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Int J Infect Dis 2024:107111. [PMID: 38801970 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to compare antibody trajectories among individuals with SARS-CoV-2 hybrid and vaccine-induced immunity. METHODS Danish adults receiving three doses of BTN162b2 or mRNA-1237 were included prior to first vaccination (Day0). SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG levels were assessed before each vaccine dose, at Day90, Day180, 28 days after 3rd vaccination (Day251), Day365, and prior to 4th vaccination (Day535). SARS-CoV-2 PCR results were extracted from the national microbiology database. Mixed-effect multivariable linear regression investigated the impact of hybrid-immunity (stratified into 4 groups: no hybrid immunity, PCR+ prior to 3rd dose, PCR+ after 3rd dose and before Day365, PCR+ after Day365) on anti-spike IgG trajectories. RESULTS 4,936 individuals were included, 47% developed hybrid-immunity. Anti-spike IgG increases were observed in all groups at Day251, with the highest levels in those PCR+ prior to 3rd dose (Geometric Mean; 535,647AU/mL vs. 374,665AU/mL with no hybrid-immunity, p=<0.0001). Further increases were observed in participants who developed hybrid immunity after their 3rd dose. Anti-spike IgG levels declined from Day 251-535 in individuals without hybrid-immunity and in those who developed hybrid-immunity prior to their 3rd dose, with lower rate of decline in those with hybrid-immunity. CONCLUSION Hybrid-immunity results in higher and more durable antibody trajectories in vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Reekie
- Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Henrik Stovring
- Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Environmental Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Isik S Johansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lothar Wiese
- Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Nina Breinholt Stærke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kasper Iversen
- Department of Cardiology and Department of Emergency Medicine, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ahmed Basim Mustafa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital - Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Maria Ruwald Juhl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Fredrikke Dam Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Susan Olaf Lindvig
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Lone Wulff Madsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark; Department of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark
| | - Wendy Bannister
- Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tomas Oestergaard Jensen
- Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa Loksø Dietz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sisse Rye Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens D Lundgren
- Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Schmeltz Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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3
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Chambers ES, Cai W, Vivaldi G, Jolliffe DA, Perdek N, Li W, Faustini SE, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Richter AG, Coussens AK, Martineau AR. Influence of individuals' determinants including vaccine type on cellular and humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:87. [PMID: 38778017 PMCID: PMC11111746 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00878-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine development targeting SARS-CoV-2 in 2020 was of critical importance in reducing COVID-19 severity and mortality. In the U.K. during the initial roll-out most individuals either received two doses of Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) or the adenovirus-based vaccine from Oxford/AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-nCoV-19). There are conflicting data as to the impact of age, sex and body habitus on cellular and humoral responses to vaccination, and most studies in this area have focused on determinants of mRNA vaccine immunogenicity. Here, we studied a cohort of participants in a population-based longitudinal study (COVIDENCE UK) to determine the influence of age, sex, body mass index (BMI) and pre-vaccination anti-Spike (anti-S) antibody status on vaccine-induced humoral and cellular immune responses to two doses of BNT162b2 or ChAdOx-n-CoV-19 vaccination. Younger age and pre-vaccination anti-S seropositivity were both associated with stronger antibody responses to vaccination. BNT162b2 generated higher neutralising and anti-S antibody titres to vaccination than ChAdOx1-nCoV-19, but cellular responses to the two vaccines were no different. Irrespective of vaccine type, increasing age was also associated with decreased frequency of cytokine double-positive CD4+T cells. Increasing BMI was associated with reduced frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific TNF+CD8% T cells for both vaccines. Together, our findings demonstrate that increasing age and BMI are associated with attenuated cellular and humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Whilst both vaccines induced T cell responses, BNT162b2 induced significantly elevated humoral immune response as compared to ChAdOx-n-CoV-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma S Chambers
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Weigang Cai
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Giulia Vivaldi
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - David A Jolliffe
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Natalia Perdek
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Wenhao Li
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Sian E Faustini
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentristry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentristry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Alex G Richter
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Anna K Coussens
- Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Adrian R Martineau
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 2AT, UK
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4
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Zaeck LM, Tan NH, Rietdijk WJR, Geers D, Sablerolles RSG, Bogers S, van Dijk LLA, Gommers L, van Leeuwen LPM, Rugebregt S, Goorhuis A, Postma DF, Visser LG, Dalm VASH, Lafeber M, Kootstra NA, Huckriede ALW, Haagmans BL, van Baarle D, Koopmans MPG, van der Kuy PHM, GeurtsvanKessel CH, de Vries RD. Original COVID-19 priming regimen impacts the immunogenicity of bivalent BA.1 and BA.5 boosters. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4224. [PMID: 38762522 PMCID: PMC11102539 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Waning antibody responses after COVID-19 vaccination combined with the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron lineage led to reduced vaccine effectiveness. As a countermeasure, bivalent mRNA-based booster vaccines encoding the ancestral spike protein in combination with that of Omicron BA.1 or BA.5 were introduced. Since then, different BA.2-descendent lineages have become dominant, such as XBB.1.5, JN.1, or EG.5.1. Here, we report post-hoc analyses of data from the SWITCH-ON study, assessing how different COVID-19 priming regimens affect the immunogenicity of bivalent booster vaccinations and breakthrough infections (NCT05471440). BA.1 and BA.5 bivalent vaccines boosted neutralizing antibodies and T-cells up to 3 months after boost; however, cross-neutralization of XBB.1.5 was poor. Interestingly, different combinations of prime-boost regimens induced divergent responses: participants primed with Ad26.COV2.S developed lower binding antibody levels after bivalent boost while neutralization and T-cell responses were similar to mRNA-based primed participants. In contrast, the breadth of neutralization was higher in mRNA-primed and bivalent BA.5 boosted participants. Combined, our data further support the current use of monovalent vaccines based on circulating strains when vaccinating risk groups, as recently recommended by the WHO. We emphasize the importance of the continuous assessment of immune responses targeting circulating variants to guide future COVID-19 vaccination policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca M Zaeck
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ngoc H Tan
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wim J R Rietdijk
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daryl Geers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roos S G Sablerolles
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Bogers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Laura L A van Dijk
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Gommers
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Leanne P M van Leeuwen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sharona Rugebregt
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Postma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Virgil A S H Dalm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Melvin Lafeber
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anke L W Huckriede
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bart L Haagmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P Hugo M van der Kuy
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rory D de Vries
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Torresi J, Edeling MA. Immune imprinting of SARS-CoV-2 responses: changing first immune impressions. mSphere 2024; 9:e0075823. [PMID: 38477577 PMCID: PMC11036796 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00758-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of the ancestral severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus and the successful rollout of protective vaccines based on this original strain, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved into several variants, in a classical virus-host arms race typical of RNA viruses, to progressively evade the host immune response. Next-generation bivalent vaccines have been developed with broader protection against emerging variants than the ancestral vaccine. Nonetheless, even these vaccines show lower protection against the latest Omicron variants. Immune printing describes how an immune response to an immunogen is impacted by earlier exposures to a related immunogen. Several lessons about the effect of immune imprinting on responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, including age-associated impacts, can be learned from influenza. Understanding the mechanisms of imprinting of SARS-CoV-2 will be important to inform the design of vaccines that produce broader and more durable protective immune responses to emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Torresi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - M. A. Edeling
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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6
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Abbad A, Yellin T, Singh G, Fried M, Raskin A, Tcheou J, Monahan B, Gleason C, Simon V, Carreño JM, Krammer F. SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 and BA.2 breakthrough infections boost antibody responses to early Omicron subvariants but not BQ.1.1 or XBB.1.5. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101474. [PMID: 38508136 PMCID: PMC10983110 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Subvariants of the Omicron lineage of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) efficiently escape neutralizing antibody responses induced by both vaccination and infection with antigenically distinct variants. Here, we describe the potency and breadth of neutralizing and binding antibody responses against a large panel of variants following an Omicron BA.1 or BA.2 breakthrough infection in a heterogeneous cohort of individuals with diverse exposure histories. Both BA.1 and BA.2 breakthrough infections significantly boost antibody levels and broaden antibody reactivity. However, this broader immunity induced by BA.1 and BA.2 breakthrough infections does not neutralize Omicron BQ and XBB subvariants efficiently. While these subvariants are not neutralized well by post-breakthrough sera, suggesting escape, binding non-neutralizing antibody responses are sustained. In summary, our data suggest that while BA.1 and BA.2 breakthrough infections broaden the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 spike, the induced neutralizing antibody response is still outpaced by viral evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anass Abbad
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Temima Yellin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gagandeep Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Fried
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariel Raskin
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Johnstone Tcheou
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Monahan
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Charles Gleason
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Viviana Simon
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; The Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Carreño
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Ignaz Semmelweis Institute, Interuniversity Institute for Infection Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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7
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Abhishek A, Peckham N, Pade C, Gibbons JM, Cureton L, Francis A, Barber V, Williams JAE, Appelbe D, Eldridge L, Julier P, Altmann DM, Bluett J, Brooks T, Coates LC, Rombach I, Semper A, Otter A, Valdes AM, Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, Williams HC, Boyton RJ, McKnight Á, Cook JA. Effect of a 2-week interruption in methotrexate treatment on COVID-19 vaccine response in people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (VROOM study): a randomised, open label, superiority trial. THE LANCET. RHEUMATOLOGY 2024; 6:e92-e104. [PMID: 38267107 DOI: 10.1016/s2665-9913(23)00298-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methotrexate is the first-line treatment for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases and reduces vaccine-induced immunity. We evaluated if a 2-week interruption of methotrexate treatment immediately after COVID-19 booster vaccination improved antibody response against the S1 receptor binding domain (S1-RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and live SARS-CoV-2 neutralisation compared with uninterrupted treatment in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. METHOD We did a multicentre, open-label, parallel-group, randomised, superiority trial in secondary-care rheumatology and dermatology clinics in 26 hospitals in the UK. Adults (aged ≥18 years) with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases taking methotrexate (≤25 mg per week) for at least 3 months, who had received two primary vaccine doses from the UK COVID-19 vaccination programme were eligible. Participants were randomly assigned (1:1) using a centralised validated computer program, to temporarily suspend methotrexate treatment for 2 weeks immediately after COVID-19 booster vaccination or continue treatment as usual. The primary outcome was S1-RBD antibody titres 4 weeks after COVID-19 booster vaccination and was assessed masked to group assignment. All randomly assigned patients were included in primary and safety analyses. This trial is registered with ISRCTN, ISRCTN11442263; following a pre-planned interim analysis, recruitment was stopped early. FINDING Between Sept 30, 2021, and March 7, 2022, we screened 685 individuals, of whom 383 were randomly assigned: to either suspend methotrexate (n=191; mean age 58·8 years [SD 12·5], 118 [62%] women and 73 [38%] men) or to continue methotrexate (n=192; mean age 59·3 years [11·9], 117 [61%] women and 75 [39%] men). At 4 weeks, the geometric mean S1-RBD antibody titre was 25 413 U/mL (95% CI 22 227-29 056) in the suspend methotrexate group and 12 326 U/mL (10 538-14 418) in the continue methotrexate group with a geometric mean ratio (GMR) of 2·08 (95% CI 1·59-2·70; p<0·0001). No intervention-related serious adverse events occurred. INTERPRETATION 2-week interruption of methotrexate treatment in people with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases enhanced antibody responses after COVID-19 booster vaccination that were sustained at 12 weeks and 26 weeks. There was a temporary increase in inflammatory disease flares, mostly self-managed. The choice to suspend methotrexate should be individualised based on disease status and vulnerability to severe outcomes from COVID-19. FUNDING National Institute for Health and Care Research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Peckham
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Lucy Cureton
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anne Francis
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vicki Barber
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jennifer A E Williams
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Duncan Appelbe
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy Eldridge
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick Julier
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Inflammation and Immunology, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James Bluett
- NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester UK; Versus Arthritis Centre for Genetics and Genomics, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Laura C Coates
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Ines Rombach
- Sheffield Clinical Trials Research Unit, School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | - Ana M Valdes
- Academic Rheumatology, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Hywel C Williams
- Population and Lifespan Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan A Cook
- Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Oxford Clinical Trials Research Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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8
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Greene MK, Smyth P, English A, McLaughlin J, Bucholc M, Bailie J, McCarroll J, McDonnell M, Watt A, Barnes G, Lynch M, Duffin K, Duffy G, Lewis C, James JA, Stitt AW, Ford T, O'Kane M, Rai TS, Bjourson AJ, Cardwell C, Elborn JS, Gibson DS, Scott CJ. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in Northern Ireland during 2020-2021. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24184. [PMID: 38304848 PMCID: PMC10830527 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background With the spread of SARS-CoV-2 impacting upon public health directly and socioeconomically, further information was required to inform policy decisions designed to limit virus spread during the pandemic. This study sought to contribute to serosurveillance work within Northern Ireland to track SARS-CoV-2 progression and guide health strategy. Methods Sera/plasma samples from clinical biochemistry laboratories were analysed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Samples were assessed using an Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 or anti-SARS-CoV-2 S ECLIA (Roche) on an automated cobas e 801 analyser. Samples were also assessed via an anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA (Euroimmun). A subset of samples assessed via the Elecsys anti-SARS-CoV-2 ECLIA were subsequently analysed in an ACE2 pseudoneutralisation assay using a V-PLEX SARS-CoV-2 Panel 7 for IgG and ACE2 (Meso Scale Diagnostics). Results Across three testing rounds (June-July 2020, November-December 2020 and June-July 2021 (rounds 1-3 respectively)), 4844 residual sera/plasma specimens were assayed for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Seropositivity rates increased across the study, peaking at 11.6 % (95 % CI 10.4 %-13.0 %) during round 3. Varying trends in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity were noted based on demographic factors. For instance, highest rates of seropositivity shifted from older to younger demographics across the study period. In round 3, Alpha (B.1.1.7) variant neutralising antibodies were most frequently detected across age groups, with median concentration of anti-spike protein antibodies elevated in 50-69 year olds and anti-S1 RBD antibodies elevated in 70+ year olds, relative to other age groups. Conclusions With seropositivity rates of <15 % across the assessment period, it can be concluded that the significant proportion of the Northern Ireland population had not yet naturally contracted the virus by mid-2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K. Greene
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Peter Smyth
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Andrew English
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teeside University, Middlesbrough, UK
| | - Joseph McLaughlin
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Magda Bucholc
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, School of Computing, Engineering & Intelligent Systems, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | | | | | - Margaret McDonnell
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Alison Watt
- Regional Virology Laboratory, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - George Barnes
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust, Dundonald, UK
| | - Mark Lynch
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Altnagelvin Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, UK
| | - Kevan Duffin
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Southern Health and Social Care Trust, Portadown, UK
| | - Gerard Duffy
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Northern Health and Social Care Trust, Antrim, UK
| | - Claire Lewis
- The Northern Ireland Biobank, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Jacqueline A. James
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- The Northern Ireland Biobank, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
- Regional Molecular Diagnostic Service, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Alan W. Stitt
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Tom Ford
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, AFBI, Belfast, UK
| | - Maurice O'Kane
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Altnagelvin Hospital, Western Health and Social Care Trust, Londonderry, UK
| | - Taranjit Singh Rai
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Anthony J. Bjourson
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Christopher Cardwell
- Centre for Public Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - J Stuart Elborn
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - David S. Gibson
- Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Londonderry, UK
| | - Christopher J. Scott
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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9
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Vecchio E, Rotundo S, Veneziano C, Abatino A, Aversa I, Gallo R, Giordano C, Serapide F, Fusco P, Viglietto G, Cuda G, Costanzo F, Russo A, Trecarichi EM, Torti C, Palmieri C. The spike-specific TCRβ repertoire shows distinct features in unvaccinated or vaccinated patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Transl Med 2024; 22:33. [PMID: 38185632 PMCID: PMC10771664 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-04852-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The evolving variants of SARS-CoV-2 may escape immunity from prior infections or vaccinations. It's vital to understand how immunity adapts to these changes. Both infection and mRNA vaccination induce T cells that target the Spike protein. These T cells can recognize multiple variants, such as Delta and Omicron, even if neutralizing antibodies are weakened. However, the degree of recognition can vary among people, affecting vaccine efficacy. Previous studies demonstrated the capability of T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire analysis to identify conserved and immunodominant peptides with cross-reactive potential among variant of concerns. However, there is a need to extend the analysis of the TCR repertoire to different clinical scenarios. The aim of this study was to examine the Spike-specific TCR repertoire profiles in natural infections and those with combined natural and vaccine immunity. METHODS A T-cell enrichment approach and bioinformatic tools were used to investigate the Spike-specific TCRβ repertoire in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of previously vaccinated (n = 8) or unvaccinated (n = 6) COVID-19 patients. RESULTS Diversity and clonality of the TCRβ repertoire showed no significant differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups. When comparing the TCRβ data to public databases, 692 unique TCRβ sequences linked to S epitopes were found in the vaccinated group and 670 in the unvaccinated group. TCRβ clonotypes related to spike regions S135-177, S264-276, S319-350, and S448-472 appear notably more prevalent in the vaccinated group. In contrast, the S673-699 epitope, believed to have super antigenic properties, is observed more frequently in the unvaccinated group. In-silico analyses suggest that mutations in epitopes, relative to the main SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, don't hinder their cross-reactive recognition by associated TCRβ clonotypes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal distinct TCRβ signatures in vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals with COVID-19. These differences might be associated with disease severity and could influence clinical outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION FESR/FSE 2014-2020 DDRC n. 585, Action 10.5.12, noCOVID19@UMG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre of Services, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Salvatore Rotundo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Claudia Veneziano
- Interdepartmental Centre of Services, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Abatino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ilenia Aversa
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Raffaella Gallo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Caterina Giordano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesca Serapide
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Fusco
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cuda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Costanzo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre of Services, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Russo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Enrico Maria Trecarichi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carlo Torti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Chair of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University "Magna Graecia", 88100, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Camillo Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia", Viale Europa, 88100, Catanzaro, Italy.
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10
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Guo L, Zhang Q, Gu X, Ren L, Huang T, Li Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Zhong J, Wang X, Chen L, Zhang Y, Li D, Fang M, Xu L, Li H, Wang Z, Li H, Bai T, Liu W, Peng Y, Dong T, Cao B, Wang J. Durability and cross-reactive immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 in individuals 2 years after recovery from COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort study. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2024; 5:e24-e33. [PMID: 38048805 PMCID: PMC10789611 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00255-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2-specific adaptive immunity more than 1 year after initial infection has not been well characterised. The aim of this study was to investigate the durability and cross-reactivity of immunological memory acquired from natural infection against SARS-CoV-2 in individuals recovered from COVID-19 2 years after infection. METHODS In this longitudinal cohort study, we recruited patients who had recovered from laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 and were discharged from Jinyintan Hospital (Wuhan, China) between Jan 7 and May 29, 2020. We carried out three successive follow-ups between June 16 and Sept 3, 2020 (6 months), Dec 16, 2020, and Feb 7, 2021 (1 year), and Nov 16, 2021, and Jan 10, 2022 (2 years), in which blood samples were taken. We included participants who did not have re-infection or receive a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (infected-unvaccinated), and participants who received one to three doses of inactivated vaccine 1-2 years after infection (infected-vaccinated). We evaluated the presence of IgG antibodies, neutralising antibodies, and memory B-cell and memory T-cell responses against the prototype strain and delta and omicron variants. FINDINGS In infected-unvaccinated participants, neutralising antibody titres continually declined from 6-month to 2-year follow-up visits, with a half-life of about 141·2 days. Neutralising antibody responses to omicron sublineages (BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, BA.4/5, BF.7, BQ.1, and XBB) were poor. Memory B-cell responses to the prototype strain were retained at 2 years and presented cross-reactivity to the delta and omicron BA.1 variants. The magnitude of interferon γ and T-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 were not significantly different between 1 year and 2 years after infection. Multifunctional T-cell responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and nucleoprotein were detected in most participants. Recognition of the BA.1 variant by memory T cells was not affected in most individuals. The antibody titres and the frequencies of memory B cells, but not memory T cells, increased in infected-vaccinated participants after they received the inactivated vaccine. INTERPRETATION This study improves the understanding of the duration of SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity without boosting, which has implications for the design of vaccination regimens and programmes. Our data suggest that memory T-cell responses primed by initial viral infection remain highly cross-reactive after 2 years. With the increasing emergence of variants, effective vaccines should be introduced to boost neutralising antibody and overall T-cell responses to newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 variants. FUNDING Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities for Peking Union Medical College, Beijing Natural Science Foundation, UK Medical Research Council.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiao Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Gu
- Department of Clinical Research and Data Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Diseases, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Ren
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tingxuan Huang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanan Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Jingchuan Zhong
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lan Chen
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Danyang Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meiyu Fang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liuhui Xu
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Haibo Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zai Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Bai
- Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
| | - Yanchun Peng
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tao Dong
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bin Cao
- Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, National Center for Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jianwei Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens and Christophe Mérieux Laboratory, National Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease Pathogenomics, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Chinese Academy of Medical Science Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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11
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Lunt R, Quinot C, Kirsebom F, Andrews N, Skarnes C, Letley L, Haskins D, Angel C, Firminger S, Ratcliffe K, Rajan S, Sherridan A, Ijaz S, Zambon M, Brown K, Ramsay M, Bernal JL. The impact of vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 variants on the virological response to SARS-CoV-2 infections during the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron waves in England. J Infect 2024; 88:21-29. [PMID: 37926118 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination status and the SARS-CoV-2 variant individuals are infected with are known to independently impact viral dynamics; however, little is known about the interaction of these two factors and how this impacts viral dynamics. Here we investigated how monovalent vaccination modified the time course and viral load of infections from different variants. Regression analyses were used to investigate the impact of vaccination on cycle threshold values and disease severity, and interval-censored survival analyses were used to investigate the impact of vaccination on duration of positivity. A range of covariates were adjusted for as potential confounders and investigated for their own effects in exploratory analyses. All analyses were done combining all variants and stratified by variant. For those infected with Alpha or Delta, vaccinated individuals were more likely to report mild disease than moderate/severe disease and had significantly shorter duration of positivity and lower viral loads compared to unvaccinated individuals. Vaccination had no impact on self-reported disease severity, viral load, or duration if positivity for those infected with Omicron. Overall, individuals who were immunosuppressed and clinically extremely vulnerable had longer duration of positivity and higher viral loads. This study adds to the evidence base on disease dynamics following COVID-19, demonstrating that vaccination mitigates severity of disease, the amount of detectable virus within infected individuals and reduces the time individuals are positive for. However, these effects have been significantly attenuated since the emergence of Omicron. Therefore, our findings strengthen the argument for using modified or multivalent vaccines that target emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lunt
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom.
| | | | | | - Nick Andrews
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Samreen Ijaz
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Zambon
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Brown
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Ramsay
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Lopez Bernal
- UK Health Security Agency, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Vaccines and Immunisation, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Respiratory Infections, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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12
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Baerends EAM, Reekie J, Andreasen SR, Stærke NB, Raben D, Nielsen H, Petersen KT, Johansen IS, Lindvig SO, Madsen LW, Wiese L, Iversen MB, Benfield T, Iversen KK, Larsen FD, Andersen SD, Juhl AK, Dietz LL, Hvidt AK, Ostrowski SR, Krause TG, Østergaard L, Søgaard OS, Lundgren J, Tolstrup M. Omicron Variant-Specific Serological Imprinting Following BA.1 or BA.4/5 Bivalent Vaccination and Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection: A Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 77:1511-1520. [PMID: 37392436 PMCID: PMC10686961 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Continuous evolution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outpaces monovalent vaccine cross-protection to new viral variants. Consequently, bivalent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines including Omicron antigens were developed. The contrasting immunogenicity of the bivalent vaccines and the impact of prior antigenic exposure on new immune imprinting remains to be clarified. METHODS In the large prospective ENFORCE cohort, we quantified spike-specific antibodies to 5 Omicron variants (BA.1 to BA.5) before and after BA.1 or BA.4/5 bivalent booster vaccination to compare Omicron variant-specific antibody inductions. We evaluated the impact of previous infection and characterized the dominant antibody responses. RESULTS Prior to the bivalent fourth vaccine, all participants (N = 1697) had high levels of Omicron-specific antibodies. Antibody levels were significantly higher in individuals with a previous polymerase chain reaction positive (PCR+) infection, particularly for BA.2-specific antibodies (geometric mean ratio [GMR] 6.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.05-7.62). Antibody levels were further significantly boosted in all individuals by receiving either of the bivalent vaccines, but greater fold inductions to all Omicron variants were observed in individuals with no prior infection. The BA.1 bivalent vaccine generated a dominant response toward BA.1 (adjusted GMR 1.31, 95% CI 1.09-1.57) and BA.3 (1.32, 1.09-1.59) antigens in individuals with no prior infection, whereas the BA.4/5 bivalent vaccine generated a dominant response toward BA.2 (0.87, 0.76-0.98), BA.4 (0.85, 0.75-0.97), and BA.5 (0.87, 0.76-0.99) antigens in individuals with a prior infection. CONCLUSIONS Vaccination and previous infection leave a clear serological imprint that is focused on the variant-specific antigen. Importantly, both bivalent vaccines induce high levels of Omicron variant-specific antibodies, suggesting broad cross-protection of Omicron variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A M Baerends
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Joanne Reekie
- Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe R Andreasen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nina B Stærke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorthe Raben
- Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Nielsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kristine T Petersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Isik S Johansen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susan O Lindvig
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lone W Madsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lothar Wiese
- Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Mette B Iversen
- Department of Medicine, Zealand University Hospital, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital—Amager and Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kasper K Iversen
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology and Emergency Medicine, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Fredrikke D Larsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sidsel D Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anna K Juhl
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisa L Dietz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Astrid K Hvidt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sisse R Ostrowski
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tyra G Krause
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Østergaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole S Søgaard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Lundgren
- Center of Excellence for Health, Immunity and Infections, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Departments of Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital—Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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13
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Huang CQ, Vishwanath S, Carnell GW, Chan ACY, Heeney JL. Immune imprinting and next-generation coronavirus vaccines. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1971-1985. [PMID: 37932355 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines based on historical virus isolates provide limited protection from continuously evolving RNA viruses, such as influenza viruses or coronaviruses, which occasionally spill over between animals and humans. Despite repeated booster immunizations, population-wide declines in the neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have occurred. This has been compared to seasonal influenza vaccinations in humans, where the breadth of immune responses induced by repeat exposures to antigenically distinct influenza viruses is confounded by pre-existing immunity-a mechanism known as imprinting. Since its emergence, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved in a population with partial immunity, acquired by infection, vaccination or both. Here we critically examine the evidence for and against immune imprinting in host humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 and its implications for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster vaccine programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Qingzhou Huang
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sneha Vishwanath
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - George William Carnell
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Chun Yue Chan
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jonathan Luke Heeney
- Laboratory of Viral Zoonotics, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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14
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Silva-Moraes V, Souquette A, Sautto GA, Paciello I, Antonelli G, Andreano E, Rappuoli R, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Ross TM. Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection Enhances Initial mRNA Vaccine Response with a Lower Impact on Long-Term Immunity. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:635-651. [PMID: 37819998 PMCID: PMC10615651 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spike-encoding mRNA vaccines in early 2021 effectively reduced SARS-CoV-2-associated morbidity and mortality. New booster regimens were introduced due to successive waves of distinct viral variants. Therefore, people now have a diverse immune memory resulting from multiple SARS-CoV-2 Ag exposures, from infection to following vaccination. This level of community-wide immunity can induce immunological protection from SARS-CoV-2; however, questions about the trajectory of the adaptive immune responses and long-term immunity with respect to priming and repeated Ag exposure remain poorly explored. In this study, we examined the trajectory of adaptive immune responses following three doses of monovalent Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in immunologically naive and SARS-CoV-2 preimmune individuals without the occurrence of breakthrough infection. The IgG, B cell, and T cell Spike-specific responses were assessed in human blood samples collected at six time points between a moment before vaccination and up to 6 mo after the third immunization. Overall, the impact of repeated Spike exposures had a lower improvement on T cell frequency and longevity compared with IgG responses. Natural infection shaped the responses following the initial vaccination by significantly increasing neutralizing Abs and specific CD4+ T cell subsets (circulating T follicular helper, effector memory, and Th1-producing cells), but it had a small benefit at long-term immunity. At the end of the three-dose vaccination regimen, both SARS-CoV-2-naive and preimmune individuals had similar immune memory quality and quantity. This study provides insights into the durability of mRNA vaccine-induced immunological memory and the effects of preimmunity on long-term responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva-Moraes
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL
| | - Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Giuseppe A. Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL
| | - Ida Paciello
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Foundation Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Giada Antonelli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Foundation Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Foundation Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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15
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Wei D, Yu X, Li Y, Chen Y, Chen E, Wang Y, Yang Z, Zhang X. Sequential reinfection with Omicron variants elicits broader neutralizing antibody profiles in booster vaccinees and reduces the duration of viral shedding. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29151. [PMID: 37805829 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
The constant emergence of breakthrough infections with Omicron variants poses an escalating challenge to the current vaccination strategy. In this study, we investigated the distinct neutralization activities and clinical characteristics of the booster vaccinees with Omicron reinfection compared with single breakthrough infection and homologous booster vaccination. Our results demonstrate that neutralizing antibody GMTs for WT and other four subvariants (BA.2.2, BA.5.2, BF.7, and XBB.1) differ greatly between breakthrough infection and homologous booster cohorts. Sequential reinfection with Omicron variants elicits broader and high-titer variant-specific neutralizing antibody profiles against Omicron variants. It could also dampen the hyperactivation of WT-specific neutralization induced by previous WT-based vaccination. Moreover, the clinical characteristics from reinfection demonstrated that repeated stimulation by Omicron variants could reduce the duration of viral shedding. By considering reinfection with the Omicron variant as a representative model of repeated immunogen exposures, our results thus illustrate the potential superiority of repeated Omicron stimuli and provide additional evidence supporting the Omicron immunogen as a more effective vaccine candidate to mitigate the transmission of emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yulong Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Chen
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Virology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Erzhen Chen
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Virology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Yang
- Department of Emergency, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Research Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Emergency Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Clinical Research Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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16
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Sukhova M, Byazrova M, Mikhailov A, Yusubalieva G, Maslova I, Belovezhets T, Chikaev N, Vorobiev I, Baklaushev V, Filatov A. Humoral Immune Responses in Patients with Severe COVID-19: A Comparative Pilot Study between Individuals Infected by SARS-CoV-2 during the Wild-Type and the Delta Periods. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2347. [PMID: 37764191 PMCID: PMC10536989 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, humanity has experienced the spread and circulation of several SARS-CoV-2 variants that differed in transmissibility, contagiousness, and the ability to escape from vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies. However, issues related to the differences in the variant-specific immune responses remain insufficiently studied. The aim of this study was to compare the parameters of the humoral immune responses in two groups of patients with acute COVID-19 who were infected during the circulation period of the D614G and the Delta variants of SARS-CoV-2. Sera from 48 patients with acute COVID-19 were tested for SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibodies using six assays. We found that serum samples from the D614G period demonstrated 3.9- and 1.6-fold increases in RBD- and spike-specific IgG binding with wild-type antigens compared with Delta variant antigens (p < 0.01). Cluster analysis showed the existence of two well-separated clusters. The first cluster mainly consisted of D614G-period patients and the second cluster predominantly included patients from the Delta period. The results thus obtained indicate that humoral immune responses in D614G- and Delta-specific infections can be characterized by variant-specific signatures. This can be taken into account when developing new variant-specific vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sukhova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Byazrova
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Immunology, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University) of Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem Mikhailov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gaukhar Yusubalieva
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (G.Y.); (V.B.)
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Maslova
- Clinical Hospital #85, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115409 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Tatyana Belovezhets
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Nikolay Chikaev
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia; (T.B.); (N.C.)
| | - Ivan Vorobiev
- Laboratory of Mammalian Cell Bioengineering, Skryabin Institute of Bioengineering, Research Center of Biotechnology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117312 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Baklaushev
- Laboratory of Cell Technology, Federal Research and Clinical Center for Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies of the FMBA of Russia, 115682 Moscow, Russia; (G.Y.); (V.B.)
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Filatov
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, National Research Center Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency of Russia, 115522 Moscow, Russia; (M.S.); (M.B.); (A.M.)
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Quirk GE, Schoenle MV, Peyton KL, Uhrlaub JL, Lau B, Burgess JL, Ellingson K, Beitel S, Romine J, Lutrick K, Fowlkes A, Britton A, Tyner HL, Caban-Martinez AJ, Naleway A, Gaglani M, Yoon S, Edwards L, Olsho L, Dake M, LaFleur BJ, Nikolich JŽ, Sprissler R, Worobey M, Bhattacharya D. Determinants of de novo B cell responses to drifted epitopes in post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.09.12.23295384. [PMID: 37745498 PMCID: PMC10516057 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.12.23295384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immunity may impact subsequent de novo responses to drifted epitopes in SARS-CoV-2 variants, but this has been difficult to quantify due to the challenges in recruiting unvaccinated control groups whose first exposure to SARS-CoV-2 is a primary infection. Through local, statewide, and national SARS-CoV-2 testing programs, we were able to recruit cohorts of individuals who had recovered from either primary or post-vaccination infections by either the Delta or Omicron BA.1 variants. Regardless of variant, we observed greater Spike-specific and neutralizing antibody responses in post-vaccination infections than in those who were infected without prior vaccination. Through analysis of variant-specific memory B cells as markers of de novo responses, we observed that Delta and Omicron BA.1 infections led to a marked shift in immunodominance in which some drifted epitopes elicited minimal responses, even in primary infections. Prior immunity through vaccination had a small negative impact on these de novo responses, but this did not correlate with cross-reactive memory B cells, arguing against competitive inhibition of naïve B cells. We conclude that dampened de novo B cell responses against drifted epitopes are mostly a function of altered immunodominance hierarchies that are apparent even in primary infections, with a more modest contribution from pre-existing immunity, perhaps due to accelerated antigen clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace E Quirk
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Marta V Schoenle
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Kameron L Peyton
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jennifer L Uhrlaub
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Branden Lau
- University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Jefferey L Burgess
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Katherine Ellingson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson
| | - Shawn Beitel
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - James Romine
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Karen Lutrick
- College of Medicine-Tucson, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Ashley Fowlkes
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Amadea Britton
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Harmony L Tyner
- St. Luke's Regional Health Care System, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Allison Naleway
- Kaiser Permanente Northwest Center for Health Research, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott & White Health and Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Sarang Yoon
- Rocky Mountain Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Dake
- Office of the Senior Vice-President for Health Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Janko Ž Nikolich
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan Sprissler
- University of Arizona Genomics Core and the Arizona Research Labs, University of Arizona Genetics Core, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Deepta Bhattacharya
- Department of Immunobiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
- BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
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18
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Ferreira IATM, Lee CYC, Foster WS, Abdullahi A, Dratva LM, Tuong ZK, Stewart BJ, Ferdinand JR, Guillaume SM, Potts MOP, Perera M, Krishna BA, Peñalver A, Cabantous M, Kemp SA, Ceron-Gutierrez L, Ebrahimi S, Lyons P, Smith KGC, Bradley J, Collier DA, McCoy LE, van der Klaauw A, Thaventhiran JED, Farooqi IS, Teichmann SA, MacAry PA, Doffinger R, Wills MR, Linterman MA, Clatworthy MR, Gupta RK. Atypical B cells and impaired SARS-CoV-2 neutralization following heterologous vaccination in the elderly. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112991. [PMID: 37590132 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Suboptimal responses to a primary vaccination course have been reported in the elderly, but there is little information regarding the impact of age on responses to booster third doses. Here, we show that individuals 70 years or older (median age 73, range 70-75) who received a primary two-dose schedule with AZD1222 and booster third dose with mRNA vaccine achieve significantly lower neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus compared with those younger than 70 (median age 66, range 54-69) at 1 month post booster. Impaired neutralization potency and breadth post third dose in the elderly is associated with circulating "atypical" spike-specific B cells expressing CD11c and FCRL5. However, when considering individuals who received three doses of mRNA vaccine, we did not observe differences in neutralization or enrichment in atypical B cells. This work highlights the finding that AdV and mRNA COVID-19 vaccine formats differentially instruct the memory B cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Colin Y C Lee
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - William S Foster
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Abdullahi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lisa M Dratva
- Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Zewen Kelvin Tuong
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin J Stewart
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Ferdinand
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephane M Guillaume
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Martin O P Potts
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marianne Perera
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Benjamin A Krishna
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ana Peñalver
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mia Cabantous
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven A Kemp
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lourdes Ceron-Gutierrez
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Soraya Ebrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Bradley
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dami A Collier
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Agatha van der Klaauw
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - I Sadaf Farooqi
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories and NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome-Medical Research Council (MRC) Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Paul A MacAry
- National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cambridge University Hospital NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mark R Wills
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Michelle A Linterman
- Immunology Programme, Babraham Institute, Babraham Research Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cellular Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
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19
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Altmann DM, Reynolds CJ, Joy G, Otter AD, Gibbons JM, Pade C, Swadling L, Maini MK, Brooks T, Semper A, McKnight Á, Noursadeghi M, Manisty C, Treibel TA, Moon JC, Boyton RJ. Persistent symptoms after COVID-19 are not associated with differential SARS-CoV-2 antibody or T cell immunity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5139. [PMID: 37612310 PMCID: PMC10447583 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40460-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the unknowns in decoding the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 persistent symptoms in Long Covid is whether there is a contributory role of abnormal immunity during acute infection. It has been proposed that Long Covid is a consequence of either an excessive or inadequate initial immune response. Here, we analyze SARS-CoV-2 humoral and cellular immunity in 86 healthcare workers with laboratory confirmed mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection during the first wave. Symptom questionnaires allow stratification into those with persistent symptoms and those without for comparison. During the period up to 18-weeks post-infection, we observe no difference in antibody responses to spike RBD or nucleoprotein, virus neutralization, or T cell responses. Also, there is no difference in the profile of antibody waning. Analysis at 1-year, after two vaccine doses, comparing those with persistent symptoms to those without, again shows similar SARS-CoV-2 immunity. Thus, quantitative differences in these measured parameters of SARS-CoV-2 adaptive immunity following mild or asymptomatic acute infection are unlikely to have contributed to Long Covid causality. ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04318314).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - George Joy
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Leo Swadling
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Tim Brooks
- UK Health Security Agency, Porton Down, UK
| | | | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Mahdad Noursadeghi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Charlotte Manisty
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas A Treibel
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - James C Moon
- St Bartholomew's Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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20
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Hu YF, Yuen TTT, Gong HR, Hu B, Hu JC, Lin XS, Rong L, Zhou CL, Chen LL, Wang X, Lei C, Yau T, Hung IFN, To KKW, Yuen KY, Zhang BZ, Chu H, Huang JD. Rational design of a booster vaccine against COVID-19 based on antigenic distance. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1301-1316.e8. [PMID: 37527659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Current COVID-19 vaccines are highly effective against symptomatic disease, but repeated booster doses using vaccines based on the ancestral strain offer limited additional protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs). To address this, we used antigenic distance to in silico select optimized booster vaccine seed strains effective against both current and future VOCs. Our model suggests that a SARS-CoV-1-based booster vaccine has the potential to cover a broader range of VOCs. Candidate vaccines including the spike protein from ancestral SARS-CoV-2, Delta, Omicron (BA.1), SARS-CoV-1, or MERS-CoV were experimentally evaluated in mice following two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine. The SARS-CoV-1-based booster vaccine outperformed other candidates in terms of neutralizing antibody breadth and duration, as well as protective activity against Omicron (BA.2) challenge. This study suggests a unique strategy for selecting booster vaccines based on antigenic distance, which may be useful in designing future booster vaccines as new SARS-CoV-2 variants emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Fan Hu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 4/F Professional Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China; BayVax Biotech Limited, Hong Kong Science Park, Pak Shek Kok, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terrence Tsz-Tai Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua-Rui Gong
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bingjie Hu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jing-Chu Hu
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xuan-Sheng Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Rong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Coco Luyao Zhou
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lin-Lei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chaobi Lei
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Thomas Yau
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 4/F Professional Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 4/F Professional Block, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bao-Zhong Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Clinical Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 19/F Block T, Queen Mary Hospital, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1068 Xueyuan Avenue, Shenzhen University Town, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, 3/F, Laboratory Block, 21 Sassoon Road, Hong Kong, China; Clinical Oncology Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen 518053, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China.
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21
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Li T, Xu J, Gao Y, Wang X, Xu Y. Exploring the clinical application value of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subset in patients with asymptomatic omicron infection. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:223. [PMID: 37408049 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the clinical significance and value of peripheral blood T lymphocyte subset in patients with asymptomatic novel coronavirus variant strains infection (OMICRON). METHODS A retrospective analysis of 281 patients with asymptomatic OMICRON infection who were admitted and isolated to the Fuyang Second People's Hospital from March to April 2022 was conducted. With 32 normal people as the control group, T lymphocytes of the two groups (CD3 + T, CD3 + CD4 + T, CD3 + CD8 + T) were analyzed and the differences between the two groups were analyzed. CD4 + T lymphocytes between patients with asymptomatic OMICRON infection and patients with mild COVID-19 infection in 2020 were analyzed and compared. Based on CD3 CD4 + T lymphocyte changes, lymphocyte reference range: CD3 CD4 + T lymphocyte count 404-1612/μL. Lower than 404 × 106/μL was defined as lymphocytopenia, patients were divided into the reduced group (138) and the normal group (143). The CT value of novel coronavirus nucleic acid (ORF1ab gene, N gene) and the time of viral shedding were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Differences in number of CD3 + T cells, CD3 + CD4 + T cells, and CD3 + CD8 + T cells were significant between both groups (P < 0.05), which were significantly higher in the normal population than in the patients with asymptomatic OMICRON infection. There was no significant difference in CD4 + T lymphocytes between patients with asymptomatic OMICRON infection and patients with mild COVID-19 infection in 2020 (P < 0.05). The novel coronavirus nucleic CT value was significantly lower in the CD3CD4 + T lymphocyte-reduced group than in the CD3CD4 + T lymphocyte-normal group (P < 0.05). Moreover, the time of viral shedding was significantly longer in the reduced group compared with the normal group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The changing characteristics of the peripheral blood T lymphocyte subset count in patients with asymptomatic OMICRON infections can provide an important basis for the diagnosis and outcome of the asymptomatic OMICRON infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuantuan Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 of JiXi Road Hefei, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City (Fuyang Infectious Disease Clinical College of Anhui Medical University), Fuyang, 236000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Jing Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuyang People's Hospital (Anhui Medical University, Affiliated Fuyang Peoples Hospital), Fuyang, 236000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City (Fuyang Infectious Disease Clinical College of Anhui Medical University), Fuyang, 236000, Anhui Province, China
| | - XiaoWu Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Fuyang City (Fuyang Infectious Disease Clinical College of Anhui Medical University), Fuyang, 236000, Anhui Province, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, No. 218 of JiXi Road Hefei, Hefei, 230022, Anhui Province, China.
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22
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Boyton RJ, Altmann DM. Imprinted hybrid immunity against XBB reinfection. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2023; 23:764-765. [PMID: 36924785 PMCID: PMC10010702 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(23)00138-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Lung Division, Royal Brompton Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
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23
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Lista F, Peragallo MS, Biselli R, De Santis R, Mariotti S, Nisini R, D'Amelio R. Have Diagnostics, Therapies, and Vaccines Made the Difference in the Pandemic Evolution of COVID-19 in Comparison with "Spanish Flu"? Pathogens 2023; 12:868. [PMID: 37513715 PMCID: PMC10384375 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In 1918 many countries, but not Spain, were fighting World War I. Spanish press could report about the diffusion and severity of a new infection without censorship for the first-time, so that this pandemic is commonly defined as "Spanish flu", even though Spain was not its place of origin. "Spanish flu" was one of the deadliest pandemics in history and has been frequently compared with the coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 pandemic. These pandemics share similarities, being both caused by highly variable and transmissible respiratory RNA viruses, and diversity, represented by diagnostics, therapies, and especially vaccines, which were made rapidly available for COVID-19, but not for "Spanish flu". Most comparison studies have been carried out in the first period of COVID-19, when these resources were either not yet available or their use had not long started. Conversely, we wanted to analyze the role that the advanced diagnostics, anti-viral agents, including monoclonal antibodies, and innovative COVID-19 vaccines, may have had in the pandemic containment. Early diagnosis, therapies, and anti-COVID-19 vaccines have markedly reduced the pandemic severity and mortality, thus preventing the collapse of the public health services. However, their influence on the reduction of infections and re-infections, thus on the transition from pandemic to endemic condition, appears to be of minor relevance. The high viral variability of influenza and coronavirus may probably be contained by the development of universal vaccines, which are not easy to be obtained. The only effective weapon still remains the disease prevention, to be achieved with the reduction of promiscuity between the animal reservoirs of these zoonotic diseases and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florigio Lista
- Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Stefano Peragallo
- Centro Studi e Ricerche di Sanità e Veterinaria, Comando Logistico dell'Esercito, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Biselli
- Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo De Santis
- Istituto di Scienze Biomediche della Difesa, Ispettorato Generale della Sanità Militare, Stato Maggiore della Difesa, 00184 Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Sabrina Mariotti
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Nisini
- Dipartimento di Malattie Infettive, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Raffaele D'Amelio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Molecolare, Sapienza, Università di Roma, 00198 Roma, Italy
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24
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Zuo C, Ling Y, Zhu F, Ma X, Xiang G. Exploring epidemic voluntary vaccinating behavior based on information-driven decisions and benefit-cost analysis. APPLIED MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTATION 2023; 447:127905. [PMID: 36818690 PMCID: PMC9922198 DOI: 10.1016/j.amc.2023.127905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A complex dynamic interplay exists between epidemic transmission and vaccination, which is significantly influenced by human behavioral responses. We construct a research framework combining both the function modeling of the cumulative global COVID-19 information and limited individuals' information processing capacity employing the Gompertz model for growing processes. Meanwhile, we built a function representing the decision to get vaccinated following benefit-cost analysis considered the choices made by people in each scenario have an influence from altruism, free-riding and immunity escaping capacity. Through the mean-field calculation analysis and using a fourth-order Runge-Kutta method with constant step size, we obtain plots from numerical simulations. We found that only when the total number of infectious individuals proves sufficient to reach and exceed a certain level will the individuals face a better trade-off in determining whether to get vaccinated against the diseases based on that information. Besides, authoritative media have a higher decisive influence and efforts should be focused on extending the duration of vaccine protection, which is beneficial to inhibit the outbreaks of epidemics. Our work elucidates that reducing the negative payoff brought about by the free-riding behavior for individuals or improving the positive payoff from the altruistic motivation helps to control the disease in cultures that value social benefits, vaccination willingness is generally stronger. We also note that at a high risk of infection, the decision of vaccination is highly correlated with global epidemic information concerning COVID-19 infection, while at times of lower risk, it depends on the game theoretic vaccine strategy. The findings demonstrate that improving health literacy, ensuring open and transparent information on vaccine safety and efficacy as a public health priority can be an effective strategy for mitigating inequalities in health education, as well as alleviating the phenomenon that immunity escaping abilities is more likely to panic by populations with high levels of education. In addition, prosocial nudges are great ways to bridge these immunity gaps that can contribute to implementing government public health control measures, creating a positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zuo
- School of Management Engineering and E-commerce, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yuting Ling
- School of Management Engineering and E-commerce, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Fenping Zhu
- Zhejiang Industry & Trade Vocational College, Wenzhou, 325000, China
| | - Xinyu Ma
- School of Management Engineering and E-commerce, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Guochun Xiang
- School of Health Management, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
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25
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Lozano D, Larraga V, Vallet-Regí M, Manzano M. An Overview of the Use of Nanoparticles in Vaccine Development. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1828. [PMID: 37368258 DOI: 10.3390/nano13121828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Vaccines represent one of the most significant advancements in public health since they prevented morbidity and mortality in millions of people every year. Conventionally, vaccine technology focused on either live attenuated or inactivated vaccines. However, the application of nanotechnology to vaccine development revolutionized the field. Nanoparticles emerged in both academia and the pharmaceutical industry as promising vectors to develop future vaccines. Regardless of the striking development of nanoparticles vaccines research and the variety of conceptually and structurally different formulations proposed, only a few of them advanced to clinical investigation and usage in the clinic so far. This review covered some of the most important developments of nanotechnology applied to vaccine technologies in the last few years, focusing on the successful race for the preparation of lipid nanoparticles employed in the successful anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Lozano
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Larraga
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Manzano
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre i + 12, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), 28029 Madrid, Spain
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26
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Boyton RJ, Altmann DM. Redirected vaccine imprinting by co-administration of COVID-19 and influenza vaccines. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. EUROPE 2023; 29:100644. [PMID: 37261213 PMCID: PMC10170310 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanepe.2023.100644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J. Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel M. Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
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27
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Batra G, Murugesan DR, Raghavan S, Chattopadhyay S, Mehdi F, Ayushi, Gosain M, Singh S, Das SJ, Deshpande S, Sonar S, Jakhar K, Bhattacharya J, Mani S, Pandey AK, Sankalp, Goswami S, Das A, Dwivedi T, Sharma N, Kumar S, Sharma P, Kapoor S, Kshetrapal P, Wadhwa N, Thiruvengadam R, Kumar R, Gupta R, Garg PK, Bhatnagar S. Trends of humoral immune responses to heterologous antigenic exposure due to vaccination & omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection: Implications for boosting. Indian J Med Res 2023; 157:509-518. [PMID: 37322634 PMCID: PMC10466496 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2521_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Vaccination and natural infection can both augment the immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but how omicron infection has affected the vaccine-induced and hybrid immunity is not well studied in Indian population. The present study was aimed to assess the durability and change in responses of humoral immunity with age, prior natural infection, vaccine type and duration with a minimum gap of six months post-two doses with either ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BBV152 prior- and post-emergence of the omicron variant. Methods A total of 1300 participants were included in this observational study between November 2021 and May 2022. Participants had completed at least six months after vaccination (2 doses) with either ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or an inactivated whole virus vaccine BBV152. They were grouped according to their age (≤ or ≥60 yr) and prior exposure of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Five hundred and sixteen of these participants were followed up after emergence of the Omicron variant. The main outcome was durability and augmentation of the humoral immune response as determined by anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations, anti-nucleocapsid antibodies and anti-omicron RBD antibodies. Live virus neutralization assay was conducted for neutralizing antibodies against four variants - ancestral, delta and omicron and omicron sublineage BA.5. Results Before the omicron surge, serum anti-RBD IgG antibodies were detected in 87 per cent participants after a median gap of eight months from the second vaccine dose, with a median titre of 114 [interquartile range (IQR) 32, 302] BAU/ml. The levels increased to 594 (252, 1230) BAU/ml post-omicron surge (P<0.001) with 97 per cent participants having detectable antibodies, although only 40 had symptomatic infection during the omicron surge irrespective of vaccine type and previous history of infection. Those with prior natural infection and vaccination had higher anti-RBD IgG titre at baseline, which increased further [352 (IQR 131, 869) to 816 (IQR 383, 2001) BAU/ml] (P<0.001). The antibody levels remained elevated after a mean time gap of 10 months, although there was a decline of 41 per cent. The geometric mean titre was 452.54, 172.80, 83.1 and 76.99 against the ancestral, delta, omicron and omicron BA.5 variants in the live virus neutralization assay. Interpretation & conclusions Anti-RBD IgG antibodies were detected in 85 per cent of participants after a median gap of eight months following the second vaccine dose. Omicron infection probably resulted in a substantial proportion of asymptomatic infection in the first four months in our study population and boosted the vaccine-induced humoral immune response, which declined but still remained durable over 10 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Batra
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Deepika Rathna Murugesan
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sreevatsan Raghavan
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Souvick Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Farha Mehdi
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ayushi
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Mudita Gosain
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Soon Jyoti Das
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Suprit Deshpande
- Centre for Viral Therapeutics and Vaccine, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sudipta Sonar
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kamini Jakhar
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- Centre for Viral Therapeutics and Vaccine, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pandey
- Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sankalp
- Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shweta Goswami
- Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Asim Das
- ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Tanima Dwivedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center, All India Institute of Medical Science, Jhajjar, Haryana, India
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Andaman & Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Seema Kapoor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Kshetrapal
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ramachandran Thiruvengadam
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R.A Institute-Rotary Cancer Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Garg
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Yaugel-Novoa M, Noailly B, Jospin F, Berger AE, Waeckel L, Botelho-Nevers E, Longet S, Bourlet T, Paul S. Prior COVID-19 Immunization Does Not Cause IgA- or IgG-Dependent Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11040773. [PMID: 37112685 PMCID: PMC10141984 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) can increase the rates and severity of infection with various viruses, including coronaviruses, such as MERS. Some in vitro studies on COVID-19 have suggested that prior immunization enhances SARS-CoV-2 infection, but preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated the contrary. We studied a cohort of COVID-19 patients and a cohort of vaccinated individuals with a heterologous (Moderna/Pfizer) or homologous (Pfizer/Pfizer) vaccination scheme. The dependence on IgG or IgA of ADE of infection was evaluated on the serum samples from these subjects (twenty-six vaccinated individuals and twenty-one PCR-positive SARS-CoV-2-infected patients) using an in vitro model with CD16- or CD89-expressing cells and the Delta (B.1.617.2 lineage) and Omicron (B.1.1.529 lineage) variants of SARS-CoV-2. Sera from COVID-19 patients did not show ADE of infection with any of the tested viral variants. Some serum samples from vaccinated individuals displayed a mild IgA-ADE effect with Omicron after the second dose of the vaccine, but this effect was abolished after the completion of the full vaccination scheme. In this study, FcγRIIIa- and FcαRI-dependent ADE of SARS-CoV-2 infection after prior immunization, which might increase the risk of severe disease in a second natural infection, was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Blandine Noailly
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Fabienne Jospin
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Anne-Emmanuelle Berger
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Louis Waeckel
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Elisabeth Botelho-Nevers
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphanie Longet
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Infectious Agents and Hygiene Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, F42023 Saint-Etienne, France
- Immunology Department, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055 Saint-Etienne, France
- CIC 1408 Inserm Vaccinology, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, F42055 Saint-Etienne, France
- Correspondence:
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29
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Pernet O, Balog S, Kawaguchi ES, Lam CN, Anthony P, Simon P, Kotha R, Sood N, Hu H, Kovacs A. Quantification of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Binding Antibody Levels To Assess Infection and Vaccine-Induced Immunity Using WHO Standards. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0370922. [PMID: 36688648 PMCID: PMC9927585 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03709-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) binding antibody (Ab) levels following vaccination or natural infection could be used as a surrogate for immune protection if results of serological assays were standardized to yield quantitative results using an international standard. Using a bead-based serological assay (Luminex xMAP), anti-receptor binding domain (anti-RBD) Ab levels were determined for 1,450 participants enrolled in the Los Angeles Pandemic Surveillance Cohort (LAPSC) study. For 123 participants, SARS-CoV-2 binding antibody unit (BAU) levels were also quantified using WHO standards and then compared to the semiquantitative results. Samples were chosen to represent the range of results and time from vaccination. Antibody levels and decay rates were then compared using unadjusted and adjusted linear regression models. The linear range of the assay used in this study was determined to be 300 to 5,000 mean fluorescence intensity units (MFI). Among the fully vaccinated groups (vaccinated only and vaccinated with past infection), 84.8% had anti-RBD MFI values above the linear range of >5,000 MFI, and 33.8% had values of >15,000 MFI. Among vaccinated participants with past infection (hybrid immunity), 97% had anti-RBD values of >5,000 MFI and 70% (120/171) had anti-RBD values of >15,000 MFI. In the subgroup quantified using the WHO control, BAU levels were significantly higher than the semiquantitative MFI results. In vaccinated participants, Ab decay levels were similar between infected and noninfected groups (P = 0.337). These results demonstrate that accurate quantitation is possible if standardized with an international standard. BAU can then be compared over time or between subjects and would be useful in clinical decision making. IMPORTANCE Accurate quantification of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies can be achieved using a universal standard with sample dilution within the linear range. With hybrid immunity being now common, it is critical to use protocols adapted to high Ab levels to standardize serological results. We validated this approach with the Los Angeles Pandemic Surveillance Cohort by comparing the antibody decay rates in vaccinated participants and vaccinated infected participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Pernet
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal, Child and Adolescent Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven Balog
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal, Child and Adolescent Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric S. Kawaguchi
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chun Nok Lam
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Patricia Anthony
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal, Child and Adolescent Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Paul Simon
- Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Rani Kotha
- Schaeffer Center for Health Policy & Economics, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Neeraj Sood
- Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Howard Hu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrea Kovacs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maternal, Child and Adolescent Center for Infectious Diseases and Virology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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30
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Chieng CCY, Kong Q, Liou NSY, Khasriya R, Horsley H. The clinical implications of bacterial pathogenesis and mucosal immunity in chronic urinary tract infection. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:61-71. [PMID: 36642381 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) exert a significant health and economic cost globally. Approximately one in four people with a previous history of UTI continue to develop recurrent or chronic infections. Research on UTI has primarily concentrated on pathogen behavior, with the focus gradually shifting to encompass the host immune response. However, these are centered on mouse models of Escherichia coli infection, which may not fully recapitulate the infective etiology and immune responses seen in humans. The emerging field of the urobiome also inadvertently confounds the discrimination of true UTI-causing pathogens from commensals. This review aims to present a novel perspective on chronic UTI by linking microbiology with immunology, which is commonly divergent in this field of research. It also describes the challenges in understanding chronic UTI pathogenesis and the human bladder immune response, largely conjectured from murine studies. Lastly, it outlines the shortcomings of current diagnostic methods in identifying individuals with chronic UTI and consequently treating them, potentially aggravating their disease due to mismanagement of prior episodes. This discourse highlights the need to consider these knowledge gaps and encourages more relevant studies of UTIs in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingyang Kong
- Department of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natasha S Y Liou
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom; EGA Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajvinder Khasriya
- Department of Microbial Diseases, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harry Horsley
- Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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31
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Wang J, Lan T, Wei Y, Tanaka Y. Omicron variant: a booster depending on infection histories. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:6. [PMID: 36596766 PMCID: PMC9810712 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01279-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Tianxia Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
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32
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Montes-González JA, Zaragoza-Jiménez CA, Antonio-Villa NE, Fermín-Martínez CA, Ramírez-García D, Vargas-Vázquez A, Gutiérrez-Vargas RI, García-Rodríguez G, López-Gatell H, Valdés-Ferrer SI, Bello-Chavolla OY. Protection of hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and severe COVID-19 during periods of Omicron variant predominance in Mexico. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1146059. [PMID: 37081954 PMCID: PMC10110947 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1146059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With the widespread transmission of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant, reinfections have become increasingly common. Here, we explored the role of immunity, primary infection severity, and variant predominance in the risk of reinfection and severe COVID-19 during Omicron predominance in Mexico. Methods We analyzed reinfections in Mexico in individuals with a primary infection separated by at least 90 days from reinfection using a national surveillance registry of SARS-CoV-2 cases from March 3rd, 2020, to August 13th, 2022. Immunity-generating events included primary infection, partial or complete vaccination, and booster vaccines. Reinfections were matched by age and sex with controls with primary SARS-CoV-2 infection and negative RT-PCR or antigen test at least 90 days after primary infection to explore reinfection and severe disease risk factors. We also compared the protective efficacy of heterologous and homologous vaccine boosters against reinfection. Results We detected 231,202 SARS-CoV-2 reinfections in Mexico, most occurring in unvaccinated individuals (41.55%). Over 207,623 reinfections occurred during periods of Omicron (89.8%), BA.1 (36.74%), and BA.5 (33.67%) subvariant predominance and a case-fatality rate of 0.22%. Vaccination protected against reinfection, without significant influence of the order of immunity-generating events and provided >90% protection against severe reinfections. Heterologous booster schedules were associated with ~11% and ~ 54% lower risk for reinfection and reinfection-associated severe COVID-19, respectively, modified by time-elapsed since the last immunity-generating event, when compared against complete primary schedules. Conclusion SARS-CoV-2 reinfections increased during Omicron predominance. Hybrid immunity provides protection against reinfection and associated severe COVID-19, with potential benefit from heterologous booster schedules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carlos A. Fermín-Martínez
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- MD/PhD (PECEM) Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Arsenio Vargas-Vázquez
- MD/PhD (PECEM) Program, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Hugo López-Gatell
- Subsecretaría de Prevención y Promoción de la Salud, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sergio Iván Valdés-Ferrer
- Departamento de Neurología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla
- Dirección de Investigación, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría, Mexico City, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla,
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33
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Brazil R. How your first brush with COVID warps your immunity. Nature 2023; 613:428-430. [PMID: 36653572 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-00086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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34
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Perico L, Todeschini M, Casiraghi F, Mister M, Pezzotta A, Peracchi T, Tomasoni S, Trionfini P, Benigni A, Remuzzi G. Long-term adaptive response in COVID-19 vaccine recipients and the effect of a booster dose. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1123158. [PMID: 36926327 PMCID: PMC10011096 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1123158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined the immune response in subjects previously infected with SARS-CoV2 and infection-naïve 9 months after primary 2-dose COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and 3 months after the booster dose in a longitudinal cohort of healthcare workers. Nine months after primary vaccination, previously infected subjects exhibited higher residual antibody levels, with significant neutralizing activity against distinct variants compared to infection-naïve subjects. The higher humoral response was associated with higher levels of receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific IgG+ and IgA+ memory B cells. The booster dose increased neither neutralizing activity, nor the B and T cell frequencies. Conversely, infection-naïve subjects needed the booster to achieve comparable levels of neutralizing antibodies as those found in previously infected subjects after primary vaccination. The neutralizing titer correlated with anti-RBD IFNγ producing T cells, in the face of sustained B cell response. Notably, pre-pandemic samples showed high Omicron cross-reactivity. These data show the importance of the booster dose in reinforcing immunological memory and increasing circulating antibodies in infection-naïve subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Perico
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marta Todeschini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Federica Casiraghi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marilena Mister
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Anna Pezzotta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Tobia Peracchi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Susanna Tomasoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Piera Trionfini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ariela Benigni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Bergamo, Italy
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35
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Milojkovic D, Reynolds CJ, Sandoval DM, Pieper FP, Liu S, Pade C, Gibbons JM, McKnight Á, Loaiza S, Palanicawander R, Innes AJ, Claudiani S, Apperley JF, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. COVID-19 vaccine boosted immunity against Omicron in chronic myeloid leukemia patients treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Leukemia 2023; 37:244-247. [PMID: 36528708 PMCID: PMC9758679 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-022-01787-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Milojkovic
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Siyi Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Corinna Pade
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joseph M Gibbons
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Áine McKnight
- Blizard Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jane F Apperley
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Lung Division, Royal Brompton Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
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36
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Patra T, Ray R. Bystander effect of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein on human monocytic THP-1 cell activation and initiation of prothrombogenic stimulus representing severe COVID-19. J Inflamm (Lond) 2022; 19:28. [PMID: 36585712 PMCID: PMC9801152 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-022-00325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypercoagulable state and thromboembolic complications are potential life-threatening events in COVID-19 patients. Our previous studies demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as viral spike protein expressed epithelial cells exhibit senescence with the release of inflammatory molecules, including alarmins. FINDINGS We observed extracellular alarmins present in the culture media of SARS-CoV-2 spike expressing cells activate human THP-1 monocytes to secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines to a significant level. The release of THP-1 derived pro-inflammatory cytokine signature correlated with the serum of acute COVID-19 patient, but not in post-COVID-19 state. Our study suggested that the alarmins secreted by spike expressing cells, initiated phagocytosis property of THP-1 cells. The phagocytic monocytes secreted complement component C5a and generated an autocrine signal via C5aR1 receptor. The C5a-C5aR1 signal induced formation of monocyte mediated extracellular trap resulted in the generation of a prothrombogenic stimulus with activating platelets and increased tissue factor activity. We also observed an enhanced C5a level, platelet activating factor, and high tissue factor activity in the serum of acute COVID-19 patients, but not in recovered patients. CONCLUSION Our present study demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 spike protein modulates monocyte responses in a paracrine manner for prothrombogenic stimulus by the generation of C5a complement component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Patra
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd, MO 63104 Saint Louis, USA
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy & Immunology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, 1100 South Grand Blvd, MO 63104 Saint Louis, USA ,grid.262962.b0000 0004 1936 9342Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, 63104 Saint Louis, Missouri, MO USA
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37
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Manali M, Bissett LA, Amat JAR, Logan N, Scott S, Hughes EC, Harvey WT, Orton R, Thomson EC, Gunson RN, Viana M, Willett B, Murcia PR. SARS-CoV-2 Evolution and Patient Immunological History Shape the Breadth and Potency of Antibody-Mediated Immunity. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:40-49. [PMID: 35920058 PMCID: PMC9384671 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), humans have been exposed to distinct SARS-CoV-2 antigens, either by infection with different variants, and/or vaccination. Population immunity is thus highly heterogeneous, but the impact of such heterogeneity on the effectiveness and breadth of the antibody-mediated response is unclear. We measured antibody-mediated neutralization responses against SARS-CoV-2Wuhan, SARS-CoV-2α, SARS-CoV-2δ, and SARS-CoV-2ο pseudoviruses using sera from patients with distinct immunological histories, including naive, vaccinated, infected with SARS-CoV-2Wuhan, SARS-CoV-2α, or SARS-CoV-2δ, and vaccinated/infected individuals. We show that the breadth and potency of the antibody-mediated response is influenced by the number, the variant, and the nature (infection or vaccination) of exposures, and that individuals with mixed immunity acquired by vaccination and natural exposure exhibit the broadest and most potent responses. Our results suggest that the interplay between host immunity and SARS-CoV-2 evolution will shape the antigenicity and subsequent transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, with important implications for future vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Manali
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Laura A Bissett
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Julien A R Amat
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Logan
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Scott
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Ellen C Hughes
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - William T Harvey
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Orton
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Thomson
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Rory N Gunson
- West of Scotland Specialist Virology Centre, NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mafalda Viana
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Willett
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pablo R Murcia
- Medical Research Council-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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38
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Keeton R, Tincho MB, Suzuki A, Benede N, Ngomti A, Baguma R, Chauke MV, Mennen M, Skelem S, Adriaanse M, Grifoni A, Weiskopf D, Sette A, Bekker LG, Gray G, Ntusi NA, Burgers WA, Riou C. Impact of SARS-CoV-2 exposure history on the T cell and IgG response. Cell Rep Med 2022; 4:100898. [PMID: 36584684 PMCID: PMC9771741 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposures, from infection or vaccination, can potently boost spike antibody responses. Less is known about the impact of repeated exposures on T cell responses. Here, we compare the prevalence and frequency of peripheral SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses in 190 individuals with complex SARS-CoV-2 exposure histories. As expected, an increasing number of SARS-CoV-2 spike exposures significantly enhances the magnitude of IgG responses, while repeated exposures improve the number of T cell responders but have less impact on SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cell frequencies in the circulation. Moreover, we find that the number and nature of exposures (rather than the order of infection and vaccination) shape the spike immune response, with spike-specific CD4 T cells displaying a greater polyfunctional potential following hybrid immunity compared with vaccination only. Characterizing adaptive immunity from an evolving viral and immunological landscape may inform vaccine strategies to elicit optimal immunity as the pandemic progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roanne Keeton
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marius B. Tincho
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ntombi Benede
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amkele Ngomti
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard Baguma
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Masego V. Chauke
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mathilda Mennen
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa,Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Diseases and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sango Skelem
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa,Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Diseases and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marguerite Adriaanse
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa,Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Diseases and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa,Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Glenda Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ntobeko A.B. Ntusi
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa,Cape Heart Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,South African Medical Research Council Extramural Unit on Intersection of Non-communicable Diseases and Infectious Diseases, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wendy A. Burgers
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Corresponding author
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
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39
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Wang J, Li K, Mei X, Cao J, Zhong J, Huang P, Luo Q, Li G, Wei R, Zhong N, Zhao Z, Wang Z. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination-infection pattern imprints and diversifies T cell differentiation and neutralizing response against Omicron subvariants. Cell Discov 2022; 8:136. [PMID: 36543767 PMCID: PMC9769462 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-022-00501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of different SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations and variant infection histories on imprinting population immunity and their influence on emerging escape mutants remain unclear. We found that Omicron (BA.1) breakthrough infection, regardless of vaccination with two-dose mRNA vaccines (M-M-o) or two-dose inactivated vaccines (I-I-o), led to higher neutralizing antibody levels against different variants and stronger T-cell responses than Delta breakthrough infection after two-dose inactivated vaccine vaccination (I-I-δ). Furthermore, different vaccination-infection patterns imprinted virus-specific T-cell differentiation; M-M-ο showed higher S/M/N/E-specific CD4+ T cells and less portion of virus-specific CD45RA+CD27-CD8+ T cells by ex vivo assay. Breakthrough infection groups showed higher proliferation and multi-function capacity by in vitro assay than three-dose inactivated vaccine inoculated group (I-I-I). Thus, under wide vaccination coverage, the higher immunogenicity with the Omicron variant may have helped to eliminate the population of Delta variant. Overall, our data contribute to our understanding of immune imprinting in different sub-populations and may guide future vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiang Wang
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Kaiyi Li
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Xinyue Mei
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jinpeng Cao
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Jiaying Zhong
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Peiyu Huang
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Qi Luo
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Guichang Li
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Rui Wei
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Zhuxiang Zhao
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072Department of Infectious Disease, Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Guangzhou First People’s Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- grid.410737.60000 0000 8653 1072State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease & National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong China ,Guangzhou Laboratory, Bioland, Guangzhou, Guangdong China
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40
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Haunhorst S, Bloch W, Javelle F, Krüger K, Baumgart S, Drube S, Lemhöfer C, Reuken P, Stallmach A, Müller M, Zielinski CE, Pletz MW, Gabriel HHW, Puta C. A scoping review of regulatory T cell dynamics in convalescent COVID-19 patients - indications for their potential involvement in the development of Long COVID? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1070994. [PMID: 36582234 PMCID: PMC9792979 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1070994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recovery from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be impaired by the persistence of symptoms or new-onset health complications, commonly referred to as Long COVID. In a subset of patients, Long COVID is associated with immune system perturbations of unknown etiology, which could be related to compromised immunoregulatory mechanisms. Objective The objective of this scoping review was to summarize the existing literature regarding the frequency and functionality of Tregs in convalescent COVID-19 patients and to explore indications for their potential involvement in the development of Long COVID. Design A systematic search of studies investigating Tregs during COVID-19 convalescence was conducted on MEDLINE (via Pubmed) and Web of Science. Results The literature search yielded 17 relevant studies, of which three included a distinct cohort of patients with Long COVID. The reviewed studies suggest that the Treg population of COVID-19 patients can reconstitute quantitatively and functionally during recovery. However, the comparison between recovered and seronegative controls revealed that an infection-induced dysregulation of the Treg compartment can be sustained for at least several months. The small number of studies investigating Tregs in Long COVID allowed no firm conclusions to be drawn about their involvement in the syndrome's etiology. Yet, even almost one year post-infection Long COVID patients exhibit significantly altered proportions of Tregs within the CD4+ T cell population. Conclusions Persistent alterations in cell frequency in Long COVID patients indicate that Treg dysregulation might be linked to immune system-associated sequelae. Future studies should aim to address the association of Treg adaptations with different symptom clusters and blood parameters beyond the sole quantification of cell frequencies while adhering to consensualized phenotyping strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Haunhorst
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Javelle
- Department for Molecular and Cellular Sports Medicine, Institute for Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Karsten Krüger
- Department of Exercise Physiology and Sports Therapy, Institute of Sports Science, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Baumgart
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Sebastian Drube
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Philipp Reuken
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Stallmach
- Clinic for Internal Medicine IV (Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious Diseases), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz Institue for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Christina E. Zielinski
- Department of Infection Immunology, Leibniz Institue for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Mathias W. Pletz
- Institute for Immunology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Holger H. W. Gabriel
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Puta
- Department of Sports Medicine and Health Promotion, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital/Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
- Center for Interdisciplinary Prevention of Diseases related to Professional Activities, Jena, Germany
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41
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Shioda K, Chen Y, Collins MH, Lopman BA. Population-Level Relative Effectiveness of the COVID-19 Vaccines and the Contribution of Naturally Acquired Immunity. J Infect Dis 2022; 227:773-779. [PMID: 36548463 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immune protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be induced by natural infection or vaccination or both. Interaction between vaccine-induced immunity and naturally acquired immunity at the population level has been understudied. METHODS We used regression models to evaluate whether the impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines differed across states with different levels of naturally acquired immunity from March 2021 to April 2022 in the United States. Analysis was conducted for 3 evaluation periods separately (Alpha, Delta, and Omicron waves). As a proxy for the proportion of the population with naturally acquired immunity, we used either the reported seroprevalence or the estimated proportion of the population ever infected in each state. RESULTS COVID-19 mortality decreased as coverage of ≥1 dose increased among people ≥65 years of age, and this effect did not vary by seroprevalence or proportion of the total population ever infected. Seroprevalence and proportion ever infected were not associated with COVID-19 mortality, after controlling for vaccine coverage. These findings were consistent in all evaluation periods. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a sustained reduction in mortality at state level during the Alpha, Delta, and Omicron periods. The effect did not vary by naturally acquired immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayoko Shioda
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.,Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yangping Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Matthew H Collins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine Atlanta Georgia USA
| | - Benjamin A Lopman
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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42
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Dürrwald R, Kolodziejek J, Oh DY, Herzog S, Liebermann H, Osterrieder N, Nowotny N. Vaccination against Borna Disease: Overview, Vaccine Virus Characterization and Investigation of Live and Inactivated Vaccines. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122706. [PMID: 36560710 PMCID: PMC9788498 DOI: 10.3390/v14122706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Vaccination of horses and sheep against Borna disease (BD) was common in endemic areas of Germany in the 20th century but was abandoned in the early 1990s. The recent occurrence of fatal cases of human encephalitis due to Borna disease virus 1 (BoDV-1) has rekindled the interest in vaccination. (2) Methods: The full genomes of the BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" were sequenced and analyzed for the first time. All vaccination experiments followed a proof-of-concept approach. Dose-titration infection experiments were performed in rabbits, based on both cell culture- and brain-derived viruses at various doses. Inactivated vaccines against BD were produced from concentrated cell culture supernatants and investigated in rabbits and horses. The BoDV-1 live vaccine "Dessau" was administered to horses and antibody profiles were determined. (3) Results: The BD live vaccine viruses "Dessau" and "Giessen" belong to clusters 3 and 4 of BoDV-1. Whereas the "Giessen" virus does not differ substantially from field viruses, the "Dessau" virus shows striking differences in the M gene and the N-terminal part of the G gene. Rabbits infected with high doses of cell-cultured virus developed neutralizing antibodies and were protected from disease, whereas rabbits infected with low doses of cell-cultured virus, or with brain-derived virus did not. Inactivated vaccines were administered to rabbits and horses, following pre-defined vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses of either adjuvanted or nonadjuvanted inactivated virus. Their immunogenicity and protective efficacy were compared to the BD live vaccine "Dessau". Seventy per cent of horses vaccinated with the BD live vaccine "Dessau" developed neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. (4) Conclusion: Despite a complex evasion of immunological responses by bornaviruses, some vaccination approaches can protect against clinical disease. For optimal effectiveness, vaccines should be administered at high doses, following vaccination schemes consisting of three vaccine doses as basic immunization. Further investigations are necessary in order to investigate and improve protection against infection and to avoid side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Dürrwald
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-18754-2456
| | - Jolanta Kolodziejek
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Djin-Ye Oh
- Unit 17: Influenza and Other Viruses of the Respiratory Tract, Department of Infectious Diseases, Robert Koch Institute, Seestraße 10, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle Herzog
- Institute of Virology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Liebermann
- retd., former Institute of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Norbert Nowotny
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai P.O. Box 505055, United Arab Emirates
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Moore JS, Robertson LJ, Price R, Curry G, Farnan J, Black A, Nesbit MA, McLaughlin JA, Moore T. Evaluation of the performance of a lateral flow device for quantitative detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:130-135. [PMID: 38013966 PMCID: PMC9472806 DOI: 10.1016/j.clicom.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The AbC-19™ lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) performance was evaluated on plasma samples from a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination cohort, WHO international standards for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (human), individuals ≥2 weeks from infection of RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants, as well as microorganism serology. METHODS Pre-vaccination to three weeks post-booster samples were collected from a cohort of 111 patients (including clinically extremely vulnerable patients) from Northern Ireland. All patients received Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination for the first and second dose, and Pfizer-BioNTech for the third (first booster). WHO international standards, 15 samples from 2 variants of concern (Delta and Omicron) and cross-reactivity with plasma samples from other microorganism infections were also assessed on AbC-19™. RESULTS All 80 (100%) participants sampled post-booster had high positive IgG responses, compared to 38/95 (40%) participants at 6 months post-first vaccination. WHO standard results correlated with information from corresponding biological data sheets, and antibodies to all genetic variants were detected by LFIA. No cross-reactivity was found with exception of one (of five) Dengue virus samples. CONCLUSION These findings suggest BNT162b2 booster vaccination enhanced humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from pre-booster levels, and that this antibody response was detectable by the LFIA. In combination with cross-reactivity, standards and genetic variant results would suggest LFIA may be a cost-effective measure to assess SARS-CoV-2 antibody status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - L J Robertson
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - R Price
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - G Curry
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - J Farnan
- The Group Surgery, 257 North Queen Street, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - A Black
- The Group Surgery, 257 North Queen Street, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - M A Nesbit
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - J A McLaughlin
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - T Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Khong KW, Zhang R, Hung IFN. The Four Ws of the Fourth Dose COVID-19 Vaccines: Why, Who, When and What. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1924. [PMID: 36423020 PMCID: PMC9694140 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10111924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, vaccine breakthrough is a major public health concern. With evidence of reduced neutralizing antibody activity against Omicron variants and fading antibody level after the third-dose booster vaccine, there are suggestions of a fourth-dose booster vaccine. In this review, the benefits of a fourth-dose booster is evaluated from four perspectives, including the effectiveness of the booster dose against virus variants (Why), susceptible groups of individuals who may benefit from additional booster dose (Who), selection of vaccine platforms to better enhance immunity (What) and appropriate intervals between the third and fourth booster dose (When). In summary, a fourth dose can temporarily boost the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 variants and can be considered for specific groups of individuals. A heterologous vaccine strategy using mRNA vaccine in individuals primed with inactivated vaccine may boost immunity against variants. The timing of the fourth dose should be individualized but an interval of 4 months after the third-dose booster is appropriate. A universal fourth booster dose is not necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka-Wa Khong
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruiqi Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ivan Fan-Ngai Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Disease, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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45
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Alcolea PJ, Larraga J, Rodríguez-Martín D, Alonso A, Loayza FJ, Rojas JM, Ruiz-García S, Louloudes-Lázaro A, Carlón AB, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Nogales-Altozano P, Redondo N, Manzano M, Lozano D, Palomero J, Montoya M, Vallet-Regí M, Martín V, Sevilla N, Larraga V. Non-replicative antibiotic resistance-free DNA vaccine encoding S and N proteins induces full protection in mice against SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1023255. [PMID: 36439169 PMCID: PMC9682132 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1023255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines currently in use have contributed to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. Notwithstanding, the high mutation rate, fundamentally in the spike glycoprotein (S), is causing the emergence of new variants. Solely utilizing this antigen is a drawback that may reduce the efficacy of these vaccines. Herein we present a DNA vaccine candidate that contains the genes encoding the S and the nucleocapsid (N) proteins implemented into the non-replicative mammalian expression plasmid vector, pPAL. This plasmid lacks antibiotic resistance genes and contains an alternative selectable marker for production. The S gene sequence was modified to avoid furin cleavage (Sfs). Potent humoral and cellular immune responses were observed in C57BL/6J mice vaccinated with pPAL-Sfs + pPAL-N following a prime/boost regimen by the intramuscular route applying in vivo electroporation. The immunogen fully protected K18-hACE2 mice against a lethal dose (105 PFU) of SARS-CoV-2. Viral replication was completely controlled in the lungs, brain, and heart of vaccinated mice. Therefore, pPAL-Sfs + pPAL-N is a promising DNA vaccine candidate for protection from COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J. Alcolea
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jaime Larraga
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Rodríguez-Martín
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Loayza
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Rojas
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Ruiz-García
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Louloudes-Lázaro
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana B. Carlón
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Sánchez-Cordón
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Nogales-Altozano
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Redondo
- Inmunología Viral: Terapias y Vacunas. Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Manzano
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomateriales Inteligentes (GIBI), Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomateriales Inteligentes (GIBI), Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Palomero
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology. Instituto de Neurociencias de castilla y León (INCyL), Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Inmunología Viral: Terapias y Vacunas. Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Grupo de Investigación en Biomateriales Inteligentes (GIBI), Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas. Facultad de Farmacia. Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Martín
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemí Sevilla
- Grupo de Investigación en Nuevas Estrategias de Control de Patógenos Relevantes en Sanidad Animal, Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Larraga
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Unidad de Desarrollo de Fármacos Biológicos, Inmunológicos y Químicos para la Salud Global (BICS), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CIBMS-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Thomson T, Prendecki M, Gleeson S, Martin P, Spensley K, De Aguiar RC, Sandhu B, Seneschall C, Gan J, Clarke CL, Lewis S, Pickard G, Thomas D, McAdoo SP, Lightstone L, Cox A, Kelleher P, Willicombe M. Immune responses following 3rd and 4th doses of heterologous and homologous COVID-19 vaccines in kidney transplant recipients. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 53:101642. [PMID: 36105874 PMCID: PMC9462844 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2022.101642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Solid organ transplant recipients have attenuated immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. In this study, we report on immune responses to 3rd- (V3) and 4th- (V4) doses of heterologous and homologous vaccines in a kidney transplant population. METHODS We undertook a single centre cohort study of 724 kidney transplant recipients prospectively screened for serological responses following 3 primary doses of a SARS-CoV2 vaccine. 322 patients were sampled post-V4 for anti-spike (anti-S), with 69 undergoing assessment of SARS-CoV-2 T-cell responses. All vaccine doses were received post-transplant, only mRNA vaccines were used for V3 and V4 dosing. All participants had serological testing performed post-V2 and at least once prior to their first dose of vaccine. FINDINGS 586/724 (80.9%) patients were infection-naïve post-V3; 141/2586 (24.1%) remained seronegative at 31 (21-51) days post-V3. Timing of vaccination in relation to transplantation, OR: 0.28 (0.15-0.54), p=0.0001; immunosuppression burden, OR: 0.22 (0.13-0.37), p<0.0001, and a diagnosis of diabetes, OR: 0.49 (0.32-0.75), p=0.001, remained independent risk factors for non-seroconversion. Seropositive patients post-V3 had greater anti-S if primed with BNT162b2 compared with ChAdOx1, p=0.001.Post-V4, 45/239 (18.8%) infection-naïve patients remained seronegative. De novo seroconversion post-V4 occurred in 15/60 (25.0%) patients. There was no difference in anti-S post-V4 by vaccine combination, p=0.50. T-cell responses were poor, with only 11/54 (20.4%) infection-naive patients having detectable T-cell responses post-V4, with no difference seen by vaccine type. INTERPRETATION A significant proportion of transplant recipients remain seronegative following 3- and 4- doses of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, with poor T-cell responses, and are likely to have inadequate protection against infection. As such alternative strategies are required to provide protection to this vulnerable group. FUNDING MW/PK received study support from Oxford Immunotec.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Thomson
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Prendecki
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Gleeson
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Martin
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Katrina Spensley
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Rute Cardoso De Aguiar
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Bynvant Sandhu
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte Seneschall
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Jaslyn Gan
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Candice L. Clarke
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Shanice Lewis
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Pickard
- Department of Infection and Immunity Sciences Northwest London Pathology NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road W6 6RF, United Kingdom
| | - David Thomas
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. McAdoo
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Liz Lightstone
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Cox
- Department of Infection and Immunity Sciences Northwest London Pathology NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road W6 6RF, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Kelleher
- Department of Infection and Immunity Sciences Northwest London Pathology NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, Fulham Palace Road W6 6RF, United Kingdom
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, Chelsea &Westminster Hospital Campus, Fulham Road London SW10 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Willicombe
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Renal and Transplant Centre, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Hammersmith Hospital, London, W12 0HS, United Kingdom
- Corresponding author at: Centre for Inflammatory Disease Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
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Yaugel-Novoa M, Bourlet T, Paul S. Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty? Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1170-1180. [PMID: 36195658 PMCID: PMC9530436 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses are crucial to fight respiratory viral infections in the current pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the dynamics of systemic and mucosal antibody infections are affected by patient characteristics, such as age, sex, disease severity, or prior immunity to other human coronaviruses. Patients suffering from severe disease develop higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum and mucosal tissues than those with mild disease, and these antibodies are detectable for up to a year after symptom onset. In hospitalized patients, the aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies enhances inflammation-associated antibody Fc-dependent effector functions, thereby contributing to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Current vaccines elicit robust humoral immune responses, principally in the blood. However, they are less effective against new viral variants, such as Delta and Omicron. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a particular focus on the protective and pathological role of humoral immunity in COVID-19 severity. We also discuss the humoral immune response elicited by COVID-19 vaccination and protection against emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France,CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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48
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Alexander JL, Liu Z, Muñoz Sandoval D, Reynolds C, Ibraheim H, Anandabaskaran S, Saifuddin A, Castro Seoane R, Anand N, Nice R, Bewshea C, D'Mello A, Constable L, Jones GR, Balarajah S, Fiorentino F, Sebastian S, Irving PM, Hicks LC, Williams HRT, Kent AJ, Linger R, Parkes M, Kok K, Patel KV, Teare JP, Altmann DM, Goodhand JR, Hart AL, Lees CW, Boyton RJ, Kennedy NA, Ahmad T, Powell N. COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody and T-cell responses in immunosuppressed patients with inflammatory bowel disease after the third vaccine dose (VIP): a multicentre, prospective, case-control study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 7:1005-1015. [PMID: 36088954 PMCID: PMC9458592 DOI: 10.1016/s2468-1253(22)00274-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 vaccine-induced antibody responses are reduced in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) taking anti-TNF or tofacitinib after two vaccine doses. We sought to assess whether immunosuppressive treatments were associated with reduced antibody and T-cell responses in patients with IBD after a third vaccine dose. METHODS VIP was a multicentre, prospective, case-control study done in nine centres in the UK. We recruited immunosuppressed patients with IBD and non-immunosuppressed healthy individuals. All participants were aged 18 years or older. The healthy control group had no diagnosis of IBD and no current treatment with systemic immunosuppressive therapy for any other indication. The immunosuppressed patients with IBD had an established diagnosis of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, or unclassified IBD using standard definitions of IBD, and were receiving established treatment with one of six immunosuppressive regimens for at least 12 weeks at the time of first dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. All participants had to have received three doses of an approved COVID-19 vaccine. SARS-CoV-2 spike antibody binding and T-cell responses were measured in all participant groups. The primary outcome was anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike (S1 receptor binding domain [RBD]) antibody concentration 28-49 days after the third vaccine dose, adjusted by age, homologous versus heterologous vaccine schedule, and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. The primary outcome was assessed in all participants with available data. FINDINGS Between Oct 18, 2021, and March 29, 2022, 352 participants were included in the study (thiopurine n=65, infliximab n=46, thiopurine plus infliximab combination therapy n=49, ustekinumab n=44, vedolizumab n=50, tofacitinib n=26, and healthy controls n=72). Geometric mean anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD antibody concentrations increased in all groups following a third vaccine dose, but were significantly lower in patients treated with infliximab (2736·8 U/mL [geometric SD 4·3]; p<0·0001), infliximab plus thiopurine (1818·3 U/mL [6·7]; p<0·0001), and tofacitinib (8071·5 U/mL [3·1]; p=0·0018) compared with the healthy control group (16 774·2 U/mL [2·6]). There were no significant differences in anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD antibody concentrations between the healthy control group and patients treated with thiopurine (12 019·7 U/mL [2·2]; p=0·099), ustekinumab (11 089·3 U/mL [2·8]; p=0·060), or vedolizumab (13 564·9 U/mL [2·4]; p=0·27). In multivariable modelling, lower anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD antibody concentrations were independently associated with infliximab (geometric mean ratio 0·15 [95% CI 0·11-0·21]; p<0·0001), tofacitinib (0·52 [CI 0·31-0·87]; p=0·012), and thiopurine (0·69 [0·51-0·95]; p=0·021), but not with ustekinumab (0·64 [0·39-1·06]; p=0·083), or vedolizumab (0·84 [0·54-1·30]; p=0·43). Previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (1·58 [1·22-2·05]; p=0·0006) was independently associated with higher anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD antibody concentrations and older age (0·88 [0·80-0·97]; p=0·0073) was independently associated with lower anti-SARS-CoV-2 S1 RBD antibody concentrations. Antigen-specific T-cell responses were similar in all groups, except for recipients of tofacitinib without evidence of previous infection, where T-cell responses were significantly reduced relative to healthy controls (p=0·021). INTERPRETATION A third dose of COVID-19 vaccine induced a boost in antibody binding in immunosuppressed patients with IBD, but these responses were reduced in patients taking infliximab, infliximab plus thiopurine, and tofacitinib. Tofacitinib was also associated with reduced T-cell responses. These findings support continued prioritisation of immunosuppressed groups for further vaccine booster dosing, particularly patients on anti-TNF and JAK inhibitors. FUNDING Pfizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Alexander
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Hajir Ibraheim
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Sulak Anandabaskaran
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, St Mark's Hospital and Academic Institute, London, UK
| | - Aamir Saifuddin
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, St Mark's Hospital and Academic Institute, London, UK
| | - Rocio Castro Seoane
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nikhil Anand
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rachel Nice
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Department of Clinical Chemistry, Biochemistry, Exeter Clinical Laboratory International, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Claire Bewshea
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrea D'Mello
- Division of Medicine and Integrated Care, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Laura Constable
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth R Jones
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sharmili Balarajah
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Francesca Fiorentino
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, UK; Nightingale-Saunders Clinical Trials and Epidemiology Unit, King's Clinical Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shaji Sebastian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hull University Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Hull, UK; Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Peter M Irving
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucy C Hicks
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Horace R T Williams
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexandra J Kent
- Department of Gastroenterology, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Rachel Linger
- The NIHR Bioresource, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Miles Parkes
- The NIHR Bioresource, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Klaartje Kok
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bart's Health NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Kamal V Patel
- Department of Gastroenterology, St George's Hospital NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Julian P Teare
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - James R Goodhand
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Ailsa L Hart
- Department of Gastroenterology, St Mark's Hospital and Academic Institute, London, UK
| | - Charlie W Lees
- Department of Gastroenterology, Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Inflammation Research, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, UK; Lung Division, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Nicholas A Kennedy
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Tariq Ahmad
- Exeter Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Pharmacogenetics Research Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Nick Powell
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK; Department of Gastroenterology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK.
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49
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Paniskaki K, Konik MJ, Anft M, Meister TL, Marheinecke C, Pfaender S, Jäger J, Krawczyk A, Zettler M, Dolff S, Westhoff TH, Rohn H, Stervbo U, Witzke O, Babel N. Superior humoral immunity in vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 convalescence as compared to SARS-COV-2 infection or vaccination. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1031254. [PMID: 36389833 PMCID: PMC9659602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1031254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging variants of concern (VOC) raise obstacles in shaping vaccination strategies and ending the pandemic. Vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 convalescence shapes the current immune dynamics. We analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 VOC-specific cellular and humoral response of 57 adults: 42 convalescent mRNA vaccinated patients (C+V+), 8 uninfected mRNA vaccinated (C-V+) and 7 unvaccinated convalescent individuals (C+V-). While C+V+ demonstrated a superior humoral SARS-CoV-2 response against all analyzed VOC (alpha, delta, omicron) compared to C-V+ and C+V-, SARS-CoV-2 reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, which can cross-recognize the alpha, delta and omicron VOC after infection and/or vaccination were observed in all there groups without significant differences between the groups. We observed a preserved cross-reactive C+V+ and C-V+ T cell memory. An inferior humoral response but preserved cross-reactive T cell memory in C+V- compared to C+V+ was observed, as well as an inferior humoral response but preserved cross-reactive T cell memory in C+V- compared to C-V+. Adaptive immunity generated after SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination leads to superior humoral immune response against VOC compared to isolated infection or vaccination. Despite the apparent loss of neutralization potential caused by viral evolution, a preserved SARS-CoV-2 reactive T cell response with a robust potential for cross-recognition of the alpha, delta and omicron VOC was detected in all studied cohorts. Our results may have implications on current vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystallenia Paniskaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Margarethe J Konik
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Moritz Anft
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Toni L Meister
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Corinna Marheinecke
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephanie Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jasmin Jäger
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Adalbert Krawczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Zettler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dolff
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Timm H Westhoff
- Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Herne, Germany
| | - Hana Rohn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulrik Stervbo
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver Witzke
- Department of Infectious Diseases, West German Centre of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Nina Babel
- Center for Translational Medicine and Immune Diagnostics Laboratory, Medical Department I, Marien Hospital Herne, University Hospital of the Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - University Clinic Berlin, BIH Center for Regenerative Therapies (BCRT) Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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50
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Abdullahi A, Oladele D, Owusu M, Kemp SA, Ayorinde J, Salako A, Fink D, Ige F, Ferreira IATM, Meng B, Sylverken AA, Onwuamah C, Boadu KO, Osuolale K, Frimpong JO, Abubakar R, Okuruawe A, Abdullahi HW, Liboro G, Agyemang LD, Ayisi-Boateng NK, Odubela O, Ohihoin G, Ezechi O, Kamasah JS, Ameyaw E, Arthur J, Kyei DB, Owusu DO, Usman O, Mogaji S, Dada A, Agyei G, Ebrahimi S, Gutierrez LC, Aliyu SH, Doffinger R, Audu R, Adegbola R, Mlcochova P, Phillips RO, Solako BL, Gupta RK. SARS-COV-2 antibody responses to AZD1222 vaccination in West Africa. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6131. [PMID: 36253377 PMCID: PMC9574797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33792-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Real-world data on vaccine-elicited neutralising antibody responses for two-dose AZD1222 in African populations are limited. We assessed baseline SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and levels of protective neutralizing antibodies prior to vaccination rollout using binding antibodies analysis coupled with pseudotyped virus neutralisation assays in two cohorts from West Africa: Nigerian healthcare workers (n = 140) and a Ghanaian community cohort (n = 527) pre and post vaccination. We found 44 and 28% of pre-vaccination participants showed IgG anti-N positivity, increasing to 59 and 39% respectively with anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG-specific antibodies. Previous IgG anti-N positivity significantly increased post two-dose neutralizing antibody titres in both populations. Serological evidence of breakthrough infection was observed in 8/49 (16%). Neutralising antibodies were observed to wane in both populations, especially in anti-N negative participants with an observed waning rate of 20% highlighting the need for a combination of additional markers to characterise previous infection. We conclude that AZD1222 is immunogenic in two independent West African cohorts with high background seroprevalence and incidence of breakthrough infection in 2021. Waning titres post second dose indicates the need for booster dosing after AZD1222 in the African setting despite hybrid immunity from previous infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Abdullahi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Human Virology, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - David Oladele
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Michael Owusu
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Steven A Kemp
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James Ayorinde
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abideen Salako
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Douglas Fink
- Faculty of Infection and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fehintola Ige
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Bo Meng
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Augustina Angelina Sylverken
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana.,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Chika Onwuamah
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Kazeem Osuolale
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Rufai Abubakar
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Azuka Okuruawe
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Gideon Liboro
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | | | | | - Gregory Ohihoin
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Oliver Ezechi
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Emmanuel Ameyaw
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Derrick Boakye Kyei
- Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana
| | | | - Olagoke Usman
- Federal Medical Centre, Ebutte Metta, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Sunday Mogaji
- Federal Medical Centre, Ebutte Metta, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - George Agyei
- Kwadaso Seventh Day Adventist Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Soraya Ebrahimi
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lourdes Ceron Gutierrez
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sani H Aliyu
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rosemary Audu
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Richard Adegbola
- Nigeria Institute of Medical Research (NIMR), Yaba, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Richard Odame Phillips
- Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana. .,Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research in Tropical Medicine, Kumasi, Ghana.
| | | | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
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