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Nguyenla XH, Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Wahedi M, Tafesse FG, Curlin ME. Evaluating Humoral Immunity Elicited by XBB.1.5 Monovalent COVID-19 Vaccine. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:1282-1283. [PMID: 38669121 PMCID: PMC11138983 DOI: 10.3201/eid3006.240051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Because novel SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, immunogenicity of XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccines against live clinical isolates needs to be evaluated. We report boosting of IgG (2.1×), IgA (1.5×), and total IgG/A/M (1.7×) targeting the spike receptor-binding domain and neutralizing titers against WA1 (2.2×), XBB.1.5 (7.4×), EG.5.1 (10.5×), and JN.1 (4.7×) variants.
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2
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Tan Z, Yang C, Lin PH, Ramadan S, Yang W, Rashidi Z, Lang S, Shafieichaharberoud F, Gao J, Pan X, Soloff N, Wu X, Bolin S, Pyeon D, Huang X. Inducing Long Lasting B Cell and T Cell Immunity Against Multiple Variants of SARS-CoV-2 Through Mutant Bacteriophage Qβ-Receptor Binding Domain Conjugate. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2302755. [PMID: 38733291 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
More than 3 years into the global pandemic, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a significant threat to public health. Immunities acquired from infection or current vaccines fail to provide long term protection against subsequent infections, mainly due to their fast-waning nature and the emergence of variants of concerns (VOCs) such as Omicron. To overcome these limitations, SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein receptor binding domain (RBD)-based epitopes are investigated as conjugates with a powerful carrier, the mutant bacteriophage Qβ (mQβ). The epitope design is critical to eliciting potent antibody responses with the full length RBD being superior to peptide and glycopeptide antigens. The full length RBD conjugated with mQβ activates both humoral and cellular immune systems in vivo, inducing broad spectrum, persistent, and comprehensive immune responses effective against multiple VOCs including Delta and Omicron variants, rendering it a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibin Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Canchai Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Po-Han Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Sherif Ramadan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Benha University, Benha, 13518, Egypt
| | - Weizhun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Zahra Rashidi
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Shuyao Lang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Center for Cancer Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Fatemeh Shafieichaharberoud
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Jia Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Xingling Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Nachy Soloff
- Hatzalah of Michigan, 13650 Oak Park Blvd., Oak Park, MI, 48237, USA
| | - Xuanjun Wu
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Glycobiology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 250100, China
| | - Steven Bolin
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Dohun Pyeon
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Xuefei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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3
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Fernández-Soto D, Bueno P, Garaigorta U, Gastaminza P, Bueno JL, Duarte RF, Jara R, Valés-Gómez M, Reyburn HT. SARS-CoV-2 membrane protein-specific antibodies from critically ill SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals interact with Fc receptor-expressing cells but do not neutralize the virus. J Leukoc Biol 2024; 115:985-991. [PMID: 38245016 DOI: 10.1093/jleuko/qiae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The membrane (M) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the key viral proteins regulating virion assembly and morphogenesis. Immunologically, the M protein is a major source of peptide antigens driving T cell responses, and most individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 make antibodies to the N-terminal, surface-exposed peptide of the M protein. We now report that although the M protein is abundant in the viral particle, antibodies to the surface-exposed N-terminal epitope of M do not appear to neutralize the virus. M protein-specific antibodies do, however, activate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion by primary human natural killer cells. Interestingly, while patients with severe or mild disease make comparable levels of M antigen-binding antibodies, M-specific antibodies from the serum of critically ill patients are significantly more potent activators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity than antibodies found in individuals with mild or asymptomatic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fernández-Soto
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Paula Bueno
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Urtzi Garaigorta
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Pablo Gastaminza
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - José L Bueno
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, C. Joaquín Rodrigo 1, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael F Duarte
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, C. Joaquín Rodrigo 1, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Jara
- Immunostep, S.L., Centro Investigación del Cáncer, Avda. Universidad de Coimbra, s/n, Salamanca 37007, Spain
| | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Hugh T Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, C. Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
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Mader K, Dustin LB. Beyond bNAbs: Uses, Risks, and Opportunities for Therapeutic Application of Non-Neutralising Antibodies in Viral Infection. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:28. [PMID: 38651408 PMCID: PMC11036282 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The vast majority of antibodies generated against a virus will be non-neutralising. However, this does not denote an absence of protective capacity. Yet, within the field, there is typically a large focus on antibodies capable of directly blocking infection (neutralising antibodies, NAbs) of either specific viral strains or multiple viral strains (broadly-neutralising antibodies, bNAbs). More recently, a focus on non-neutralising antibodies (nNAbs), or neutralisation-independent effects of NAbs, has emerged. These can have additive effects on protection or, in some cases, be a major correlate of protection. As their name suggests, nNAbs do not directly neutralise infection but instead, through their Fc domains, may mediate interaction with other immune effectors to induce clearance of viral particles or virally infected cells. nNAbs may also interrupt viral replication within infected cells. Developing technologies of antibody modification and functionalisation may lead to innovative biologics that harness the activities of nNAbs for antiviral prophylaxis and therapeutics. In this review, we discuss specific examples of nNAb actions in viral infections where they have known importance. We also discuss the potential detrimental effects of such responses. Finally, we explore new technologies for nNAb functionalisation to increase efficacy or introduce favourable characteristics for their therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lynn B. Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
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Chen Y, Liu C, Fang Y, Chen W, Qiu J, Zhu M, Wei W, Tu J. Developing CAR-immune cell therapy against SARS-CoV-2: Current status, challenges and prospects. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116066. [PMID: 38373592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-immune cell therapy has revolutionized the anti-tumor field, achieving efficient and precise tumor clearance by directly guiding immune cell activity to target tumors. In addition, the use of CAR-immune cells to influence the composition and function of the immune system and ultimately achieve virus clearance and immune system homeostasis has attracted the interest of researchers. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) triggered a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). To date, the rapidly mutating SARS-CoV-2 continues to challenge existing therapies and has raised public concerns regarding reinfection. In patients with COVID-19, the interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with the immune system influences the course of the disease, and the coexistence of over-activated immune system components, such as macrophages, and severely compromised immune system components, such as natural killer cells, reveals a dysregulated immune system. Dysregulated immune-induced inflammation may impair viral clearance and T-cell responses, causing cytokine storms and ultimately leading to patient death. Here, we summarize the research progress on the use of CAR-immune cells against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, we discuss the feasibility, challenges and prospect of CAR-immune cells as a new immune candidate therapy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yilong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Weile Chen
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jiaqi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Mengjuan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Jiajie Tu
- Key Laboratory of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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6
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Nguyenla XH, Bates TA, Trank-Greene M, Wahedi M, Tafesse FG, Curlin M. Humoral Immunity Elicited by the XBB.1.5 Monovalent COVID-19 Vaccine. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.03.25.24304857. [PMID: 38585892 PMCID: PMC10996738 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.25.24304857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
As novel SARS-CoV-2 variants continue to emerge, the updated XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccines remain to be evaluated in terms of immunogenicity against live clinical isolates. We report boosting of IgG(2.1X), IgA(1.5X), and total IgG/A/M(1.7X) antibodies targeting the spike receptor-binding domain and neutralizing titers against WA1(2.2X), XBB.1.5(7.4X), EG.5.1(10.5X), and JN.1(4.7X) variants.
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7
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Valk AM, Keijser JBD, van Dam KPJ, Stalman EW, Wieske L, Steenhuis M, Kummer LYL, Spuls PI, Bekkenk MW, Musters AH, Post NF, Bosma AL, Horváth B, Hijnen DJ, Schreurs CRG, van Kempen ZLE, Killestein J, Volkers AG, Tas SW, Boekel L, Wolbink GJ, Keijzer S, Derksen NIL, van Deelen M, van Mierlo G, Kuijpers TW, Eftimov F, van Ham SM, Ten Brinke A, Rispens T. Suppressed IgG4 class switching in dupilumab- and TNF inhibitor-treated patients after mRNA vaccination. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 38439527 DOI: 10.1111/all.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The noninflammatory immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) is linked to tolerance and is unique to humans. Although poorly understood, prolonged antigenic stimulation and IL-4-signaling along the T helper 2-axis may be instrumental in IgG4 class switching. Recently, repeated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination has been linked to IgG4 skewing. Although widely used immunosuppressive drugs have been shown to only moderately affect humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, the effect on IgG4 switching has not been investigated. METHODS Here we study the impact of such immunosuppressive drugs, including the IL-4 receptor-blocking antibody dupilumab, on IgG4 skewing upon repeated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination. Receptor-binding domain (RBD) specific antibody responses were longitudinally measured in 600 individuals, including patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases treated with a TNF inhibitor (TNFi) and/or methotrexate (MTX), dupilumab, and healthy/untreated controls, after repeated mRNA vaccination. RESULTS We observed a substantial increase in the proportion of RBD-specific IgG4 antibodies (median 21%) in healthy/untreated controls after third vaccination. This IgG4 skewing was profoundly reduced in dupilumab-treated patients (<1%). Unexpectedly, an equally strong suppression of IgG4 skewing was observed in TNFi-treated patients (<1%), whereas MTX caused a modest reduction (7%). RBD-specific total IgG levels were hardly affected by these immunosuppressive drugs. Minimal skewing was observed, when primary vaccination was adenoviral vector-based. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply a critical role for IL-4/IL-13 as well as TNF in vivo IgG4 class switching. These novel findings advance our understanding of IgG4 class switch dynamics, and may benefit humoral tolerance induction strategies, treatment of IgG4 pathologies and mRNA vaccine optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika M Valk
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jim B D Keijser
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koos P J van Dam
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eileen W Stalman
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luuk Wieske
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Y L Kummer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Phyllis I Spuls
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam Public Health/Infection and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel W Bekkenk
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam Public Health/Infection and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelie H Musters
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam Public Health/Infection and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicoline F Post
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam Public Health/Infection and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Angela L Bosma
- Department of Dermatology, Amsterdam Public Health/Infection and Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Horváth
- Department of Dermatology, UMCG Expertise Center for Blistering Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk-Jan Hijnen
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Corine R G Schreurs
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Zoé L E van Kempen
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joep Killestein
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan G Volkers
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander W Tas
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Boekel
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Wolbink
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Reade, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sofie Keijzer
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie van Deelen
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard van Mierlo
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Filip Eftimov
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anja Ten Brinke
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Sołkiewicz K, Kokot I, Dymicka-Piekarska V, Dorf J, Kratz EM. Are Changes in Serum IgG Glycosylation Related to the Severe Course of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Recovery Process? In Search of New Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarkers. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:1413-1427. [PMID: 38450051 PMCID: PMC10916521 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s439005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immunoglobulin G (IgG) glycosylation affects its effector functions and is essential in many steps of the inflammatory cascade. Therefore, it may be an important parameter for assessing the body's immune response during the course of COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease 2019). Methods The N- and O-glycosylation of serum IgG in severe COVID-19 patients (n=87), convalescents (n=50), and healthy subjects (n=65) were examined using a modified lectin-ELISA method with specific biotinylated lectins. The obtained data were analyzed using STATISTICA 13.3PL software. Results We showed significantly higher expression of Lewisx oligosaccharide structures in severe COVID-19 patients than in the other two groups. Moreover, significantly lower expression of Lewisy sugar structures in IgG glycans was observed in the convalescents when compared with COVID-19 patients and healthy subjects. The lowest expression of highly branched N-glycans in cases of severe COVID-19 indicates that the development of the disease is associated with the presence of typical IgG biantennary N-glycans. The lack of significant differences in the expression of Tn antigen in IgG between studied groups and the significantly lower expression of T antigen in convalescents compared to the patients with severe COVID-19 and healthy subjects indicates a decrease in the content of the T antigen in IgG O-glycans in subjects recovered from COVID-19. Substantially higher reactivities of IgG O-glycans with Jacalin observed in COVID-19 patients and convalescents in comparison to the control group were most probably caused by increased expression of core 3 O-glycans in IgG. Conclusion Severe COVID-19 is accompanied by the expression in serum IgG of sialylated biantennary and highly branched N-glycans, decorated by fucose of Lewisx and Lewisy structures. The higher reactivity of IgG O-glycans with Jacalin in severe COVID-19 patients and convalescents indicates that the disease development and the recovery process are most probably accompanied by increased expression of the core 3 O-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Sołkiewicz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Kokot
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Justyna Dorf
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Ewa Maria Kratz
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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9
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de Graaf EL, Larsen MD, van der Bolt N, Visser R, Verhagen OJHM, Hipgrave Ederveen AL, Koeleman CAM, van der Schoot CE, Wuhrer M, Vidarsson G. Assessment of IgG-Fc glycosylation from individual RhD-specific B cell clones reveals regulation at clonal rather than clonotypic level. Immunology 2024; 171:428-439. [PMID: 38097893 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The type and strength of effector functions mediated by immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies rely on the subclass and the composition of the N297 glycan. Glycosylation analysis of both bulk and antigen-specific human IgG has revealed a marked diversity of the glycosylation signatures, including highly dynamic patterns as well as long-term stability of profiles, yet information on how individual B cell clones would contribute to this diversity has hitherto been lacking. Here, we assessed whether clonally related B cells share N297 glycosylation patterns of their secreted IgG. We differentiated single antigen-specific peripheral IgG+ memory B cells into antibody-secreting cells and analysed Fc glycosylation of secreted IgG. Furthermore, we sequenced the variable region of their heavy chain, which allowed the grouping of the clones into clonotypes. We found highly diverse glycosylation patterns of culture-derived IgG, which, to some degree, mimicked the glycosylation of plasma IgG. Each B cell clone secreted IgG with a mixture of different Fc glycosylation patterns. The majority of clones produced fully fucosylated IgG. B cells producing afucosylated IgG were scattered across different clonotypes. In contrast, the remaining glycosylation traits were, in general, more uniform. These results indicate IgG-Fc fucosylation to be regulated at the single-clone level, whereas the regulation of other glycosylation traits most likely occurs at a clonotypic or systemic level. The discrepancies between plasma IgG and culture-derived IgG, could be caused by the origin of the B cells analysed, clonal dominance or factors from the culture system, which need to be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik L de Graaf
- Immunoglobulin Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mads Delbo Larsen
- Immunoglobulin Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nieke van der Bolt
- Immunoglobulin Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Immunoglobulin Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J H M Verhagen
- Immunoglobulin Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Carolien A M Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - C Ellen van der Schoot
- Immunoglobulin Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Immunoglobulin Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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10
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Hsieh MS, Hsu CW, Liao HC, Lin CL, Chiang CY, Chen MY, Liu SJ, Liao CL, Chen HW. SARS-CoV-2 spike-FLIPr fusion protein plus lipidated FLIPr protects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters. J Virol 2024; 98:e0154623. [PMID: 38299865 PMCID: PMC10878263 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01546-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced mucosal immunity and broad protective capacity against various severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants remain inadequate. Formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr), produced by Staphylococcus aureus, can bind to various Fcγ receptor subclasses. Recombinant lipidated FLIPr (rLF) was previously found to be an effective adjuvant. In this study, we developed a vaccine candidate, the recombinant Delta SARS-CoV-2 spike (rDS)-FLIPr fusion protein (rDS-F), which employs the property of FLIPr binding to various Fcγ receptors. Our study shows that rDS-F plus rLF promotes rDS capture by dendritic cells. Intranasal vaccination of mice with rDS-F plus rLF increases persistent systemic and mucosal antibody responses and CD4/CD8 T-cell responses. Importantly, antibodies induced by rDS-F plus rLF vaccination neutralize Delta, Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, and Omicron strains. Additionally, rDS-F plus rLF provides protective effects against various SARS-CoV-2 variants in hamsters by reducing inflammation and viral loads in the lung. Therefore, rDS-F plus rLF is a potential vaccine candidate to induce broad protective responses against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.IMPORTANCEMucosal immunity is vital for combating pathogens, especially in the context of respiratory diseases like COVID-19. Despite this, most approved vaccines are administered via injection, providing systemic but limited mucosal protection. Developing vaccines that stimulate both mucosal and systemic immunity to address future coronavirus mutations is a growing trend. However, eliciting strong mucosal immune responses without adjuvants remains a challenge. In our study, we have demonstrated that using a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike-formyl peptide receptor-like 1 inhibitory protein (FLIPr) fusion protein as an antigen, in combination with recombinant lipidated FLIPr as an effective adjuvant, induced simultaneous systemic and mucosal immune responses through intranasal immunization in mice and hamster models. This approach offered protection against various SARS-CoV-2 strains, making it a promising vaccine candidate for broad protection. This finding is pivotal for future broad-spectrum vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shu Hsieh
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Hsu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chun Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Ling Lin
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Chiang
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Len Liao
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Wei Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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11
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Adhikari EH, Lu P, Kang YJ, McDonald AR, Pruszynski JE, Bates TA, McBride SK, Trank-Greene M, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. Diverging Maternal and Cord Antibody Functions From SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination in Pregnancy. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:462-472. [PMID: 37815524 PMCID: PMC10873180 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immunity impacts the infant, but how is unclear. To understand the implications of the immune exposures of vaccination and infection in pregnancy for neonatal immunity, we evaluated antibody functions in paired peripheral maternal and cord blood. We compared those who in pregnancy received mRNA coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine, were infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and the combination. We found that vaccination enriched a subset of neutralizing activities and Fc effector functions that was driven by IgG1 and was minimally impacted by antibody glycosylation in maternal blood. In paired cord blood, maternal vaccination also enhanced IgG1. However, Fc effector functions compared to neutralizing activities were preferentially transferred. Moreover, changes in IgG posttranslational glycosylation contributed more to cord than peripheral maternal blood antibody functional potency. These differences were enhanced with the combination of vaccination and infection as compared to either alone. Thus, Fc effector functions and antibody glycosylation highlight underexplored maternal opportunities to safeguard newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H Adhikari
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Parkland Health, Dallas Texas, USA
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ye Jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Ann R McDonald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jessica E Pruszynski
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy A Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Lenette L Lu
- Parkland Health, Dallas Texas, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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12
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Röltgen K, Boyd SD. Antibody and B Cell Responses to SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination: The End of the Beginning. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2024; 19:69-97. [PMID: 37738512 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-031521-042754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic has evolved during the past years, interactions between human immune systems, rapidly mutating and selected SARS-CoV-2 viral variants, and effective vaccines have complicated the landscape of individual immunological histories. Here, we review some key findings for antibody and B cell-mediated immunity, including responses to the highly mutated omicron variants; immunological imprinting and other impacts of successive viral antigenic variant exposures on antibody and B cell memory; responses in secondary lymphoid and mucosal tissues and non-neutralizing antibody-mediated immunity; responses in populations vulnerable to severe disease such as those with cancer, immunodeficiencies, and other comorbidities, as well as populations showing apparent resistance to severe disease such as many African populations; and evidence of antibody involvement in postacute sequelae of infection or long COVID. Despite the initial phase of the pandemic ending, human populations will continue to face challenges presented by this unpredictable virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA;
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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13
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Kissel T, Derksen VFAM, Bentlage AEH, Koeleman C, Hafkenscheid L, van der Woude D, Wuhrer M, Vidarsson G, Toes REM. N-linked Fc glycosylation is not required for IgG-B-cell receptor function in a GC-derived B-cell line. Nat Commun 2024; 15:393. [PMID: 38195612 PMCID: PMC10776614 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44468-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
IgG secreted by B cells carry asparagine N(297)-linked glycans in the fragment crystallizable (Fc) region. Changes in Fc glycosylation are related to health or disease and are functionally relevant, as IgG without Fc glycans cannot bind to Fcɣ receptors or complement factors. However, it is currently unknown whether ɣ-heavy chain (ɣHC) glycans also influence the function of membrane-bound IgG-B-cell receptors (BCR) and thus the outcome of the B-cell immune response. Here, we show in a germinal center (GC)-derived human B-cell line that ɣHC glycans do not affect membrane expression of IgG-BCRs. Furthermore, antigen binding or other BCR-facilitated mechanisms appear unaffected, including BCR downmodulation or BCR-mediated signaling. As expected, secreted IgG lacking Fc glycosylation is unable to carry out effector functions. Together, these observations indicate that IgG-Fc glycosylation serves as a mechanism to control the effector functions of antibodies, but does not regulate the activation of IgG-switched B cells, as its absence had no apparent impact on BCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kissel
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Veerle F A M Derksen
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur E H Bentlage
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1006 AD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carolien Koeleman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lise Hafkenscheid
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Diane van der Woude
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1006 AD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René E M Toes
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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14
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Haslund-Gourley BS, Woloszczuk K, Hou J, Connors J, Cusimano G, Bell M, Taramangalam B, Fourati S, Mege N, Bernui M, Altman MC, Krammer F, van Bakel H, Maecker HT, Rouphael N, Diray-Arce J, Wigdahl B, Kutzler MA, Cairns CB, Haddad EK, Comunale MA. IgM N-glycosylation correlates with COVID-19 severity and rate of complement deposition. Nat Commun 2024; 15:404. [PMID: 38195739 PMCID: PMC10776791 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44211-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The glycosylation of IgG plays a critical role during human severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, activating immune cells and inducing cytokine production. However, the role of IgM N-glycosylation has not been studied during human acute viral infection. The analysis of IgM N-glycosylation from healthy controls and hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients reveals increased high-mannose and sialylation that correlates with COVID-19 severity. These trends are confirmed within SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin N-glycan profiles. Moreover, the degree of total IgM mannosylation and sialylation correlate significantly with markers of disease severity. We link the changes of IgM N-glycosylation with the expression of Golgi glycosyltransferases. Lastly, we observe antigen-specific IgM antibody-dependent complement deposition is elevated in severe COVID-19 patients and modulated by exoglycosidase digestion. Taken together, this work links the IgM N-glycosylation with COVID-19 severity and highlights the need to understand IgM glycosylation and downstream immune function during human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyra Woloszczuk
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jintong Hou
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Gina Cusimano
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mathew Bell
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Nathan Mege
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mariana Bernui
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Vaccine Research and Pandemic Preparedness (C-VaRPP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Joann Diray-Arce
- Clinical & Data Coordinating Center (CDCC); Precision Vaccines Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Elias K Haddad
- Drexel University/Tower Health Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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15
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Abelson D, Barajas J, Stuart L, Kim D, Marimuthu A, Hu C, Yamamoto B, Ailor E, Whaley KJ, Vu H, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Deer DJ, Dobias NS, Woolsey C, Prasad AN, Peel JE, Lawrence WS, Cross RW, Geisbert TW, Fenton KA, Zeitlin L. Long-term Prophylaxis Against Aerosolized Marburg Virus in Nonhuman Primates With an Afucosylated Monoclonal Antibody. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S701-S711. [PMID: 37474248 PMCID: PMC11009508 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Marburg virus (MARV) causes a hemorrhagic fever disease in human and nonhuman primates with high levels of morbidity and mortality. Concerns about weaponization of aerosolized MARV have spurred the development of nonhuman primate (NHP) models of aerosol exposure. To address the potential threat of aerosol exposure, a monoclonal antibody that binds MARV glycoprotein was tested, MR186YTE, for its efficacy as a prophylactic. MR186YTE was administered intramuscularly to NHPs at 15 or 5 mg/kg 1 month prior to MARV aerosol challenge. Seventy-five percent (3/4) of the 15 mg/kg dose group and 50% (2/4) of the 5 mg/kg dose group survived. Serum analyses showed that the NHP dosed with 15 mg/kg that succumbed to infection developed an antidrug antibody response and therefore had no detectable MR186YTE at the time of challenge. These results suggest that intramuscular dosing of mAbs may be a clinically useful prophylaxis for MARV aerosol exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafna Abelson
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Lauren Stuart
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Do Kim
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Chris Hu
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Eric Ailor
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
| | | | - Hong Vu
- Integrated Biotherapeutics, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Jennifer E Peel
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - William S Lawrence
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Larry Zeitlin
- Mapp Biopharmaceutical, Inc, San Diego, California, USA
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16
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Geyer CE, Chen HJ, Bye AP, Manz XD, Guerra D, Caniels TG, Bijl TP, Griffith GR, Hoepel W, de Taeye SW, Veth J, Vlaar AP, Vidarsson G, Bogaard HJ, Aman J, Gibbins JM, van Gils MJ, de Winther MP, den Dunnen J. Identification of new drugs to counteract anti-spike IgG-induced hyperinflammation in severe COVID-19. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202302106. [PMID: 37699657 PMCID: PMC10497933 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202302106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously, we and others have shown that SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific IgG antibodies play a major role in disease severity in COVID-19 by triggering macrophage hyperactivation, disrupting endothelial barrier integrity, and inducing thrombus formation. This hyperinflammation is dependent on high levels of anti-spike IgG with aberrant Fc tail glycosylation, leading to Fcγ receptor hyperactivation. For development of immune-regulatory therapeutics, drug specificity is crucial to counteract excessive inflammation whereas simultaneously minimizing the inhibition of antiviral immunity. We here developed an in vitro activation assay to screen for small molecule drugs that specifically counteract antibody-induced pathology. We identified that anti-spike-induced inflammation is specifically blocked by small molecule inhibitors against SYK and PI3K. We identified SYK inhibitor entospletinib as the most promising candidate drug, which also counteracted anti-spike-induced endothelial dysfunction and thrombus formation. Moreover, entospletinib blocked inflammation by different SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Combined, these data identify entospletinib as a promising treatment for severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara E Geyer
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hung-Jen Chen
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander P Bye
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, and School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's University, London, UK
- School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Xue D Manz
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Denise Guerra
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom G Caniels
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom Pl Bijl
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guillermo R Griffith
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willianne Hoepel
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Veth
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Pj Vlaar
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harm Jan Bogaard
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jurjan Aman
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan M Gibbins
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, and School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Marit J van Gils
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Menno Pj de Winther
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Atherosclerosis & Ischemic Syndromes, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Inflammatory Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Dunnen
- https://ror.org/05grdyy37 Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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17
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Mushtaq S, Azam Khan MK, Alam Khan MQ, Rathore MA, Parveen B, Noor M, Ghani E, Tahir AB, Tipu HN, Lin B. Comparison of immune response to SARS-COV-2 vaccine in COVID-recovered versus non-infected Individuals. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:2267-2273. [PMID: 36802308 PMCID: PMC9942049 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
To determine the antibody levels at 6 months in SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated individuals in COVID-recovered versus non-infected groups to determine the need to administer booster COVID vaccine in each group. Prospective longitudinal study. Pathology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore for a period of eight months from July 2021 to February 2022. Two hundred and thirty three study participants in both COVID recovered and non-infected groups (105 participants in infected group, 128 participants in non-infected group) were subjected to blood sampling at 6 months post-vaccination. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody test was done using Chemiluminescence method. Comparison of antibody levels between COVID-recovered and non-infected groups was made. Results were compiled and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21. Out of 233 study participants, males were 183 (78%) while females were 50 (22%), mean age being 35.93 years ± 8.298. Mean Anti-SARS-CoV-2 S IgG levels among COVID-recovered group was 1342 U/ml and among non-infected group was 828 U/ml at 6 months post-vaccination. Mean antibody titers in COVID-19 recovered group are higher than in non-infected group at 6 months post-vaccination in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bushra Parveen
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Misbah Noor
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Eijaz Ghani
- Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Biaoyang Lin
- University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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18
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Kaplonek P, Cizmeci D, Kwatra G, Izu A, Lee JSL, Bertera HL, Fischinger S, Mann C, Amanat F, Wang W, Koen AL, Fairlie L, Cutland CL, Ahmed K, Dheda K, Barnabas SL, Bhorat QE, Briner C, Krammer F, Saphire EO, Gilbert SC, Lambe T, Pollard AJ, Nunes M, Wuhrer M, Lauffenburger DA, Madhi SA, Alter G. ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine-induced Fc receptor binding tracks with differential susceptibility to COVID-19. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1161-1172. [PMID: 37322179 PMCID: PMC10307634 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Despite the success of COVID-19 vaccines, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern have emerged that can cause breakthrough infections. Although protection against severe disease has been largely preserved, the immunological mediators of protection in humans remain undefined. We performed a substudy on the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccinees enrolled in a South African clinical trial. At peak immunogenicity, before infection, no differences were observed in immunoglobulin (Ig)G1-binding antibody titers; however, the vaccine induced different Fc-receptor-binding antibodies across groups. Vaccinees who resisted COVID-19 exclusively mounted FcγR3B-binding antibodies. In contrast, enhanced IgA and IgG3, linked to enriched FcγR2B binding, was observed in individuals who experienced breakthrough. Antibodies unable to bind to FcγR3B led to immune complex clearance and resulted in inflammatory cascades. Differential antibody binding to FcγR3B was linked to Fc-glycosylation differences in SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies. These data potentially point to specific FcγR3B-mediated antibody functional profiles as critical markers of immunity against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deniz Cizmeci
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav Kwatra
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alane Izu
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Harry L Bertera
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Colin Mann
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anthonet L Koen
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lee Fairlie
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Clare L Cutland
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Keertan Dheda
- Division of Pulmonology, Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shaun L Barnabas
- Family Centre for Research With Ubuntu, Department of Paediatrics, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Carmen Briner
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erica Ollman Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Marta Nunes
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shabir A Madhi
- South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- Department of Science and Innovation/National Research Foundation South African Research Chair Initiative in Vaccine Preventable Diseases Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
- African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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19
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Jang H, Choudhury S, Yu Y, Sievers BL, Gelbart T, Singh H, Rawlings SA, Proal A, Tan GS, Qian Y, Smith D, Freire M. Persistent immune and clotting dysfunction detected in saliva and blood plasma after COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17958. [PMID: 37483779 PMCID: PMC10362241 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies indicate that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with inflammatory sequelae, but molecular signatures governing the normal versus pathologic convalescence process have not been well-delineated. Here, we characterized global immune and proteome responses in matched plasma and saliva samples obtained from COVID-19 patients collected between 20 and 90 days after initial clinical symptoms resolved. Convalescent subjects showed robust total IgA and IgG responses and positive antibody correlations in saliva and plasma samples. Shotgun proteomics revealed persistent inflammatory patterns in convalescent samples including dysfunction of salivary innate immune cells, such as neutrophil markers (e.g., myeloperoxidase), and clotting factors in plasma (e.g., fibrinogen), with positive correlations to acute COVID-19 disease severity. Saliva samples were characterized by higher concentrations of IgA, and proteomics showed altered myeloid-derived pathways that correlated positively with SARS-CoV-2 IgA levels. Beyond plasma, our study positions saliva as a viable fluid to monitor normal and aberrant immune responses including vascular, inflammatory, and coagulation-related sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyesun Jang
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
| | | | - Yanbao Yu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA, 19716
| | - Benjamin L Sievers
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Terri Gelbart
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Harinder Singh
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Stephen A Rawlings
- MMP Adult Infectious Disease, Maine Medical Center, South Portland, ME, 04106, USA
| | - Amy Proal
- PolyBio Research Foundation. Mercer Island, WA, USA
| | - Gene S Tan
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yu Qian
- Informatics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Davey Smith
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marcelo Freire
- Genomic Medicine and Infectious Diseases, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA, and Rockville, MD, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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20
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Purcell RA, Theisen RM, Arnold KB, Chung AW, Selva KJ. Polyfunctional antibodies: a path towards precision vaccines for vulnerable populations. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1183727. [PMID: 37600816 PMCID: PMC10433199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1183727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine efficacy determined within the controlled environment of a clinical trial is usually substantially greater than real-world vaccine effectiveness. Typically, this results from reduced protection of immunologically vulnerable populations, such as children, elderly individuals and people with chronic comorbidities. Consequently, these high-risk groups are frequently recommended tailored immunisation schedules to boost responses. In addition, diverse groups of healthy adults may also be variably protected by the same vaccine regimen. Current population-based vaccination strategies that consider basic clinical parameters offer a glimpse into what may be achievable if more nuanced aspects of the immune response are considered in vaccine design. To date, vaccine development has been largely empirical. However, next-generation approaches require more rational strategies. We foresee a generation of precision vaccines that consider the mechanistic basis of vaccine response variations associated with both immunogenetic and baseline health differences. Recent efforts have highlighted the importance of balanced and diverse extra-neutralising antibody functions for vaccine-induced protection. However, in immunologically vulnerable populations, significant modulation of polyfunctional antibody responses that mediate both neutralisation and effector functions has been observed. Here, we review the current understanding of key genetic and inflammatory modulators of antibody polyfunctionality that affect vaccination outcomes and consider how this knowledge may be harnessed to tailor vaccine design for improved public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A. Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Robert M. Theisen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Kelly B. Arnold
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amy W. Chung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin J. Selva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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21
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Cruz Amaya J, Walcheck B, Smith-Gagen J, Lombardi VC, Hudig D. Detection of Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity-Supporting Antibodies by NK-92-CD16A Cell Externalization of CD107a: Recognition of Antibody Afucosylation and Assay Optimization. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:44. [PMID: 37489366 PMCID: PMC10366760 DOI: 10.3390/antib12030044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) by natural killer (NK) lymphocytes eliminates cells infected with viruses. Anti-viral ADCC requires three components: (1) antibody; (2) effector lymphocytes with the Fc-IgG receptor CD16A; and (3) viral proteins in infected cell membranes. Fc-afucosylated antibodies bind with greater affinity to CD16A than fucosylated antibodies; individuals' variation in afucosylation contributes to differences in ADCC. Current assays for afucosylated antibodies involve expensive methods. We report an improved bioassay for antibodies that supports ADCC, which encompasses afucosylation. This assay utilizes the externalization of CD107a by NK-92-CD16A cells after antibody recognition. We used anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, GA101 WT or glycoengineered (GE), 10% or ~50% afucosylated, and CD20-positive Raji target cells. CD107a increased detection 7-fold compared to flow cytometry to detect Raji-bound antibodies. WT and GE antibody effective concentrations (EC50s) for CD107a externalization differed by 20-fold, with afucosylated GA101-GE more detectable. The EC50s for CD107a externalization vs. 51Cr cell death were similar for NK-92-CD16A and blood NK cells. Notably, the % CD107a-positive cells were negatively correlated with dead Raji cells and were nearly undetectable at high NK:Raji ratios required for cytotoxicity. This bioassay is very sensitive and adaptable to assess anti-viral antibodies but unsuitable as a surrogate assay to monitor cell death after ADCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Cruz Amaya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Bruce Walcheck
- Department of Veterinary and Biological Sciences, Center for Immunology and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, 295J AS/VM Building, 1988 Fitch Avenue, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Julie Smith-Gagen
- School of Community Health Sciences, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Vincent C. Lombardi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
| | - Dorothy Hudig
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Nevada, 1664 N. Virginia St., Reno, NV 89557, USA
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22
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Afewerki S, Stocco TD, Rosa da Silva AD, Aguiar Furtado AS, Fernandes de Sousa G, Ruiz-Esparza GU, Webster TJ, Marciano FR, Strømme M, Zhang YS, Lobo AO. In vitro high-content tissue models to address precision medicine challenges. Mol Aspects Med 2023; 91:101108. [PMID: 35987701 PMCID: PMC9384546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The field of precision medicine allows for tailor-made treatments specific to a patient and thereby improve the efficiency and accuracy of disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment and at the same time would reduce the cost, redundant treatment, and side effects of current treatments. Here, the combination of organ-on-a-chip and bioprinting into engineering high-content in vitro tissue models is envisioned to address some precision medicine challenges. This strategy could be employed to tackle the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has made a significant impact and paradigm shift in our society. Nevertheless, despite that vaccines against COVID-19 have been successfully developed and vaccination programs are already being deployed worldwide, it will likely require some time before it is available to everyone. Furthermore, there are still some uncertainties and lack of a full understanding of the virus as demonstrated in the high number new mutations arising worldwide and reinfections of already vaccinated individuals. To this end, efficient diagnostic tools and treatments are still urgently needed. In this context, the convergence of bioprinting and organ-on-a-chip technologies, either used alone or in combination, could possibly function as a prominent tool in addressing the current pandemic. This could enable facile advances of important tools, diagnostics, and better physiologically representative in vitro models specific to individuals allowing for faster and more accurate screening of therapeutics evaluating their efficacy and toxicity. This review will cover such technological advances and highlight what is needed for the field to mature for tackling the various needs for current and future pandemics as well as their relevancy towards precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Afewerki
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, BOX 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thiago Domingues Stocco
- Bioengineering Program, Technological and Scientific Institute, Brazil University, 08230-030, São Paulo, SP, Brazil,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Unicamp - State University of Campinas, 13083-877, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - André Sales Aguiar Furtado
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Fernandes de Sousa
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil
| | - Guillermo U. Ruiz-Esparza
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA,Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University ‑ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Thomas J. Webster
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil,Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | | | - Maria Strømme
- Division of Nanotechnology and Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, BOX 35, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA; Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University ‑ Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Anderson Oliveira Lobo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory for Advanced Materials, BioMatLab, Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of Piauí (UFPI), Teresina, PI, Brazil.
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23
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Gupta A, Kao KS, Yamin R, Oren DA, Goldgur Y, Du J, Lollar P, Sundberg EJ, Ravetch JV. Mechanism of glycoform specificity and in vivo protection by an anti-afucosylated IgG nanobody. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2853. [PMID: 37202422 PMCID: PMC10195009 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38453-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies contain a complex N-glycan embedded in the hydrophobic pocket between its heavy chain protomers. This glycan contributes to the structural organization of the Fc domain and determines its specificity for Fcγ receptors, thereby dictating distinct cellular responses. The variable construction of this glycan structure leads to highly-related, but non-equivalent glycoproteins known as glycoforms. We previously reported synthetic nanobodies that distinguish IgG glycoforms. Here, we present the structure of one such nanobody, X0, in complex with the Fc fragment of afucosylated IgG1. Upon binding, the elongated CDR3 loop of X0 undergoes a conformational shift to access the buried N-glycan and acts as a 'glycan sensor', forming hydrogen bonds with the afucosylated IgG N-glycan that would otherwise be sterically hindered by the presence of a core fucose residue. Based on this structure, we designed X0 fusion constructs that disrupt pathogenic afucosylated IgG1-FcγRIIIa interactions and rescue mice in a model of dengue virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Gupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kevin S Kao
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Yamin
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Deena A Oren
- Structural Biology Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yehuda Goldgur
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Du
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pete Lollar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eric J Sundberg
- Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jeffrey V Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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24
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Adhikari EH, Lu P, Kang YJ, McDonald AR, Pruszynski JE, Bates TA, McBride SK, Trank-Greene M, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. Diverging maternal and infant cord antibody functions from SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination in pregnancy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.01.538955. [PMID: 37205338 PMCID: PMC10187183 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.01.538955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunization in pregnancy is a critical tool that can be leveraged to protect the infant with an immature immune system but how vaccine-induced antibodies transfer to the placenta and protect the maternal-fetal dyad remains unclear. Here, we compare matched maternal-infant cord blood from individuals who in pregnancy received mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, were infected by SARS-CoV-2, or had the combination of these two immune exposures. We find that some but not all antibody neutralizing activities and Fc effector functions are enriched with vaccination compared to infection. Preferential transport to the fetus of Fc functions and not neutralization is observed. Immunization compared to infection enriches IgG1-mediated antibody functions with changes in antibody post-translational sialylation and fucosylation that impact fetal more than maternal antibody functional potency. Thus, vaccine enhanced antibody functional magnitude, potency and breadth in the fetus are driven more by antibody glycosylation and Fc effector functions compared to maternal responses, highlighting prenatal opportunities to safeguard newborns as SARS-CoV-2 becomes endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily H. Adhikari
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Parkland Health, Dallas TX
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ye jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ann R. McDonald
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Jessica E. Pruszynski
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Timothy A. Bates
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Savannah K. McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Mila Trank-Greene
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Fikadu G. Tafesse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Lenette L. Lu
- Parkland Health, Dallas TX
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine and Department of Internal Medicine, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
- Department of Immunology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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25
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Kenny G, Townsend L, Savinelli S, Mallon PWG. Long COVID: Clinical characteristics, proposed pathogenesis and potential therapeutic targets. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1157651. [PMID: 37179568 PMCID: PMC10171433 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1157651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of persistent ill-health in the aftermath of SARS-CoV-2 infection has presented significant challenges to patients, healthcare workers and researchers. Termed long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), the symptoms of this condition are highly variable and span multiple body systems. The underlying pathophysiology remains poorly understood, with no therapeutic agents proven to be effective. This narrative review describes predominant clinical features and phenotypes of long COVID alongside the data supporting potential pathogenesis of these phenotypes including ongoing immune dysregulation, viral persistence, endotheliopathy, gastrointestinal microbiome disturbance, autoimmunity, and dysautonomia. Finally, we describe current potential therapies under investigation, as well as future potential therapeutic options based on the proposed pathogenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Kenny
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liam Townsend
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefano Savinelli
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick W. G. Mallon
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St Vincent’s University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Gao F, Mallajosyula V, Arunachalam PS, van der Ploeg K, Manohar M, Röltgen K, Yang F, Wirz O, Hoh R, Haraguchi E, Lee JY, Willis R, Ramachandiran V, Li J, Kathuria KR, Li C, Lee AS, Shah MM, Sindher SB, Gonzalez J, Altman JD, Wang TT, Boyd SD, Pulendran B, Jagannathan P, Nadeau KC, Davis MM. Spheromers reveal robust T cell responses to the Pfizer/BioNTech vaccine and attenuated peripheral CD8 + T cell responses post SARS-CoV-2 infection. Immunity 2023; 56:864-878.e4. [PMID: 36996809 PMCID: PMC10017386 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
T cells are a critical component of the response to SARS-CoV-2, but their kinetics after infection and vaccination are insufficiently understood. Using "spheromer" peptide-MHC multimer reagents, we analyzed healthy subjects receiving two doses of the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine. Vaccination resulted in robust spike-specific T cell responses for the dominant CD4+ (HLA-DRB1∗15:01/S191) and CD8+ (HLA-A∗02/S691) T cell epitopes. Antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses were asynchronous, with the peak CD4+ T cell responses occurring 1 week post the second vaccination (boost), whereas CD8+ T cells peaked 2 weeks later. These peripheral T cell responses were elevated compared with COVID-19 patients. We also found that previous SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in decreased CD8+ T cell activation and expansion, suggesting that previous infection can influence the T cell response to vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Vamsee Mallajosyula
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Prabhu S Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kattria van der Ploeg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Monali Manohar
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Röltgen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Oliver Wirz
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ramona Hoh
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Emily Haraguchi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ji-Yeun Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Richard Willis
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jiefu Li
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karan Raj Kathuria
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chunfeng Li
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra S Lee
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mihir M Shah
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sayantani B Sindher
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Gonzalez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John D Altman
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University and Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard, MA, USA
| | - Mark M Davis
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Mao C, Li J, Feng L, Gao W. Beyond antibody fucosylation: α-(1,6)-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) as a potential new therapeutic target for cancer immunotherapy. Antib Ther 2023; 6:87-96. [PMID: 37077473 PMCID: PMC10108557 DOI: 10.1093/abt/tbad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant post-translational glycosylation is a well-established hallmark of cancer. Altered core fucosylation mediated by α-(1,6)-fucosyltransferase (Fut8) is one of the key changes in tumor glycan patterns that contributes to neoplastic transformation, tumor metastasis, and immune evasion. Increased Fut8 expression and activity are associated with many types of human cancers, including lung, breast, melanoma, liver, colorectal, ovarian, prostate, thyroid, and pancreatic cancer. In animal models, inhibition of Fut8 activity by gene knockout, RNA interference, and small analogue inhibitors led to reduced tumor growth/metastasis, downregulation of immune checkpoint molecules PD-1, PD-L1/2, and B7-H3, and reversal of the suppressive state of tumor microenvironment. Although the biologics field has long benefited tremendously from using FUT8 -/- Chinese hamster ovary cells to manufacture IgGs with greatly enhanced effector function of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity for therapy, it is only in recent years that the roles of Fut8 itself in cancer biology have been studied. Here, we summarize the pro-oncogenic mechanisms involved in cancer development that are regulated by Fut8-mediated core fucosylation, and call for more research in this area where modifying the activity of this sole enzyme responsible for core fucosylation could potentially bring rewarding surprises in fighting cancer, infections, and other immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Lili Feng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, 250117, P. R. China
| | - Wenda Gao
- Antagen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Canton, MA 02021, USA
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28
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Teo A, Tan HD, Loy T, Chia PY, Chua CLL. Understanding antibody-dependent enhancement in dengue: Are afucosylated IgG1s a concern? PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011223. [PMID: 36996026 PMCID: PMC10062565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Teo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, The Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hao Dong Tan
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Thomas Loy
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Po Ying Chia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caroline Lin Lin Chua
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Brown B, Ojha V, Fricke I, Al-Sheboul SA, Imarogbe C, Gravier T, Green M, Peterson L, Koutsaroff IP, Demir A, Andrieu J, Leow CY, Leow CH. Innate and Adaptive Immunity during SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Biomolecular Cellular Markers and Mechanisms. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:408. [PMID: 36851285 PMCID: PMC9962967 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was caused by a positive sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, other human coronaviruses (hCoVs) exist. Historical pandemics include smallpox and influenza, with efficacious therapeutics utilized to reduce overall disease burden through effectively targeting a competent host immune system response. The immune system is composed of primary/secondary lymphoid structures with initially eight types of immune cell types, and many other subtypes, traversing cell membranes utilizing cell signaling cascades that contribute towards clearance of pathogenic proteins. Other proteins discussed include cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), pleiotropic interleukins (IL), and chemokines (CXC). The historical concepts of host immunity are the innate and adaptive immune systems. The adaptive immune system is represented by T cells, B cells, and antibodies. The innate immune system is represented by macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and the complement system. Other viruses can affect and regulate cell cycle progression for example, in cancers that include human papillomavirus (HPV: cervical carcinoma), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV: lymphoma), Hepatitis B and C (HB/HC: hepatocellular carcinoma) and human T cell Leukemia Virus-1 (T cell leukemia). Bacterial infections also increase the risk of developing cancer (e.g., Helicobacter pylori). Viral and bacterial factors can cause both morbidity and mortality alongside being transmitted within clinical and community settings through affecting a host immune response. Therefore, it is appropriate to contextualize advances in single cell sequencing in conjunction with other laboratory techniques allowing insights into immune cell characterization. These developments offer improved clarity and understanding that overlap with autoimmune conditions that could be affected by innate B cells (B1+ or marginal zone cells) or adaptive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and other pathologies. Thus, this review starts with an introduction into host respiratory infection before examining invaluable cellular messenger proteins and then individual immune cell markers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ingo Fricke
- Independent Immunologist and Researcher, 311995 Lamspringe, Germany
| | - Suhaila A Al-Sheboul
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, International School of Medicine, Medipol University-Istanbul, Istanbul 34810, Turkey
| | | | - Tanya Gravier
- Independent Researcher, MPH, San Francisco, CA 94131, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ayça Demir
- Faculty of Medicine, Afyonkarahisar University, Istanbul 03030, Turkey
| | - Jonatane Andrieu
- Faculté de Médecine, Aix–Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Chiuan Yee Leow
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Chiuan Herng Leow
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, USM, Penang 11800, Malaysia
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30
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Craddock V, Mahajan A, Spikes L, Krishnamachary B, Ram AK, Kumar A, Chen L, Chalise P, Dhillon NK. Persistent circulation of soluble and extracellular vesicle-linked Spike protein in individuals with postacute sequelae of COVID-19. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28568. [PMID: 36756925 PMCID: PMC10048846 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, has resulted in the death of millions worldwide since the beginning of the pandemic in December 2019. While much progress has been made to understand acute manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, less is known about post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC). We investigated the levels of both Spike protein (Spike) and viral RNA circulating in patients hospitalized with acute COVID-19 and in patients with and without PASC. We found that Spike and viral RNA were more likely to be present in patients with PASC. Among these patients, 30% were positive for both Spike and viral RNA; whereas, none of the individuals without PASC were positive for both. The levels of Spike and/or viral RNA in the PASC+ve patients were found to be increased or remained the same as in the acute phase; whereas, in the PASC-ve group, these viral components decreased or were totally absent. Additionally, this is the first report to show that part of the circulating Spike is linked to extracellular vesicles without any presence of viral RNA in these vesicles. In conclusion, our findings suggest that Spike and/or viral RNA fragments persist in the recovered COVID-19 patients with PASC up to 1 year or longer after acute SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaughn Craddock
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Aatish Mahajan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Leslie Spikes
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Balaji Krishnamachary
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Anil Kumar Ram
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Ling Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Prabhakar Chalise
- Department of Biostatistics & Data Science, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
| | - Navneet K. Dhillon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS
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31
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Gupta A, Kao K, Yamin R, Oren DA, Goldgur Y, Du J, Lollar P, Sundberg EJ, Ravetch JV. Mechanism of glycoform specificity and protection against antibody dependent enhancement by an anti-afucosylated IgG nanobody. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.23.525277. [PMID: 36747840 PMCID: PMC9900767 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.23.525277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies contain a single, complex N -glycan on each IgG heavy chain protomer embedded in the hydrophobic pocket between its Cγ2 domains. The presence of this glycan contributes to the structural organization of the Fc domain and determines its specificity for Fcγ receptors, thereby determining distinct cellular responses. On the Fc, the variable construction of this glycan structure leads to a family of highly-related, but non-equivalent glycoproteins known as glycoforms. We previously reported the development of synthetic nanobodies that distinguish IgG glycoforms without cross-reactivity to off-target glycoproteins or free glycans. Here, we present the X-ray crystal structure of one such nanobody, X0, in complex with its specific binding partner, the Fc fragment of afucosylated IgG1. Two X0 nanobodies bind a single afucosylated Fc homodimer at the upper Cγ2 domain, making both protein-protein and protein-carbohydrate contacts and overlapping the binding site for Fcγ receptors. Upon binding, the elongated CDR3 loop of X0 undergoes a conformational shift to access the buried N -glycan and acts as a 'glycan sensor', forming hydrogen bonds with the afucosylated IgG N -glycan that would otherwise be sterically hindered by the presence of a core fucose residue. Based on this structure, we designed X0 fusion constructs that disrupt pathogenic afucosylated IgG1-FcγRIIIa interactions and rescue mice in a model of dengue virus infection.
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Buhre JS, Pongracz T, Künsting I, Lixenfeld AS, Wang W, Nouta J, Lehrian S, Schmelter F, Lunding HB, Dühring L, Kern C, Petry J, Martin EL, Föh B, Steinhaus M, von Kopylow V, Sina C, Graf T, Rahmöller J, Wuhrer M, Ehlers M. mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 induce comparably low long-term IgG Fc galactosylation and sialylation levels but increasing long-term IgG4 responses compared to an adenovirus-based vaccine. Front Immunol 2023; 13:1020844. [PMID: 36713457 PMCID: PMC9877300 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The new types of mRNA-containing lipid nanoparticle vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 and the adenovirus-based vaccine AZD1222 were developed against SARS-CoV-2 and code for its spike (S) protein. Several studies have investigated short-term antibody (Ab) responses after vaccination. Objective However, the impact of these new vaccine formats with unclear effects on the long-term Ab response - including isotype, subclass, and their type of Fc glycosylation - is less explored. Methods Here, we analyzed anti-S Ab responses in blood serum and the saliva of SARS-CoV-2 naïve and non-hospitalized pre-infected subjects upon two vaccinations with different mRNA- and adenovirus-based vaccine combinations up to day 270. Results We show that the initially high mRNA vaccine-induced blood and salivary anti-S IgG levels, particularly IgG1, markedly decrease over time and approach the lower levels induced with the adenovirus-based vaccine. All three vaccines induced, contrary to the short-term anti-S IgG1 response with high sialylation and galactosylation levels, a long-term anti-S IgG1 response that was characterized by low sialylation and galactosylation with the latter being even below the corresponding total IgG1 galactosylation level. Instead, the mRNA, but not the adenovirus-based vaccines induced long-term IgG4 responses - the IgG subclass with inhibitory effector functions. Furthermore, salivary anti-S IgA levels were lower and decreased faster in naïve as compared to pre-infected vaccinees. Predictively, age correlated with lower long-term anti-S IgG titers for the mRNA vaccines. Furthermore, higher total IgG1 galactosylation, sialylation, and bisection levels correlated with higher long-term anti-S IgG1 sialylation, galactosylation, and bisection levels, respectively, for all vaccine combinations. Conclusion In summary, the study suggests a comparable "adjuvant" potential of the newly developed vaccines on the anti-S IgG Fc glycosylation, as reflected in relatively low long-term anti-S IgG1 galactosylation levels generated by the long-lived plasma cell pool, whose induction might be driven by a recently described TH1-driven B cell response for all three vaccines. Instead, repeated immunization of naïve individuals with the mRNA vaccines increased the proportion of the IgG4 subclass over time which might influence the long-term Ab effector functions. Taken together, these data shed light on these novel vaccine formats and might have potential implications for their long-term efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Sophia Buhre
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tamas Pongracz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Inga Künsting
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne S. Lixenfeld
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan Nouta
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Selina Lehrian
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Franziska Schmelter
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hanna B. Lunding
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Lara Dühring
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carsten Kern
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Janina Petry
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Emily L. Martin
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Bandik Föh
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Moritz Steinhaus
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vera von Kopylow
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Sina
- Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Graf
- Medical Department 2, University Heart Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Johann Rahmöller
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Manfred Wuhrer, ; Marc Ehlers,
| | - Marc Ehlers
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany,Airway Research Center North (ARCN), University of Lübeck, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany,*Correspondence: Manfred Wuhrer, ; Marc Ehlers,
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Arish M, Qian W, Narasimhan H, Sun J. COVID-19 immunopathology: From acute diseases to chronic sequelae. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28122. [PMID: 36056655 PMCID: PMC9537925 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The clinical manifestation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mainly targets the lung as a primary affected organ, which is also a critical site of immune cell activation by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, recent reports also suggest the involvement of extrapulmonary tissues in COVID-19 pathology. The interplay of both innate and adaptive immune responses is key to COVID-19 management. As a result, a robust innate immune response provides the first line of defense, concomitantly, adaptive immunity neutralizes the infection and builds memory for long-term protection. However, dysregulated immunity, both innate and adaptive, can skew towards immunopathology both in acute and chronic cases. Here we have summarized some of the recent findings that provide critical insight into the immunopathology caused by SARS-CoV-2, in acute and post-acute cases. Finally, we further discuss some of the immunomodulatory drugs in preclinical and clinical trials for dampening the immunopathology caused by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Arish
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Wei Qian
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Harish Narasimhan
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Jie Sun
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,Division of Infectious Disease and International Health, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.,corresponding author.
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An Immunological Review of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccine Serology: Innate and Adaptive Responses to mRNA, Adenovirus, Inactivated and Protein Subunit Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010051. [PMID: 36679897 PMCID: PMC9865970 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, which is defined by its positive-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) structure. It is in the order Nidovirales, suborder Coronaviridae, genus Betacoronavirus, and sub-genus Sarbecovirus (lineage B), together with two bat-derived strains with a 96% genomic homology with other bat coronaviruses (BatCoVand RaTG13). Thus far, two Alphacoronavirus strains, HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, along with five Betacoronaviruses, HCoV-HKU1, HCoV-OC43, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2, have been recognized as human coronaviruses (HCoVs). SARS-CoV-2 has resulted in more than six million deaths worldwide since late 2019. The appearance of this novel virus is defined by its high and variable transmission rate (RT) and coexisting asymptomatic and symptomatic propagation within and across animal populations, which has a longer-lasting impact. Most current therapeutic methods aim to reduce the severity of COVID-19 hospitalization and virus symptoms, preventing the infection from progressing from acute to chronic in vulnerable populations. Now, pharmacological interventions including vaccines and others exist, with research ongoing. The only ethical approach to developing herd immunity is to develop and provide vaccines and therapeutics that can potentially improve on the innate and adaptive system responses at the same time. Therefore, several vaccines have been developed to provide acquired immunity to SARS-CoV-2 induced COVID-19-disease. The initial evaluations of the COVID-19 vaccines began in around 2020, followed by clinical trials carried out during the pandemic with ongoing population adverse effect monitoring by respective regulatory agencies. Therefore, durability and immunity provided by current vaccines requires further characterization with more extensive available data, as is presented in this paper. When utilized globally, these vaccines may create an unidentified pattern of antibody responses or memory B and T cell responses that need to be further researched, some of which can now be compared within laboratory and population studies here. Several COVID-19 vaccine immunogens have been presented in clinical trials to assess their safety and efficacy, inducing cellular antibody production through cellular B and T cell interactions that protect against infection. This response is defined by virus-specific antibodies (anti-N or anti-S antibodies), with B and T cell characterization undergoing extensive research. In this article, we review four types of contemporary COVID-19 vaccines, comparing their antibody profiles and cellular aspects involved in coronavirus immunology across several population studies.
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Beyond neutralization: Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Rev Immunol 2022:10.1038/s41577-022-00813-1. [PMID: 36536068 PMCID: PMC9761659 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-022-00813-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies are known to have a crucial role in protecting against SARS-CoV-2 infection and have been suggested to be a useful correlate of protection for vaccine clinical trials and for population-level surveys. In addition to neutralizing virus directly, antibodies can also engage immune effectors through their Fc domains, including Fc receptor-expressing immune cells and complement. The outcome of these interactions depends on a range of factors, including antibody isotype-Fc receptor combinations, Fc receptor-bearing cell types and antibody post-translational modifications. A growing body of evidence has shown roles for these Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in determining the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, measuring these functions is more complicated than assays that measure antibody binding and virus neutralization. Here, we examine recent data illuminating the roles of Fc-dependent antibody effector functions in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and we discuss the implications of these data for the development of next-generation SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapeutics.
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Van Coillie J, Pongracz T, Rahmöller J, Chen HJ, Geyer CE, van Vught LA, Buhre JS, Šuštić T, van Osch TLJ, Steenhuis M, Hoepel W, Wang W, Lixenfeld AS, Nouta J, Keijzer S, Linty F, Visser R, Larsen MD, Martin EL, Künsting I, Lehrian S, von Kopylow V, Kern C, Lunding HB, de Winther M, van Mourik N, Rispens T, Graf T, Slim MA, Minnaar RP, Bomers MK, Sikkens JJ, Vlaar AP, van der Schoot CE, den Dunnen J, Wuhrer M, Ehlers M, Vidarsson G. The BNT162b2 mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine induces transient afucosylated IgG1 in naive but not in antigen-experienced vaccinees. EBioMedicine 2022; 87:104408. [PMID: 36529104 PMCID: PMC9756879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Afucosylated IgG1 responses have only been found against membrane-embedded epitopes, including anti-S in SARS-CoV-2 infections. These responses, intrinsically protective through enhanced FcγRIIIa binding, can also trigger exacerbated pro-inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19. We investigated if the BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 mRNA also induced afucosylated IgG responses. METHODS Blood from vaccinees during the first vaccination wave was collected. Liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to study anti-S IgG1 Fc glycoprofiles. Responsiveness of alveolar-like macrophages to produce proinflammatory cytokines in presence of sera and antigen was tested. Antigen-specific B cells were characterized and glycosyltransferase levels were investigated by Fluorescence-Activated Cell Sorting (FACS). FINDINGS Initial transient afucosylated anti-S IgG1 responses were found in naive vaccinees, but not in antigen-experienced ones. All vaccinees had increased galactosylated and sialylated anti-S IgG1. Both naive and antigen-experienced vaccinees showed relatively low macrophage activation potential, as expected, due to the low antibody levels for naive individuals with afucosylated IgG1, and low afucosylation levels for antigen-experienced individuals with high levels of anti-S. Afucosylation levels correlated with FUT8 expression in antigen-specific plasma cells in naive individuals. Interestingly, low fucosylation of anti-S IgG1 upon seroconversion correlated with high anti-S IgG levels after the second dose. INTERPRETATION Here, we show that BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination induces transient afucosylated anti-S IgG1 responses in naive individuals. This observation warrants further studies to elucidate the clinical context in which potent afucosylated responses would be preferred. FUNDING LSBR1721, 1908; ZonMW10430012010021, 09150161910033, 10430012010008; DFG398859914, 400912066, 390884018; PMI; DOI4-Nr. 3; H2020-MSCA-ITN 721815.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Van Coillie
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tamas Pongracz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Johann Rahmöller
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hung-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chiara Elisabeth Geyer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lonneke A. van Vught
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jana Sophia Buhre
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tonći Šuštić
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Luc Junior van Osch
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maurice Steenhuis
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Willianne Hoepel
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Sophie Lixenfeld
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Nouta
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sofie Keijzer
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Federica Linty
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Remco Visser
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mads Delbo Larsen
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Emily Lara Martin
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Inga Künsting
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Selina Lehrian
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vera von Kopylow
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carsten Kern
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Hanna Bele Lunding
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Menno de Winther
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Niels van Mourik
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Department of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Graf
- Medical Department 2, University Heart Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marleen Adriana Slim
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marije Kristianne Bomers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jonne Jochum Sikkens
- Department of Internal Medicine, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander P.J. Vlaar
- Department of Intensive Care, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C. Ellen van der Schoot
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen den Dunnen
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands,Corresponding author.
| | - Marc Ehlers
- Laboratories of Immunology and Antibody Glycan Analysis, Institute of Nutritional Medicine, University of Lübeck and University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Lübeck, Germany,Airway Research Center North, University of Lübeck, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany,Corresponding author.
| | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Department of Experimental Immunohematology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands,Corresponding author.
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37
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Ash MK, Bhimalli PP, Cho BK, Mattamana BB, Gambut S, Tarhoni I, Fhied CL, Reyes AF, Welninski SJ, Arivalagan J, Negrão F, Goel R, Beck TL, Hope TJ, Sha BE, Goo YA, Al-Harthi L, Mamede JI, Borgia JA, Kelleher NL, Schneider JR. Bulk IgG glycosylation predicts COVID-19 severity and vaccine antibody response. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111799. [PMID: 36493786 PMCID: PMC9678812 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although vaccination efforts have expanded, there are still gaps in our understanding surrounding the immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Measuring IgG Fc glycosylation provides insight into an infected individual's inflammatory state, among other functions. We set out to interrogate bulk IgG glycosylation changes from SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, using plasma from mild or hospitalized COVID-19 patients, and from vaccinated individuals. Inflammatory glycans are elevated in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and increase over time, while mild patients have anti-inflammatory glycans that increase over time, including increased sialic acid correlating with RBD antibody levels. Vaccinated individuals with low RBD antibody levels and low neutralization have the same IgG glycan traits as hospitalized COVID-19 patients. In addition, a small vaccinated cohort reveals a decrease in inflammatory glycans associated with peak IgG concentrations and neutralization. This report characterizes the bulk IgG glycome associated with COVID-19 severity and vaccine responsiveness and can help guide future studies into SARS-CoV-2 protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K. Ash
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Pavan P. Bhimalli
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Byoung-Kyu Cho
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Stéphanie Gambut
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Imad Tarhoni
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cristina L. Fhied
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anjelica F. Reyes
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Samantha J. Welninski
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jaison Arivalagan
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Fernanda Negrão
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Renu Goel
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Todd L. Beck
- Statistics Core, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Beverly E. Sha
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Young Ah Goo
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lena Al-Harthi
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - João I. Mamede
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jeffrey A. Borgia
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neil L. Kelleher
- Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA,Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Schneider
- Department of Microbial Pathogens & Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Cohn Research Building, 1735 W. Harrison St., Chicago, IL 60612, USA,Corresponding author
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38
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SARS-CoV-2 infection of monocytes: balancing acts of antibodies and inflammasomes. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:250. [PMID: 35871170 PMCID: PMC9308028 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01112-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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39
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Matveeva O, Nechipurenko Y, Lagutkin D, Yegorov YE, Kzhyshkowska J. SARS-CoV-2 infection of phagocytic immune cells and COVID-19 pathology: Antibody-dependent as well as independent cell entry. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1050478. [PMID: 36532011 PMCID: PMC9751203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Our review summarizes the evidence that COVID-19 can be complicated by SARS-CoV-2 infection of immune cells. This evidence is widespread and accumulating at an increasing rate. Research teams from around the world, studying primary and established cell cultures, animal models, and analyzing autopsy material from COVID-19 deceased patients, are seeing the same thing, namely that some immune cells are infected or capable of being infected with the virus. Human cells most vulnerable to infection include both professional phagocytes, such as monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, as well as nonprofessional phagocytes, such as B-cells. Convincing evidence has accumulated to suggest that the virus can infect monocytes and macrophages, while data on infection of dendritic cells and B-cells are still scarce. Viral infection of immune cells can occur directly through cell receptors, but it can also be mediated or enhanced by antibodies through the Fc gamma receptors of phagocytic cells. Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) most likely occurs during the primary encounter with the pathogen through the first COVID-19 infection rather than during the second encounter, which is characteristic of ADE caused by other viruses. Highly fucosylated antibodies of vaccinees seems to be incapable of causing ADE, whereas afucosylated antibodies of persons with acute primary infection or convalescents are capable. SARS-CoV-2 entry into immune cells can lead to an abortive infection followed by host cell pyroptosis, and a massive inflammatory cascade. This scenario has the most experimental evidence. Other scenarios are also possible, for which the evidence base is not yet as extensive, namely productive infection of immune cells or trans-infection of other non-immune permissive cells. The chance of a latent infection cannot be ruled out either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Matveeva
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,*Correspondence: Olga Matveeva, ; Julia Kzhyshkowska,
| | | | - Denis Lagutkin
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia,National Medical Research Center of Phthisiopulmonology and Infectious Diseases under the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yegor E. Yegorov
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany,German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg – Hessen, Mannheim, Germany,Laboratory of Translational Cellular and Molecular Biomedicine, Tomsk State University, Tomsk, Russia,*Correspondence: Olga Matveeva, ; Julia Kzhyshkowska,
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40
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Kao KS, Gupta A, Zong G, Li C, Kerschbaumer I, Borghi S, Achkar JM, Bournazos S, Wang LX, Ravetch JV. Synthetic nanobodies as tools to distinguish IgG Fc glycoforms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2212658119. [PMID: 36409896 PMCID: PMC9860306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2212658119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein glycosylation is a crucial mediator of biological functions and is tightly regulated in health and disease. However, interrogating complex protein glycoforms is challenging, as current lectin tools are limited by cross-reactivity while mass spectrometry typically requires biochemical purification and isolation of the target protein. Here, we describe a method to identify and characterize a class of nanobodies that can distinguish glycoforms without reactivity to off-target glycoproteins or glycans. We apply this technology to immunoglobulin G (IgG) Fc glycoforms and define nanobodies that specifically recognize either IgG lacking its core-fucose or IgG bearing terminal sialic acid residues. By adapting these tools to standard biochemical methods, we can clinically stratify dengue virus and SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals based on their IgG glycan profile, selectively disrupt IgG-Fcγ receptor binding both in vitro and in vivo, and interrogate the B cell receptor (BCR) glycan structure on living cells. Ultimately, we provide a strategy for the development of reagents to identify and manipulate IgG Fc glycoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Kao
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Aaron Gupta
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Guanghui Zong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Isabell Kerschbaumer
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY10461
| | - Sara Borghi
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Jacqueline M. Achkar
- Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY10461
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY10461
| | - Stylianos Bournazos
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
| | - Lai-Xi Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD20742
| | - Jeffrey V. Ravetch
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics & Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY10065
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41
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Bharadwaj P, Shrestha S, Pongracz T, Concetta C, Sharma S, Le Moine A, de Haan N, Murakami N, Riella LV, Holovska V, Wuhrer M, Marchant A, Ackerman ME. Afucosylation of HLA-specific IgG1 as a potential predictor of antibody pathogenicity in kidney transplantation. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100818. [PMID: 36384101 PMCID: PMC9729883 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR) is the leading cause of graft failure. While donor-specific antibodies (DSAs) are associated with a higher risk of AMR, not all patients with DSAs develop rejection, suggesting that the characteristics of alloantibodies determining their pathogenicity remain undefined. Using human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-specific antibodies as a model, we apply systems serology tools to investigate qualitative features of immunoglobulin G (IgG) alloantibodies including Fc-glycosylation patterns and FcγR-binding properties. Levels of afucosylated anti-A2 antibodies are elevated in seropositive patients, especially those with AMR, suggesting potential cytotoxicity via FcγRIII-mediated mechanisms. Afucosylation of both glycoengineered monoclonal and naturally glycovariant polyclonal serum IgG specific to HLA-A2 drives potentiated binding to, slower dissociation from, and enhanced signaling through FcγRIII, a receptor widely expressed on innate effector cells, and greater cytotoxicity against HLA-A2+ cells mediated by natural killer (NK) cells. Collectively, these results suggest that afucosylated DSA may be a biomarker of AMR and contribute to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranay Bharadwaj
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Sweta Shrestha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Tamas Pongracz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Catalano Concetta
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium,Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Shilpee Sharma
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Alain Le Moine
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Renal Transplantation, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Noortje de Haan
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Naoka Murakami
- Renal Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leonardo V. Riella
- Division of Nephrology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,Center for Transplantation Sciences, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanda Holovska
- HLA Laboratory, Laboratoire Hospitalier Universitaire de Bruxelles (LHUB), Hôpital Erasme ULB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Arnaud Marchant
- Institute for Medical Immunology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Margaret E. Ackerman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA,Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA,Corresponding author
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42
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Yaugel-Novoa M, Bourlet T, Paul S. Role of the humoral immune response during COVID-19: guilty or not guilty? Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1170-1180. [PMID: 36195658 PMCID: PMC9530436 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00569-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic and mucosal humoral immune responses are crucial to fight respiratory viral infections in the current pandemic of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. During SARS-CoV-2 infection, the dynamics of systemic and mucosal antibody infections are affected by patient characteristics, such as age, sex, disease severity, or prior immunity to other human coronaviruses. Patients suffering from severe disease develop higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in serum and mucosal tissues than those with mild disease, and these antibodies are detectable for up to a year after symptom onset. In hospitalized patients, the aberrant glycosylation of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies enhances inflammation-associated antibody Fc-dependent effector functions, thereby contributing to COVID-19 pathophysiology. Current vaccines elicit robust humoral immune responses, principally in the blood. However, they are less effective against new viral variants, such as Delta and Omicron. This review provides an overview of current knowledge about the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2, with a particular focus on the protective and pathological role of humoral immunity in COVID-19 severity. We also discuss the humoral immune response elicited by COVID-19 vaccination and protection against emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melyssa Yaugel-Novoa
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Bourlet
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Paul
- CIRI—Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP (Saint-Etienne), Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, ENS Lyon, UJM, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France,CIC Inserm 1408 Vaccinology, Saint-Etienne, France
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43
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Bates TA, Lu P, Kang YJ, Schoen D, Thornton M, McBride SK, Park C, Kim D, Messer WB, Curlin ME, Tafesse FG, Lu LL. BNT162b2-induced neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibody functions against SARS-CoV-2 diminish with age. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111544. [PMID: 36252569 PMCID: PMC9533669 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Each severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant renews concerns about decreased vaccine neutralization weakening efficacy. However, while prevention of infection varies, protection from disease remains and implicates immunity beyond neutralization in vaccine efficacy. Polyclonal antibodies function through Fab domains that neutralize virus and Fc domains that induce non-neutralizing responses via engagement of Fc receptors on immune cells. To understand how vaccines promote protection, we leverage sera from 51 SARS-CoV-2 uninfected individuals after two doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. We show that neutralizing activities against clinical isolates of wild-type and five SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron BA.2, link to FcγRIIIa/CD16 non-neutralizing effector functions. This is associated with post-translational afucosylation and sialylation of vaccine-specific antibodies. Further, polyfunctional neutralizing and non-neutralizing breadth, magnitude, and coordination diminish with age. Thus, studying Fc functions in addition to Fab-mediated neutralization provides greater insight into vaccine efficacy for vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, against SARS-CoV-2 and novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Bates
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Pei Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Ye Jin Kang
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Devin Schoen
- Department of Occupational Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Micah Thornton
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Savannah K McBride
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Chanhee Park
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Daehwan Kim
- Lyda Hill Department of Bioinformatics, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - William B Messer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Marcel E Curlin
- Department of Occupational Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Fikadu G Tafesse
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Lenette L Lu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Immunology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Parkland Health & Hospital System, Dallas, TX 75235, USA.
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44
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Sievers BL, Gelbart T, Tan GS. A high-throughput SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus multiplex neutralization assay. STAR Protoc 2022; 3:101835. [PMID: 36595901 PMCID: PMC9579189 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2022.101835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Evaluating the neutralizing antibody titer following SARS-CoV-2 vaccination is essential in defining correlates of protection. We describe an assay that uses single-cycle vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) pseudoviruses linking a fluorophore with a spike (S) from a variant of concern (VOC). Using two fluorophores linked to two VOC S, respectively, allows us to determine the neutralization titer against two VOCs in a single run. This is a generalizable approach that saves time, samples, and run-to-run variability. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Sievers et al. (2022).1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gene S. Tan
- J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA,Corresponding author
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45
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LaSalle TJ, Gonye ALK, Freeman SS, Kaplonek P, Gushterova I, Kays KR, Manakongtreecheep K, Tantivit J, Rojas-Lopez M, Russo BC, Sharma N, Thomas MF, Lavin-Parsons KM, Lilly BM, Mckaig BN, Charland NC, Khanna HK, Lodenstein CL, Margolin JD, Blaum EM, Lirofonis PB, Revach OY, Mehta A, Sonny A, Bhattacharyya RP, Parry BA, Goldberg MB, Alter G, Filbin MR, Villani AC, Hacohen N, Sade-Feldman M. Longitudinal characterization of circulating neutrophils uncovers phenotypes associated with severity in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100779. [PMID: 36208629 PMCID: PMC9510054 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Mechanisms of neutrophil involvement in severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) remain incompletely understood. Here, we collect longitudinal blood samples from 306 hospitalized COVID-19+ patients and 86 controls and perform bulk RNA sequencing of enriched neutrophils, plasma proteomics, and high-throughput antibody profiling to investigate relationships between neutrophil states and disease severity. We identify dynamic switches between six distinct neutrophil subtypes. At days 3 and 7 post-hospitalization, patients with severe disease display a granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cell-like gene expression signature, while patients with resolving disease show a neutrophil progenitor-like signature. Humoral responses are identified as potential drivers of neutrophil effector functions, with elevated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)-to-IgA1 ratios in plasma of severe patients who survived. In vitro experiments confirm that while patient-derived IgG antibodies induce phagocytosis in healthy donor neutrophils, IgA antibodies predominantly induce neutrophil cell death. Overall, our study demonstrates a dysregulated myelopoietic response in severe COVID-19 and a potential role for IgA-dominant responses contributing to mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J LaSalle
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Program in Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard Medical School & Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Anna L K Gonye
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Samuel S Freeman
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Irena Gushterova
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kyle R Kays
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kasidet Manakongtreecheep
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica Tantivit
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maricarmen Rojas-Lopez
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian C Russo
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nihaarika Sharma
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Molly F Thomas
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Brendan M Lilly
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brenna N Mckaig
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicole C Charland
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hargun K Khanna
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Carl L Lodenstein
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin D Margolin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily M Blaum
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Paola B Lirofonis
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Or-Yam Revach
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arnav Mehta
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Abraham Sonny
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roby P Bhattacharyya
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Blair Alden Parry
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marcia B Goldberg
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael R Filbin
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra-Chloé Villani
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nir Hacohen
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Moshe Sade-Feldman
- Center for Cancer Research, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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46
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Siekman SL, Pongracz T, Wang W, Nouta J, Kremsner PG, da Silva-Neto PV, Esen M, Kreidenweiss A, Held J, Trapé ÁA, Fendel R, de Miranda Santos IKF, Wuhrer M. The IgG glycome of SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals reflects disease course and severity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:993354. [PMID: 36389824 PMCID: PMC9641981 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.993354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies play an important role in the immune response against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. As the effector functions of IgG are modulated by N-glycosylation of the Fc region, the structure and possible function of the IgG N-glycome has been under investigation in relation to divergent COVID-19 disease courses. Through LC-MS analysis we studied both total IgG1 and spike protein-specific IgG1 Fc glycosylation of 129 German and 163 Brazilian COVID-19 patients representing diverse patient populations. We found that hospitalized COVID-19 patients displayed decreased levels of total IgG1 bisection and galactosylation and lowered anti-S IgG1 fucosylation and bisection as compared to mild outpatients. Anti-S IgG1 glycosylation was dynamic over the disease course and both anti-S and total IgG1 glycosylation were correlated to inflammatory markers. Further research is needed to dissect the possible role of altered IgG glycosylation profiles in (dys)regulating the immune response in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterre L. Siekman
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tamas Pongracz
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Wenjun Wang
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan Nouta
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Peter G. Kremsner
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research, Deutschen Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Meral Esen
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research, Deutschen Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Kreidenweiss
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research, Deutschen Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jana Held
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research, Deutschen Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Átila Alexandre Trapé
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rolf Fendel
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Centre de Recherches Medicales de Lambaréné, Lambaréné, Gabon
- German Center for Infection Research, Deutschen Zentrum für Infektionsforschung (DZIF), Partner Site Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Manfred Wuhrer
- Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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47
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Hu Z, van der Ploeg K, Chakraborty S, Arunachalam PS, Mori DAM, Jacobson KB, Bonilla H, Parsonnet J, Andrews JR, Holubar M, Subramanian A, Khosla C, Maldonado Y, Hedlin H, de la Parte L, Press K, Ty M, Tan GS, Blish C, Takahashi S, Rodriguez-Barraquer I, Greenhouse B, Butte AJ, Singh U, Pulendran B, Wang TT, Jagannathan P. Early immune markers of clinical, virological, and immunological outcomes in patients with COVID-19: a multi-omics study. eLife 2022; 11:77943. [PMID: 36239699 PMCID: PMC9566856 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The great majority of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections are mild and uncomplicated, but some individuals with initially mild COVID-19 progressively develop more severe symptoms. Furthermore, there is substantial heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2-specific memory immune responses following infection. There remains a critical need to identify host immune biomarkers predictive of clinical and immunological outcomes in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Methods Leveraging longitudinal samples and data from a clinical trial (N=108) in SARS-CoV-2-infected outpatients, we used host proteomics and transcriptomics to characterize the trajectory of the immune response in COVID-19 patients. We characterized the association between early immune markers and subsequent disease progression, control of viral shedding, and SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and antibody responses measured up to 7 months after enrollment. We further compared associations between early immune markers and subsequent T cell and antibody responses following natural infection with those following mRNA vaccination. We developed machine-learning models to predict patient outcomes and validated the predictive model using data from 54 individuals enrolled in an independent clinical trial. Results We identify early immune signatures, including plasma RIG-I levels, early IFN signaling, and related cytokines (CXCL10, MCP1, MCP-2, and MCP-3) associated with subsequent disease progression, control of viral shedding, and the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and antibody response measured up to 7 months after enrollment. We found that several biomarkers for immunological outcomes are shared between individuals receiving BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) vaccine and COVID-19 patients. Finally, we demonstrate that machine-learning models using 2-7 plasma protein markers measured early within the course of infection are able to accurately predict disease progression, T cell memory, and the antibody response post-infection in a second, independent dataset. Conclusions Early immune signatures following infection can accurately predict clinical and immunological outcomes in outpatients with COVID-19 using validated machine-learning models. Funding Support for the study was provided from National Institute of Health/National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) (U01 AI150741-01S1 and T32-AI052073), the Stanford's Innovative Medicines Accelerator, National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIH/NIDA) DP1DA046089, and anonymous donors to Stanford University. Peginterferon lambda provided by Eiger BioPharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zicheng Hu
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | | | - Prabhu S Arunachalam
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Diego AM Mori
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Karen B Jacobson
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Hector Bonilla
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Julie Parsonnet
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Jason R Andrews
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Marisa Holubar
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | | | | | - Yvonne Maldonado
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Haley Hedlin
- Quantitative Sciences Unit, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | | | - Kathleen Press
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Maureen Ty
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Gene S Tan
- J. Craig Venter InstituteSan DiegoUnited States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan DiegoUnited States
| | - Catherine Blish
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Saki Takahashi
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Bryan Greenhouse
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Medicine, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Atul J Butte
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of CaliforniaSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Upinder Singh
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Bali Pulendran
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Department of Pathology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Taia T Wang
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
| | - Prasanna Jagannathan
- Department of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanfordUnited States
- Chan Zuckerberg BiohubSan FranciscoUnited States
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48
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Ankerhold J, Giese S, Kolb P, Maul-Pavicic A, Voll RE, Göppert N, Ciminski K, Kreutz C, Lother A, Salzer U, Bildl W, Welsink T, Morgenthaler NG, Grawitz AB, Emmerich F, Steinmann D, Huzly D, Schwemmle M, Hengel H, Falcone V. Circulating multimeric immune complexes contribute to immunopathology in COVID-19. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5654. [PMID: 36163132 PMCID: PMC9513013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32867-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated immune response with high levels of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies characterizes patients with severe or critical COVID-19. Although a robust IgG response is considered to be protective, excessive triggering of activating Fc-gamma-receptors (FcγRs) could be detrimental and cause immunopathology. Here, we document excessive FcγRIIIA/CD16A activation in patients developing severe or critical COVID-19 but not in those with mild disease. We identify two independent ligands mediating extreme FcγRIIIA/CD16A activation. Soluble circulating IgG immune complexes (sICs) are detected in about 80% of patients with severe and critical COVID-19 at levels comparable to active systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease. FcγRIIIA/CD16A activation is further enhanced by afucosylation of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG. Utilizing cell-based reporter systems we provide evidence that sICs can be formed prior to a specific humoral response against SARS-CoV-2. Our data suggest a cycle of immunopathology driven by an early formation of sICs in predisposed patients. These findings suggest a reason for the seemingly paradoxical findings of high antiviral IgG responses and systemic immune dysregulation in severe COVID-19. The involvement of circulating sICs in the promotion of immunopathology in predisposed patients opens new possibilities for intervention strategies to mitigate critical COVID-19 progression. During viral infections high levels of antibodies can form soluble immune complexes (sICs) with antigen and trigger Fcγ receptors (FcγR) leading to increased immunopathology. Here the authors measure FcγRs activation by sICs and consider how these may lead to excessive immunopathology during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Ankerhold
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Giese
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Kolb
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andrea Maul-Pavicic
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard E Voll
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nathalie Göppert
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Kevin Ciminski
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Kreutz
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Achim Lother
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Medical Intensive Care, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Salzer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency (CCI), Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Bildl
- Institute of Physiology II, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tim Welsink
- InVivo BioTech Services GmbH, Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Busse Grawitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Emmerich
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Gene Therapy, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Steinmann
- Occupational Medical Service, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Huzly
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Schwemmle
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hartmut Hengel
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Valeria Falcone
- Institute of Virology, Freiburg University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.
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49
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Zanella I, Degli Antoni M, Marchese V, Castelli F, Quiros-Roldan E. Non-neutralizing antibodies: Deleterious or propitious during SARS-CoV-2 infection? Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108943. [PMID: 35753123 PMCID: PMC9189100 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a complex phenomenon mediated by antibodies, frequently pre-existing non-neutralizing or sub-neutralizing antibodies. In the course of infectious diseases, ADE may be responsible for worsening the clinical course of the disease by increasing the virulence of pathogens (ADE of infection) or enhancing disease severity (ADE of disease). Here we reviewed the mechanisms thought to be behind the ADE phenomenon and its potential relationship with COVID-19 severity. Since the early COVID-19 epidemics, ADE has been mentioned as a possible mechanism involved in severe COVID-19 disease and, later, as a potential risk in the case of infection after vaccination. However, current data do not support its role in disease severity, both after infection and reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Zanella
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy,Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics Section, Diagnostic Department, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Melania Degli Antoni
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Valentina Marchese
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Quiros-Roldan
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia and University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Abstract
Despite effective spike-based vaccines and monoclonal antibodies, the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues more than two and a half years post-onset. Relentless investigation has outlined a causative dynamic between host-derived antibodies and reciprocal viral subversion. Integration of this paradigm into the architecture of next generation antiviral strategies, predicated on a foundational understanding of the virology and immunology of SARS-CoV-2, will be critical for success. This review aims to serve as a primer on the immunity endowed by antibodies targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike protein through a structural perspective. We begin by introducing the structure and function of spike, polyclonal immunity to SARS-CoV-2 spike, and the emergence of major SARS-CoV-2 variants that evade immunity. The remainder of the article comprises an in-depth dissection of all major epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike in molecular detail, with emphasis on the origins, neutralizing potency, mechanisms of action, cross-reactivity, and variant resistance of representative monoclonal antibodies to each epitope.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Errico
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Lucas J Adams
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, United States.
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