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Matsumoto S, Matsumoto K. Clinical Islet Xenotransplantation: Development of Isolation Protocol, Anti-Rejection Strategies, and Clinical Outcomes. Cells 2024; 13:828. [PMID: 38786050 PMCID: PMC11120369 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Allogeneic islet transplantation has become a standard therapy for unstable type 1 diabetes. However, considering the large number of type 1 diabetic patients, the shortage of donors is a serious issue. To address this issue, clinical islet xenotransplantation is conducted. The first clinical islet xenotransplantation was performed by a Swedish team using fetal pancreatic tissue. Thereafter, clinical trials of islet xenotransplantation were conducted in New Zealand, Russia, Mexico, Argentina, and China using neonatal pig islets. In clinical trials, fetal or neonatal pancreata are used because of the established reliable islet isolation methods. These trials demonstrate the method's safety and efficacy. Currently, the limited number of source animal facilities is a problem in terms of promoting islet xenotransplantation. This limitation is due to the high cost of source animal facilities and the uncertain future of xenotransplantation. In the United States, the first xenogeneic heart transplantation has been performed, which could promote xenotransplantation. In Japan, to enhance xenotransplantation, the 'Medical Porcine Development Association' has been established. We hope that xenogeneic transplantation will become a clinical reality, serving to address the shortage of donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
- Medical Porcine Development Organization, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kyohei Matsumoto
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama 641-0012, Japan;
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2
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Raev SA, Kick MK, Chellis M, Amimo JO, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Histo-Blood Group Antigen-Producing Bacterial Cocktail Reduces Rotavirus A, B, and C Infection and Disease in Gnotobiotic Piglets. Viruses 2024; 16:660. [PMID: 38793542 PMCID: PMC11125826 DOI: 10.3390/v16050660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The suboptimal performance of rotavirus (RV) vaccines in developing countries and in animals necessitates further research on the development of novel therapeutics and control strategies. To initiate infection, RV interacts with cell-surface O-glycans, including histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). We have previously demonstrated that certain non-pathogenic bacteria express HBGA- like substances (HBGA+) capable of binding RV particles in vitro. We hypothesized that HBGA+ bacteria can bind RV particles in the gut lumen protecting against RV species A (RVA), B (RVB), and C (RVC) infection in vivo. In this study, germ-free piglets were colonized with HBGA+ or HBGA- bacterial cocktail and infected with RVA/RVB/RVC of different genotypes. Diarrhea severity, virus shedding, immunoglobulin A (IgA) Ab titers, and cytokine levels were evaluated. Overall, colonization with HBGA+ bacteria resulted in reduced diarrhea severity and virus shedding compared to the HBGA- bacteria. Consistent with our hypothesis, the reduced severity of RV disease and infection was not associated with significant alterations in immune responses. Additionally, colonization with HBGA+ bacteria conferred beneficial effects irrespective of the piglet HBGA phenotype. These findings are the first experimental evidence that probiotic performance in vivo can be improved by including HBGA+ bacteria, providing decoy epitopes for broader/more consistent protection against diverse RVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei A. Raev
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.A.R.); (M.K.K.); (M.C.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Maryssa K. Kick
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.A.R.); (M.K.K.); (M.C.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Maria Chellis
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.A.R.); (M.K.K.); (M.C.); (L.J.S.)
| | | | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.A.R.); (M.K.K.); (M.C.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (S.A.R.); (M.K.K.); (M.C.); (L.J.S.)
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3
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Zhou H, Yu B, Sun J, Chen H, Liu Z, Ge L, Chen D. Gut microbiota absence and transplantation affect diarrhea: an investigation in the germ-free piglet model. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3971-3977. [PMID: 37906091 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2248200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
This experiment was conducted to explore the effects of gut microbiota on neonatal diarrhea in a germ-free (GF) pig model. Twelve hysterectomy-derived GF piglets were housed in six sterile isolators. Among them, six piglets were treated as the GF group, and the other six piglets were orally introduced with healthy sow fecal suspension and regarded as the fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) group. Another six piglets from natural birth were considered as the conventional (CV) group. The GF and FMT piglets were hand-fed with sterile milk powder for 21 days, and the CV piglets were suckled for the same days. Then, all piglets were fed with sterile feed for another 21 days. Results exhibited that the GF group's fecal score and moisture level were higher than those in the CV and FMT groups (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the abundances of colonic AQP1 and AQP8 in the GF group were the greatest among these treatments (p < 0.05). However, FMT piglets had a lower fecal score in d 22-28 and d 29-35 than that in the CV piglets (p < 0.05). Collectively, the absence of gut microbiota may cause diarrhea in the piglet model, and transplantation of maternal fecal microbiota may reverse it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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4
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Dremova O, Mimmler M, Paeslack N, Khuu MP, Gao Z, Bosmann M, Garo LP, Schön N, Mechler A, Beneich Y, Rebling V, Mann A, Pontarollo G, Kiouptsi K, Reinhardt C. Sterility testing of germ-free mouse colonies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1275109. [PMID: 38022683 PMCID: PMC10662041 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1275109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In biomedical research, germ-free and gnotobiotic mouse models enable the mechanistic investigation of microbiota-host interactions and their role on (patho)physiology. Throughout any gnotobiotic experiment, standardized and periodic microbiological testing of defined gnotobiotic housing conditions is a key requirement. Here, we review basic principles of germ-free isolator technology, the suitability of various sterilization methods, and the use of sterility testing methods to monitor germ-free mouse colonies. We also discuss their effectiveness and limitations, and share the experience with protocols used in our facility. In addition, possible sources of isolator contamination are discussed and an overview of reported contaminants is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Dremova
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Maximilian Mimmler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nadja Paeslack
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - My Phung Khuu
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Zhenling Gao
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus Bosmann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Lucien P. Garo
- Pulmonary Center, Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Nathalie Schön
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexa Mechler
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunes Beneich
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Vivian Rebling
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Amrit Mann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Klytaimnistra Kiouptsi
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
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5
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Jung K, Wang Q, Chang KO, Saif LJ. Intestinal colonization with Escherichia fergusonii enhances infectivity of GII.12 human norovirus in gnotobiotic pigs. Virus Res 2023; 336:199219. [PMID: 37683935 PMCID: PMC10504090 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The role of gut microbiota [especially, histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-expressing bacteria] in influencing human norovirus (HuNoV) infections is unclear. We investigated if infectivity of GII.12 HuNoV in gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs is altered by intestinal colonization with Escherichia fergusonii known to express HBGA A and H on their cell surface. Fifteen piglets were randomly grouped: (1) E. fergusonii + HuNoV (n = 6), (2) HuNoV alone (n = 6), and (3) Mock-inoculated (n = 3). Pigs (8-11-day-old) were inoculated orally with GII.12 HuNoV strain HS206 (9.5 log10 genomic equivalents/pig) or mock. For 2 days prior to viral inoculation, pigs were inoculated orally with E. fergusonii [8 log10 colony forming units/pig/day]. Daily fecal consistency, fecal viral RNA or E. fergusonii shedding, and histopathology (at euthanasia) were evaluated. Unlike the reduced infectivity of GII.4 HuNoV observed previously in Gn pigs colonized with Enterobacter cloacae known to express HBGA A, B, and H on the surface, E. fergusonii + HuNoV pigs exhibited significantly higher cumulative fecal HuNoV RNA shedding at PIDs 6-14 and 1-21 compared with HuNoV alone pigs. Mean days of fecal HuNoV RNA shedding were also significantly greater in E. fergusonii + HuNoV pigs (11.8 ± 1.6 days) compared with HuNoV alone pigs (7.0 ± 1.0 days). By immunofluorescent staining, HuNoV antigen-positive bacteria were detected on the surface of the intestinal epithelium, possibly enhancing attachment of HuNoV to enterocytes, suggesting a potential mechanism by which intestinal colonization with E. fergusonii promoted infectivity of GII.12 HuNoV in Gn pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwonil Jung
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyeong-Ok Chang
- Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
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Lee MD, Pedroso AA, Lumpkins B, Cho Y, Maurer JJ. Pioneer colonizers: Bacteria that alter the chicken intestinal morphology and development of the microbiota. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1139321. [PMID: 37064908 PMCID: PMC10090334 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1139321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbes commonly administered to chickens facilitate development of a beneficial microbiome that improves gut function, feed conversion and reduces pathogen colonization. Competitive exclusion products, derived from the cecal contents of hens and shown to reduce Salmonella colonization in chicks, possess important pioneer-colonizing bacteria needed for proper intestinal development and animal growth. We hypothesized that inoculation of these pioneer-colonizing bacteria to day of hatch chicks would enhance the development of their intestinal anatomy and microbiome. A competitive exclusion product was administered to broiler chickens, in their drinking water, at day of hatch, and its impact on intestinal morphometrics, intestinal microbiome, and production parameters, was assessed relative to a control, no treatment group. 16S rRNA gene, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was used to assess ileal community composition. The competitive exclusion product, administered on day of hatch, increased villus height, villus height/width ratio and goblet cell production ∼1.25-fold and expression of enterocyte sugar transporters 1.25 to 1.5-fold in chickens at 3 days of age, compared to the control group. As a next step, chicks were inoculated with a defined formulation, containing Bacteroidia and Clostridia representing pioneer-colonizing bacteria of the two major bacterial phyla present in the competitive exclusion product. The defined formulation, containing both groups of bacteria, were shown, dependent on age, to improve villus height (jejunum: 1.14 to 1.46-fold; ileum: 1.17-fold), goblet cell numbers (ileum 1.32 to 2.51-fold), and feed efficiency (1.18-fold, day 1) while decreasing Lactobacillus ileal abundance by one-third to half in birds at 16 and 42 days of age, respectively; compared to the phosphate buffered saline treatment group. Therefore, specific probiotic formulations containing pioneer colonizing species can provide benefits in intestinal development, feed efficiency and body weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margie D. Lee
- Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Margie D. Lee,
| | - Adriana A. Pedroso
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Brett Lumpkins
- Department of Poultry Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Youngjae Cho
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - John J. Maurer
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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7
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The Combined Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and Tryptophan Treatment Modulates Immune and Metabolome Responses to Human Rotavirus Infection in a Human Infant Fecal Microbiota-Transplanted Malnourished Gnotobiotic Pig Model. mSphere 2022; 7:e0027022. [PMID: 36073800 PMCID: PMC9599269 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00270-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a major cause of childhood diarrhea in developing countries where widespread malnutrition contributes to the decreased oral vaccine efficacy and increased prevalence of other enteric infections, which are major concerns for global health. Neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets closely resemble human infants in their anatomy, physiology, and outbred status, providing a unique model to investigate malnutrition, supplementations, and HRV infection. To understand the molecular signatures associated with immune enhancement and reduced diarrheal severity by Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and tryptophan (TRP), immunological responses and global nontargeted metabolomics and lipidomics approaches were investigated on the plasma and fecal contents of malnourished pigs transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota and infected with virulent (Vir) HRV. Overall, EcN + TRP combined (rather than individual supplement action) promoted greater and balanced immunoregulatory/immunostimulatory responses associated with greater protection against HRV infection and disease in malnourished humanized piglets. Moreover, EcN + TRP treatment upregulated the production of several metabolites with immunoregulatory/immunostimulatory properties: amino acids (N-acetylserotonin, methylacetoacetyl-CoA), lipids (gamma-butyrobetaine, eicosanoids, cholesterol-sulfate, sphinganine/phytosphingosine, leukotriene), organic compound (biliverdin), benzenoids (gentisic acid, aminobenzoic acid), and nucleotides (hypoxathine/inosine/xanthine, cytidine-5'-monophosphate). Additionally, the levels of several proinflammatory metabolites of organic compounds (adenosylhomocysteine, phenylacetylglycine, urobilinogen/coproporphyrinogen) and amino acid (phenylalanine) were reduced following EcN + TRP treatment. These results suggest that the EcN + TRP effects on reducing HRV diarrhea in neonatal Gn pigs were at least in part due to altered metabolites, those involved in lipid, amino acid, benzenoids, organic compounds, and nucleotide metabolism. Identification of these important mechanisms of EcN/TRP prevention of HRV diarrhea provides novel targets for therapeutics development. IMPORTANCE Human rotavirus (HRV) is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children, especially in developing countries, where the efficacy of oral HRV vaccines is reduced. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) is used to treat enteric infections and ulcerative colitis while tryptophan (TRP) is a biomarker of malnutrition, and its supplementation can alleviate intestinal inflammation and normalize intestinal microbiota in malnourished hosts. Supplementation of EcN + TRP to malnourished humanized gnotobiotic piglets enhanced immune responses and resulted in greater protection against HRV infection and diarrhea. Moreover, EcN + TRP supplementation increased the levels of immunoregulatory/immunostimulatory metabolites while decreasing the production of proinflammatory metabolites in plasma and fecal samples. Profiling of immunoregulatory and proinflammatory biomarkers associated with HRV perturbations will aid in the identification of treatments against HRV and other enteric diseases in malnourished children.
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Renu S, Deblais L, Patil V, Schrock J, Kathayat D, Srivastava V, Feliciano-Ruiz N, Han Y, Ramesh A, Lakshmanappa YS, Ghimire S, Dhakal S, Rajashekara G, Renukaradhya GJ. Gut Microbiota of Obese Children Influences Inflammatory Mucosal Immune Pathways in the Respiratory Tract to Influenza Virus Infection: Optimization of an Ideal Duration of Microbial Colonization in a Gnotobiotic Pig Model. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0267421. [PMID: 35579462 PMCID: PMC9241774 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02674-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of obesity on the human microbiota, immune maturation, and influenza virus infection has not been yet established in natural host animal models of influenza. In this study, gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs were colonized with human fecal microbiota (HFM) of obese (oHFM) or healthy lean (hHFM) children and infected at different periods (2-, 3-, and 5-weeks post-transplantation) using a zoonotic influenza virus strain. The infected oHFM pigs were characterized by lower levels of Firmicutes (Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Turicibacter, and Streptococcus) and Actinobacteria (Bifidobacterium), which was associated with higher levels of Proteobacteria (Klebsiella), Bacteroidetes, and Verrucomicrobia (Akkermansia) compared with the infected hHFM group (P < 0.01). Furthermore, these genera significantly correlated with the expression of immune effectors, immune regulators, and inflammatory mediators, and displayed opposite trends between oHFM and hHFM groups (P < 0.01). The lymphoid and myeloid immune cell frequencies were differently modulated by the oHFM and hHFM colonization, especially apparent in the 5-weeks HFM colonized piglets. In addition, oHFM group had higher pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α, and IFNγ) gene expression in the respiratory tract compared with the hHFM colonized pigs was detected. In conclusion, pigs colonized for longer duration, established oHFM increased the immune maturation favoring the activation of inflammatory mediators, however, the influenza virus load remained comparable with the hHFM group. Further, a longer duration of microbial colonization (5 weeks) may be required to reveal the impact of microbiome on the host immune maturation and susceptibility to influenza virus infection in the humanized Gn pig model. IMPORTANCE The diversity of gut microbiome of obese people differs markedly from that of lean healthy individuals which, in turn, influences the severity of inflammatory diseases because of differential maturation of immune system. The mouse model provides crucial insights into the mechanism(s) regulating the immune systems mediated by the gut microbiota but its applicability to humans is questionable because immune cells in mice are poorly activated in microbiota humanized mice. Several important strains of Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Clostridium fails to colonize the murine gut. Thus, understanding the role of certain important commensal gut bacterial species influences upon health and disease, a suitable large animal model like pig that supports the growth and colonization of most of the important human gut bacteria and possess comparable immunology and physiology to humans is beneficial to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Renu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Veerupaxagouda Patil
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Jennifer Schrock
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Dipak Kathayat
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Ninoshkaly Feliciano-Ruiz
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Yi Han
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Anikethana Ramesh
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Yashavanth S. Lakshmanappa
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Shristi Ghimire
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Santosh Dhakal
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Gourapura J. Renukaradhya
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, Ohio, USA
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9
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Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Enhances Efficacy of Oral Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine in a Gnotobiotic Piglet Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10010083. [PMID: 35062744 PMCID: PMC8779073 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) infection is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. Current oral vaccines perform poorly in developing countries where efficacious vaccines are needed the most. Therefore, an alternative affordable strategy to enhance efficacy of the current RV vaccines is necessary. This study evaluated the effects of colonization of neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs with Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN) 1917 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) probiotics on immunogenicity and protective efficacy of oral attenuated (Att) HRV vaccine. EcN-colonized pigs had reduced virulent HRV (VirHRV) shedding and decreased diarrhea severity compared with the LGG-colonized group. They also had enhanced HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in serum and antibody secreting cell numbers in tissues pre/post VirHRV challenge, HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in intestinal contents, and B-cell subpopulations in tissues post VirHRV challenge. EcN colonization also enhanced T-cell immune response, promoted dendritic cells and NK cell function, reduced production of proinflammatory cytokines/Toll like receptor (TLR), and increased production of immunoregulatory cytokines/TLR expression in various tissues pre/post VirHRV challenge. Thus, EcN probiotic adjuvant with AttHRV vaccine enhances the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of AttHRV to a greater extent than LGG and it can be used as a safe and economical oral vaccine adjuvant.
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Perlman D, Martínez-Álvaro M, Moraïs S, Altshuler I, Hagen LH, Jami E, Roehe R, Pope PB, Mizrahi I. Concepts and Consequences of a Core Gut Microbiota for Animal Growth and Development. Annu Rev Anim Biosci 2021; 10:177-201. [PMID: 34941382 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-animal-013020-020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Animal microbiomes are occasionally considered as an extension of host anatomy, physiology, and even their genomic architecture. Their compositions encompass variable and constant portions when examined across multiple hosts. The latter, termed the core microbiome, is viewed as more accommodated to its host environment and suggested to benefit host fitness. Nevertheless, discrepancies in its definitions, characteristics, and importance to its hosts exist across studies. We survey studies that characterize the core microbiome, detail its current definitions and available methods to identify it, and emphasize the crucial need to upgrade and standardize the methodologies among studies. We highlight ruminants as a case study and discuss the link between the core microbiome and host physiology and genetics, as well as potential factors that shape it. We conclude with main directives of action to better understand the host-core microbiome axis and acquire the necessary insights into its controlled modulation. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Animal Biosciences, Volume 10 is February 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne Perlman
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel;
| | - Marina Martínez-Álvaro
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, SRUC (Scotland's Rural College), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Moraïs
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel;
| | - Ianina Altshuler
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway;
| | - Live H Hagen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Elie Jami
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Rainer Roehe
- Department of Agriculture, Horticulture and Engineering Sciences, SRUC (Scotland's Rural College), Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip B Pope
- Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway; .,Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Aas, Norway
| | - Itzhak Mizrahi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Be'er-Sheva, Israel;
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11
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Zhou H, Sun J, Yu B, Liu Z, Chen H, He J, Mao X, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Ge L, Chen D. Gut microbiota absence and transplantation affect growth and intestinal functions: An investigation in a germ-free pig model. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:295-304. [PMID: 34258417 PMCID: PMC8245803 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate host–microbiota interactions and explore the effects of maternal gut microbiota transplantation on the growth and intestinal functions of newborns in a germ-free (GF) pig model. Twelve hysterectomy-derived GF Bama piglets were reared in 6 sterile isolators. Among them, 6 were considered as the GF group, and the other 6 were orally inoculated with healthy sow fecal suspension as fecal microbiota transplanted (FMT) group. Another 6 piglets from natural birth were regarded as the conventional (CV) group. The GF and FMT groups were hand-fed with Co60-γ-irradiated sterile milk powder, while the CV group was reared by lactating Bama sows. All groups were fed for 21 days. Then, all piglets and then were switched to sterile feed for another 21 days. Results showed that the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids in the GF group decreased (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the serum urea nitrogen concentration and digesta pH values in the GF group increased compared with those in the FMT and CV groups (P < 0.05). Compared with the CV group, the GF group demonstrated upregulation in the mRNA expression levels of intestinal barrier function-related genes in the small intestine (P < 0.05). In addition, the mRNA abundances of intestinal development and absorption-related genes in the small intestine and colon were higher in the GF group than in the CV and FMT groups (P < 0.05). The FMT group exhibited greater growth performance, lipase activity, and nutrient digestibility (P < 0.05), higher mRNA expression levels of intestinal development and barrier-related genes in the small intestine (P < 0.05), and lower mRNA abundances of pro-inflammatory factor in the colon and jejunum (P < 0.05) than the CV group. In conclusion, the absence of gut microbes impaired the growth and nutrient digestibility, and healthy sow gut microbiota transplantation increased the growth and nutrient digestibility and improved the intestinal development and barrier function of newborn piglets, indicating the importance of intestinal microbes for intestinal development and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan 625014, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China.,Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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12
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Zhou H, Yu B, Sun J, Liu Z, Chen H, Ge L, Chen D. Short-chain fatty acids can improve lipid and glucose metabolism independently of the pig gut microbiota. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:61. [PMID: 33952344 PMCID: PMC8101156 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00581-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that exogenous short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) introduction attenuated the body fat deposition in conventional mice and pigs. However, limited studies have evaluated the effects of exogenously introduced SCFAs on the lipid and glucose metabolism independently of the gut microbiota. This study was to investigate the effects of exogenous introduction of SCFAs on the lipid and glucose metabolism in a germ-free (GF) pig model. METHODS Twelve hysterectomy-derived newborn pigs were reared in six sterile isolators. All pigs were hand-fed with sterile milk powder for 21 d, then the sterile feed was introduced to pigs for another 21 d. In the second 21-d period, six pigs were orally administrated with 25 mL/kg sterile saline per day and considered as the GF group, while the other six pigs were orally administrated with 25 mL/kg SCFAs mixture (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, 45, 15, and 11 mmol/L, respectively) per day and regarded as FA group. RESULTS Orally administrated with SCFAs tended to increase the adiponectin concentration in serum, enhance the CPT-1 activity in longissimus dorsi, and upregulate the ANGPTL4 mRNA expression level in colon (P < 0.10). Meanwhile, the mRNA abundances of ACC, FAS, and SREBP-1C in liver and CD36 in longissimus dorsi of the FA group were decreased (P < 0.05) compared with those in the GF group. Besides, the mRNA expression of PGC-1α in liver and LPL in longissimus dorsi tended to (P < 0.10) upregulate and downregulate respectively in the FA group. Moreover, oral administration of SCFAs tended to increase the protein level of GPR43 (P < 0.10) and decrease the protein level of ACC (P < 0.10) in liver. Also, oral administration of SCFAs upregulated the p-AMPK/AMPK ratio and the mRNA expressions of GLUT-2 and GYS2 in liver (P < 0.05). In addition, the metabolic pathway associated with the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was most significantly promoted (P < 0.05) by oral administration of SCFAs. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous introduction of SCFAs might attenuate the fat deposition and to some extent improve the glucose control in the pig model, which occurred independently of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
| | - Jing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya’an, 625014 Sichuan China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, 402460 Chongqing China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan China
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13
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Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 Enhances Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses in a Ciprofloxacin-Treated Defined-Microbiota Piglet Model of Human Rotavirus Infection. mSphere 2021; 6:6/2/e00074-21. [PMID: 33789939 PMCID: PMC8546683 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00074-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) infection is a major cause of gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Broad-spectrum antibiotic-induced intestinal microbial imbalance and the ensuing immune-metabolic dysregulation contribute to the persistence of HRV diarrhea. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN), a Gram-negative probiotic, was shown to be a potent immunostimulant and alleviated HRV-induced diarrhea in monocolonized gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets. Our goal was to determine how EcN modulates immune responses in ciprofloxacin (Cipro)-treated Gn piglets colonized with a defined commensal microbiota (DM) and challenged with virulent HRV (VirHRV). Cipro given in therapeutic doses for a short term reduced serum and intestinal total and HRV-specific antibody titers, while EcN treatment alleviated this effect. Similarly, EcN treatment increased the numbers of total immunoglobulin-secreting cells, HRV-specific antibody-secreting cells, activated antibody-forming cells, resting/memory antibody-forming B cells, and naive antibody-forming B cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues. Decreased levels of proinflammatory but increased levels of immunoregulatory cytokines and increased frequencies of Toll-like receptor-expressing cells were evident in the EcN-treated VirHRV-challenged group. Moreover, EcN treatment increased the frequencies of T helper and T cytotoxic cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues pre-VirHRV challenge and the frequencies of T helper cells, T cytotoxic cells, effector T cells, and T regulatory cells in systemic and/or intestinal tissues postchallenge. Moreover, EcN treatment increased the frequencies of systemic and mucosal conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, respectively, and the frequencies of systemic natural killer cells. Our findings demonstrated that Cipro use altered immune responses of DM-colonized neonatal Gn pigs, while EcN supplementation rescued these immune parameters partially or completely. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus (RV) is a primary cause of malabsorptive diarrhea in children and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality, especially in developing countries. The use of antibiotics exacerbates intestinal microbial imbalance and results in the persistence of RV-induced diarrhea. Probiotics are now being used to treat enteric infections and ulcerative colitis. We showed previously that probiotics partially protected gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets against human RV (HRV) infection and decreased the severity of diarrhea by modulating immune responses. However, the interactions between antibiotic and probiotic treatments and HRV infection in the context of an established gut microbiota are poorly understood. In this study, we developed a Gn pig model to study antibiotic-probiotic-HRV interactions in the context of a defined commensal microbiota (DM) that mimics aspects of the infant gut microbiota. Our results provide valuable information that will contribute to the treatment of antibiotic- and/or HRV-induced diarrhea and may be applicable to other enteric infections in children.
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14
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Michael H, Paim FC, Miyazaki A, Langel SN, Fischer DD, Chepngeno J, Goodman SD, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 administered as a dextranomar microsphere biofilm enhances immune responses against human rotavirus in a neonatal malnourished pig model colonized with human infant fecal microbiota. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246193. [PMID: 33592026 PMCID: PMC7886176 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of diarrhea in children. It causes significant morbidity and mortality, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where HRV vaccine efficacy is low. The probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN) 1917 has been widely used in the treatment of enteric diseases in humans. However, repeated doses of EcN are required to achieve maximum beneficial effects. Administration of EcN on a microsphere biofilm could increase probiotic stability and persistence, thus maximizing health benefits without repeated administrations. Our aim was to investigate immune enhancement by the probiotic EcN adhered to a dextranomar microsphere biofilm (EcN biofilm) in a neonatal, malnourished piglet model transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) and infected with rotavirus. To create malnourishment, pigs were fed a reduced amount of bovine milk. Decreased HRV fecal shedding and protection from diarrhea were evident in the EcN biofilm treated piglets compared with EcN suspension and control groups. Moreover, EcN biofilm treatment enhanced natural killer cell activity in blood mononuclear cells (MNCs). Increased frequencies of activated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in systemic and intestinal tissues and activated conventional dendritic cells (cDC) in blood and duodenum were also observed in EcN biofilm as compared with EcN suspension treated pigs. Furthermore, EcN biofilm treated pigs had increased frequencies of systemic activated and resting/memory antibody forming B cells and IgA+ B cells in the systemic tissues. Similarly, the mean numbers of systemic and intestinal HRV-specific IgA antibody secreting cells (ASCs), as well as HRV-specific IgA antibody titers in serum and small intestinal contents, were increased in the EcN biofilm treated group. In summary EcN biofilm enhanced innate and B cell immune responses after HRV infection and ameliorated diarrhea following HRV challenge in a malnourished, HIFM pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Francine C. Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Stephanie N. Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - David D. Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Steven D. Goodman
- Centre for Microbial Pathogenesis, The Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ANV); (LJS)
| | - Anastasia Nickolaevna Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ANV); (LJS)
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15
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Zhou H, Sun J, Ge L, Liu Z, Chen H, Yu B, Chen D. Exogenous infusion of short-chain fatty acids can improve intestinal functions independently of the gut microbiota. J Anim Sci 2021; 98:5988194. [PMID: 33205812 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of exogenously infused short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) on the growth development and intestinal functions in a germ-free (GF) pig model. Twelve hysterectomy-derived newborn piglets were reared in six sterile isolators. All piglets were hand-fed Co60-γ-irradiated sterile milk powder for 21 d and then were switched to sterile feed for another 21 d. During the second 21-d period, GF piglets (n = 6) were orally infused with 25 mL/kg sterile saline per day, and SCFA piglets (n = 6) were orally infused with 25 mL/kg SCFAs mixture (acetic, propionic, and butyric acids, 45, 15, and 11 mM, respectively) per day. We observed the concentrations of SCFAs in serum and intestine, and the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) abundance of G-protein-coupled receptor-43 in the ileum was increased (P < 0.05) in the SCFA group. Meanwhile, oral infusion of SCFAs enhanced (P < 0.05) the contents of glucagon-like peptide-2 in the jejunum and serum and tended to increase the villi height in the ileum (P < 0.10). Besides, the activities of lipase, trypsin, sucrase, lactase, Na+-K+-adenosine triphosphatase ([ATPase] P < 0.05), and Ca2+-Mg2+-ATPase (P < 0.10) were stimulated and the mRNA expressions of solute carrier family 7 (SLC7A1) and regeneration protein (REG)-ΙΙΙ γ in the jejunum (P < 0.05) were upregulated in the SCFA group. Additionally, SCFAs infusion downregulated the mRNA abundances of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 in the jejunum, ileum, or colon (P < 0.05) and increased the counts of white blood cell, neutrophils, and lymphocyte in the blood (P < 0.05). Collectively, exogenous infusion of SCFAs might improve intestinal health through promoting intestinal development and absorption function, and enhancing intestinal immune function, and these effects were occur independently of the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, Chongqing, China
| | - Hong Chen
- College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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16
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Aluthge ND, Tom WA, Bartenslager AC, Burkey TE, Miller PS, Heath KD, Kreikemeier-Bower C, Kittana H, Schmaltz RJ, Ramer-Tait AE, Fernando SC. Differential longitudinal establishment of human fecal bacterial communities in germ-free porcine and murine models. Commun Biol 2020; 3:760. [PMID: 33311550 PMCID: PMC7733510 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of microbiome studies focused on understanding mechanistic relationships between the host and the microbiota have used mice and other rodents as the model of choice. However, the domestic pig is a relevant model that is currently underutilized for human microbiome investigations. In this study, we performed a direct comparison of the engraftment of fecal bacterial communities from human donors between human microbiota-associated (HMA) piglet and mouse models under identical dietary conditions. Analysis of 16S rRNA genes using amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) revealed that with the exception of early microbiota from infants, the more mature microbiotas tested established better in the HMA piglets compared to HMA mice. Of interest was the greater transplantation success of members belonging to phylum Firmicutes in the HMA piglets compared to the HMA mice. Together, these results provide evidence for the HMA piglet model potentially being more broadly applicable for donors with more mature microbiotas while the HMA mouse model might be more relevant for developing microbiotas such as those of infants. This study also emphasizes the necessity to exercise caution in extrapolating findings from HMA animals to humans, since up to 28% of taxa from some donors failed to colonize either model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosh D Aluthge
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Complex, 3940 Fair St., Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA.,Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 N 21st St., Lincoln, NE, 68588-6205, USA
| | - Wesley A Tom
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Complex, 3940 Fair St., Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Manter Hall, 1104 T St., Lincoln, NE, 68588-0118, USA
| | - Alison C Bartenslager
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Complex, 3940 Fair St., Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - Thomas E Burkey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Complex, 3940 Fair St., Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - Phillip S Miller
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Complex, 3940 Fair St., Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA
| | - Kelly D Heath
- Institutional Animal Care Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 110 Mussehl Hall, 1915 N 38th St., Lincoln, NE, 68653-0720, USA
| | - Craig Kreikemeier-Bower
- Institutional Animal Care Program, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 110 Mussehl Hall, 1915 N 38th St., Lincoln, NE, 68653-0720, USA
| | - Hatem Kittana
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 N 21st St., Lincoln, NE, 68588-6205, USA.,Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (VMDL) at University of Missouri (MU), 901 E Campus Loop, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Robert J Schmaltz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 N 21st St., Lincoln, NE, 68588-6205, USA
| | - Amanda E Ramer-Tait
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Food Innovation Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1901 N 21st St., Lincoln, NE, 68588-6205, USA
| | - Samodha C Fernando
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Animal Science Complex, 3940 Fair St., Lincoln, NE, 68583-0908, USA.
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17
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Chepngeno J, Takanashi S, Diaz A, Michael H, Paim FC, Rahe MC, Hayes JR, Baker C, Marthaler D, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Comparative Sequence Analysis of Historic and Current Porcine Rotavirus C Strains and Their Pathogenesis in 3-Day-Old and 3-Week-Old Piglets. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:780. [PMID: 32395116 PMCID: PMC7197332 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased prevalence of porcine group C rotavirus (PRVC) in suckling piglets and the emergence of new genetically distinct PRVC strains are concerning due to the associated significant economic losses they cause to the swine industry. We sequenced and analyzed two new PRVC strains, RV0104 (G3), and RV0143 (G6) and compared their pathogenesis with that of the historic strain Cowden (G1) in gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs. Near complete genome sequence analysis confirmed that these two strains were distinct from one another and the Cowden strain. VP1, VP2, VP6, NSP1-NSP3, and NSP5 genes were more similar between Cowden and RV0143, whereas VP3, VP7, and NSP4 shared higher nucleotide identity between Cowden and RV0104. Three-day-old and 3-week-old Gn piglets were inoculated with 105 FFU/piglet of Cowden, RV0104 or RV0143, or mock. All 3-day-old piglets developed severe diarrhea, anorexia, and lethargy, with mean PRVC fecal shedding titers peaking and numerically higher in RV0104 and RV0143 piglets on post infection day (PID) 2. Histopathological examination of the small intestine revealed that the 3-day-old Cowden and RV0104 inoculated piglets were mildly affected, while significant destruction of small intestinal villi was observed in the RV0143 inoculated piglets. Consistent with the highest degree of pathological changes in the small intestines, the RV0143 inoculated piglets had numerically higher levels of serum IL-17 and IFN-α cytokines and numerically lower PRVC IgA geometric mean antibody titers. Milder pathological changes and overall higher titers of PRVC IgA antibodies were observed in 3-week-old vs. 3-day-old piglets. Additionally, diarrhea was only observed in RV0104 and RV0143 (but not Cowden) inoculated 3-week-old piglets, while levels of serum IL-10 and PRVC IgA antibodies were higher in Cowden inoculated pigs, consistent with the lack of diarrhea. Thus, we confirmed that these current, genetically heterogeneous PRVC strains possess distinct pathobiological characteristics that may contribute to the increased prevalence of PRVC diarrhea in neonatal suckling piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Sayaka Takanashi
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Developmental Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Annika Diaz
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Michael C Rahe
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jeffrey R Hayes
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, The Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH, United States
| | - Courtney Baker
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Douglas Marthaler
- Kansas State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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18
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Michael H, Langel SN, Miyazaki A, Paim FC, Chepngeno J, Alhamo MA, Fischer DD, Srivastava V, Kathayat D, Deblais L, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Malnutrition Decreases Antibody Secreting Cell Numbers Induced by an Oral Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine in a Human Infant Fecal Microbiota Transplanted Gnotobiotic Pig Model. Front Immunol 2020; 11:196. [PMID: 32117313 PMCID: PMC7033455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children, especially in developing countries. Malnutrition is prevalent in these countries, which may contribute to the decreased oral vaccine efficacy, posing a concern for global health. Neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs closely resemble human infants in their anatomy, physiology, and outbred status and are a unique model to investigate malnutrition, oral live attenuated HRV (AttHRV) vaccination, and subsequent virulent HRV (VirHRV) challenge. We evaluated the impact of malnutrition on AttHRV vaccine efficacy and B cell immune responses in neonatal germfree (GF) or Gn pigs transplanted with human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM). Pigs were fed either deficient or sufficient bovine milk diets. Malnutrition did not significantly affect the serum and intestinal contents total or HRV-specific IgG and IgA antibody titers pre VirHRV challenge. However, HRV-specific IgG and IgA antibody secreting cells (ASCs) were reduced in blood or intestinal tissues following AttHRV vaccination and pre VirHRV challenge in deficient HIFM transplanted pigs. Furthermore, post-VirHRV challenge, deficient HIFM pigs had decreased total Ig and HRV-specific IgG and IgA antibody titers in serum or intestinal contents, in addition to decreased HRV-specific IgG and IgA ASCs in blood and ileum, compared with sufficient HIFM pigs. Our results indicate that deficient diet impairs B cell mucosal, and systemic immune responses following HRV vaccination, and challenge. The impaired immune responses contributed to the decreased protective efficacy of the AttHRV vaccine, suggesting that malnutrition may significantly reduce the effectiveness of oral HRV vaccines in children in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States.,Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Moyasar A Alhamo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - David D Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Dipak Kathayat
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
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19
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Annamalai T, Lu Z, Jung K, Langel SN, Tuggle CK, Dekkers JCM, Waide EH, Kandasamy S, Saif LJ. Infectivity of GII.4 human norovirus does not differ between T-B-NK + severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and non-SCID gnotobiotic pigs, implicating the role of NK cells in mediation of human norovirus infection. Virus Res 2019; 267:21-25. [PMID: 31054932 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. It is unclear which arm of the immune system regulates resistance to HuNoV infection. Thus, we studied the pathogenesis of human norovirus (HuNoV) in T-B-NK+ Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) gnotobiotic pigs to investigate the role of innate (especially, natural killer (NK) cells) immunity in HuNoV infection. Forty SCID and non-SCID pigs were randomly grouped: 1) SCID+HuNoV (n = 12); 2) non-SCID+HuNoV (n = 14); 3) SCID mock-inoculated (n = 6); and 4) non-SCID mock-inoculated (n = 8). Pigs (8-14-day-old) were inoculated orally with GII.4 HuNoV strain HS292 (mean 9.1 log10 genomic equivalents/pig) or mock. Daily fecal consistency and fecal viral RNA shedding, and histopathology (at euthanasia) were evaluated. Frequencies of blood and ileal T, B, and NK cells were analyzed by flow cytometry, and a NK cell cytotoxicity assay was performed at post-inoculation day (PID) 8. Unlike the increased infectivity of HuNoV observed previously in T-B-NK- SCID pigs (Lei et al., 2016. Sci. Rep. 6, 25,222), there was no significant difference in frequency of pigs with diarrhea and diarrhea days between T-B-NK+ SCID+HuNoV and non-SCID+HuNoV groups. Cumulative fecal HuNoV RNA shedding at PIDs 1-8, PIDs 9-27, and PIDs 1-27 also did not differ statistically. These observations coincided with the presence of NK cells and NK cell cytotoxicity in the ileum and blood of the SCID pigs. Based on our observations, innate immunity, including NK cell activity, may be critical to mediate or reduce HuNoV infection in T-B-NK+ SCID pigs, and potentially in immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thavamathi Annamalai
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Zhongyan Lu
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Kwonil Jung
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | - Emily H Waide
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa Stte University, Ames, IA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, USA.
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20
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Todd KV, Tripp RA. Human Norovirus: Experimental Models of Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11020151. [PMID: 30759780 PMCID: PMC6410082 DOI: 10.3390/v11020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. HuNoV infections lead to substantial societal and economic burdens. There are currently no licensed vaccines or therapeutics for the prevention or treatment of HuNoVs. A lack of well-characterized in vitro and in vivo infection models has limited the development of HuNoV countermeasures. Experimental infection of human volunteers and the use of related viruses such as murine NoV have provided helpful insights into HuNoV biology and vaccine and therapeutic development. There remains a need for robust animal models and reverse genetic systems to further HuNoV research. This review summarizes available HuNoV animal models and reverse genetic systems, while providing insight into their usefulness for vaccine and therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle V Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
| | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA.
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21
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Miyazaki A, Kandasamy S, Michael H, Langel SN, Paim FC, Chepngeno J, Alhamo MA, Fischer DD, Huang HC, Srivastava V, Kathayat D, Deblais L, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Protein deficiency reduces efficacy of oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine in a human infant fecal microbiota transplanted gnotobiotic pig model. Vaccine 2018; 36:6270-6281. [PMID: 30219368 PMCID: PMC6180620 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein deficiency impacted immunity and reduced human RV vaccine efficacy. Human infant fecal microbiota exacerbated the negative effects of protein deficiency. Immunological dysfunction could have been induced by altered tryptophan catabolism. Our findings provide an explanation for RV vaccine failures in malnourished children.
Background Low efficacy of rotavirus (RV) vaccines in developing African and Asian countries, where malnutrition is prevalent, remains a major concern and a challenge for global health. Methods To understand the effects of protein malnutrition on RV vaccine efficacy, we elucidated the innate, T cell and cytokine immune responses to attenuated human RV (AttHRV) vaccine and virulent human RV (VirHRV) challenge in germ-free (GF) pigs or human infant fecal microbiota (HIFM) transplanted gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs fed protein-deficient or -sufficient bovine milk diets. We also analyzed serum levels of tryptophan (TRP), a predictor of malnutrition, and kynurenine (KYN). Results Protein-deficient pigs vaccinated with oral AttHRV vaccine had lower protection rates against diarrhea post-VirHRV challenge and significantly increased fecal virus shedding titers (HIFM transplanted but not GF pigs) compared with their protein-sufficient counterparts. Reduced vaccine efficacy in protein-deficient pigs coincided with altered serum IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ responses to oral AttHRV vaccine and the suppression of multiple innate immune parameters and HRV-specific IFN-γ producing T cells post-challenge. In protein-deficient HIFM transplanted pigs, decreased serum KYN, but not TRP levels were observed throughout the experiment, suggesting an association between the altered TRP metabolism and immune responses. Conclusion Collectively, our findings confirm the negative effects of protein deficiency, which were exacerbated in the HIFM transplanted pigs, on innate, T cell and cytokine immune responses to HRV and on vaccine efficacy, as well as on TRP-KYN metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Miyazaki
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Division of Viral Disease and Epidemiology, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Husheem Michael
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Juliet Chepngeno
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Moyasar A Alhamo
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - David D Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; Division of Integrated Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA(1)
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Dipak Kathayat
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA.
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22
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Powell EJ, Charley S, Boettcher A, Varley L, Brown J, Schroyen M, Adur MK, Dekkers S, Isaacson D, Sauer M, Cunnick J, Ellinwood NM, Ross JW, Dekkers J, Tuggle C. Creating effective biocontainment facilities and maintenance protocols for raising specific pathogen-free, severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) pigs. Lab Anim 2018; 52:402-412. [PMID: 29325489 PMCID: PMC7737622 DOI: 10.1177/0023677217750691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is defined by the lack of an adaptive immune system. Mutations causing SCID are found naturally in humans, mice, horses, dogs, and recently in pigs, with the serendipitous discovery of the Iowa State University SCID pigs. As research models, SCID animals are naturally tolerant of xenotransplantation and offer valuable insight into research areas such as regenerative medicine, cancer therapy, as well as immune cell signaling mechanisms. Large-animal biomedical models, particularly pigs, are increasingly essential to advance the efficacy and safety of novel regenerative therapies on human disease. Thus, there is a need to create practical approaches to maintain hygienic severe immunocompromised porcine models for exploratory medical research. Such research often requires stable genetic lines for replication and survival of healthy SCID animals for months post-treatment. A further hurdle in the development of the ISU SCID pig as a biomedical model involved the establishment of facilities and protocols necessary to obtain clean SPF piglets from the conventional pig farm on which they were discovered. A colony of homozygous SCID boars and SPF carrier sows has been created and maintained through selective breeding, bone marrow transplants, innovative husbandry techniques, and the development of biocontainment facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Charley
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University
| | | | - Lisa Varley
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mary Sauer
- Laboratory Animal Resources, Iowa State University
| | - Joan Cunnick
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University
| | | | | | - Jack Dekkers
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University
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23
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Sun J, Zhong H, Du L, Li X, Ding Y, Cao H, Liu Z, Ge L. Gene expression profiles of germ-free and conventional piglets from the same litter. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10745. [PMID: 30013139 PMCID: PMC6048018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29093-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Germ-free (GF) pigs have clear microbiological backgrounds, and are extensively used as large animal models in the biomedical sciences. However, investigations of the transcriptomic differences between GF and cesarean-derived conventional (CV) piglets are limited. To improve our understanding of GF pigs, and to increase the utility of pigs as an alternative non-rodent model, we used RNA sequencing to profile gene expression in five tissues (the oral mucosae, jejunum, colon, liver, and spleen) of four male GF piglets and four male CV piglets from the same litter. We identified 14 genes that were differentially expressed in all five tissues. Seven of these common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were interferon-inducible genes, and all 14 were consistently downregulated in the GF piglets as compared to the CV piglets. Compared to the other tissues tested, the expression of transcription factors (TFs) in the colon was most affected by the absence of a microbiota. The expression patterns of immune-related genes were downregulated in the GF piglets as compared to the CV piglets, indicating that the intestinal microbiota influenced gene expression in other tissues besides the gut. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis indicated that, in pigs, the intestinal microbiota affected the expression of genes related to immune system function and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Sun
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Hang Zhong
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Lei Du
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Institute of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yuchun Ding
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Haoran Cao
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
| | - Liangpeng Ge
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Chongqing, 402460, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pig Industry Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
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24
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Kumar A, Vlasova AN, Deblais L, Huang HC, Wijeratne A, Kandasamy S, Fischer DD, Langel SN, Paim FC, Alhamo MA, Shao L, Saif LJ, Rajashekara G. Impact of nutrition and rotavirus infection on the infant gut microbiota in a humanized pig model. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:93. [PMID: 29929472 PMCID: PMC6013989 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rotavirus (HRV) is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants; particularly in developing countries where malnutrition is prevalent. Malnutrition perturbs the infant gut microbiota leading to sub-optimal functioning of the immune system and further predisposing infants to enteric infections. Therefore, we hypothesized that malnutrition exacerbates rotavirus disease severity in infants. METHODS In the present study, we used a neonatal germ free (GF) piglets transplanted with a two-month-old human infant's fecal microbiota (HIFM) on protein deficient and sufficient diets. We report the effects of malnourishment on the HRV infection and the HIFM pig microbiota in feces, intestinal and systemic tissues, using MiSeq 16S gene sequencing (V4-V5 region). RESULTS Microbiota analysis indicated that the HIFM transplantation resulted in a microbial composition in pigs similar to that of the original infant feces. This model was then used to understand the interconnections between microbiota diversity, diet, and HRV infection. Post HRV infection, HIFM pigs on the deficient diet had lower body weights, developed more severe diarrhea and increased virus shedding compared to HIFM pigs on sufficient diet. However, HRV induced diarrhea and shedding was more pronounced in non-colonized GF pigs compared to HIFM pigs on either sufficient or deficient diet, suggesting that the microbiota alone moderated HRV infection. HRV infected pigs on sufficient diet showed increased microbiota diversity in intestinal tissues; whereas, greater diversity was observed in systemic tissues of HRV infected pigs fed with deficient diet. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that proper nourishment improves the microbiota quality in the intestines, alleviates HRV disease and lower probability of systemic translocation of potential opportunistic pathogens/pathobionts. In conclusion, our findings further support the role for microbiota and proper nutrition in limiting enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Present address: Group B-10: Biosecurity and Public Health, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Asela Wijeratne
- The Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - David D. Fischer
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Stephanie N. Langel
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Francine Chimelo Paim
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Moyasar A. Alhamo
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Lulu Shao
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Present address: Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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25
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Hara H, Shibata H, Nakano K, Abe T, Uosaki H, Ohnuki T, Hishikawa S, Kunita S, Watanabe M, Nureki O, Nagashima H, Hanazono Y. Production and rearing of germ-free X-SCID pigs. Exp Anim 2017; 67:139-146. [PMID: 29162766 PMCID: PMC5955745 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.17-0095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigs with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X-SCID) caused by a mutation of the interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene (IL2RG) are of value for a wide range of studies. However, they do not survive longer than 8 weeks because of their susceptibility to infections. To allow longer survival of X-SCID pigs, the animals must be born and reared under germ-free conditions. Here, we established an efficient system for piglet derivation by hysterectomy and used it to obtain and maintain a germ-free X-SCID pig. In four trials using pregnant wild-type pigs, 66% of piglets after hysterectomy started spontaneous breathing (range of 20-100% per litter). The resuscitation rate was found to negatively correlate with elapsed time from the uterus excision to piglet derivation (r=-0.97, P<0.05). Therefore, it is critical to deliver piglets within 5 min to achieve a high resuscitation rate (82% estimated from regression analysis). In a fifth trial with an IL2RG+/- pig, four piglets were delivered within 4.2 min of uterus excision and three were alive (75%). One of the live born piglets was genotypically and phenotypically determined to be X-SCID and was reared for 12 weeks. The X-SCID piglet was free from both bacteria and fungi at all time points tested by microbial culture and grew without any abnormal signs or symptoms. This study showed successful production and rearing of germ-free pigs, enabling experiments involving long-term follow-up of X-SCID pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Hara
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shibata
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakano
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Abe
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hideki Uosaki
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ohnuki
- Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Shuji Hishikawa
- Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kunita
- Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Osamu Nureki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 2-11-16 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashi-Mita, Tama, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 214-8571, Japan
| | - Yutaka Hanazono
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.,Center for Development of Advanced Medical Technology, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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Protein Malnutrition Alters Tryptophan and Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Homeostasis and Adaptive Immune Responses in Human Rotavirus-Infected Gnotobiotic Pigs with Human Infant Fecal Microbiota Transplant. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2017. [PMID: 28637803 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00172-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malnutrition leads to increased morbidity and is evident in almost half of all deaths in children under the age of 5 years. Mortality due to rotavirus diarrhea is common in developing countries where malnutrition is prevalent; however, the relationship between malnutrition and rotavirus infection remains unclear. In this study, gnotobiotic pigs transplanted with the fecal microbiota of a healthy 2-month-old infant were fed protein-sufficient or -deficient diets and infected with virulent human rotavirus (HRV). After human rotavirus infection, protein-deficient pigs had decreased human rotavirus antibody titers and total IgA concentrations, systemic T helper (CD3+ CD4+) and cytotoxic T (CD3+ CD8+) lymphocyte frequencies, and serum tryptophan and angiotensin I-converting enzyme 2. Additionally, deficient-diet pigs had impaired tryptophan catabolism postinfection compared with sufficient-diet pigs. Tryptophan supplementation was tested as an intervention in additional groups of fecal microbiota-transplanted, rotavirus-infected, sufficient- and deficient-diet pigs. Tryptophan supplementation increased the frequencies of regulatory (CD4+ or CD8+ CD25+ FoxP3+) T cells in pigs on both the sufficient and the deficient diets. These results suggest that a protein-deficient diet impairs activation of the adaptive immune response following HRV infection and alters tryptophan homeostasis.
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Bui T, Li G, Kim I, Wen K, Twitchell EL, Hualei S, Ramesh AK, Weiss MD, Yang X, Glark-Deener SG, Choy RK, Yuan L. Effects of Racecadotril on Weight Loss and Diarrhea Due to Human Rotavirus in Neonatal Gnotobiotic Pigs ( Sus scrofa domesticus). Comp Med 2017; 67:157-164. [PMID: 28381316 PMCID: PMC5402735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children younger than 5 y, and the most common cause of acute watery diarrhea in young children worldwide is rotaviral infection. Medicines to specifically reduce diarrhea would be a desirable adjunctive treatment to supportive fluid therapy to decrease the mortality rate of diarrheal diseases. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of an antisecretory drug, racecadotril, in treating human rotavirus (HRV)-induced diarrhea in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig model. In total, 27 gnotobiotic pigs were randomly assigned (n = 9 per group) to receive either racecadotril, chlorpromazine (positive-control drug), or PBS (mock treatment) after inoculation with HRV. Pigs were weighed daily and rectal swabs were collected to determine fecal consistency scores and virus shedding. Rotaviral infection was confirmed by ELISA and cell culture immunofluorescence. Overall, the racecadotril-treated pigs had less severe illness than either the chlorpromazine- or mock-treated groups; this conclusion was supported by the lower fecal-consistency scores, shorter duration of diarrhea, and significant gain in body weight during the course of the study of the racecadotril-treated pigs. Through its influence on decreasing intestinal hypersecretion, racecadotril was better able to control the clinical signs of rotaviral infection in the gnotobiotic pigs. These results lend support for using racecadotril as a treatment for rotaviral diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy Bui
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Guohua Li
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Ke Wen
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Erica L Twitchell
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Shaoh Hualei
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Ashwin K Ramesh
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mariah D Weiss
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Sherrie G Glark-Deener
- Departments of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Lijuan Yuan
- Departments of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia;,
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Paim FC, Langel SN, Fischer DD, Kandasamy S, Shao L, Alhamo MA, Huang HC, Kumar A, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ, Vlasova AN. Effects of Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 and Ciprofloxacin on small intestinal epithelial cell mRNA expression in the neonatal piglet model of human rotavirus infection. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:66. [PMID: 27999620 PMCID: PMC5154029 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0148-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the effects of the probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) and the antibiotic Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) on mRNA expression of intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) in gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets colonized with a defined commensal microflora (DMF) and inoculated with human rotavirus (HRV) that infects IECs. We analyzed mRNA levels of IEC genes for enteroendocrine cells [chromogranin A (CgA)], goblet cells [mucin 2 (MUC2)], transient amplifying progenitor cell [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)], intestinal epithelial stem cell (SOX9) and enterocytes (villin). Cipro treatment enhanced HRV diarrhea and decreased the mRNA levels of MUC2 and villin but increased PCNA. These results suggest that Cipro alters the epithelial barrier, potentially decreasing the numbers of mature enterocytes (villin) and goblet cells secreting protective mucin (MUC2). These alterations may induce increased IEC proliferation (PCNA expression) to restore the integrity of the epithelial layer. Coincidental with decreased diarrhea severity in EcN treated groups, the expression of CgA and villin was increased, while SOX9 expression was decreased representing higher epithelial integrity indicative of inhibition of cellular proliferation. Thus, EcN protects the intestinal epithelium from damage by increasing the gene expression of enterocytes and enteroendocrine cells, maintaining the absorptive function and, consequently, decreasing the severity of diarrhea in HRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine C Paim
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - David D Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Lulu Shao
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA ; Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Moyasar A Alhamo
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Anand Kumar
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA ; Genomics and Systems Biology, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545 USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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Twitchell EL, Tin C, Wen K, Zhang H, Becker-Dreps S, Azcarate-Peril MA, Vilchez S, Li G, Ramesh A, Weiss M, Lei S, Bui T, Yang X, Schultz-Cherry S, Yuan L. Modeling human enteric dysbiosis and rotavirus immunity in gnotobiotic pigs. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:51. [PMID: 27826359 PMCID: PMC5100090 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Rotavirus vaccines have poor efficacy in infants from low- and middle-income countries. Gut microbiota is thought to influence the immune response to oral vaccines. Thus, we developed a gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of enteric dysbiosis to study the effects of human gut microbiota (HGM) on immune responses to rotavirus vaccination, and the effects of rotavirus challenge on the HGM by colonizing Gn pigs with healthy HGM (HHGM) or unhealthy HGM (UHGM). The UHGM was from a Nicaraguan infant with a high enteropathy score (ES) and no seroconversion following administration of oral rotavirus vaccine, while the converse was characteristic of the HHGM. Pigs were vaccinated, a subset was challenged, and immune responses and gut microbiota were evaluated. Results Significantly more rotavirus-specific IFN-γ producing T cells were in the ileum, spleen, and blood of HHGM than those in UHGM pigs after three vaccine doses, suggesting HHGM induces stronger cell-mediated immunity than UHGM. There were significant correlations between multiple Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and frequencies of IFN-γ producing T cells at the time of challenge. There were significant positive correlations between Collinsella and CD8+ T cells in blood and ileum, as well as CD4+ T cells in blood, whereas significant negative correlations between Clostridium and Anaerococcus, and ileal CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Differences in alpha diversity and relative abundances of OTUs were detected between the groups both before and after rotavirus challenge. Conclusion Alterations in microbiome diversity and composition along with correlations between certain microbial taxa and T cell responses warrant further investigation into the role of the gut microbiota and certain microbial species on enteric immunity. Our results support the use of HGM transplanted Gn pigs as a model of human dysbiosis during enteric infection, and oral vaccine responses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-016-0136-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica L Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Christine Tin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Husen Zhang
- Microbiome Core, Cancer Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Sylvia Becker-Dreps
- Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - M Andrea Azcarate-Peril
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, School of Medicine and Microbiome Core Facility, Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Samuel Vilchez
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, National Autonomous University of Nicaragua, León, Nicaragua
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
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Lei S, Ramesh A, Twitchell E, Wen K, Bui T, Weiss M, Yang X, Kocher J, Li G, Giri-Rachman E, Trang NV, Jiang X, Ryan EP, Yuan L. High Protective Efficacy of Probiotics and Rice Bran against Human Norovirus Infection and Diarrhea in Gnotobiotic Pigs. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1699. [PMID: 27853451 PMCID: PMC5090003 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics have been recognized as vaccine adjuvants and therapeutic agents to treat acute gastroenteritis in children. We previously showed that rice bran (RB) reduced human rotavirus diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs. Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the major pathogens causing non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide. In this study, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) were first screened for their ability to bind HuNoV P particles and virions derived from clinical samples containing HuNoV genotype GII.3 and GII.4, then the effects of LGG+EcN and RB on HuNoV infection and diarrhea were investigated using the gnotobiotic pig model. While LGG+EcN colonization inhibited HuNoV shedding, probiotic cocktail regimens in which RB feeding started 7 days prior to or 1 day after viral inoculation in the LGG+EcN colonized gnotobiotic pigs exhibited high protection against HuNoV diarrhea and shedding, characterized by significantly reduced incidence (89 versus 20%) and shorter mean duration of diarrhea (2.2 versus 0.2 days), as well as shorter mean duration of virus shedding (3.2 versus 1.0 days). In both probiotic cocktail groups, the diarrhea reduction rates were 78% compared with the control group, and diarrhea severity was reduced as demonstrated by the significantly lower cumulative fecal scores. The high protective efficacy of the probiotic cocktail regimens was attributed to stimulation of IFN-γ+ T cell responses, increased production of intestinal IgA and IgG, and maintenance of healthy intestinal morphology (manifested as longer villi compared with the control group). Therefore, probiotic cocktail regimens containing LGG+EcN and RB may represent highly efficacious strategies to prevent and treat HuNoV gastroenteritis, and potentially other human enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
| | - Ernawati Giri-Rachman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA; School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi, BandungWest Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati OH, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins CO, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg VA, USA
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31
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Vlasova AN, Shao L, Kandasamy S, Fischer DD, Rauf A, Langel SN, Chattha KS, Kumar A, Huang HC, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 protects gnotobiotic pigs against human rotavirus by modulating pDC and NK-cell responses. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2426-2437. [PMID: 27457183 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), a gram-positive lactic acid bacterium, is one of the most widely used probiotics; while fewer gram-negative probiotics including Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) are characterized. A mechanistic understanding of their individual and interactive effects on human rotavirus (HRV) and immunity is lacking. In this study, noncolonized, EcN-, LGG-, and EcN + LGG-colonized neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs were challenged with HRV. EcN colonization is associated with a greater protection against HRV, and induces the highest frequencies of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), significantly increased NK-cell function and decreased frequencies of apoptotic and TLR4+ mononuclear cells (MNCs). Consistent with the highest NK-cell activity, splenic CD172+ MNCs (DC enriched fraction) of EcN-colonized pigs produced the highest levels of IL-12 in vitro. LGG colonization has little effect on the above parameters, which are intermediate in EcN + LGG-colonized pigs, suggesting that probiotics modulate each other's effects. Additionally, in vitro EcN-treated splenic or intestinal MNCs produce higher levels of innate, immunoregulatory and immunostimulatory cytokines, IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-10, compared to MNCs of pigs treated with LGG. These results indicate that the EcN-mediated greater protection against HRV is associated with potent stimulation of the innate immune system and activation of the DC-IL-12-NK immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA.
| | - Lulu Shao
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - David D Fischer
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Abdul Rauf
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Anand Kumar
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
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Wang H, Gao K, Wen K, Allen IC, Li G, Zhang W, Kocher J, Yang X, Giri-Rachman E, Li GH, Clark-Deener S, Yuan L. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG modulates innate signaling pathway and cytokine responses to rotavirus vaccine in intestinal mononuclear cells of gnotobiotic pigs transplanted with human gut microbiota. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:109. [PMID: 27301272 PMCID: PMC4908676 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A better understanding of mechanisms underlying dose-effects of probiotics in their applications as treatments of intestinal infectious or inflammatory diseases and as vaccine adjuvant is needed. In this study, we evaluated the modulatory effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) on transplanted human gut microbiota (HGM) and on small intestinal immune cell signaling pathways in gnotobiotic pigs vaccinated with an oral attenuated human rotavirus (AttHRV) vaccine. Results Neonatal HGM transplanted pigs were given two doses of AttHRV on 5 and 15 days of age and were divided into three groups: none-LGG (AttHRV), 9-doses LGG (AttHRV + LGG9X), and 14-doses LGG (AttHRV + LGG14X) (n = 3–4). At post-AttHRV-inoculation day 28, all pigs were euthanized and intestinal contents and ileal tissue and mononuclear cells (MNC) were collected. AttHRV + LGG14X pigs had significantly increased LGG titers in the large intestinal contents and shifted structure of the microbiota as indicated by the formation of a cluster that is separated from the cluster formed by the AttHRV and AttHRV + LGG9X pigs. The increase in LGG titers concurred with significantly increased ileal HRV-specific IFN-γ producing T cell responses to the AttHRV vaccine reported in our previous publication, suggesting pro-Th1 adjuvant effects of the LGG. Both 9- and 14-doses LGG fed pig groups had significantly higher IkBα level and p-p38/p38 ratio, while significantly lower p-ERK/ERK ratio than the AttHRV pigs, suggesting activation of regulatory signals during immune activation. However, 9-doses, but not 14-doses LGG fed pigs had enhanced IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, TLR9 mRNA levels, and p38 MAPK and ERK expressions in ileal MNC. Increased TLR9 mRNA was in parallel with higher mRNA levels of cytokines, p-NF-kB and higher p-p38/p38 ratio in MNC of the AttHRV + LGG9X pigs. Conclusions The relationship between modulation of gut microbiota and regulation of host immunity by different doses of probiotics is complex. LGG exerted divergent dose-dependent effects on the intestinal immune cell signaling pathway responses, with 9-doses LGG being more effective in activating the innate immunostimulating TLR9 signaling pathway than 14-doses in the HGM pigs vaccinated with AttHRV. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12866-016-0727-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Science Building (0913), 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Present address: College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Kan Gao
- Present address: College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Science Building (0913), 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Irving Coy Allen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Science Building (0913), 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Science Building (0913), 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Present address: College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an, 311300, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Science Building (0913), 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Science Building (0913), 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ernawati Giri-Rachman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Science Building (0913), 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.,Present address: School of Life Science and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Guan-Hong Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Science Building (0913), 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Integrated Life Science Building (0913), 1981 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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Lei S, Ryu J, Wen K, Twitchell E, Bui T, Ramesh A, Weiss M, Li G, Samuel H, Clark-Deener S, Jiang X, Lee K, Yuan L. Increased and prolonged human norovirus infection in RAG2/IL2RG deficient gnotobiotic pigs with severe combined immunodeficiency. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25222. [PMID: 27118081 PMCID: PMC4846862 DOI: 10.1038/srep25222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of genetically engineered (GE) large animals carrying multi-allelic modifications has been hampered by low efficiency in production and extended gestation period compared to rodents. Here, we rapidly generated RAG2/IL2RG double knockout pigs using direct injection of CRISPR/Cas9 system into developing embryos. RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs were immunodeficient, characterized by depletion of lymphocytes and either absence of or structurally abnormal immune organs. Pigs were maintained in gnotobiotic facility and evaluated for human norovirus (HuNoV) infection. HuNoV shedding lasted for 16 days in wild type pigs, compared to 27 days (until the end of trials) in RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs. Additionally, higher HuNoV titers were detected in intestinal tissues and contents and in blood, indicating increased and prolonged HuNoV infection in RAG2/IL2RG deficient pigs and the importance of lymphocytes in HuNoV clearance. These results suggest that GE immunodeficient gnotobiotic pigs serve as a novel model for biomedical research and will facilitate HuNoV studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Junghyun Ryu
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Helen Samuel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Kiho Lee
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Lei S, Samuel H, Twitchell E, Bui T, Ramesh A, Wen K, Weiss M, Li G, Yang X, Jiang X, Yuan L. Enterobacter cloacae inhibits human norovirus infectivity in gnotobiotic pigs. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25017. [PMID: 27113278 PMCID: PMC4845002 DOI: 10.1038/srep25017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are the leading cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. Study of HuNoV biology has been hampered by the lack of an efficient cell culture system. Recently, enteric commensal bacteria Enterobacter cloacae has been recognized as a helper in HuNoV infection of B cells in vitro. To test the influences of E. cloacae on HuNoV infectivity and to determine whether HuNoV infects B cells in vivo, we colonized gnotobiotic pigs with E. cloacae and inoculated pigs with 2.74 × 10(4) genome copies of HuNoV. Compared to control pigs, reduced HuNoV shedding was observed in E. cloacae colonized pigs, characterized by significantly shorter duration of shedding in post-inoculation day 10 subgroup and lower cumulative shedding and peak shedding in individual pigs. Colonization of E. cloacae also reduced HuNoV titers in intestinal tissues and in blood. In both control and E. cloacae colonized pigs, HuNoV infection of enterocytes was confirmed, however infection of B cells was not observed in ileum, and the entire lamina propria in sections of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were HuNoV-negative. In summary, E. cloacae inhibited HuNoV infectivity, and B cells were not a target cell type for HuNoV in gnotobiotic pigs, with or without E. cloacae colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Helen Samuel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Wen K, Bui T, Weiss M, Li G, Kocher J, Yang X, Jobst PM, Vaught T, Ramsoondar J, Ball S, Clark-Deener S, Ayares D, Yuan L. B-Cell-Deficient and CD8 T-Cell-Depleted Gnotobiotic Pigs for the Study of Human Rotavirus Vaccine-Induced Protective Immune Responses. Viral Immunol 2016; 29:112-27. [PMID: 26824402 PMCID: PMC4782039 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2015.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically modified pigs have become available recently. In this study, we established the gnotobiotic pig model of human rotavirus (HRV) infection using cloned pigs with homozygous disruption in the gene encoding immunoglobulin heavy chain (HCKO), which totally impairs B-cell development. To clarify importance of B cells and cytotoxic T cells in rotavirus immunity, CD8 cells in a subset of the pigs were depleted by injecting antipig CD8 antibodies and the immune phenotypes of all pigs were examined. HCKO pigs, CD8 cell-depleted HCKO pigs, and wild-type (WT) pigs were vaccinated with an attenuated HRV vaccine and challenged with virulent HRV. Protection against HRV infection and diarrhea was assessed postchallenge and detailed T-cell subset responses were determined pre- and postchallenge. Significantly longer duration of virus shedding was seen in vaccinated HCKO pigs than in WT pigs, indicating the importance of B cells in vaccine-induced protective immunity. Vaccinated HCKO/CD8(-) pigs shed significantly higher number of infectious virus than WT pigs and non-CD8-depleted HCKO pigs, indicating the importance of CD8 T cells in controlling virus replication. Therefore, both B cells and CD8 T cells play an important role in the protection against rotavirus infection. HCKO and HCKO/CD8(-) pigs did not differ significantly in diarrhea and virus shedding postchallenge; increased CD4 and CD8(-) γδ T-cell responses probably compensated partially for the lack of CD8 T cells. This study demonstrated that HCKO pigs can serve as a valuable model for dissection of protective immune responses against viral infections and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Tammy Bui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Peter M. Jobst
- Teaching & Research Animal Care Support Service, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | | | | | - Sherrie Clark-Deener
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
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Kandasamy S, Vlasova AN, Fischer D, Kumar A, Chattha KS, Rauf A, Shao L, Langel SN, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Differential Effects of Escherichia coli Nissle and Lactobacillus rhamnosus Strain GG on Human Rotavirus Binding, Infection, and B Cell Immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:1780-9. [PMID: 26800875 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus (RV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in children worldwide. The intestinal microbiota plays an important role in modulating host-pathogen interactions, but little is known about the impact of commonly used probiotics on human RV (HRV) infection. In this study, we compared the immunomodulatory effects of Gram-positive (Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG [LGG]) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli Nissle [EcN]) probiotic bacteria on virulent human rotavirus (VirHRV) infection and immunity using neonatal gnotobiotic piglets. Gnotobiotic piglets were colonized with EcN, LGG, or EcN+LGG or uncolonized and challenged with VirHRV. Mean peak virus shedding titers and mean cumulative fecal scores were significantly lower in EcN-colonized compared with LGG-colonized or uncolonized piglets. Reduced viral shedding titers were correlated with significantly reduced small intestinal HRV IgA Ab responses in EcN-colonized compared with uncolonized piglets post-VirHRV challenge. However the total IgA levels post-VirHRV challenge in the intestine and pre-VirHRV challenge in serum were significantly higher in EcN-colonized than in LGG-colonized piglets. In vitro treatment of mononuclear cells with these probiotics demonstrated that EcN, but not LGG, induced IL-6, IL-10, and IgA, with the latter partially dependent on IL-10. However, addition of exogenous recombinant porcine IL-10 + IL-6 to mononuclear cells cocultured with LGG significantly enhanced IgA responses. The greater effectiveness of EcN in moderating HRV infection may also be explained by the binding of EcN but not LGG to Wa HRV particles or HRV 2/4/6 virus-like particles but not 2/6 virus-like particles. Results suggest that EcN and LGG differentially modulate RV infection and B cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - David Fischer
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Anand Kumar
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Abdul Rauf
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Lulu Shao
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Stephanie N Langel
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691
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Mechanism of Cell Culture Adaptation of an Enteric Calicivirus, the Porcine Sapovirus Cowden Strain. J Virol 2015; 90:1345-58. [PMID: 26581980 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02197-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The porcine sapovirus (SaV) (PoSaV) Cowden strain is one of only a few culturable enteric caliciviruses. Compared to the wild-type (WT) PoSaV Cowden strain, tissue culture-adapted (TC) PoSaV has two conserved amino acid substitutions in the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and six in the capsid protein (VP1). By using the reverse-genetics system, we identified that 4 amino acid substitutions in VP1 (residues 178, 289, 324, and 328), but not the substitutions in the RdRp region, were critical for the cell culture adaptation of the PoSaV Cowden strain. The other two substitutions in VP1 (residues 291 and 295) reduced virus replication in vitro. Three-dimensional (3D) structural analysis of VP1 showed that residue 178 was located near the dimer-dimer interface, which may affect VP1 assembly and oligomerization; residues 289, 291, 324, and 328 were located at protruding subdomain 2 (P2) of VP1, which may influence virus binding to cellular receptors; and residue 295 was located at the interface of two monomeric VP1 proteins, which may influence VP1 dimerization. Although reversion of the mutation at residue 291 or 295 from that of the TC strain to that of the WT reduced virus replication in vitro, it enhanced virus replication in vivo, and the revertants induced higher-level serum and mucosal antibody responses than those induced by the TC PoSaV Cowden strain. Our findings reveal the molecular basis for PoSaV adaptation to cell culture. These findings may provide new, critical information for the cell culture adaptation of other PoSaV strains and human SaVs or noroviruses. IMPORTANCE The tissue culture-adapted porcine sapovirus Cowden strain is one of only a few culturable enteric caliciviruses. We discovered that 4 amino acid substitutions in VP1 (residues 178, 289, 324, and 328) were critical for its adaptation to LLC-PK cells. Two substitutions in VP1 (residues 291 and 295) reduced virus replication in vitro but enhanced virus replication and induced higher-level serum and mucosal antibody responses in gnotobiotic pigs than those induced by the tissue culture-adapted strain. Structural modeling analysis of VP1 suggested that residue 178 may affect VP1 assembly and oligomerization; residues 289, 291, 324, and 328 may influence virus binding to cellular receptors; and residue 295 may influence VP1 dimerization. Our findings will provide new information for the cell culture adaptation of other sapoviruses and possibly noroviruses.
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Yang X, Twitchell E, Li G, Wen K, Weiss M, Kocher J, Lei S, Ramesh A, Ryan EP, Yuan L. High protective efficacy of rice bran against human rotavirus diarrhea via enhancing probiotic growth, gut barrier function, and innate immunity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15004. [PMID: 26459937 PMCID: PMC4602212 DOI: 10.1038/srep15004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we showed that rice bran (RB) was able to reduce human rotavirus (HRV) diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs. Here, we investigated its effect on the growth of diarrhea-reducing probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Escherichia coli Nissle (EcN), and the resulting effects on HRV diarrhea, gut epithelial health, permeability and innate immune responses during virulent HRV challenge. On 3, 5, and 7 days of age pigs were inoculated with 2 × 104 colony-forming-units LGG+EcN to initiate colonization. Daily RB supplementation (replacing 10% calorie intake) was started at 5 days of age and continued until euthanasia. A subset of pigs in each group was challenged orally with 105 focus-forming-units of virulent HRV at 33 days of age. RB completely prevented HRV diarrhea in LGG+EcN colonized pigs. RB significantly promoted the growth of both probiotic strains in the gut (~5 logs) and increased the body-weight-gain at 4–5 weeks of age compared to non-RB group. After HRV challenge, RB-fed pigs had significantly lower ileal mitotic index and villus width, and significantly increased intestinal IFN-γ and total IgA levels compared to non-RB group. Therefore, RB plus LGG+EcN colonization may represent a highly effective therapeutic approach against HRV and potentially a variety of other diarrhea-inducing enteric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Erica Twitchell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Mariah Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Shaohua Lei
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Ashwin Ramesh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Ryan
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Dosage Affects the Adjuvanticity and Protection Against Rotavirus Diarrhea in Gnotobiotic Pigs. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2015; 60:834-43. [PMID: 25564808 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000000694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The use of immunostimulatory strains of probiotics as adjuvants has been increasingly recognized as a promising approach in enhancing vaccine immunogenicity; however, dose effects of probiotic adjuvants are not well defined. In the present study, we examined dose effects of a commonly used probiotic strain, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG), on immunomodulation with 2 different dosages. METHODS Neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated with 2 oral doses of attenuated human rotavirus (AttHRV) vaccines and fed with 5 doses (LGG5X; total 2.1 × 10(6) colony-forming units) or 9 doses (LGG9X; total 3.2 × 10(6) colony-forming units) of LGG, starting at 3 days of age. RESULTS Both LGG feeding regimens enhanced the protection rate of AttHRV vaccine against diarrhea on virulent human rotavirus challenge. LGG5X, but not LGG9X, significantly enhanced rotavirus-specific intestinal memory B-cell responses to AttHRV; LGG5X also significantly enhanced virus-specific intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibody-secreting cell responses. Both regimens significantly enhanced rotavirus-specific serum IgA antibody responses to AttHRV. They also enhanced rotavirus-specific interferon-γ-producing effector/memory T-cell responses to AttHRV vaccine, with LGG9X being more effective than LGG5X, and both regimens downregulated CD4+CD25-FoxP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cell responses in most lymphoid tissues examined prechallenge and postchallenge and maintained the CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Treg population in the ileum and intraepithelial lymphocyte postchallenge. LGG9X, however, did not significantly reduce total CD4+CD25-FoxP3+ Treg frequencies in the intestine and transforming growth factor-β-producing and interleukin (IL)-10-producing Treg frequencies in the blood. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that LGG at both dosages functioned as effective probiotic adjuvant for AttHRV vaccine, but different dosages differentially modulated immune responses to favor either the mucosal IgA response (LGG5X) or the T-cell response (LGG9X).
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Kandasamy S, Chattha KS, Vlasova AN, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria enhance mucosal B cell responses and differentially modulate systemic antibody responses to an oral human rotavirus vaccine in a neonatal gnotobiotic pig disease model. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:639-51. [PMID: 25483333 PMCID: PMC4615723 DOI: 10.4161/19490976.2014.969972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells play a key role in generation of protective immunity against rotavirus infection, a major cause of gastroenteritis in children. Current RV vaccines are less effective in developing countries compared to developed countries. Commensals/probiotics influence mucosal immunity, but the role of early gut colonizing bacteria in modulating intestinal B cell responses to RV vaccines is largely unknown. We co-colonized neonatal gnotobiotic pigs, the only animal model susceptible to HRV diarrhea, with 2 dominant bacterial species present in the gut of breastfed infants, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG and Bifidobacterium animalis lactis Bb12 to evaluate their impact on B cell responses to an attenuated (Att) human rotavirus (HRV) Wa strain vaccine. Following HRV challenge, probiotic-colonized, AttHRV vaccinated piglets had significantly lower fecal scores and reduced HRV shedding titers compared to uncolonized, AttHRV vaccinated pigs. The reduction in HRV diarrhea was significantly correlated with higher intestinal IgA HRV antibody titers and intestinal HRV-specific IgA antibody secreting cell (ASC) numbers in probiotic-colonized, AttHRV vaccinated pigs compared to uncolonized, vaccinated pigs. The significantly higher small intestinal HRV IgA antibody responses coincided with higher IL-6, IL-10 and APRIL responses of ileal mononuclear cells (MNCs) and the immunomodulatory effects of probiotics genomic DNA on TGF-β and IL-10 responses. However, serum RV IgG antibody titers and total IgG titers were significantly lower in probiotic-colonized, AttHRV vaccinated pigs compared to uncolonized, vaccinated pigs, both pre- and post-challenge. In summary, LGG and Bb12 beneficially modulated intestinal B cell responses to HRV vaccine.
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Key Words
- APRIL, a proliferation-inducing ligand
- ASC, antibody secreting cell
- AUC, area under the curve
- AttHRV, attenuated human rotavirus
- B cell responses
- Bb12, Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12
- FFU, fluorescent foci forming unit
- Gn, gnotobiotic
- HRV, human rotavirus
- LGG, Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG
- MNCs, mononuclear cells
- PBCD, post bacterial colonization day.
- PCD, postchallenge day
- PID, postinoculation day
- RAM, rat anti-mouse
- RV, rotavirus
- Vac+Pro, vaccinated probiotic colonized group
- Vac, 3XAttHRV Wa vaccinated only group
- VirHRV, virulent human rotavirus
- human rotavirus
- neonatal diarrhea
- probiotics
- vaccine
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA,Correspondence to: Linda J Saif;
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Zhang H, Wang H, Shepherd M, Wen K, Li G, Yang X, Kocher J, Giri-Rachman E, Dickerman A, Settlage R, Yuan L. Probiotics and virulent human rotavirus modulate the transplanted human gut microbiota in gnotobiotic pigs. Gut Pathog 2014; 6:39. [PMID: 25349634 PMCID: PMC4209515 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-014-0039-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We generated a neonatal pig model with human infant gut microbiota (HGM) to study the effect of a probiotic on the composition of the transplanted microbiota following rotavirus vaccination and challenge. All the HGM-transplanted pigs received two doses of an oral attenuated rotavirus vaccine. The gut microbiota of vaccinated pigs were investigated for effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) supplement and homotypic virulent human rotavirus (HRV) challenge. High-throughput sequencing of V4 region of 16S rRNA genes demonstrated that HGM-transplanted pigs carried microbiota similar to that of the C-section delivered baby. Firmicutes and Proteobacteria represented over 98% of total bacteria in the human donor and the recipient pigs. HRV challenge caused a phylum-level shift from Firmicutes to Proteobacteria. LGG supplement prevented the changes in microbial communities caused by HRV challenge. In particular, members of Enterococcus in LGG-supplemented pigs were kept at the baseline level, while they were enriched in HRV challenged pigs. Taken together, our results suggested that HGM pigs are valuable for testing the microbiota’s response to probiotic interventions for treating infantile HRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husen Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA ; College of Animal Science & Technology, Zhejiang A & F University, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Megan Shepherd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA
| | - Xingdong Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA
| | - Jacob Kocher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA
| | - Ernawati Giri-Rachman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA
| | - Allan Dickerman
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA
| | - Robert Settlage
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061, VA, USA
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Dietary rice bran protects against rotavirus diarrhea and promotes Th1-type immune responses to human rotavirus vaccine in gnotobiotic pigs. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 21:1396-403. [PMID: 25080551 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00210-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rice bran (RB) contains a distinct stoichiometry of phytochemicals that can promote gut mucosal immune responses against enteric pathogens. The effects of RB on rotavirus diarrhea and immunogenicity of an attenuated human rotavirus (HRV) vaccine were evaluated in gnotobiotic pigs. The four treatment groups studied were RB plus vaccine, vaccine only, RB only, and mock control. Pigs in the RB groups were fed the amount of RB that replaced 10% of the pigs' total daily calorie intake from milk starting from 5 days of age until they were euthanized. Pigs in the vaccine groups were orally inoculated with two doses of the attenuated HRV vaccine. A subset of pigs from each group was orally challenged with the homologous virulent HRV on postinoculation day 28. Diarrhea and virus shedding were monitored daily from postchallenge day 0 to day 7. RB feeding significantly protected against diarrhea upon virulent HRV challenge and enhanced the protective rate of the vaccine against rotavirus diarrhea. Consistent with protection, RB significantly increased gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses in intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues. Furthermore, RB also increased the number of total IgM- and IgA-secreting cells, total serum IgM, IgG, and IgA titers, and HRV-specific IgA titers in intestinal contents. RB reduced the numbers of intestinal and systemic HRV-specific IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells and reduced serum HRV-specific IgA and IgG antibody titers before the challenge. These results demonstrate clear beneficial effects of RB in protection against rotavirus diarrhea and stimulation of nonspecific and HRV-specific immune responses, as well as its biased Th1-type adjuvant effect for the vaccine.
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Wen X, Wen K, Cao D, Li G, Jones RW, Li J, Szu S, Hoshino Y, Yuan L. Inclusion of a universal tetanus toxoid CD4(+) T cell epitope P2 significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of recombinant rotavirus ΔVP8* subunit parenteral vaccines. Vaccine 2014; 32:4420-4427. [PMID: 24962749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Currently available live oral rotavirus vaccines, Rotarix(®) and RotaTeq(®), are highly efficacious in developed countries. However, the immunogenicity and efficacy of such vaccines in some developing countries are low. We reported previously that bacterially-expressed rotavirus ΔVP8* subunit vaccine candidates with P[8], P[4] or P[6] specificity elicited high-titer virus neutralizing antibodies in animals immunized intramuscularly. Of note was the finding that antibodies induced with the P[8]ΔVP8* vaccine neutralized both homotypic P[8] and heterotypic P[4] rotavirus strains to high titer. To further improve its vaccine potential, a tetanus toxoid universal CD4(+) T cell epitope P2 was introduced into P[8] or P[6]ΔVP8* construct. The resulting recombinant fusion proteins expressed in Escherichia coli were of high solubility and were produced with high yield. Two doses (10 or 20 μg/dose) of the P2-P[8]ΔVP8* vaccine or P2-P[6]ΔVP8* vaccine with aluminum phosphate adjuvant elicited significantly higher geometric mean homologous neutralizing antibody titers than the vaccines without P2 in intramuscularly immunized guinea pigs. Interestingly, high levels of neutralizing antibody responses induced in guinea pigs with 3 doses of the P2-P[8]ΔVP8* vaccine persisted for at least 6 months. Furthermore, in the gnotobiotic piglet challenge study, three intramuscular doses (50 μg/dose) of the P2-P[8]ΔVP8* vaccine with aluminum phosphate adjuvant significantly delayed the onset of diarrhea and significantly reduced the duration of diarrhea and the cumulative diarrhea score after oral challenge with virulent human rotavirus Wa (G1P[8]) strain. The P2-P[8]ΔVP8* vaccine induced serum virus neutralizing antibody and VP4-specific IgG antibody production prechallenge, and primed the pigs for higher antibody and intestinal and systemic virus-specific IFN-γ producing CD4(+) T cell responses postchallenge. These two subunit vaccines could be used at a minimum singly or preferably in bivalent formulation to provide antigenic coverage of most of the G types of global importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Wen
- Rotavirus Vaccine Development Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Dianjun Cao
- Rotavirus Vaccine Development Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Guohua Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States
| | - Ronald W Jones
- Rotavirus Vaccine Development Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jianping Li
- Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Shousun Szu
- Laboratory of Developmental and Molecular Immunity, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yasutaka Hoshino
- Rotavirus Vaccine Development Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
| | - Lijuan Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1981 Kraft Drive, Integrated Life Science Building, Blacksburg, VA 24061, United States.
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Intranasal P particle vaccine provided partial cross-variant protection against human GII.4 norovirus diarrhea in gnotobiotic pigs. J Virol 2014; 88:9728-43. [PMID: 24920797 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01249-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Noroviruses (NoVs) are the leading cause of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis worldwide in people of all ages. The P particle is a novel vaccine candidate derived from the protruding (P) domain of the NoV VP1 capsid protein. This study utilized the neonatal gnotobiotic pig model to evaluate the protective efficacies of primary infection, P particles, and virus-like particles (VLPs) against NoV infection and disease and the T cell responses to these treatments. Pigs either were vaccinated intranasally with GII.4/1997 NoV (VA387)-derived P particles or VLPs or were inoculated orally with a GII.4/2006b NoV variant. At postinoculation day (PID) 28, pigs either were euthanized or were challenged with the GII.4/2006b variant and monitored for diarrhea and virus shedding for 7 days. The T cell responses in intestinal and systemic lymphoid tissues were examined. Primary NoV infection provided 83% homologous protection against diarrhea and 49% homologous protection against virus shedding, while the P particle and VLP vaccines provided cross-variant protection (47% and 60%, respectively) against diarrhea. The protection rates against diarrhea are significantly inversely correlated with T cell expansion in the duodenum and are positively correlated with T cell expansion in the ileum and spleen. The P particle vaccine primed for stronger immune responses than VLPs, including significantly higher numbers of activated CD4+ T cells in all tissues, gamma interferon-producing (IFN-γ+) CD8+ T cells in the duodenum, regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the blood, and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-producing CD4+ CD25- FoxP3+ Tregs in the spleen postchallenge, indicating that P particles are more immunogenic than VLPs at the same dose. In conclusion, the P particle vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate worthy of further development. IMPORTANCE The norovirus (NoV) P particle is a vaccine candidate derived from the protruding (P) domain of the NoV VP1 capsid protein. P particles can be easily produced in Escherichia coli at high yields and thus may be more economically viable than the virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine. This study demonstrated, for the first time, the cross-variant protection (46.7%) of the intranasal P particle vaccine against human NoV diarrhea and revealed in detail the intestinal and systemic T cell responses by using the gnotobiotic pig model. The cross-variant protective efficacy of the P particle vaccine was comparable to that of the VLP vaccine in pigs (60%) and to the homologous protective efficacy of the VLP vaccine in humans (47%). NoV is now the leading cause of pediatric dehydrating diarrhea, responsible for approximately 1 million hospital visits for U.S. children and 218,000 deaths in developing countries. The P particle vaccine holds promise for reducing the disease burden and mortality.
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A neonatal gnotobiotic pig model of human enterovirus 71 infection and associated immune responses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e35. [PMID: 26038741 PMCID: PMC4051366 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vaccine development and pathogenesis studies for human enterovirus 71 are limited by a
lack of suitable animal models. Here, we report the development of a novel neonatal
gnotobiotic pig model using the non-pig-adapted neurovirulent human enterovirus 71 strain
BJ110, which has a C4 genotype. Porcine small intestinal epithelial cells, peripheral
blood mononuclear cells and neural cells were infected in vitro. Oral and
combined oral–nasal infection of 5-day-old neonatal gnotobiotic pigs with
5×108 fluorescence forming units (FFU) resulted in shedding up to 18
days post-infection, with viral titers in rectal swab samples peaking at
2.22×108 viral RNA copies/mL. Viral capsid proteins were detected in
enterocytes within the small intestines on post-infection days (PIDs) 7 and 14.
Additionally, viral RNA was detected in intestinal and extra-intestinal tissues, including
the central nervous system, the lung and cardiac muscle. The infected neonatal gnotobiotic
pigs developed fever, forelimb weakness, rapid breathing and some hand, foot and mouth
disease symptoms. Flow cytometry analysis revealed increased frequencies of both
CD4+ and CD8+ IFN-γ-producing T cells in the brain
and the blood on PID 14, but reduced frequencies were observed in the lung. Furthermore,
high titers of serum virus-neutralizing antibodies were generated in both orally and
combined oral–nasally infected pigs on PIDs 7, 14, 21 and 28. Together, these
results demonstrate that neonatal gnotobiotic pigs represent a novel animal model for
evaluating vaccines for human enterovirus 71 and for understanding the pathogenesis of
this virus and the associated immune responses.
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Kumar A, Vlasova AN, Liu Z, Chattha KS, Kandasamy S, Esseili M, Zhang X, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. In vivo gut transcriptome responses to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Lactobacillus acidophilus in neonatal gnotobiotic piglets. Gut Microbes 2014; 5:152-64. [PMID: 24637605 PMCID: PMC4063840 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.27877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics facilitate mucosal repair and maintain gut homeostasis. They are often used in adjunct with rehydration or antibiotic therapy in enteric infections. Lactobacillus spp have been tested in infants for the prevention or treatment of various enteric conditions. However, to aid in rational strain selection for specific treatments, comprehensive studies are required to delineate and compare the specific molecules and pathways involved in a less complex but biologically relevant model (gnotobiotic pigs). Here we elucidated Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LGG) and L. acidophilus (LA) specific effects on gut transcriptome responses in a neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model to simulate responses in newly colonized infants. Whole genome microarray, followed by biological pathway reconstruction, was used to investigate the host-microbe interactions in duodenum and ileum at early (day 1) and later stages (day 7) of colonization. Both LA and LGG modulated common responses related to host metabolism, gut integrity, and immunity, as well as responses unique to each strain in Gn pigs. Our data indicated that probiotic establishment and beneficial effects in the host are guided by: (1) down-regulation or upregulation of immune function-related genes in the early and later stages of colonization, respectively, and (2) alternations in metabolism of small molecules (vitamins and/or minerals) and macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids). Pathways related to immune modulation and carbohydrate metabolism were more affected by LGG, whereas energy and lipid metabolism-related transcriptome responses were prominently modulated by LA. These findings imply that identification of probiotic strain-specific gut responses could facilitate the rational design of probiotic-based interventions to moderate specific enteric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Anastasia N Vlasova
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Zhe Liu
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Malak Esseili
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Center for Biostatistics; The Ohio State University; Columbus, OH USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA,Correspondence to: Gireesh Rajashekara, and Linda J Saif,
| | - Linda J Saif
- Food Animal Health Research Program; Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine; Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center; The Ohio State University; Wooster, OH USA,Correspondence to: Gireesh Rajashekara, and Linda J Saif,
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to examine the dose effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) NCFM strain on rotavirus-specific antibody and B-cell responses in gnotobiotic pigs vaccinated with an oral attenuated human rotavirus (AttHRV). METHODS Pigs were inoculated with AttHRV vaccine in conjunction with high-dose LA (14 doses, total 2.2 × 10(6) colony-forming units [CFU]), intermediate-dose LA (MidLA) (9 doses, total 3.2 × 10(9) CFU), low-dose LA (LoLA) (5 doses, total 2.1 × 10(6) CFU), or without LA feeding. Protection against rotavirus shedding and diarrhea was assessed upon challenge with a virulent HRV. Rotavirus-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG antibodies in serum and rotavirus-specific IgA and IgG antibody-secreting cells (ASCs) and memory B cells in ileum, spleen, and blood of the pigs were measured and compared among treatment groups. RESULTS The MidLA, but not high-dose LA or LoLA, significantly reduced rotavirus diarrhea (MidLA-only group) and significantly improved the protection conferred by AttHRV vaccine (MidLA + AttHRV group). Associated with the increased protection, MidLA significantly enhanced rotavirus-specific antibody, ASCs, and memory B-cell responses to AttHRV vaccine. High-dose LA or LoLA did not enhance virus-specific antibody and ASC responses, and hence did not improve the vaccine efficacy. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of dose selection and indicate that certain specific lactobacilli strains at the appropriate dose have the dual function of reducing rotavirus diarrhea and enhancing the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of rotavirus vaccines.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to study the effect of continued Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG strain (LGG) feeding on rotavirus gastroenteritis in the gnotobiotic (Gn) pig model of virulent human rotavirus (HRV) infection. METHODS Gn pigs were assigned to treatment groups: mock control, LGG only, HRV only, or LGG plus HRV. Nine days before HRV inoculation (3 days of age), pigs were fed LGG with a daily dose increase of 10-fold from 10³ to 10¹² colony-forming units (CFU). The 10¹² CFU/dose of LGG feeding continued until post-HRV inoculation day (PID) 6. Clinical sign (diarrhea), rotavirus fecal shedding, histopathology of the ileum, adherent junction and tight junction protein expression in the ileal epithelial cells, mucin production in the large and small intestinal contents, and serum cytokine responses from PID 2 to 6 were examined and compared among the treatment groups. RESULTS Clinically, the percentage of pigs developing diarrhea, the mean duration of diarrhea, and the mean cumulative fecal scores were lower in the LGG fed pigs compared to the nonfed pigs after HRV inoculation. LGG partially protected ileal epithelium against HRV-induced compensatory increases of the adherent junction protein α-catenin and β-catenin, tight junction protein occludin, claudin-3 and claudin-4, and leak protein claudin-2. LGG promoted mucin production because the mucin levels in the large intestinal contents of the LGG+HRV pigs were significantly higher than the HRV-only pigs on PID 2. Additionally, LGG maintained the anti-inflammatory cytokine transforming growth factor-β level in serum after HRV infection. CONCLUSIONS LGG is moderately effective for ameliorating rotavirus diarrhea by partially preventing injuries to the epithelium.
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Vlasova AN, Chattha KS, Kandasamy S, Liu Z, Esseili M, Shao L, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria promote immune homeostasis by modulating innate immune responses to human rotavirus in neonatal gnotobiotic pigs. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76962. [PMID: 24098572 PMCID: PMC3788735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of co-colonization with Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 (Bb12) on 3-dose vaccination with attenuated HRV and challenge with virulent human rotavirus (VirHRV) were assessed in 4 groups of gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs: Pro+Vac (probiotic-colonized/vaccinated), Vac (vaccinated), Pro (probiotic-colonized, non-vaccinated) and Control (non-colonized, non-vaccinated). Subsets of pigs were euthanized pre- [post-challenge day (PCD) 0] and post (PCD7)-VirHRV challenge to assess diarrhea, fecal HRV shedding and dendritic cell/innate immune responses. Post-challenge, Pro+Vac and Vac groups were completely protected from diarrhea; protection rates against HRV shedding were 100% and 83%, respectively. Diarrhea and HRV shedding were reduced in Pro compared to Control pigs following VirHRV challenge. Diarrhea scores and virus shedding were significantly higher in Controls, compared to all other groups, coincident with significantly higher serum interferon-alpha levels post-challenge. LGG+Bb12 colonization ±vaccine promoted immunomaturation as reflected by increased frequencies of CD4, SWC3a, CD11R1, MHCII expressing mononuclear cells (MNCs) and conventional dendritic cells in intestinal tissues and blood post-challenge. Colonization decreased frequencies of toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and TLR4 expressing MNCs from vaccinated pigs (Pro+Vac) pre-challenge and increased frequencies of TLR3 expressing MNCs from Pro pigs post-challenge, suggesting that probiotics likely exert anti-inflammatory (TLR2 and 4 down-regulation) and antiviral (TLR3 up-regulation by HRV dsRNA) actions via TLR signaling. Probiotic colonization alone (Pro) increased frequencies of intestinal and systemic apoptotic MNCs pre-challenge, thereby regulating immune hyperreactivity and tolerance. However, these frequencies were decreased in intestinal and systemic tissues post-challenge, moderating HRV-induced apoptosis. Additionally, post-challenge, Pro+Vac and Pro groups had significantly decreased MNC proliferation, suggesting that probiotics control excessive lymphoproliferative reactions upon VirHRV challenge. We conclude that in the neonatal Gn pig disease model, selected probiotics contribute to immunomaturation, regulate immune homeostasis and modulate vaccine and virulent HRV effects, thereby moderating HRV diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N. Vlasova
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ANV); (LJS)
| | - Kuldeep S. Chattha
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Zhe Liu
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Malak Esseili
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lulu Shao
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Linda J. Saif
- The Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail: (ANV); (LJS)
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Chattha KS, Vlasova AN, Kandasamy S, Rajashekara G, Saif LJ. Divergent immunomodulating effects of probiotics on T cell responses to oral attenuated human rotavirus vaccine and virulent human rotavirus infection in a neonatal gnotobiotic piglet disease model. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:2446-56. [PMID: 23918983 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are a leading cause of childhood diarrhea. Current oral vaccines are not effective in impoverished countries where the vaccine is needed most. Therefore, alternative affordable strategies are urgently needed. Probiotics can alleviate diarrhea in children and enhance specific systemic and mucosal Ab responses, but the T cell responses are undefined. In this study, we elucidated the T cell and cytokine responses to attenuated human RV (AttHRV) and virulent human RV (HRV) in gnotobiotic pigs colonized with probiotics (Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG [LGG] and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 [Bb12]), mimicking gut commensals in breastfed infants. Neonatal gnotobiotic pigs are the only animal model susceptible to HRV diarrhea. Probiotic colonized and nonvaccinated (Probiotic) pigs had lower diarrhea and reduced virus shedding postchallenge compared with noncolonized and nonvaccinated pigs (Control). Higher protection in the Probiotic group coincided with higher ileal T regulatory cells (Tregs) before and after challenge, and higher serum TGF-β and lower serum and biliary proinflammatory cytokines postchallenge. Probiotic colonization in vaccinated pigs enhanced innate serum IFN-α, splenic and circulatory IFN-γ-producing T cells, and serum Th1 cytokines, but reduced serum Th2 cytokines compared with noncolonized vaccinated pigs (Vac). Thus, LGG+Bb12 induced systemic Th1 immunostimulatory effects on oral AttHRV vaccine that coincided with lower diarrhea severity and reduced virus shedding postchallenge in Vac+Pro compared with Vac pigs. Previously unreported intestinal CD8 Tregs were induced in vaccinated groups postchallenge. Thus, probiotics LGG+Bb12 exert divergent immunomodulating effects, with enhanced Th1 responses to oral AttHRV vaccine, whereas inducing Treg responses to virulent HRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuldeep S Chattha
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA
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