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Boonaramrueng K, Techakriengkrai N, Rodkhum C, Pusoonthornthum R. Risk factors of Bartonella spp. infection and the association between Bartonella spp. and T-lymphocyte subset alteration in asymptomatic retrovirus-infected cats in Bangkok Metropolitan, Thailand. Vet World 2022; 15:2399-2406. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2399-2406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Cats are a reservoir for Bartonella spp. infection in humans. Human bartonellosis causes disseminated inflammation to develop in immunocompromised patients, such as those infected with human immunodeficiency virus. However, the associated risks of Bartonella spp. infection in immunocompromised retroviral-infected cats have been inconclusive. This study aimed to evaluate the associated risks of Bartonella spp. infection with the alteration of T-lymphocyte subsets of retroviral-infected cats.
Materials and Methods: We collected blood samples from 161 client-owned cats at veterinary clinics and hospitals throughout the Bangkok Metropolitan area from 2017 to 2020. The samples underwent hematological biochemical tests, feline retroviral status evaluation, Bartonella spp. polymerase chain reaction assay, immunofluorescence assay, and CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte counts. Risk factors associated with Bartonella spp. infection were determined by odds ratio (OR). Hematological and biochemical parameters were compared using independent t-tests. CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte counts and the CD4+/CD8+ ratio were compared among groups classified according to their retroviral and Bartonella spp. infection status.
Results: The prevalence of Bartonella spp. in our study cohort was 16.1%, and the seroprevalence was 94.9%. Cats aged >1 year were at a higher risk of seropositivity than cats aged <1 year (OR: 4.296, 95% confidence interval: 1.010–18.275). The CD8+ percentage was significantly higher in seropositive cats (p = 0.026). There was a significant reduction in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio between cats negative for both retrovirus and Bartonella spp. infection and cats with concurrent retrovirus and Bartonella spp. infection (p = 0.041).
Conclusion: In endemic countries or areas, cat owners must be made aware of the risk of exposure to Bartonella spp. due to the high rate of bacteremia and seroprevalence. Retrovirus-infected cats with concurrent Bartonella spp. infection also showed a significant, inverted CD4+/CD8+ ratio, which may be used as a novel marker in bartonellosis. Similar studies focusing on the different stages of retrovirus infection should be undertaken further to elucidate the effect of retrovirus infection on Bartonella spp. infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissda Boonaramrueng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Navapon Techakriengkrai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Channarong Rodkhum
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Rosama Pusoonthornthum
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Feline Health and Infectious Disease Research Unit for Excellence, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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2
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Comparative estimation of some immune parameters in three felid species. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF THERIOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.15298/rusjtheriol.18.1.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in goats in Jharkhand state of India. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2018; 12:61-68. [PMID: 31014811 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii, is an important food borne zoonosis worldwide. Although goat meat constitutes an important dietary protein source, improperly cooked meat is a potential source of infection to humans. Data on prevalence of toxoplasma in goat is scanty from India. Serological detection is the practical option for prevalence studies on T. gondii, as no biological stage of the parasite is present in the clinical materials from the intermediate hosts. The present study was undertaken in the Jharkhand state of India which is largely inhabited by economically weaker aborigine population, who depend largely on animal husbandry for livelihood. A total of 445 serum samples were collected for testing, which represented goats under intensive and free range system of rearing. T. gondii specific IgG antibodies were detected in 42.47% (n = 189) samples by rSAG1 based indirect ELISA. The seroprevalence data were analyzed in respect of age, sex, breed of the goats and altitude of the study area as well as rearing conditions of the animals to establish correlation, if any. Though age and sex of the animals had a direct correlation with infection, the same could not be established with the other factors. The sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic ELISA were compared with IFAT, as well as with a commercially available ELISA kit. The rSAG1-ELISA had 92.66% sensitivity and 90.67% specificity with a positive predictive value of 86.77% and negative predictive value 94.92% when compared with IFAT, whereas when compared with the commercial ELISA kit, 87.50% sensitivity and 90.91% specificity with a positive predictive value of 91.30% and negative predictive value 86.96% were observed. Inter rater agreement (kappa) was calculated. rSAG1-ELISA showed good agreement with IFAT (kappa = 0.824) and commercially available ELISA Kit (kappa = 0.783). Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analysis, revealed a larger area under curve (AUC) of 0.99 (95%CI, 0.97-1.0) when compared with IFAT as gold standard and a highest relative sensitivity 91.30 (95% CI 72-98.3) and specificity 1.0 (95% CI 85.2-100) for the cut off value of 0.6005. The present study revealed high seroprevalence of T. gondii in goats from Jharkhand, which has public health significance.
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Munhoz AD, Hage SB, Cruz RDS, Calazans APF, Silva FL, Albuquerque GR, Lacerda LC. Toxoplasmosis in cats in northeastern Brazil: Frequency, associated factors and coinfection with Neospora caninum, feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:35-38. [PMID: 31014634 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and the factors associated with infection by Toxoplasma gondii and demonstrate occurrences of coinfection with Neospora caninum, the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) in cats in the state of Bahia, Brazil. A total of 231 blood samples were collected from 201 owned cats and 30 stray cats. Serological investigations on T. gondii and N. caninum were performed using the indirect fluorescent antibody test with cutoff points of 1:64 and 1:50, respectively. To diagnose FIV and FeLV, a commercial immunochromatographic kit and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used. Unconditional logistic regression was performed to assess the factors associated with infection by T. gondii among owned cats. The seropositivity for T. gondii among the owned cats and stray cats was 44.3% (89/201) and 53.3% (16/30), respectively. For N. caninum, the seropositivity among owned cats was 21.4% (43/201) and among stray cats, 23.3% (7/30). The copositivity between the two coccidia were 23.6% (21/201) and 37.5% (6/30), among owned and stray cats respectively. The periurban environment was a risk factor for infection by T. gondii, while infection by FIV was associated with infection by T. gondii (p<0.05) among owned cats. No association was found between T. gondii and FeLV, or between N. caninum and the retroviruses. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the cats of the present study were exposed to the agents T. gondii and N. caninum, which suggests that significant infection of intermediate hosts and or environmental contamination with oocysts was present, and that the cats coinfected with T. gondii and the retroviruses did not present any serological signs of reactivation of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dias Munhoz
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil..
| | - Samir Batista Hage
- Zoonosis Control Center of Itabuna, Rua São Jose 122, Antique, Itabuna, Bahia 45603-640, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Dalety Santos Cruz
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Fernandes Calazans
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Lessa Silva
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
| | - George Rêgo Albuquerque
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
| | - Luciana Carvalho Lacerda
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Campus Soane Nazaré de Andrade, Rodovia Jorge Amado, Km 16, Salobrinho, Ilhéus, Bahia 45662-000, Brazil
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5
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Park CH, Ikadai H, Yoshida E, Isomura H, Inukai H, Oyamada T. Cutaneous Toxoplasmosis in a Female Japanese Cat. Vet Pathol 2016; 44:683-7. [PMID: 17846241 DOI: 10.1354/vp.44-5-683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A 16-year-old female Japanese cat was presented with a single mammary-gland nodule approximately 3 cm in diameter. Histologically, the nodule consisted of necrotizing granulomatous panniculitis, vasculitis, and mastitis, and contained free and clustered protozoal organisms. The organism was present in the cytoplasm of macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and mammary-gland epithelia. The organism was positive for anti- Toxoplasma gondii and anti- Neospora caninum antibodies. Electron microscopy showed single and grouped tachyzoites, with morphologic features similar to those of T. gondii. Polymerase chain reaction and deoxyribonucleic acid sequence analysis was consistent with T. gondii infection. This is the first report of cutaneous toxoplasmosis in a Japanese cat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Park
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Kitasato University, Towada 034-8628, Japan
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6
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Sukhumavasi W, Bellosa ML, Lucio-Forster A, Liotta JL, Lee ACY, Pornmingmas P, Chungpivat S, Mohammed HO, Lorentzen L, Dubey JP, Bowman DD. Serological survey of Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis, Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) and Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) infections in pet cats in Bangkok and vicinities, Thailand. Vet Parasitol 2012; 188:25-30. [PMID: 22497870 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii, Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infections was examined using serum or plasma samples from 746 pet cats collected between May and July 2009 from clinics and hospitals located in and around Bangkok, Thailand. The samples were tested for heartworm, FIV, and FeLV using a commercial ELISA. Of the 746 samples, 4.6% (34/746) were positive for heartworm antigen, 24.5% (183/746) had circulating FeLV antigen, and 20.1% (150/746) had antibodies against FIV. In addition, the first 348 submitted samples were tested for T. gondii antibodies using a modified agglutination test (MAT, cut off 1:25); 10.1% (35/348) were seropositive. Of the 348 cats sampled for all four pathogens, 11, 10, and 1 were positive for T. gondii antibodies and FIV antibodies, FeLV antigen, or D. immitis antigen, respectively. Of the 35 T. gondii-seropositive cats, 42.9% (15/35) were co-infected with at least one of the other three pathogens. The presence of antibodies to FIV was significantly associated with both age and gender, while FeLV antigen presence was only associated with age. In the case of FIV, males were twice as likely to be infected as females, and cats over 10 years of age were 13.5 times more likely to be infected than cats less than 1 year of age. FeLV antigen was more common in younger cats, with cats over 10 years of age being 10 times less likely to be FeLV positive than cats under 1 year of age. This is the first survey for these four pathogens affecting feline health in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woraporn Sukhumavasi
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henri-Dunant Rd., Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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7
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White J, Stickney A, Norris JM. Feline immunodeficiency virus: disease association versus causation in domestic and nondomestic felids. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2012; 41:1197-208. [PMID: 22041211 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is an important infection in both domestic and nondomestic cats. Although many studies have provided insight into FIV pathophysiology and immunologic responses to infection in cats, questions remain regarding the association of FIV with specific disease syndromes. For many diseases, both association and causation of disease with FIV remain to be confirmed and clarified. The use of experimental infection models is unlikely to yield answers about naturally infected domestic cats and is not feasible in nondomestic felids, many of which are endangered species. Researches might consider further study of naturally occurring disease with an emphasis on confirming which diseases have a likely association with FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna White
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal, and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Tennent Drive, Palmerston North 4412, New Zealand.
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8
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Prevalence of specific IgG-antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii in domestic turkeys determined by kinetic ELISA based on recombinant GRA7 and GRA8. Vet Parasitol 2011; 180:179-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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9
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Risk factors for feline immunodeficiency virus antibody test status in Cats Protection adoption centres (2004). J Feline Med Surg 2009; 11:467-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A study was carried out to determine the prevalence of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) within a population of cats entering 10 UK adoption centres run by Cats Protection. All cats entering the adoption centres during 2004 were tested for FIV using a rapid enzyme immunoassay antibody test. The overall prevalence of positive test results was 3.1% (95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.7–3.5%), whilst the prevalence at different adoption centres varied from 0.8% (95% CI 0.1–1.5%) to 6.7% (95% CI 4.9–8.5%). Results of the multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that male cats, stray/feral cats and cats in poor health were at a greater risk of testing positive for FIV than female cats, cats that were relinquished by an owner and cats that were in good/fair health, respectively. No evidence was found for an association between neuter status and FIV test results. This study may help to identify cats that are relinquished to rescue centres with an increased risk of FIV for routine FIV testing.
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10
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Clifford DL, Mazet JA, Dubovi EJ, Garcelon DK, Coonan TJ, Conrad PA, Munson L. Pathogen exposure in endangered island fox ( Urocyon littoralis) populations: Implications for conservation management. BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 2006; 131:230-243. [PMID: 32226080 PMCID: PMC7096732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations on four California Channel Islands have declined severely since 1994. Canine distemper (CDV) was suspected to be responsible for the decline of the Santa Catalina Island fox, so knowledge of infectious disease exposure in the remaining island fox populations was urgently needed. This study reviewed previous pathogen exposure in island foxes and investigated the current threat by conducting a serologic survey of foxes on all islands and sympatric feral cats on three islands from 2001 to 2003 for antibodies against canid pathogens. Before the decline, foxes had evidence of exposure to CDV, canine adenovirus (CAV), canine parvovirus (CPV), and Toxoplasma, with exposure to these five pathogens differing greatly by island. Exposure to canine coronavirus (CCV), canine herpesvirus (CHV), and Leptospira was rare. In 2001-2003, wild-born foxes had evidence of exposure to CDV (5.2-32.8%) on 5 of 6 islands, CPV (28-100%) and CAV (4.7-100%) on five islands, and Toxoplasma gondii (2.3-15.4%) on four islands. Exposure to CCV, CHV and Leptospira was less common. Sharing of infectious agents between sympatric foxes and feral cats appeared minimal, but CDV exposure was detected in two cats on Santa Catalina Island. Domestic dogs have historically been present on the islands, but it is not known if canine diseases can be maintained in fox populations without the continual presence of dogs. Targeted vaccination programs against the most virulent pathogens and continued intensive disease surveillance may help protect the critically small remaining fox populations from disease outbreaks that could threaten the success of ongoing conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deana L. Clifford
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Jonna A.K. Mazet
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Edward J. Dubovi
- Diagnostic Laboratory, New York State College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, PO Box 786, Ithaca, NY 14851, USA
| | | | - Timothy J. Coonan
- National Park Service, Channel Islands National Park, 1901 Spinnaker Drive, Ventura, CA 93001, USA
| | - Patricia A. Conrad
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Linda Munson
- Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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11
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Barrs VR, Martin P, Beatty JA. Antemortem diagnosis and treatment of toxoplasmosis in two cats on cyclosporin therapy. Aust Vet J 2006; 84:30-5. [PMID: 16498831 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.tb13119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical toxoplasmosis was diagnosed antemortem in two cats being treated with therapeutic doses of cyclosporin. The diagnosis was made by detecting tachyzoites on cytological examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from one case and pleural effusion from the other. Despite early diagnosis and aggressive treatment in both cases, only one cat survived. Reactivation of latent Toxoplasma gondii infection secondary to cyclosporin-induced immunosuppression was considered likely in both cases. The presence of respiratory signs in cats treated with cyclosporin should alert clinicians to the possibility of clinical toxoplasmosis. Consideration should be given to determining the serostatus of cats to T gondii prior to use of drugs which are potent inhibitors of cell mediated immunity, such as cyclosporin. Two cases of feline toxoplasmosis are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Barrs
- University Veterinary Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006
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12
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Tornquist SJ, Boeder LJ, Mattson DE, Cebra CK, Bildfell RJ, Hamir AN. Lymphocyte responses and immunophenotypes in horses with Sarcocystis neurona infection. Equine Vet J 2001; 33:726-9. [PMID: 11770997 DOI: 10.2746/042516401776249255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S J Tornquist
- Department of Biomedical Sciences College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis 97331, USA
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13
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Abstract
Ocular infection with Toxoplasma gondii is a well-recognized and important clinical entity in many animal species. In the cat, ocular toxoplasmosis is commonly associated with systemic infection, yet its role in causing anterior uveitis in an otherwise healthy cat is unclear. The purpose of this article is to review the salient epidemiological, clinical, and histopathologic features of systemic and ocular toxoplasmosis in the cat. Additionally, pathogenesis and possible immunopathogenic mechanisms of ocular toxoplasmosis, which may account for the higher prevalence of anterior uveitis in cats seropositive for T. gondii, are discussed. Finally, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of feline toxoplasmosis are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.G. Davidson
- Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; Animal Eye Clinic, Cary NC 27513, USA
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14
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Abstract
Toxoplasmosis in dogs and cats can cause chorioretinitis, anterior uveitis, or both. Ocular lesions are a common manifestation of generalized toxoplasmosis. The prevalence of toxoplasmosis as a cause of idiopathic anterior uveitis in cats is not clear, although there is a significant association between exposure to T. gondii and feline anterior uveitis. The pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis may be different in humans and cats, and the anterior uveitis may represent a type of immune-mediated inflammation. A diagnosis is made by observing compatible clinical findings and obtaining supportive findings on serologic tests. Despite improved diagnostic techniques, including determination of IgM class antibodies and PCR testing, definitive diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis remains a challenge. Topical anti-inflammatory therapy should be used in cats with anterior uveitis, a positive serum titer, and no concurrent systemic signs. Systemic clindamycin should be given to cats with ocular and systemic signs and to cats with suggestive serology and idiopathic anterior uveitis that fails to respond to topical therapy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Davidson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
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15
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Koyama T, Omata Y, Maki Y, Toyoda Y, Saito A. Interleukin-12, interferon-gamma and interleukin-4 gene expression in cats infected with Toxoplasma gondii. J Vet Med Sci 1999; 61:819-21. [PMID: 10458106 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.61.819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-12, Interferon-gamma and Interleukin-4 mRNA levels in cells of the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of cats following primary and secondary infection with Toxoplasma gondii were examined by a semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Expression of Interleukin-12p40 mRNA and Interferon-gamma mRNA was observed after primary and secondary oral infection with Toxoplasma gondii. In contrast, no expression of IL-4 mRNA in the spleen and little expression in the mesenteric lymph nodes were observed after primary infection when the cats shed oocysts, however, the expression of IL-4 mRNA observed in the cats after secondary inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Koyama
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
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16
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Abstract
The prevalences of IgG and IgM antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in pet dogs in Taiwan were measured by using both a kinetics-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblotting. A logistic regression model with five factors (sex, age, weight, breed, domain) was analyzed. Pet dogs (n = 658) had seroprevalence of 7.9%, and had IgG and IgM geometric mean titers of 1:50 and 1:31, respectively. Older or heavier pet dogs had higher odds of seropositivity than younger or lighter dogs. Also, mixed-breed dogs had higher odds of seropositivity than pure-bred dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, ROC.
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17
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Abstract
In 1987, Pedersen et al. (1987) reported the isolation of a T-lymphotropic virus possessing the characteristics of a lentivirus from pet cats in Davis, California. From the first report onwards, it was evident that in causing an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in cats, the virus was of substantial veterinary importance. It shares many physical and biochemical properties with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and was therefore named feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). This article reviews recent knowledge of the aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical signs, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment options of FIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Hartmann
- I. Medizinische Tierklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Germany
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18
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Omata Y, Terada K, Taka A, Isamida T, Kanda M, Saito A. Positive evidence that anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgA antibody exists in the intestinal tract of infected cats and exerts protective activity against the infection. Vet Parasitol 1997; 73:1-11. [PMID: 9477486 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(97)00126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of anti-Toxoplasma gondii IgA antibody in the feces and intestinal tract of cats infected with this parasite was demonstrated using an immunoblotting assay. Cats (n = 5) were inoculated orally with T. gondii cysts and supernatants of feces and washings of the intestinal tract were assayed for secretory IgA specific for the parasite. The secretory IgA detected recognized tachyzoite antigens of m.w. 24, 34, 38 and 43 kDa and one sporozoite antigen of m.w. 24 kDa. No reactivity was shown against bradyzoites or enteroepithelial stage parasites. Tachyzoites preincubated with washings of the intestinal tract of infected cats showed decreased activity in penetration of feline fibroblast cells, as compared to tachyzoites preincubated with similar washings derived from non-infected cats. The addition of either anti-cat IgA or anti-cat IgG to the washings had no effect on the inhibitory activity which reduced the parasite's cell-penetration activity. However, the addition of both anti-cat IgA and anti-cat IgG to the washings diminished the inhibitory activity. These results suggest that anti-T. gondii antibodies of both classes, secretory IgA and IgG, exist in the intestinal tract of infected cats and these may be capable of preventing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Omata
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan
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19
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Venturini MC, Quiroga MA, Risso MA, Lorenzo CD, Omata Y, Venturini L, Godoy H. Mycotoxin T-2 and aflatoxin B1 as immunosuppressors in mice chronically infected with Toxoplasma gondii. J Comp Pathol 1996; 115:229-37. [PMID: 8923234 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(96)80081-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether repeated ingestion of mycotoxin T-2 (T2) or aflatoxin B1 (AFL) at low doses could contribute to the activation of toxoplasmosis in experimentally infected mice. Mice were divided into two groups: Control (C) and Infected (I). The cyst-forming Beverley strain of Toxoplasma gondii was used to produce the infection one month before treatment with mycotoxins. Mycotoxins were given intragastrically for a 50-day period. The average weight gain was reduced in the groups treated with mycotoxins. Mice developed specific IgG to T. gondii. Histopathological studies showed severe encephalitis in all groups infected. The number of unruptured and ruptured cysts was established and the severity of the lesions was evaluated, the groups treated with mycotoxins being the most severely affected. Immunohistochemical studies of the brain showed free antigen in tissues surrounding ruptured cysts. It is suggested that low and repeated doses of mycotoxins, necessary to produce a subclinical intoxication, precipitate Toxoplasma cyst rupture and consequently the activation of chronic toxoplasmosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Venturini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, National University of La Plata, Argentina
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20
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Lappin MR. Feline toxoplasmosis: interpretation of diagnostic test results. SEMINARS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY (SMALL ANIMAL) 1996; 11:154-60. [PMID: 8942211 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-2867(96)80027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Based on seroprevalence studies, approximately 30% of the cats in the United States have been infected by T gondii. Cats are the only species that pass the environmentally resistant oocyst in feces. Sporulated oocysts are infectious to humans and the organism can cause significant disease in immunocompromised people and transplacentally-infected babies. Clinical illness including liver disease, lung disease, central nervous system disease, fever, and uveitis occur in some infected cats. Veterinarians need to be able to identify T gondii infection in cats because of potential public health risks and during the workup of clinical diseased cats. Oocyst shedding by cats is of short duration, but can be detected by fecal examination. There are currently no serological tests that can accurately determine when a cat has shed oocysts in the past. The combination of serological test findings, clinical signs of disease, exclusion of other causes, and response to anti-Toxoplasma drugs is required to make the diagnosis of antemortem++ clinical toxoplasmosis in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Lappin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523, USA
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21
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Lacroix C, Brun-Pascaud M, Maslo C, Chau F, Romand S, Derouin F. Co-infection of Toxoplasma gondii with other pathogens: pathogenicity and chemotherapy in animal models. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 219:223-33. [PMID: 8791703 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-51014-4_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Lacroix
- INSERM Unité 13, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, Paris, France
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22
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Angulo FJ, Glaser CA, Juranek DD, Lappin MR, Regnery RL. Caring for pets of immunocompromised persons. THE CANADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL = LA REVUE VETERINAIRE CANADIENNE 1995; 36:217-22. [PMID: 17424395 PMCID: PMC1686928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
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23
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Henriksen SJ, Prospero-Garcia O, Phillips TR, Fox HS, Bloom FE, Elder JH. Feline immunodeficiency virus as a model for study of lentivirus infection of the central nervous system. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1995; 202:167-86. [PMID: 7587362 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79657-9_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus infects the CNS and results in predictable pathophysiology strikingly similar to that seen with HIV-1 infection of humans. The observed pathophysiology is mimicked in several physiologically assessed modalities, further supporting the validity of the feline model. Peripheral and control evoked potential findings and the occurrence of the sleep architecture changes in both cat and human disease provide an intriguing focus for further investigation. Although structurally diverse in an absolute sense, FIV and HIV-1 share basic structural features and commonalities of their life cycle. It is likely that by understanding the common mechanisms by which these lentiviruses influence CNS function, a more complete understanding of the neurological deficits seen in HIV-1 infected patients will be obtained. The cat model is particularly valuable for study of CNS disease, since it allows detailed analyses of events during the acute phase of infection, under circumstances in which the nature and timing of the infection are carefully controlled. The availability of molecular clones for mutational analysis will facilitate mapping of genomic regions critical to the perturbation of CNS function. It is suggested that development of intervention strategies in the cat model will yield treatment modalities directly applicable to HIV-1 infection of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Henriksen
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, C 92037, USA
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24
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Bendinelli M, Pistello M, Lombardi S, Poli A, Garzelli C, Matteucci D, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Malvaldi G, Tozzini F. Feline immunodeficiency virus: an interesting model for AIDS studies and an important cat pathogen. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8:87-112. [PMID: 7704896 PMCID: PMC172850 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.8.1.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The lentivirus feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a widespread pathogen of the domestic cat that is mainly transmitted through bites, although other means of transmission are also possible. Its prevalence ranges from 1 to 10% in different cat populations throughout the world, thus representing a large reservoir of naturally infected animals. FIV resembles the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in many respects. Similarities include the structural features of the virion, the general organization and great variability of the genome, the life cycle in the infected host, and most importantly, the pathogenic potential. Infection is associated with laboratory signs of immunosuppression as well as with a large variety of superinfections, tumors, and neurological manifestations. Our understanding of FIV is steadily improving and is providing important clues to the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency-inducing lentiviruses. The cellular receptor for FIV is different from the feline equivalent of the human CD4 molecule used by HIV; nevertheless, the major hallmark of infection is a progressive loss of CD4+ T lymphocytes as in HIV infection. The mechanisms by which FIV escapes the host's immune responses are being actively investigated. FIV causes lysis of infected T cells and also appears to predispose these cells to apoptosis. Infection of macrophages and other cell types has also been documented. For reasons yet to be understood, antibody-mediated neutralization of fresh FIV isolates is very inefficient both in vitro and in vivo. Vaccination studies have provided some encouraging results, but the difficulties encountered appear to match those met in HIV vaccine development. FIV susceptibility to antiviral agents is similar to that of HIV, thus providing a valuable system for in vivo preclinical evaluation of therapies. It is concluded that in many respects FIV is an ideal model for AIDS studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bendinelli
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Pisa, Italy
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25
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Davidson MG, Rottman JB, English RV, Lappin MR, Tompkins MB. Feline immunodeficiency virus predisposes cats to acute generalized toxoplasmosis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1993; 143:1486-97. [PMID: 8238262 PMCID: PMC1887187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to examine the effects of a pre-existing, clinically asymptomatic feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection on a primary challenge with Toxoplasma gondii. Parenteral challenge of FIV-infected cats with tachyzoites of the ME49 strain of T. gondii caused a precipitous drop in all lymphocytes (CD4+, CD8+, and B cells) and generalized severe toxoplasmosis. The predominant postmortem lesions included acute and often fatal interstitial pneumonia, dominated histologically by macrophages, and multifocal to coalescing hepatic necrosis. Immunohistochemistry revealed numerous T. gondii antigen and tachyzoites in macrophages and other cell types in the lung lesions. The proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to specific (T. gondii antigen) and nonspecific (Concanavalin A) mitogens was defective in the dually infected cats, suggesting marked immunosuppression. In contrast to the dually infected cats, cats infected only with T. gondii developed a transient, mild clinical disease characterized by anorexia, lethargy, and multifocal chorioretinitis. Lymphocyte changes in T. gondii-infected cats included an early pan-lymphopenia followed by reestablishment of all lymphocyte subset profiles. These cats also showed a reduced proliferative response to Concanavalin A at 1 week after challenge, but a measurable in vivo response to T. gondii antigens, as evidenced by in vitro lymphocyte proliferation in the absence of a mitogenic stimulus. These results show that infection of cats with FIV-NCSU, markedly enhances their susceptibility to a primary T. gondii infection and provides a model to study the mechanisms of the underlying immunological defect(s) occurring early after HIV infection that may predispose individuals to development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and associated diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-CD8 Ratio
- Cat Diseases/parasitology
- Cat Diseases/pathology
- Cats
- Disease Models, Animal
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Feline Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/pathology
- Immunodeficiency Virus, Feline
- Immunoglobulin M/blood
- Liver/pathology
- Lung/parasitology
- Lung/pathology
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/complications
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/parasitology
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/pathology
- Lung Diseases, Interstitial/veterinary
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Time Factors
- Toxoplasma
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/complications
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Davidson
- Department of Companion Animal and Special Species Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
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26
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Bendinelli M, Pistello M, Matteucci D, Lombardi S, Baldinotti F, Bandecchi P, Ghilarducci R, Ceccherini-Nelli L, Garzelli C, Poli A. Small animal model of AIDS and the feline immunodeficiency virus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1993; 335:189-202. [PMID: 8237595 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-2980-4_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bendinelli
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina, Università di Pisa, Italy
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27
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Gelman IH, Zhang J, Hailman E, Hanafusa H, Morse SS. Identification and evaluation of new primer sets for the detection of lentivirus proviral DNA. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8:1981-9. [PMID: 1337258 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1992.8.1981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed sets of degenerate oligonucleotides designed to detect pol gene sequences from any member of the lentivirus subfamily when used as primers in amplification techniques such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This pan-lentivirus-specific primer set (PLSPS) consists of primers, LV1, LV2, and LV3, based on conserved regions common to lentiviruses only. Our protocol is based on primary amplification with LV1 and LV2 followed by secondary amplification with a nested primer set based on the YM/VDD motif found in all reverse transcriptases (or "DDMY," in the opposite direction), and LV3, a block of lentivirus homology nested just downstream of LV1. PLSPS-PCR analysis of DNA from cells infected with HIV-1, HIV-2, SIVmac239, BIV, visna, EIAV, CAEV, OPPV, or FIV resulted in the amplification of appropriately sized products. Sequence analysis of the LV1/2 products, cloned into pBluescript (pBS), indicated that at least 20% (most often, > 80%) contained the predicted lentivirus pol sequence. Greater than 95% of the LV3/DDMY products contained the expected lentiviral sequences. Using the PLSPS, lentivirus pol sequences could typically be detected at levels of one copy in 2 x 10(6) cells after secondary amplification. No specific lentiviral PCR products were detected in DNA from uninfected human or mouse monocytes, feline or bovine leukocytes, mouse, rat or human fibroblast cell lines, chicken embryo fibroblasts, Tahr lung cells, or cell lines infected with the following retroviruses which are not lentiviruses: Rous sarcoma virus, Moloney leukemia virus or Kirsten sarcoma virus, mouse mammary tumor virus, human T-cell lymphotropic virus I, and feline leukemia virus.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- I H Gelman
- Department of Microbiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029
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28
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Lin DS. Change in interleukin 2 production by lymphocytes during maturation of young cats. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 15:301-4. [PMID: 1424560 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(92)90010-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes from four specific-pathogen free cats were tested for their interleukin 2 activity every week beginning when the cats were 12 weeks old and ending when they were 26 weeks old. Lymphocytes from cats > or = 20 weeks old released significantly more interleukin 2 than those obtained from these cats at earlier ages when stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 and phorbol myristate acetate. The change of interleukin 2 levels with maturation of young cats may represent an important difference in their level of defense to infections with various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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29
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Abstract
Disseminated toxoplasmosis, one of the most severe acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-associated infections in humans, is believed to develop from a latent infection after the cellular immune system is suppressed by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). However, Toxoplasma gondii may serve as a cofactor in enhancing the immunodeficiency induced by HIV-1. This hypothesis is supported by the facts that: 1) co-infection with other pathogens in humans infected with HIV-1 may enhance the progression of the disease to AIDS; and 2) concomitant infection with T. gondii enhances feline immunodeficiency virus-induced immune dysfunction and is likely to cause a more rapid disease onset than an infection with HIV alone. It is possible that T. gondii infection induces tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. TNF then stimulates the induction of T-cell proteins that bind to the long terminal repeat of HIV-1. This binding at the repeat site then leads to increased HIV-1 activation which causes the dysfunction of CD4 cells and a resulting immunodeficiency that allows even greater amounts of T. gondii replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Republic of China
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30
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Lin DS, Bowman DD, Jacobson RH. Antibody responses to Toxoplasma gondii antigens in aqueous and cerebrospinal fluids of cats infected with T. gondii and FIV. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 1992; 15:293-9. [PMID: 1330426 DOI: 10.1016/0147-9571(92)90009-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies to antigens of Toxoplasma gondii were measured in the aqueous and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 16 specific-pathogen free kittens experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), T. gondii, or both pathogens. The results indicated that all cats infected with T. gondii had antibody responses to antigens of T. gondii in both aqueous fluids and CSF. Co-infection with FIV did not affect antibody levels. Aqueous fluids from eyes of cats with toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis did not necessarily have higher antibody levels than those from eyes without lesions. Antibodies to T. gondii were also detected in the CSF of two cats from whose brains no parasites were isolated by in vivo mouse inoculation. Total IgG did not increase significantly in the aqueous fluids and CSF of cats infected with T. gondii whether or not they were also infected with FIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Lin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei
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31
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Abstract
Immunological features of feline lymphocytes, immunoglobulins, monocytes/macrophages, cytokines, major histocompatibility complex and delayed-type hypersensitivity are reviewed. Attention is given to the comparison of the feline immune system with the immune systems of humans and other animals. Also presented is information on the modification of feline immunity by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Lin
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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