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Martinković F, Popović M, Smolec O, Mrljak V, Eckersall PD, Horvatić A. Data Independent Acquisition Reveals In-Depth Serum Proteome Changes in Canine Leishmaniosis. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13030365. [PMID: 36984805 PMCID: PMC10059658 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13030365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Comprehensive profiling of serum proteome provides valuable clues of health status and pathophysiological processes, making it the main strategy in biomarker discovery. However, the high dynamic range significantly decreases the number of detectable proteins, obstructing the insights into the underlying biological processes. To circumvent various serum enrichment methods, obtain high-quality proteome wide information using the next-generation proteomic, and study host response in canine leishmaniosis, we applied data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) for deep proteomic profiling of clinical samples. The non-depleted serum samples of healthy and naturally Leishmania-infected dogs were analyzed using the label-free 60-min gradient sequential window acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH-MS) method. As a result, we identified 554 proteins, 140 of which differed significantly in abundance. Those were included in lipid metabolism, hematological abnormalities, immune response, and oxidative stress, providing valuable information about the complex molecular basis of the clinical and pathological landscape in canine leishmaniosis. Our results show that DIA-MS is a method of choice for understanding complex pathophysiological processes in serum and serum biomarker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franjo Martinković
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marin Popović
- Department of Safety and Protection, Karlovac University of Applied Sciences, Trg Josipa Juraja Strossmayera 9, HR-47000 Karlovac, Croatia
| | - Ozren Smolec
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova 55, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Peter David Eckersall
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Bearsden Rd, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Analysis of the University of Murcia (Interlab-UMU), Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Veterinary School, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Anita Horvatić
- Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Pierottijeva 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
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Concentrations of PGE2 and TXB2 in the Eyes of Mice with Disseminated Acanthamoebiasis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11040438. [PMID: 35456113 PMCID: PMC9025194 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11040438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Acanthamoeba spp. may invade the eyes by migrating along the optic nerve to the eyes from the brain. This study aimed to confirm the presence of inflammation in the eyes of mice with disseminated acanthamoebiasis by examining prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentrations in the eyes of immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice intranasally inoculated with Acanthamoeba spp. The PGE2 concentration was statistically significantly lower in the immunocompromised amoebae-infected mice on 8 dpi compared with the noninfected group of animals, and it was higher in the eyes of immunosuppressed amoebae-infected mice on 16 dpi than in the control group of animals. There was a statistically significant lower TXB2 concentration in the eyes of immunocompetent infected mice compared with the noninfected group on 8 dpi. However, on 24 dpi, we noted statistically significant higher TXB2 levels in the immunocompetent infected mice than in the control group. In immunocompromised mice, there was a lower TXB2 level on 8 dpi than in control mice. This study confirmed the existence of an inflammatory process in the eyes of immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. without damaged corneas.
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Riaz MS, Kaur A, Shwayat SN, Behboudi S, Kishore U, Pathan AA. Dissecting the Mechanism of Intracellular Mycobacterium smegmatis Growth Inhibition by Platelet Activating Factor C-16. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1046. [PMID: 32587578 PMCID: PMC7297918 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection results in approximately 1.3 million human deaths each year. M.tb resides primarily inside macrophages, and maintains persistent infection. In response to infection and inflammation, platelet activating factor C-16 (PAF C-16), a phospholipid compound, is released by various cells including neutophils and monocytes. We have recently shown that PAF C-16 can directly inhibit the growth of two representative non-pathogenic mycobacteria, Mycobacterium bovis BCG and Mycobacterium smegmatis (M. smegmatis), by damaging the bacterial cell membrane. Here, we have examined the effect of PAF C-16 on M. smegmatis residing within macrophages, and identified mechanisms involved in their growth inhibitory function. Our results demonstrated that exogenous PAF C-16 inhibited the growth of M. smegmatis inside phagocytic cells of monocytic cell line, THP-1; this effect was partially blocked by PAF receptor antagonists, suggesting the involvement of PAF receptor-mediated signaling pathways. Arachidonic acid, a downstream metabolite of PAF C-16 signaling pathway, directly inhibited the growth of M. smegmatis in vitro. Moreover, the inhibition of phospholipase C and phospholipase A2 activities, involved in PAF C-16 signaling pathway, increased survival of intracellular M. smegmatis. Interestingly, we also observed that inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme and antibody-mediated neutralization of TNF-α partially mitigated the intracellular growth inhibitory effect of PAF C-16. Use of a number of PAF C-16 structural analogs, including Lyso-PAF, 2-O-methyl PAF, PAF C-18 and Hexanolamino PAF, revealed that the presence of acetyl group (CH3CO) at sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone of PAF is important for the intracellular growth inhibition activity against M. smegmatis. Taken together, these results suggest that exogenous PAF C-16 treatment inhibits intracellular M. smegmatis growth, at least partially, in a nitric oxide and TNF-α dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Suleman Riaz
- Division of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom.,Department of Biotechnology, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Anuvinder Kaur
- Division of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Suha Nadim Shwayat
- Division of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Shahriar Behboudi
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Uday Kishore
- Division of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ansar Ahmed Pathan
- Division of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Environmental stressors exert a profound effect on humans. Many environmental stressors have in common the ability to induce reactive oxygen species. The goal of this chapter is to present evidence that the potent lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) is involved in the effects of many stressors ranging from cigarette smoke to ultraviolet B radiation. These environmental stressors can generate PAF enzymatically as well as PAF-like lipids produced by free radical-mediated attack of glycerophosphocholines. Inasmuch as PAF exerts both acute inflammation and delayed immunosuppressive effects, involvement of the PAF system can provide an explanation for many consequences of environmental stressor exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
- Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, USA.
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5
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Chaves MM, Sinflorio DA, Thorstenberg ML, Martins MDA, Moreira-Souza ACA, Rangel TP, Silva CLM, Bellio M, Canetti C, Coutinho-Silva R. Non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β signaling are necessary to L. amazonensis control mediated by P2X7 receptor and leukotriene B4. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007887. [PMID: 31233552 PMCID: PMC6622556 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of individuals worldwide. P2X7 receptor has been linked to the elimination of Leishmania amazonensis. Biological responses evoked by P2X7 receptor activation have been well-documented, including apoptosis, phagocytosis, cytokine release, such as IL-1β. It was demonstrated that NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β signaling participated in resistance against L. amazonensis. Furthermore, our group has shown that L. amazonensis elimination through P2X7 receptor activation depended on leukotriene B4 (LTB4) production and release. Therefore, we investigated whether L. amazonensis elimination by P2X7 receptor and LTB4 involved NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β signaling. We showed that macrophages from NLRP3-/-, ASC-/-, Casp-1/11-/-, gp91phox-/- , and IL-1R-/- mice treated with ATP or LTB4 did not decrease parasitic load as was observed in WT mice. When ASC-/- macrophages were treated with exogenous IL-1β, parasite killing was noted, however, we did not see parasitic load reduction in IL-1R-/- macrophages. Similarly, macrophages from P2X7 receptor-deficient mice treated with IL-1β also showed decreased parasitic load. In addition, when we infected Casp-11-/- macrophages, neither ATP nor LTB4 were able to reduce parasitic load, and Casp-11-/- mice were more susceptible to L. amazonensis infection than were WT mice. Furthermore, P2X7-/-L. amazonensis-infected mice locally treated with exogenous LTB4 showed resistance to infection, characterized by lower parasite load and smaller lesions compared to untreated P2X7-/- mice. A similar observation was noted when infected P2X7-/- mice were treated with IL-1β, i.e., lower parasite load and smaller lesions compared to P2X7-/- mice. These data suggested that L. amazonensis elimination mediated by P2X7 receptor and LTB4 was dependent on non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation, ROS production, and IL-1β signaling. Leishmania spp. is a protozoan parasite that infects human and causes several diseases. Leishmania amazonensis causes cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). Leishmania parasites preferentially infect macrophages. In macrophages, several mechanisms have been described as controlling L. amazonensis infection. Here, we showed that P2X7 receptor and LTB4 eliminated L. amazonensis in macrophages by a pathway dependent on non-canonical NLRP3 inflammasome activation and IL-1β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. Chaves
- Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Debora A. Sinflorio
- Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Thorstenberg
- Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thuany Prado Rangel
- Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudia L. M. Silva
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria Bellio
- Microbiology Institute Paulo de Goés, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudio Canetti
- Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (CC); (RCS)
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Biophysics Institute Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail: (CC); (RCS)
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Terron-Monich MDS, Demarchi IG, da Silva PRF, Ramos-Milaré ÁCFH, Gazim ZC, Silveira TGV, Lonardoni MVC. 6,7-Dehydroroyleanone diterpene derived from Tetradenia riparia essential oil modulates IL-4/IL-12 release by macrophages that are infected with Leishmania amazonensis. Parasitol Res 2018; 118:369-376. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6166-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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do Nascimento Volpe RAF, Navasconi TR, Dos Reis VN, Hioka N, Becker TCA, Lonardoni MVC, Aristides SMA, Silveira TGV. Photodynamic Therapy for the Treatment of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis: Evaluation of Therapies Association in Experimentally Infected Mice With Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. J Lasers Med Sci 2018; 9:274-282. [PMID: 31119023 DOI: 10.15171/jlms.2018.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is a zoonotic disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania that affects the skin and mucous membrane. Currently, the available drugs for the treatment are injectable, with side effects, long-term treatment regimen and there is the possibility of drug resistance. Thus, alternative therapies have been tested, including photodynamic therapy (PDT). We evaluated the efficacy of PDT on its own and associated with the prescribed ATL treatment. Methods: BALB/c mice were infected with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and divided into 6 groups: Gluc+PDT, treated with Glucantime® and photodynamic therapy (PDT) with methylene blue (MB)/red LED (light-emitting diode); Gluc, treated with Glucantime®; PDT, treated with PDT with MB/red LED; Ampho+PDT, treated with amphotericin and PDT with MB/red LED; Ampho, treated with amphotericin; and control, which were infected but not treated. Two treatment cycles were performed. After 165 days of infection, the parasite load was determined. Results: Statistical differences were not found (P>0.05) between measures of volume and thickness of the infected footpads in the treated groups when compared with the control group. However, there was a significant reduction (P<0.05) in the parasitic load of the popliteal lymph nodes of the Gluc+PDT, Gluc, PDT and Ampho groups when compared to the control group. In the histological analysis of the infected footpads, the Gluc+PDT group presented a smaller amount of amastigote nests and lower intensity of the mononuclear infiltrate when compared to the Gluc and PDT groups. Conclusion: The results showed that although there is no significant difference in the evaluations of footpad size (thickness and volume), there is a downward measurement tendency in the Gluc+PDT group, as it can be observed by volume data and corroborated by parasite negative load.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taisa Rocha Navasconi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Nesi Dos Reis
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Noboru Hioka
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
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Łanocha-Arendarczyk N, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Kot K, Gutowska I, Kolasa-Wołosiuk A, Chlubek D, Kosik-Bogacka D. Expression and Activity of COX-1 and COX-2 in Acanthamoeba sp.-Infected Lungs According to the Host Immunological Status. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19010121. [PMID: 29301283 PMCID: PMC5796070 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the pathomechanism of pulmonary infections caused by Acanthamoeba sp. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether Acanthamoeba sp. may affect the expression and activity of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), resulting in the altered levels of their main products, prostaglandins (PGE₂) and thromboxane B₂ (TXB₂), in lungs of immunocompetent or immunosuppressed hosts. Acanthamoeba sp. induced a strong expression of COX-1 and COX-2 proteins in the lungs of immunocompetent mice, which, however, did not result in significant differences in the expression of PGE₂ and TXB₂. Our immunohistochemical analysis showed that immunosuppression induced by glucocorticoids in Acanthamoeba sp.-infected mice caused a decrease in COX-1 and COX-2 (not at the beginning of infection) in lung tissue. These results suggest that similar to COX-2, COX-1 is an important mediator of the pathophysiology in experimental pulmonary acanthamoebiasis. We suggest that the signaling pathways important for Acanthamoeba sp. induction of lung infection might interact with each other and depend on the host immune status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Łanocha-Arendarczyk
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Karolina Kot
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Kolasa-Wołosiuk
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Danuta Kosik-Bogacka
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, 70-204 Szczecin, Poland.
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9
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Marquet S, Bucheton B, Reymond C, Argiro L, El-Safi SH, Kheir MM, Desvignes JP, Béroud C, Mergani A, Hammad A, Dessein AJ. Exome Sequencing Identifies Two Variants of the Alkylglycerol Monooxygenase Gene as a Cause of Relapses in Visceral Leishmaniasis in Children, in Sudan. J Infect Dis 2017; 216:22-28. [PMID: 28586473 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar, KA) is the most severe form of leishmaniasis, characterized by fever, weight loss, hepatosplenomegaly, and lymphadenopathy. During an outbreak of KA in Babar El Fugara (Sudan), 5.7% of cured patients displayed relapses, with familial clustering in half the cases. Methods We performed whole-exome sequencing on 10 relapsing individuals and 11 controls from 5 nuclear families. Results Rare homozygous and compound-heterozygous nonsense (c.1213C > T, rs139309795, p.Arg405*) and missense (c.701A > G, rs143439626, p.Lys234Arg) mutations of the alkylglycerol monooxygenase (AGMO) gene were associated with KA relapse in 3 families. Sequencing in additional family members confirmed the segregation of these mutations with relapse and revealed an autosomal dominant mode of transmission. These mutations were detected heterozygous in 2 subjects among 100 unrelated individuals with KA who never relapsed after cure, suggesting incomplete penetrance of AGMO deficiency. AGMO is expressed in hematopoietic cells, and is strongly expressed in the liver. AGMO modulates PAF production by mouse macrophages, suggesting that it may act through the PAF/PAF receptor pathway previously shown to have anti-Leishmania activity. Conclusions This is the first demonstration that relapses after a first episode of KA are due to differences in human genetic susceptibility and not to modifications of parasite pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Marquet
- INSERM UMR906, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- INSERM UMR906, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille.,Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Unité Mixte de Recherche IRD-CIRAD 177, Campus International de Baillarguet, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Reymond
- INSERM UMR906, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille
| | - Laurent Argiro
- INSERM UMR906, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille
| | - Sayda Hassan El-Safi
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Musa Mohamed Kheir
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Christophe Béroud
- INSERM UMR910, GMGF, Aix-Marseille University.,AP-HM, Département de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Timone Enfants, Marseille, France
| | - Adil Mergani
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Turabah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awad Hammad
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Alain J Dessein
- INSERM UMR906, GIMP, Labex ParaFrap, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille
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10
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Borges AF, Morato CI, Gomes RS, Dorta ML, de Oliveira MAP, Ribeiro-Dias F. Platelet-activating factor increases reactive oxygen species-mediated microbicidal activity of human macrophages infected with Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Pathog Dis 2017; 75:3983173. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftx082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arissa Felipe Borges
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia - GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Camila Imai Morato
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia - GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia - GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Miriam Leandro Dorta
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia - GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Milton Adriano Pelli de Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia - GO 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Setor Leste Universitário, Goiânia - GO 74605-050, Brazil
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11
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Yehia HM, Al-Olayan EM, El-Khadragy MF, Metwally DM. In Vitro and In Vivo Control of Secondary Bacterial Infection Caused by Leishmania major. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E777. [PMID: 28703780 PMCID: PMC5551215 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14070777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial infections of cutaneous leishmaniasis cause skin ulcers on mice, resulting in increased tissue deterioration, and these infections can be controlled with liquid allicin. To isolate and identify the incidences of real secondary bacterial infections in mice, we performed the current study by injecting mice (n = 50) with Leishmania major. L. major infections were initiated by an intramuscular injection of 0.1 mL Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI 1640 media/mouse (107 promastigote/mL)). Scarring appeared 2-6 weeks after injection, and the bacteria were isolated from the skin ulcer tissues. Allicin (50 µL/mL) and ciprofloxacin (5 μg; Cip 5) were used for controlling L. major and bacteria. One hundred samples from skin ulcers of mice were examined, and 200 bacterial colonies were isolated. Forty-eight different genera and species were obtained and identified by Gram staining and physiological and biochemical characterization using identification kits. All samples were positive for secondary bacterial infections. Of the isolates, 79.16% were identified as Gram-negative bacteria, and 28.84% were identified as Gram-positive bacteria; only one yeast species was found. Interestingly, pure allicin liquid at a concentration 50 µL/mL exhibited antibacterial activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and some Gram-positive bacteria, in addition to yeast, and was 71.43% effective. Antimicrobial resistance patterns of all genera and species were determined using 15 different antibiotics. Allicin (50 µL/mL) and Cip 5 were the most effective against L. major and 92.30% of isolated bacteria. Stenotrophomonas maltophilia was the most resistant bacterium to the tested antibiotics with a survival rate of 73.33%, and it exhibited resistance to allicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hany M Yehia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, Helwan University, Cairo 11221, Egypt.
| | - Ebtesam M Al-Olayan
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manal F El-Khadragy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo 11790, Egypt.
| | - Dina M Metwally
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Chair Vaccines Research of Infectious Diseases, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia.
- Parasitology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 12878, Egypt.
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12
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Figliuolo VR, Chaves SP, Savio LEB, Thorstenberg MLP, Machado Salles É, Takiya CM, D'Império-Lima MR, de Matos Guedes HL, Rossi-Bergmann B, Coutinho-Silva R. The role of the P2X7 receptor in murine cutaneous leishmaniasis: aspects of inflammation and parasite control. Purinergic Signal 2016; 13:143-152. [PMID: 27866341 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-016-9544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania amazonensis is the etiological agent of diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis. The immunopathology of leishmaniasis caused by L. amazonensis infection is dependent on the pathogenic role of effector CD4+ T cells. Purinergic signalling has been implicated in resistance to infection by different intracellular parasites. In this study, we evaluated the role of the P2X7 receptor in modulating the immune response and susceptibility to infection by L. amazonensis. We found that P2X7-deficient mice are more susceptible to L. amazonensis infection than wild-type (WT) mice. P2X7 deletion resulted in increased lesion size and parasite load. Our histological analysis showed an increase in cell infiltration in infected footpads of P2X7-deficient mice. Analysis of the cytokine profile in footpad homogenates showed increased levels of IFN-γ and decreased TGF-β production in P2X7-deficient mice, suggesting an exaggerated pro-inflammatory response. In addition, we observed that CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from infected P2X7-deficient mice exhibit a higher proliferative capacity than infected WT mice. These data suggest that P2X7 receptor plays a key role in parasite control by regulating T effector cells and inflammation during L. amazonensis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Ribeiro Figliuolo
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, IBCCF/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region (INPeTAm), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Suzana Passos Chaves
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, IBCCF/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region (INPeTAm), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Eduardo Baggio Savio
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, IBCCF/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region (INPeTAm), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Prates Thorstenberg
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, IBCCF/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, IBCCF/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | | | - Herbert Leonel de Matos Guedes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, IBCCF/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Bartira Rossi-Bergmann
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, IBCCF/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region (INPeTAm), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Robson Coutinho-Silva
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, IBCCF/Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology for Translational Research in Health and Environment in the Amazon Region (INPeTAm), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho - UFRJ, Edifício do Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Bloco G. Av. Carlos Chagas Filho, 373. Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-902, Brazil.
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de Moura TR, Santos MLB, Braz JM, Santos LFVC, Aragão MT, de Oliveira FA, Santos PL, da Silva ÂM, de Jesus AR, de Almeida RP. Cross-resistance of Leishmania infantum isolates to nitric oxide from patients refractory to antimony treatment, and greater tolerance to antileishmanial responses by macrophages. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:713-21. [PMID: 26481489 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-015-4793-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a life-threatening disease characterized by intense parasitism of the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. Antimonials have served as front-line antileishmanial therapeutics for decades, but the increasing failure rates under antimonial treatment have challenged the continued use of these drugs. Pentavalent antimonials are known to reinforce the killing mechanisms of macrophages, although the associated mechanism remains unclear. Here, for the first time, we determined whether Leishmania infantum strains isolated from patients refractory to antimony treatment (relapse cases) were cross-resistant to antimonials, liposomal amphotericin B, and/or nitric oxide, and also whether these strains modulate macrophage infection. We selected four clinical isolates from relapse cases and two clinical isolates from antimony-responsive patients (control group) for the present study. The L. infantum promastigotes from all four relapse cases were resistant to trivalent antimonial treatment and nitric oxide, while only one isolate was resistant to liposomal amphotericin B. We evaluated whether the resistant strains from relapse cases showed enhanced infectivity and amastigote survival in macrophages, or macrophage-killing mechanisms in macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide plus interferon gamma. Infection indexes calculated using macrophages infected with isolates from relapse were higher than those observed with control strains that were stimulated independently. Macrophage infection was higher with L. infantum isolates from relapse cases and correlated with enhanced interleukin 1-β production but showed similar nitrite production. Our results demonstrate that L. infantum field isolates from relapse cases were resistant to antimonials and nitric oxide and that these parasites stimulated inflammatory cytokines and were resistant to macrophage-killing mechanisms, factors that may contribute to disease severity.
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Cardoso BM, de Mello TFP, Lopes SN, Demarchi IG, Lera DSL, Pedroso RB, Cortez DA, Gazim ZC, Aristides SMA, Silveira TGV, Lonardoni MVC. Antileishmanial activity of the essential oil from Tetradenia riparia obtained in different seasons. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2015; 110:1024-34. [PMID: 26602873 PMCID: PMC4708023 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760150290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The herbaceous shrub Tetradenia riparia has been traditionally used
to treat inflammatory and infectious diseases. Recently, a study showed that
T. riparia essential oil (TrEO) obtained in summer has
antileishmanial effects, although these results could be influenced by seasonal
variation. This study evaluated the activity of the TrEO obtained in different
seasons against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, in vitro and in
vivo. The compounds in the TrEO were analysed by gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry; terpenoids were present and oxygenated sesquiterpenes were the majority
compounds (55.28%). The cytotoxicity and nitric oxide (NO) production were also
tested after TrEO treatment. The TrEO from all seasons showed a 50% growth inhibitory
concentration for promastigotes of about 15 ng/mL; at 30 ng/mL and 3 ng/mL, the TrEO
reduced intracellular amastigote infection, independently of season. The TrEO from
plants harvested in summer had the highest 50% cytotoxic concentration, 1,476 ng/mL
for J774.A1 macrophages, and in spring (90.94 ng/mL) for murine macrophages. NO
production did not change in samples of the TrEO from different seasons. The
antileishmanial effect in vivo consisted of a reduction of the parasite load in the
spleen. These results suggest that the TrEO has potential effects on L. (L.)
amazonensis, consonant with its traditional use to treat parasitic
diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Muller Cardoso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Sara Negrão Lopes
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Raíssa Bocchi Pedroso
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Biomedicina, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brasil
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Gangalum PR, de Castro W, Vieira LQ, Dey R, Rivas L, Singh S, Majumdar S, Saha B. Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor Contributes to Antileishmanial Function of Miltefosine. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5961-7. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Evaluation of α,β-unsaturated ketones as antileishmanial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3598-601. [PMID: 25801571 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04056-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the antileishmanial activity of 126 α,β-unsaturated ketones. The compounds NC901, NC884, and NC2459 showed high leishmanicidal activity for both the extracellular (50% effective concentration [EC50], 456 nM, 1,122 nM, and 20 nM, respectively) and intracellular (EC50, 1,870 nM, 937 nM, and 625 nM, respectively) forms of Leishmania major propagated in macrophages, with little or no toxicity to mammalian cells. Bioluminescent imaging of parasite replication showed that all three compounds reduced the parasite burden in the murine model, with no apparent toxicity.
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Th1-biased immunomodulation and therapeutic potential of Artemisia annua in murine visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e3321. [PMID: 25568967 PMCID: PMC4287499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of vaccines and limitations of currently available chemotherapy, development of safe and efficacious drugs is urgently needed for visceral leishmaniasis (VL) that is fatal, if left untreated. Earlier we reported in vitro apoptotic antileishmanial activity of n-hexane fractions of Artemisia annua leaves (AAL) and seeds (AAS) against Leishmania donovani. In the present study, we investigated the immunostimulatory and therapeutic efficacy of AAL and AAS. Methodology/Principal Findings Ten-weeks post infection, BALB/c mice were orally administered AAL and AAS for ten consecutive days. Significant reduction in hepatic (86.67% and 89.12%) and splenic (95.45% and 95.84%) parasite burden with decrease in spleen weight was observed. AAL and AAS treated mice induced the strongest DTH response, as well as three-fold decrease in IgG1 and two-fold increase in IgG2a levels, as compared to infected controls. Cytometric bead array further affirmed the elicitation of Th1 immune response as indicated by increased levels of IFN-γ, and low levels of Th2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) in serum as well as in culture supernatant of lymphocytes from treated mice. Lymphoproliferative response, IFN-γ producing CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and nitrite levels were significantly enhanced upon antigen recall in vitro. The co-expression of CD80 and CD86 on macrophages was significantly augmented. CD8+ T cells exhibited CD62Llow and CD44hi phenotype, signifying induction of immunological memory in AAL and AAS treated groups. Serum enzyme markers were in the normal range indicating inertness against nephro- and hepato-toxicity. Conclusions/Significance Our results establish the two-prong antileishmanial efficacy of AAL and AAS for cure against L. donovani that is dependent on both the direct leishmanicidal action as well as switching-on of Th1-biased protective cell-mediated immunity with generation of memory. AAL and AAS could represent adjunct therapies for the treatment of leishmaniasis, either alone or in combination with other antileishmanial agents. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal, vector-borne tropical disease that affects the poorest sections of the society. The currently available drugs are toxic, expensive and have severe side effects. The problem is further compounded by emergence of VL-HIV co-infection and occurence of PKDL after apparent cure. Thus, alternate therapeutic interventions are needed in the absence of vaccines and mounting drug resistance. VL is also characterized by severe depression of cell-mediated immunity that complicates the efficiency of chemotherapeutic drugs. Restoration of the dampened immune system coupled with antileishmanial effect would be a rational approach in the quest for antileishmanial drugs. Plant derived secondary metabolites have been recommended for the containment of antiparasitic disease including leishmaniasis that synergistically aid in lifting the immune suppression. We previously reported in vitro antileishmanial activity of n-hexane fractions of Artemisia annua leaves (AAL) and seeds (AAS) that was mediated by apoptosis. In this study, we found significant reduction in liver and spleen parasite burden of Leishmania donovani infected BALB/c mice upon oral administration of AAL and AAS with concomitant immunostimulation and induction of immunological memory. The immunotherapeutic potentiation by AAL and AAS with no adverse toxic effects validates their use for treatment of this debilitating disease.
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18
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Liu X, Pan L. Detection of driver metabolites in the human liver metabolic network using structural controllability analysis. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2014; 8:51. [PMID: 24885538 PMCID: PMC4024020 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-8-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Abnormal states in human liver metabolism are major causes of human liver diseases ranging from hepatitis to hepatic tumor. The accumulation in relevant data makes it feasible to derive a large-scale human liver metabolic network (HLMN) and to discover important biological principles or drug-targets based on network analysis. Some studies have shown that interesting biological phenomenon and drug-targets could be discovered by applying structural controllability analysis (which is a newly prevailed concept in networks) to biological networks. The exploration on the connections between structural controllability theory and the HLMN could be used to uncover valuable information on the human liver metabolism from a fresh perspective. Results We applied structural controllability analysis to the HLMN and detected driver metabolites. The driver metabolites tend to have strong ability to influence the states of other metabolites and weak susceptibility to be influenced by the states of others. In addition, the metabolites were classified into three classes: critical, high-frequency and low-frequency driver metabolites. Among the identified 36 critical driver metabolites, 27 metabolites were found to be essential; the high-frequency driver metabolites tend to participate in different metabolic pathways, which are important in regulating the whole metabolic systems. Moreover, we explored some other possible connections between the structural controllability theory and the HLMN, and find that transport reactions and the environment play important roles in the human liver metabolism. Conclusion There are interesting connections between the structural controllability theory and the human liver metabolism: driver metabolites have essential biological functions; the crucial role of extracellular metabolites and transport reactions in controlling the HLMN highlights the importance of the environment in the health of human liver metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linqiang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Image Information Processing and Intelligent Control, School of Automation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Luoyu Road 1037, 430074 Wuhan, China.
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19
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Chaves MM, Marques-da-Silva C, Monteiro APT, Canetti C, Coutinho-Silva R. Leukotriene B4 Modulates P2X7 Receptor–Mediated Leishmania amazonensis Elimination in Murine Macrophages. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4765-73. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Demarchi IG, Silveira TG, Ferreira IC, Lonardoni MV. Effect of HIV protease inhibitors on New World Leishmania. Parasitol Int 2012; 61:538-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2012.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Pawlowic MC, Zhang K. Leishmania parasites possess a platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase important for virulence. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2012; 186:11-20. [PMID: 22954769 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania parasites are intracellular protozoans capable of salvaging and remodeling lipids from the host. To understand the role of lipid metabolism in Leishmania virulence, it is necessary to characterize the enzymes involved in the uptake and turnover of phospholipids. This study focuses on a putative phospholipase A2 (PLA2)/platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) in Leishmania major. In mammals, PAF-AH is a subgroup of PLA2 catalyzing the hydrolysis/inactivation of platelet-activating factor (PAF), a potent mediator of many leukocyte functions. By immunofluorescence microscopy, L. major PLA2/PAF-AH is predominantly localized in the ER. While wild type L. major parasites are able to hydrolyze PAF, this activity is completely absent in the PLA2/PAF-AH-null mutants. Meanwhile, deletion of PLA2/PAF-AH had no significant effect on the turnover of common glycerophospholipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and phosphatidylglycerol. PLA2/PAF-AH is not required for the growth of L. major parasites in culture, or the production of GPI-anchored virulence factors. Nonetheless, it does play a key role in the mammalian host as the PLA2/PAF-AH null mutants exhibit attenuated virulence in BALB/c mice. In conclusion, these data suggest that Leishmania parasites possess a functional PAF-AH and the degradation of PAF or PAF-like lipids is an important step in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattie C Pawlowic
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
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22
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Dehghani F, Haji Molla Hoseini M, Memarnejadian A, Yeganeh F, Rezaie AM, Khaze V, Sattari M, Darbandi Tamijani H, Labibi F, Mossaffa N. Immunomodulatory activities of chitin microparticles on Leishmania major-infected murine macrophages. Arch Med Res 2011; 42:572-6. [PMID: 22154683 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitin microparticles (CMPs) are found to be potent macrophage stimulators; however, their immunomodulatory effects on the parasite-infected macrophages have not yet been studied. To address this issue, we used a Leishmania major-infected murine macrophage model and characterized the regulatory effects of CMPs on the parasite-infected cells. METHODS Mouse peritoneal macrophages were prepared and infected with L. major (MRHO/IR/1975/ER) standard strain. Following cell treatment with CMPs (500 μg/mL) for 48 h, percent of infected macrophages was determined by Giemsa staining and compared with untreated cells. To find the potential mechanisms of the activity of CMPs, TNF-α and accumulated nitrite in the culture supernatants of the treated and untreated cells were also measured by ELISA and colorimetric Griess assays, respectively. RESULTS According to the obtained results, chitin microparticles reduced the ex vivo parasite infectivity by ∼12%. However, this inhibitory effect was not directly related to the increased biosynthesis and release of nitric oxide (NO) by macrophages. Instead, we observed a significant increase in the level of TNF-α secretion due to cell treatment with CMPs. Interestingly, this overexpression of TNF-α did not impair cell viability, suggesting the anti-apoptotic effects of the CMPs. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that chitin microparticles have immunomodulatory effects on L. major-infected macrophages and further provide motivations for future studies on their in vivo effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Dehghani
- Department of Immunology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
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Chatzovoulos P, Tsoupras A, Samiotaki M, Panayotou G, Demopoulos C, Dotsika E. Paf-Metabolic Enzymes and Paf-like Activity in L. Infantum and L. Major Promastigotes. EUR J INFLAMM 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1721727x1100900303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp are obligate intracellular protozoan parasites of the mononuclear phagocyte system that cause a spectrum of diseases known as leishmaniasis. Platelet Activating Factor (PAF) and some PAF-antagonists seem to play a key role in Leishmania infection. In this article we detected for the first time the specific activities of PAF basic metabolic enzymes, PAF cholinephosphotransferase (PAF-CPT) and Lyso-PAF-acetylotransferase (Lyso-PAF-AT), in two species of Leishmania, namely Leishmania major (L. major) and Leishmania infantum (L. infantum). Specific activity of PAF-CPT of L. major homogenates was substantially higher than that of L. infantum homogenates, while Lyso-PAF-AT specific activities of the homogenates of both species were detected in the same levels. In addition, PAF-like molecules were detected in cells and their culture medium of both species. These results show that PAF-biosynthesis exists and varies between Leishmania species, findings that are in correlation with the general idea that the presence of PAF in several Leishmania species is implicated in Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Chatzovoulos
- Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - A.B. Tsoupras
- Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - M. Samiotaki
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory B.S.R.C. “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Athens
| | - G. Panayotou
- Protein Chemistry Laboratory B.S.R.C. “Alexander Fleming”, Vari, Athens
| | - C.A. Demopoulos
- Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens
| | - E. Dotsika
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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Carmo ÉVDS, Katz S, Barbiéri CL. Neutrophils reduce the parasite burden in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis-infected macrophages. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13815. [PMID: 21082032 PMCID: PMC2972777 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies on the role of neutrophils in Leishmania infection were mainly performed with L. (L) major, whereas less information is available for L. (L) amazonensis. Previous results from our laboratory showed a large infiltrate of neutrophils in the site of infection in a mouse strain resistant to L. (L.) amazonensis (C3H/HePas). In contrast, the susceptible strain (BALB/c) displayed a predominance of macrophages harboring a high number of amastigotes and very few neutrophils. These findings led us to investigate the interaction of inflammatory neutrophils with L. (L.) amazonensis-infected macrophages in vitro. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with L. (L.) amazonensis were co-cultured with inflammatory neutrophils, and after four days, the infection was quantified microscopically. Data are representative of three experiments with similar results. The main findings were 1) intracellular parasites were efficiently destroyed in the co-cultures; 2) the leishmanicidal effect was similar when cells were obtained from mouse strains resistant (C3H/HePas) or susceptible (BALB/c) to L. (L.) amazonensis; 3) parasite destruction did not require contact between infected macrophages and neutrophils; 4) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), neutrophil elastase and platelet activating factor (PAF) were involved with the leishmanicidal activity, and 5) destruction of the parasites did not depend on generation of oxygen or nitrogen radicals, indicating that parasite clearance did not involve the classical pathway of macrophage activation by TNF-α, as reported for other Leishmania species. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The present results provide evidence that neutrophils in concert with macrophages play a previously unrecognized leishmanicidal effect on L. (L.) amazonensis. We believe these findings may help to understand the mechanisms involved in innate immunity in cutaneous infection by this Leishmania species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simone Katz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Clara Lúcia Barbiéri
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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Honda PA, Ferreira ICP, Cortez DAG, Amado CAB, Silveira TGV, Brenzan MA, Lonardoni MVC. Efficacy of components from leaves of Calophyllum brasiliense against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:333-338. [PMID: 19800777 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2009.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 08/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Leishmanicide potential of Calophyllum brasiliense leaves on promastigote and amastigote of Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is evaluated. The LD(50) of dichloromethane extract and hexane fraction for promastigotes was respectively 40 microg/ml and 20 microg/ml. In mouse peritoneal macrophages infected with Leishmania amastigotes the Infection Index decreased respectively 100% and 84.2% in 80 microg/ml and 40 microg/ml concentrations of dichloromethane extract. Hexane fraction decreased infection index respectively by 98.7% and 91.3% within the same concentrations. It was found that pretreatment with dichloromethane extract or with hexane fraction of experimentally infected BALB/c mice decrease the volume of the lesions by L. (L.) amazonensis. Moreover, animals treated topically also revealed healing lesions. Besides, the parasite load in the animals' popliteal lymph nodes was significantly reduced in treated animals, showing that plant components actually control infection. Results show that crude extract and hexane fraction of C. brasiliense reveal a significant in vitro and in vivo leishmanicide activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Honda
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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26
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Machado ER, Carlos D, Lourenço EV, Souza GEP, Sorgi CA, Silva EV, Ueta MT, Ramos SG, Aronoff DM, Faccioli LH. Cyclooxygenase-derived mediators regulate the immunological control of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:18-32. [PMID: 20236322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to define the immunoregulatory role of prostaglandins in a mouse model of Strongyloides venezuelensis infection. Strongyloides venezuelensis induced an increase of eosinophils and mononuclear cells in the blood, peritoneal cavity fluid, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Treatment with the dual cyclooxygenase (COX-1/-2) inhibitors indomethacin and ibuprofen, and the COX-2-selective inhibitor celecoxib partially blocked these cellular responses and was associated with enhanced numbers of infective larvae in the lung and adult worms in the duodenum. However, the drugs did not interfere with worm fertility. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors also inhibited the production of the T-helper type 2 (Th2) mediators IL-5, IgG1, and IgE, while indomethacin alone also inhibited IL-4, IL-10, and IgG2a. Cyclooxygenase inhibitors tended to enhance the Th1 mediators IL-12 and IFN-gamma. This shift away from Th2 immunity in cyclooxygenase inhibitor-treated mice correlated with reduced prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) production in infected duodenal tissue. As PGE(2) is a well-characterized driver of Th2 immunity, we speculate that reduced production of this lipid might be involved in the shift toward a Th1 phenotype, favoring parasitism by S. venezuelensis. These findings provide new evidence that cyclooxygenase-derived lipids play a role in regulating host defenses against Strongyloides, and support the exploration of eicosanoid signaling for identifying novel preventive and therapeutic modalities against these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleuza R Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Pereira BAS, Alves CR. Immunological characteristics of experimental murine infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Vet Parasitol 2008; 158:239-55. [PMID: 18922635 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The murine models of Leishmania infection are well-studied and suitable models for studying this disease, which, despite its incidence of nearly 2 million new cases worldwide per year and its prevalence of 12 million cases, has been a somewhat neglected disease. Data obtained using such models are important for a better understanding of the disease in humans due to similarities in physiology and the advantage provided by the uniform infection profile within each mouse strain. In this review, we focus on studies of experimental murine infection with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis, a species that has been associated with infections exhibiting various clinical features in humans. Mainly, we point out and discuss reports on: the effects of variations of the inoculum (such as strain, site, and size) in the establishment and development of the infection; characteristics of the infection in distinct mouse strains; and, the effects and subversions of the infection on components of the host innate and adaptive immune responses. The results obtained in these studies show that L. (L.) amazonensis infection in mice presents some unique features and immunoregulatory mechanisms, making it an interesting model for obtaining further knowledge of potential drugs targets and immunotherapy in Leishmania infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Acácio Santini Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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28
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Kim HA, Kim SH, Ko HM, Choi JH, Kim KJ, Oh SH, Cho KO, Choi IW, Im SY. Nitric oxide plays a key role in the platelet-activating factor-induced enhancement of resistance against systemic candidiasis. Immunology 2008; 124:428-35. [PMID: 18397269 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02795.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) has been demonstrated to augment resistance against Candida albicans infection. In this study, the role of nitric oxide (NO) in PAF-induced resistance in the kidneys was investigated. Pretreatment of the C. albicans-infected mice with PAF resulted in strong expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) and the protein synthesis of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). These PAF effects were inhibited to a significant degree by pretreatment with the nuclear factor-kappaB inhibitor, pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. Pretreatment with PAF protected the mice from death caused by C. albicans infection and reduced the growth of fungus in the kidneys. The protective activity of PAF was abrogated by pretreatment with the iNOS inhibitor, aminoguanidine, and in the iNOS(-/-) mice. The PAF markedly increased the infiltration of neutrophils, but not macrophages, and also enhanced the mRNA expression levels of the CXC chemokine, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, in C. albicans-infected kidneys. These effects of PAF were attenuated in the aminoguanidine-treated mice and the iNOS(-/-) mice. These data show that NO plays an important role in PAF-induced protection against C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-A Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea.
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29
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Gomes CMC, Giannella-Neto D, Gama MEA, Pereira JCR, Campos MB, Corbett CEP. Correlation between the components of the insulin-like growth factor I system, nutritional status and visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:660-7. [PMID: 17442352 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 02/06/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) system and nutritional status was studied in 241 children from a Brazilian area endemic for visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Thirty-nine children had the active form, 20 were oligosymptomatic, 38 were asymptomatic and 144 were not infected. Serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH), total and free IGF-I and IGF binding-protein 3 (IGFBP3) were measured by radioimmunoassay. Nutritional status was evaluated by anthropometric indicators and biochemical measurements. Total and free IGF-I and IGFBP3 were significantly reduced in the active form. Z scores for total and free IGF-I and for IGFBP3 were found to be significantly lower for active VL and oligosymptomatic individuals than for asymptomatic individuals, but never reached values <or=2 SD. Median values of weight-for-age Z and height-for-age Z (HAZ) scores and albumin concentration were significantly different in the active VL group compared with the other groups. Multiple discriminant analysis selected albumin and HAZ score as predictors of active and oligosymptomatic VL. The lack of correlation between auxological data and serum concentrations of the GH/IGF axis components suggested that the primary cause of retarded growth in children with active VL is not dependent on IGF-I or IGFBP3, but rather on VL intrinsic factors that might secondarily involve the GH/IGF axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M C Gomes
- Department of Pathology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Avenida Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - sala 1209, CEP 01246-903 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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30
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Passero LFD, Castro AA, Tomokane TY, Kato MJ, Paulinetti TF, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Anti-leishmania activity of semi-purified fraction of Jacaranda puberula leaves. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:677-80. [PMID: 17390147 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The crude methanolic extract from leaves of Jacaranda puberula showed activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. The extract presented active against promastigote forms with an inhibitory concentration 50% (IC(50)) value of 88.0 mug/ml, but only moderated activity against amastigote forms; however in higher concentrations the extract showed cytotoxic effects. The bio-guided chromatographic fractionation the crude methanolic extract against amastigotes yielded a fraction with an IC(50) value of 14.0 mug/ml (without cytotoxic activity) in relation to the crude extract (IC(50) value, 359.0 microg/ml). These data indicate that J. puberula leaves contain active compounds, which should be further investigated for the development of new potential drugs against cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F D Passero
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, Cerqueira César, São Paulo 0146-903, SP, Brazil.
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31
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Serezani CH, Perrela JH, Russo M, Peters-Golden M, Jancar S. Leukotrienes are essential for the control of Leishmania amazonensis infection and contribute to strain variation in susceptibility. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:3201-8. [PMID: 16920959 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.5.3201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes (LTs) are known to be produced by macrophages when challenged with Leishmania, but it is not known whether these lipid mediators play a role in host defense against this important protozoan parasite. In this study, we investigated the involvement of LTs in the in vitro and in vivo response to Leishmania amazonensis infection in susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (C3H/HePAS) mice. Pharmacologic or genetic deficiency of LTs resulted in impaired leishmanicidal activity of peritoneal macrophages in vitro. In contrast, addition of LTB4 increased leishmanicidal activity and this effect was dependent on the BLT1 receptor. LTB4 augmented NO production in response to L. amazonensis challenge, and studies with a NO synthesis inhibitor revealed that NO was critical for the enhancement of macrophage leishmanicidal activity. Interestingly, macrophages from resistant mice produced higher levels of LTB4 upon L. amazonensis challenge than did those from susceptible mice. In vivo infection severity, as assessed by footpad swelling following s.c. promastigote inoculation, was increased when endogenous LT synthesis was abrogated either pharmacologically or genetically. Taken together, these results for the first time reveal an important role for LTB4 in the protective response to L. amazonensis, identify relevant leishmanicidal mechanisms, and suggest that genetic variation in LTB4 synthesis might influence resistance and susceptibility patterns to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos H Serezani
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science IV, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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32
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Santiago HC, Braga Pires MF, Souza DG, Roffê E, Côrtes DF, Tafuri WL, Teixeira MM, Vieira LQ. Platelet activating factor receptor-deficient mice present delayed interferon-γ upregulation and high susceptibility to Leishmania amazonensis infection. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:2569-77. [PMID: 16938478 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2006.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 06/03/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the platelet activation factor (PAF) receptor (PAFR) in the outcome of infection with Leishmania amazonensis. PAFR deficient (PAFR(-/-)) mice were infected with L. amazonensis and the course of infection was followed. We found that PAFR(-/-) mice in the C57BL/6 background were more susceptible to infection with L. amazonensis than the wild-type controls, as seen both by lesion size and parasite number at the site of infection. Interferon (IFN)-gamma production was delayed in PAFR(-/-) mice, and lower levels of Ccl5 were found in lesions. Expression of nitric oxide synthase-2 mRNA was found impaired in PAFR(-/-) associated with higher levels of arginase-1 mRNA. Moreover, higher levels of antibodies were produced in response to L. amazonensis by PAFR(-/-) mice. We conclude that signaling through the PAFR is essential for the ability of the murine host to control L. amazonensis infection by driving an adequate immune response.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Arginase/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL1
- Chemokine CCL5
- Chemokines, CC/analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility
- Gene Expression
- Histocytochemistry
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-10/analysis
- Leishmania mexicana/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II/biosynthesis
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/deficiency
- Platelet Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Helton C Santiago
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, CP 486, Av. Antonio Carlos 6627, Pampulha, CEP 30161-970 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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33
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Tavares D, da Conceição Ribeiro R, Carlos da Silva A. Inflammatory lesion and parasite load are inversely associated in Leishmania amazonensis infected mice genetically selected according to oral tolerance susceptibility. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:957-64. [PMID: 16516520 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2005] [Revised: 09/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/18/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Two strains of mice selected according to extreme phenotypes of susceptibility and resistance to oral tolerance (TS and TR mice, respectively) were infected with 1 x 10(7) Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes and studied comparatively. TS mice developed a minor pathology while permitting parasite growth with the presence of increased IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma, and lower NO and IL-2 levels and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). In contrast, in TR mice, footpad swelling was increased but parasite growth was reduced. They produced lower IL-4, IL-10 and IFN-gamma but increased NO, IL-2 levels, DTH, activated spleen macrophages and periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths. The results suggest that the tolerogenic TS mouse profile, with higher IL-10 production, impaired lesion development but also avoided macrophage leishmanicidal activity, maintaining in this manner a silent parasite load. On the other hand, the TR mouse profile contributed to lesion progression with controlled parasite load. To directly address the influence of oral tolerance on infection, mice were gavaged with OVA, and 7 days afterwards were infected and challenged to bystander suppression with OVA in the same footpad. In TR mice gavaged with 25 mg OVA the inflammatory lesion was largely enhanced, while with 5 mg OVA the lesion was diminished. In TS mice the footpad swelling was always lower. However, the bystander effect did not modify the establishment of infection; and similarly to the control non-bystander mice, parasite clearance was maintained in TR and prevented in TS mice. Therefore, a better comprehension of immunoregulation of innate and adaptive immunity in the early stages of infection is necessary for the development of protocols preventing inflammation and contributing to the elimination of parasites.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Animals, Outbred Strains
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Inflammation/pathology
- Leishmania/immunology
- Leishmania/isolation & purification
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/genetics
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/pathology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Nitric Oxide/biosynthesis
- Ovalbumin/administration & dosage
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Parasite Egg Count
- Phagocytosis
- Selection, Genetic
- Skin/parasitology
- Skin/pathology
- Spleen/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tavares
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia, Departamento Biologia Celular e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rua S. Francisco Xavier, 524, PHLC, Maracanã, CEP 20559-900 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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34
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Svensjö E, Batista PR, Brodskyn CI, Silva R, Lima APCA, Schmitz V, Saraiva E, Pesquero JB, Mori MAS, Müller-Esterl W, Scharfstein J. Interplay between parasite cysteine proteases and the host kinin system modulates microvascular leakage and macrophage infection by promastigotes of the Leishmania donovani complex. Microbes Infect 2006; 8:206-20. [PMID: 16203170 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Revised: 06/01/2005] [Accepted: 06/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Kinins, the vasoactive peptides proteolytically liberated from kininogens, were recently recognized as signals alerting the innate immune system. Here we demonstrate that Leishmania donovani and Leishmania chagasi, two etiological agents of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), activate the kinin system. Intravital microscopy in the hamster cheek pouch showed that topically applied promastigotes induced macromolecular leakage (FITC-dextran) through postcapillary venules. Peaking at 15 min, the parasite-induced leakage was drastically enhanced by captopril (Cap), an inhibitor of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), a kinin-degrading metallopeptidase. The enhanced microvascular responses were cancelled by HOE-140, an antagonist of the B2 bradykinin receptor (B2R), or by pre-treatment of promastigotes with the irreversible cysteine proteinase inhibitor N-methylpiperazine-urea-Phe-homoPhe-vinylsulfone-benzene (N-Pip-hF-VSPh). In agreement with the above-mentioned data, the promastigotes vigorously induced edema in the paw of Cap-treated J129 mice, but not Cap-B2R-/- mice. Analysis of parasite-induced breakdown of high molecular weight kininogens (HK), combined with active site-affinity-labeling with biotin-N-Pip-hF-VSPh, identified 35-40 kDa proteins as kinin-releasing cysteine peptidases. We then checked if macrophage infectivity was influenced by interplay between these kinin-releasing parasite proteases, kininogens, and kinin-degrading peptidases (i.e. ACE). Our studies revealed that full-fledged B2R engagement resulted in vigorous increase of L. chagasi uptake by resident macrophages. Evidence that inflammatory macrophages treated with HOE-140 became highly susceptible to amastigote outgrowth, assessed 72 h after initial macrophage interaction, further suggests that the kinin/B2R activation pathway may critically modulate inflammation and innate immunity in visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Svensjö
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, C.C.S., Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900 RJ, Brazil
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35
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Bello FJ, Mejía AJ, Corena MDP, Ayala M, Sarmiento L, Zuñiga C, Palau MT. Experimental infection of Leishmania (L.) chagasi in a cell line derived from Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera:Psychodidae). Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2005; 100:519-25. [PMID: 16302061 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762005000600004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work describes the in vitro infection of a cell line Lulo, derived from Lutzomyia longipalpis embryonic tissue, by Leishmania chagasi promastigotes. This infection process is compared with a parallel one developed using the J774 cell line. The L. chagasi MH/CO/84/CI-044B strain was used for experimental infection in two cell lines. The cells were seeded on glass coverslips in 24-well plates to reach a final number of 2 x 10(5) cells/well. Parasites were added to the adhered Lulo and J774 cells in a 10:1 ratio and were incubated at 28 and 37 masculineC respectively. After 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 days post-infection, the cells were extensively washed with PBS, fixed with methanol, and stained with Giemsa. The number of internalized parasites was determined by counting at least 400 cultured cells on each coverslip. The results showed continuous interaction between L. chagasi promastigotes with the cell lines. Some ultrastructural characteristics of the amastigote forms were observed using transmission electron microscopy. The highest percentage of infection in Lulo cells was registered on day 6 post-infection (29.6%) and on day 4 in the J774 cells (51%). This work shows similarities and differences in the L. chagasi experimental infection process in the two cell lines. However, Lulo cells emerge as a new model to study the life-cycle of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felio J Bello
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Biología Celular y Genética, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia.
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36
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Cardoni RL, Antúnez MI. Circulating levels of cyclooxygenase metabolites in experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infections. Mediators Inflamm 2005; 13:235-40. [PMID: 15545053 PMCID: PMC1781569 DOI: 10.1080/09637480400003022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi induces inflammatory reactions in several tissues. The production of prostaglandin F2alpha, 6-keto-prostaglandin F1alpha and thromboxane B2, known to regulate the immune response and to participate in inflammatory reactions, was studied in mice experimentally infected with T. cruzi. The generation of nitric oxide (NO), which could be regulated by cyclooxygenase metabolites, was also evaluated. In the acute infection the extension of inflammatory infiltrates in skeletal muscle as well as the circulating levels of cyclooxygenase metabolites and NO were higher in resistant C3H mice than in susceptible BALB/c mice. In addition, the spontaneous release of NO by spleen cells increased earlier in the C3H mouse strain. In the chronic infections, the tissue inflammatory reaction was still prominent in both groups of mice, but a moderate increase of thromboxane B2 concentration and in NO released by spleen cells was observed only in C3H mice. This comparative study shows that these mediators could be mainly related to protective mechanisms in the acute phase, but seem not to be involved in its maintenance in the chronic T. cruzi infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita L Cardoni
- Instituto Nacional de Parasitología Dr M. Fatala Chabén, ANLIS Dr C.G. Malbrán, Av. Paseo Colón 568, 1063 Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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37
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Branger J, Wieland CW, Florquin S, Maris NA, Pater JM, Speelman P, Shimizu T, Ishii S, van der Poll T. PLATELET-ACTIVATING FACTOR RECEPTOR-DEFICIENT MICE SHOW AN UNALTERED CLEARANCE OF NONTYPEABLE HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE FROM THEIR RESPIRATORY TRACT. Shock 2004; 22:543-7. [PMID: 15545826 DOI: 10.1097/01.shk.0000142818.91693.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF), a glycerophospholipid with proinflammatory properties, exerts its biological effects by interacting with the PAF receptor (PAFR) expressed on many different cell types. The PAFR specifically binds phosphorylcholine, the biologically active component of PAF. However, phosphorylcholine is also a component of the cell wall of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi). In recently published in vitro experiments, the invasion of respiratory epithelial cells by NTHi was mediated by the PAFR. To determine the role of the PAFR in host defense against pneumonia induced by NTHi, PAFR-deficient (PAFR-/-) and normal wild-type mice were intranasally inoculated with NTHi. The absence of a functional PAFR was associated with a normal innate immune response as indicated by similar bacterial counts, myeloperoxidase activity, and inflammation within the pulmonary compartment of PAFR-/- and wild-type mice. These data indicate that the PAFR does not interfere with the clearance of NTHi from the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Branger
- Department of Experimental Internal Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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38
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Shio MT, Ribeiro-Dias F, Timenetsky J, Jancar S. PAF is involved in the Mycoplasma arthritidis superantigen-triggering pathway for iNOS and COX-2 expression in murine peritoneal cells. Exp Cell Res 2004; 298:296-304. [PMID: 15242784 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2004.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the capacity of Mycoplasma arthritidis mitogen (MAM) to induce (a) expression of the inducible enzymes cyclo-oxygenase (COX-2) and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), (b) production of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and nitric oxide (NO), and (c) involvement of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in the MAM-induced activation pathway. Resident peritoneal cells from C3H/HePas mice were incubated with MAM in the presence or absence of a PAF-antagonist (WEB2170) or COX-2 inhibitors (nimesulide or NS398). Enzyme expression was evaluated by immunoblotting, PGE2 by EIA, and NO by Griess reaction. Following MAM-stimulation of peritoneal cells, expression of COX-2 was detected at 3 h (peak levels at 12 h) and of iNOS at 6 h (peak levels at 20 h). PGE2 increased till 20 h, decreasing thereafter, whereas NO increased with time. WEB2170 (5 x 10(-5) M) treatment caused 44% inhibition of NO output and reduced iNOS expression (48% at the peak of expression). Concomitant treatment with WEB2170 and nimesulide (10(-5) M) reversed these inhibitory effects. WEB2170 reduced COX-2 expression (43% at the peak of expression) and prevented the decline in PGE2 levels after 20 h. These results suggest the involvement of PAF in the signaling pathway triggered by MAM that leads to expression of iNOS and COX-2, and show that PAF regulates the production of NO, possibly by controlling levels of PGE2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tiemi Shio
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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39
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de Almeida MC, Vilhena V, Barral A, Barral-Netto M. Leishmanial infection: analysis of its first steps. A review. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2003; 98:861-70. [PMID: 14762510 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762003000700001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The first steps in leishmaniasis are critical in determining the evolution of the disease. Major advances have recently been done in understanding this crucial moment. Fundamental research in parasite-vector interaction, parasite biology, insect saliva, and vertebrate host response have shed new light and uncovered a most fascinating and complex moment in leishmaniasis. We review here some of these aspects and we try to connect them in a logical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C de Almeida
- Departamento de Patologia e Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brasil.
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Ji J, Sun J, Soong L. Impaired expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines at early stages of infection with Leishmania amazonensis. Infect Immun 2003; 71:4278-88. [PMID: 12874303 PMCID: PMC166010 DOI: 10.1128/iai.71.8.4278-4288.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with Leishmania major results in disease progression or resolution, largely depending on the genetic backgrounds of the mouse strains. Infection with Leishmania amazonensis, on the other hand, causes progressive cutaneous lesions in most inbred strains of mice. We hypothesized that deficient activation of early immune responses contributes to the pathogenesis in L. amazonensis-infected mice. To distinguish early molecular events that determine the outcome of Leishmania infections, we examined cytokine gene expression in C57BL/6 mice infected with either L. amazonensis or L. major (a healing model). After 2 to 4 weeks, L. amazonensis-infected mice had significantly delayed and depressed expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-12 [IL-12], gamma interferon, IL-1 alpha, IL-1 beta), CC chemokines (CC chemokine ligand 3 [CCL3]/macrophage inflammatory protein 1 alpha [MIP-1 alpha], CCL4/MIP-1 beta, CCL5/RANTES, MIP-2), and chemokine receptors (CCR1, CCR2, CCR5) in foot tissues and draining lymph nodes compared to the expression in L. major-infected controls. These findings correlated with defective T-cell responsiveness to parasite stimulation in vivo and in vitro. Adoptive transfer of L. amazonensis-specific Th1 cells prior to infection overcame the immune defects of the animals, leading to complete control of the disease. Studies with gene knockout mice suggested that IL-10, but not IL-4, contributed partially to compromised immunity in L. amazonensis-infected hosts. The data suggest that there is impairment in multiple immune functions at early stages of infection with L. amazonensis parasites and provide a compelling rationale to explore immune augmentation as an intervention in American cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxiang Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, WHO Center for Tropical Diseases, Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas 77555-1070, USA
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Weijer S, Leemans JC, Florquin S, Shimizu T, Ishii S, van der Poll T. Host response of platelet-activating factor receptor-deficient mice during pulmonary tuberculosis. Immunology 2003; 109:552-6. [PMID: 12871222 PMCID: PMC1783009 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2003.01688.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a phospholipid with potent, diverse actions, which has been implicated as an important mediator in host defence against several intracellular pathogens. To determine the role of PAF in host defence in pulmonary tuberculosis, PAF receptor-deficient (PAFR-/-) and wild-type (PAFR+/+) mice were infected intranasally with a virulent strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterial outgrowth in lungs and liver did not differ significantly between PAFR-/- and PAFR+/+ mice at 2 or 6 weeks postinfection. After 28 weeks, 86% of PAFR-/- mice and 79% of PAFR+/+ mice had died (non-significant). In addition, both mouse strains were indistinguishable with respect to histopathology, the recruitment and activation of lymphocytes, and cytokine concentrations in the lung. These data suggest that PAF is not involved in the protective immune response to tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Weijer
- Laboratory of Experimental Internal Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Noverr MC, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB. Production of eicosanoids and other oxylipins by pathogenic eukaryotic microbes. Clin Microbiol Rev 2003; 16:517-33. [PMID: 12857780 PMCID: PMC164223 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.16.3.517-533.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxylipins are oxygenated metabolites of fatty acids. Eicosanoids are a subset of oxylipins and include the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are potent regulators of host immune responses. Host cells are one source of eicosanoids and oxylipins during infection; however, another potential source of eicosanoids is the pathogen itself. A broad range of pathogenic fungi, protozoa, and helminths produce eicosanoids and other oxylipins by novel synthesis pathways. Why do these organisms produce oxylipins? Accumulating data suggest that phase change and differentiation in these organisms are controlled by oxylipins, including prostaglandins and lipoxygenase products. The precise role of pathogen-derived eicosanoids in pathogenesis remains to be determined, but the potential link between pathogen eicosanoids and the development of TH2 responses in the host is intriguing. Mammalian prostaglandins and leukotrienes have been studied extensively, and these molecules can modulate Th1 versus Th2 immune responses, chemokine production, phagocytosis, lymphocyte proliferation, and leukocyte chemotaxis. Thus, eicosanoids and oxylipins (host or microbe) may be mediators of a direct host-pathogen "cross-talk" that promotes chronic infection and hypersensitivity disease, common features of infection by eukaryotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairi C Noverr
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0642, USA
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Gomes IN, Calabrich AFDC, Tavares RDS, Wietzerbin J, de Freitas LAR, Veras PST. Differential properties of CBA/J mononuclear phagocytes recovered from an inflammatory site and probed with two different species of Leishmania. Microbes Infect 2003; 5:251-60. [PMID: 12706438 DOI: 10.1016/s1286-4579(03)00025-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
While CBA/J mice fail to be permissive to Leishmania amazonensis-driven pathogenic processes, they heal easily following Leishmania major infection. The early-phase events are crucial to the outcome of Leishmania infection and it is known that macrophages (Mphi) are important in infection control. In the present study we investigated the role of Mphi in driving CBA/J susceptibility to L. amazonensis. We performed kinetic studies and compared the capacity of L. amazonensis and L. major to infect Mphi. There was no difference in percentages of infection or parasite burden for 6 h between the two groups. In contrast, after 12 h we observed that infection was about twice as high in L. amazonensis- than in L. major-infected Mphi. In addition, rIFN-gamma added to the cultures induced nitric oxide (NO) production, and did not modify L. amazonensis infection, although the percentage of L. major infection was significantly reduced. This reduction in L. major infection is a TNF-alpha dependent mechanism as L. major-infected Mphi expressed twice as much TNF-alpha mRNA as L. amazonensis-infected cells, and anti-TNF-alpha reversed the IFN-gamma effect. Moreover, rTNF-alpha plus IFN-gamma were able to significantly reduce the percentage of L. amazonensis-infected cells but not to the same extent as in L. major infection. Despite having higher NO production than IFN-gamma-treated cells, AMG addition to IFN-gamma-plus TNF-alpha-treated cells only partially reversed the inhibition in L. major, but not in L. amazonensis infection. Thus, in this study, we demonstrated that L. amazonensis both inactivated and resisted innate and IFN-gamma-induced Mphi killing mechanisms, indicating that the nature of the parasite and its interaction with Mphi could determine immune response polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Nunes Gomes
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Celular, CPqGM, FIOCRUZ/BA, R Valdemar Falcão, 121 Brotas Salvador, BA 40295-001, Brazil
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De Almeida MC, Cardoso SA, Barral-Netto M. Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection alters the expression of cell adhesion and costimulatory molecules on human monocyte and macrophage. Int J Parasitol 2003; 33:153-62. [PMID: 12633653 DOI: 10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The initial steps of Leishmania infection in humans are largely unknown. There is limited information on the Leishmania infected human monocytes, the first cells that the parasite lives in, particularly related to costimulatory molecules. We show here that Leishmania (L.) chagasi infection avoids inducing proinflammatory molecules and has striking down modulating effects on human monocytes or macrophages. It does not induce CD54, interleukin (IL)-12 or tumour necrosis factor-alpha, potent proinflammatory cytokines and down modulates CD11b expression in monocytes. Lipopolysaccharide stimulated IL-12 (p40) levels, CD54 and HLA-DR expression are diminished in infected monocytes as well as interferon-gamma stimulated HLA-DR and HLA-ABC expression in infected macrophages. There is a negative correlation between CD54 and CD86 expression in both monocytes and macrophages. The depressed expression of class I and II molecules, absence of key proinflammatory cytokines and impaired expression of costimulatory molecules induced by L. chagasi could leave the immune system, at least in its initial phases in anergy or ignorance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C De Almeida
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal da Bahia Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, BA, Brazil.
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Nascimento FRF, Calich VLG, Rodríguez D, Russo M. Dual role for nitric oxide in paracoccidioidomycosis: essential for resistance, but overproduction associated with susceptibility. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4593-600. [PMID: 11971007 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Using a murine model of susceptibility and resistance to paracoccidioidomycosis, we have previously demonstrated that immunosuppression occurs in susceptible (B10.A), but not in resistant (A/Sn), mouse strains. Accumulating evidence shows that NO is involved in the induction of T cell immunosuppression during infection as well as in the killing of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. In the present work, we focused on NO and other macrophage products that could be associated with resistance or susceptibility to paracoccidioidomycosis. A striking difference was related to NO and TNF production. Macrophages from B10.A mice produced high and persistent NO levels, while in A/Sn animals, TNF production predominated. In in vitro cultures, P. brasiliensis-infected macrophages from A/Sn mice also produced large amounts of TNF, while B10.A macrophages only produced NO. TNF production by B10.A macrophages appeared to be suppressed by NO, because the addition of aminoguanidine sulfate, an inducible NO synthase (NOS2) inhibitor, resulted in TNF production. These results suggested that enhanced TNF or NO production is associated with resistance and susceptibility, respectively. However, regardless of the mouse strain, NOS2-deficient or aminoguanidine sulfate-treated mice presented extensive tissue lesions with increased fungal load in lungs and liver compared with their controls. We conclude that NOS2-derived NO is essential for resistance to paracoccidioidomycosis, but overproduction is associated with susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia R F Nascimento
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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