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Elnahas MO, Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM. Nutritive profile, pharmaceutical potentials, and structural analysis of multifunctional bioactive fungal polysaccharides-A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:130893. [PMID: 38493817 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Asian nations have long used edible fungi as food and medicine. Polysaccharides are among the main building units of the cell walls of fungi. Fungal polysaccharides have been documented in the medicinal and industrial sectors as products with a vast array of various biological activities and applications such as antitumor, antioxidant, anticancer, immunomodulation, and antiviral activities, etc. The goal of this review is to give insights into the various biological activities of mushroom polysaccharides and their potential as a medicine for human health. The extraction, purity, and structural analysis of fungal polysaccharides were also reviewed in this work. Also, future prospective, and challenges for fungal polysaccharides in pharmaceutical applications can be found in this review. Overall, this review serves as a valuable resource in exploring the therapeutic potential and applications of fungal polysaccharides. By building upon the existing knowledge base and addressing critical research gaps, researchers can find new opportunities for utilizing fungal polysaccharides as valuable therapeutic agents and functional ingredients in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa O Elnahas
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt.
| | - Waill A Elkhateeb
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ghoson M Daba
- Chemistry of Natural and Microbial Products Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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Aref M, Khoshhali M, Ghasemi P, Adeli S, Heidari-Beni M, Kelishadi R. Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on serum lipid profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis on animal studies. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 28:70. [PMID: 38116485 PMCID: PMC10729684 DOI: 10.4103/jrms.jrms_175_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is one of the most popular edible mushrooms in the world which has various pharmacological components. Recently, some animal studies have investigated the lipid-lowering effects of G. lucidum and have shown contradictory results. This study aims to systematically review the effects of G. lucidum on lipid parameters in animal studies. Materials and Methods A systematic search was conducted in the Medline database (PubMed), Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar up to the end of January 2022. Only animal studies and all eligible randomized controlled trials (RCTs), including cluster RCTs and randomized crossover trials were included. The English language studies that assessed the effects of G. lucidum on lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were selected. Results Among 358 studies, 49 articles were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. G. lucidum consumption was associated with decreased levels of TG (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -1.52, 95% CI: -1.79, -1.24), TC (SMD = -1.51, 95% CI: -1.75, -1.27), LDL-C (SMD = -2.03, 95% CI: -2.37, -1.69) and VLDL (SMD =-1.06, 95% CI: -1.638, -0.482). Furthermore, G. lucidum consumption was associated with increased levels of HDL-C (SMD = 1.03, 95% CI: 0.73, 1.33). Conclusion G. lucidum has favorable effects on TG, TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, and VLDL. Different doses of G. lucidum have various degrees of effectiveness on lipid profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Aref
- Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehri Khoshhali
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Pouria Ghasemi
- Department of Pediatrics, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Adeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Motahar Heidari-Beni
- Department of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Roya Kelishadi
- Department of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Jiang H, Li D, Han Y, Li N, Tao X, Liu J, Zhang Z, Yu Y, Wang L, Yu S, Zhang N, Xiao H, Yang X, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Zhang BT. The role of sclerostin in lipid and glucose metabolism disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 215:115694. [PMID: 37481136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Lipid and glucose metabolism are critical for human activities, and their disorders can cause diabetes and obesity, two prevalent metabolic diseases. Studies suggest that the bone involved in lipid and glucose metabolism is emerging as an endocrine organ that regulates systemic metabolism through bone-derived molecules. Sclerostin, a protein mainly produced by osteocytes, has been therapeutically targeted by antibodies for treating osteoporosis owing to its ability to inhibit bone formation. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that sclerostin plays a role in lipid and glucose metabolism disorders. Although the effects of sclerostin on bone have been extensively examined and reviewed, its effects on systemic metabolism have not yet been well summarized. In this paper, we provide a systemic review of the effects of sclerostin on lipid and glucose metabolism based on in vitro and in vivo evidence, summarize the research progress on sclerostin, and prospect its potential manipulation for obesity and diabetes treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hewen Jiang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dijie Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China; Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Han
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China; Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nanxi Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China; Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohui Tao
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China; Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China; Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zongkang Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China; Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China; Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sifan Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huan Xiao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yihao Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ge Zhang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China; Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone & Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinformedicine and Translational Science, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Bao-Ting Zhang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong Macao Greater Bay Area International Research Platform for Aptamer-Based Translational Medicine and Drug Discovery, Hong Kong, China.
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Peng H, Zhong L, Cheng L, Chen L, Tong R, Shi J, Bai L. Ganoderma lucidum: Current advancements of characteristic components and experimental progress in anti-liver fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1094405. [PMID: 36703748 PMCID: PMC9872944 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1094405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Lingzhi) is a well-known herbal medicine with a variety of pharmacological effects. Studies have found that G. lucidum has pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, antitumor, anti-aging, anti-liver fibrosis, and immunomodulation. The main active components of G. lucidum include triterpenoids, polysaccharides, sterols, peptides and other bioactive components. Among them, the triterpenoids and polysaccharide components of G. lucidum have a wide range of anti-liver fibrotic effects. Currently, there have been more reviews and studies on the antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-aging properties of G. lucidum. Based on the current trend of increasing number of liver fibrosis patients in the world, we summarized the role of G.lucidum extract in anti-liver fibrosis and the effect of G. lucidum extract on liver fibrosis induced by different pathogenesis, which were discussed and analyzed. Research and development ideas and references are provided for the subsequent application of G. lucidum extracts in anti-liver fibrosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Peng
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- College of Medicine, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongsheng Tong
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianyou Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Jianyou Shi, ; Lan Bai,
| | - Lan Bai
- The State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China,Department of Pharmacy, Personalized Drug Therapy Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China,*Correspondence: Jianyou Shi, ; Lan Bai,
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LIU H, LIU X, XIE J, CHEN S. Structure, function and mechanism of edible fungus polysaccharides in human beings chronic diseases. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/fst.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan LIU
- Guizhou Medical University, China; Guizhou Medical University, China
| | | | - Jiao XIE
- Guizhou Medical University, China; Guizhou Medical University, China
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Arunachalam K, Sreeja PS, Yang X. The Antioxidant Properties of Mushroom Polysaccharides can Potentially Mitigate Oxidative Stress, Beta-Cell Dysfunction and Insulin Resistance. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:874474. [PMID: 35600869 PMCID: PMC9117613 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.874474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent metabolic and endocrine illness affecting people all over the world and is of serious health and financial concern. Antidiabetic medicine delivered through pharmacotherapy, including synthetic antidiabetic drugs, are known to have several negative effects. Fortunately, several natural polysaccharides have antidiabetic properties, and the use of these polysaccharides as adjuncts to conventional therapy is becoming more common, particularly in underdeveloped nations. Oxidative stress has a critical role in the development of diabetes mellitus (DM). The review of current literature presented here focusses, therefore, on the antioxidant properties of mushroom polysaccharides used in the management of diabetic complications, and discusses whether these antioxidant properties contribute to the deactivation of the oxidative stress-related signalling pathways, and to the amelioration of β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance. In this study, we conducted a systematic review of the relevant information concerning the antioxidant and antidiabetic effects of mushrooms from electronic databases, such as PubMed, Scopus or Google Scholar, for the period 1994 to 2021. In total, 104 different polysaccharides from mushrooms have been found to have antidiabetic effects. Most of the literature on mushroom polysaccharides has demonstrated the beneficial effects of these polysaccharides on reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) levels. This review discuss the effects of these polysaccharides on hyperglycemia and other alternative antioxidant therapies for diabetic complications through their applications and limits, in order to gain a better understanding of how they can be used to treat DM. Preclinical and phytochemical investigations have found that most of the active polysaccharides extracted from mushrooms have antioxidant activity, reducing oxidative stress and preventing the development of DM. Further research is necessary to confirm whether mushroom polysaccharides can effectively alleviate hyperglycemia, and the mechanisms by which they do this, and to investigate whether these polysaccharides might be utilized as a complementary therapy for the prevention and management of DM in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppusamy Arunachalam
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Karuppusamy Arunachalam, ; Xuefei Yang,
| | | | - Xuefei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nay Pyi Taw, Myanmar
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Karuppusamy Arunachalam, ; Xuefei Yang,
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Mustafa F, Chopra H, Baig AA, Avula SK, Kumari S, Mohanta TK, Saravanan M, Mishra AK, Sharma N, Mohanta YK. Edible Mushrooms as Novel Myco-Therapeutics: Effects on Lipid Level, Obesity and BMI. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020211. [PMID: 35205965 PMCID: PMC8880354 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity, usually indicated by a body mass index of more than 30 kg/m2, is a worsening global health issue. It leads to chronic diseases, including type II diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular diseases. Conventional treatments for obesity include physical activity and maintaining a negative energy balance. However, physical activity alone cannot determine body weight as several other factors play a role in the overall energy balance. Alternatively, weight loss may be achieved by medication and surgery. However, these options can be expensive or have side effects. Therefore, dietary factors, including dietary modifications, nutraceutical preparations, and functional foods have been investigated recently. For example, edible mushrooms have beneficial effects on human health. Polysaccharides (essentially β-D-glucans), chitinous substances, heteroglycans, proteoglycans, peptidoglycans, alkaloids, lactones, lectins, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, terpenes, phenols, nucleotides, glycoproteins, proteins, amino acids, antimicrobials, and minerals are the major bioactive compounds in these mushrooms. These bioactive compounds have chemo-preventive, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective properties. Consumption of edible mushrooms reduces plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and plasma glucose levels. Polysaccharides from edible mushrooms suppress mRNA expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes, contributing to their anti-obesity properties. Therefore, edible mushrooms or their active ingredients may help prevent obesity and other chronic ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faheem Mustafa
- School of Health Sciences, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54782, Pakistan;
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Malaysia;
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab 140401, India;
| | - Atif Amin Baig
- Unit of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kuala Terengganu 20400, Malaysia;
| | - Satya Kumar Avula
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman; (S.K.A.); (T.K.M.)
| | - Sony Kumari
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi 793101, India;
| | - Tapan Kumar Mohanta
- Natural and Medical Sciences Research Centre, University of Nizwa, Nizwa 616, Oman; (S.K.A.); (T.K.M.)
| | - Muthupandian Saravanan
- AMR and Nanotherapeutics Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600077, India;
| | - Awdhesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 8541, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea
- Correspondence: (A.K.M.); (N.S.); (Y.K.M.)
| | - Nanaocha Sharma
- Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, Imphal 795001, India
- Correspondence: (A.K.M.); (N.S.); (Y.K.M.)
| | - Yugal Kishore Mohanta
- Department of Applied Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Meghalaya, Ri-Bhoi 793101, India;
- Correspondence: (A.K.M.); (N.S.); (Y.K.M.)
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Shao W, Xiao C, Yong T, Zhang Y, Hu H, Xie T, Liu R, Huang L, Li X, Xie Y, Zhang J, Chen S, Cai M, Chen D, Liu Y, Gao X, Wu Q. A polysaccharide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates hyperglycemia through modulating gut microbiota in type 2 diabetic mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 197:23-38. [PMID: 34920067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we reported a thermal stable and non-toxic heteropolysaccharide F31, which decreased the blood glucose of diabetic mice (21.75 mmol/L) induced by high-fat diet (HFD) and streptozotocin (STZ) to 12.56 and 15.18 mmol/L (P < 0.01) at 180 and 60 mg/kg, depicting remarkable hypoglycemic effects of 42.25 and 30.21%. Moreover, F31 repaired islet cells and increased insulin secretion, promoted the synthesis and storage of glycogen in liver and improved activities of antioxidant enzymes and insulin resistances, declining HOMA-IR (43.77 mmol/mU) of diabetic mice (P < 0.01) to 17.32 and 20.96 mmol/mU at both doses. 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that F31 significantly decreased Firmicutes (44.92%, P < 0.01) and enhanced Bacteroidetes (33.73%, P < 0.01) and then increased B/F ratio of diabetic mice to 0.6969 (P < 0.01), even being close to normal control (P = 0.9579). F31 enriched Lactobacillus, Bacteroides and Ruminococcaceae, which may relieve glucose, insulin resistance and inflammation through decreasing the release of endotoxins into the circulation from intestine, carbohydrate fermentation in gut and activation of the intestine-brain axis. Functionally, F31 improved metabolism of gut microbiota to a normal state. These results may provide novel insights into the beneficial effect of F31 against hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Shao
- Guangzhou Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; Jiaoling Tiehan Big Health Industry Investment Co., Ltd., Jiaoling 514100, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianqiao Yong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Huiping Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ting Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Rongjie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Longhua Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Jumei Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shaodan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Manjun Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Diling Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.
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Liang J, Zhang M, Wang X, Ren Y, Yue T, Wang Z, Gao Z. Edible fungal polysaccharides, the gut microbiota, and host health. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 273:118558. [PMID: 34560969 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The plasticity of the gut microbiota (GM) creates an opportunity to reshape the biological output of gut microbes by manipulating external factors. It is well known that edible fungal polysaccharides (EFPs) can reach the distal intestine and be assimilated to reshape the GM. The GM has unique devices that utilize various EFPs and produce oligosaccharides, which can selectively promote the growth of beneficial bacteria and are fermented into short-chain fatty acids that interact closely with intestinal cells. Here we review EFPs-based interventions for the GM, particularly the key microorganisms, functions, and metabolites. In addition, we discuss the bi-directional causality between GM imbalance and diseases, and the beneficial effects of EFPs on host health via GM. This review can offer a valuable reference for the design of edible fungal polysaccharide- or oligosaccharide-based nutrition interventions or drug development for maintaining human health by targeted regulation of the GM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Meina Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xingnan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yichen Ren
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhouli Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zhenpeng Gao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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10
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Chung MY, Choi HK, Hwang JT. AMPK Activity: A Primary Target for Diabetes Prevention with Therapeutic Phytochemicals. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114050. [PMID: 34836306 PMCID: PMC8621568 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome characterized by inadequate blood glucose control and is associated with reduced quality of life and various complications, significantly shortening life expectancy. Natural phytochemicals found in plants have been traditionally used as medicines for the prevention of chronic diseases including diabetes in East Asia since ancient times. Many of these phytochemicals have been characterized as having few side effects, and scientific research into the mechanisms of action responsible has accumulated mounting evidence for their efficacy. These compounds, which may help to prevent metabolic syndrome disorders including diabetes, act through relevant intracellular signaling pathways. In this review, we examine the anti-diabetic efficacy of several compounds and extracts derived from medicinal plants, with a focus on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yu Chung
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeonju 55365, Korea; (M.-Y.C.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Hyo-Kyoung Choi
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeonju 55365, Korea; (M.-Y.C.); (H.-K.C.)
| | - Jin-Taek Hwang
- Personalized Diet Research Group, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeonju 55365, Korea; (M.-Y.C.); (H.-K.C.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-219-9315; Fax: +82-63-219-9876
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11
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Guru A, Issac PK, Velayutham M, Saraswathi NT, Arshad A, Arockiaraj J. Molecular mechanism of down-regulating adipogenic transcription factors in 3T3-L1 adipocyte cells by bioactive anti-adipogenic compounds. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 48:743-761. [PMID: 33275195 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-06036-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is growing at an alarming rate, which is characterized by increased adipose tissue. It increases the probability of many health complications, such as diabetes, arthritis, cardiac disease, and cancer. In modern society, with a growing population of obese patients, several individuals have increased insulin resistance. Herbal medicines are known as the oldest method of health care treatment for obesity-related secondary health issues. Several traditional medicinal plants and their effective phytoconstituents have shown anti-diabetic and anti-adipogenic activity. Adipose tissue is a major site for lipid accumulation as well as the whole-body insulin sensitivity region. 3T3-L1 cell line model can achieve adipogenesis. Adipocyte characteristics features such as expression of adipocyte markers and aggregation of lipids are chemically induced in the 3T3-L1 fibroblast cell line. Differentiation of 3T3-L1 is an efficient and convenient way to obtain adipocyte like cells in experimental studies. Peroxisome proliferation activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and Cytosine-Cytosine-Adenosine-Adenosine-Thymidine/Enhancer-binding protein α (CCAAT/Enhancer-binding protein α or C/EBPα) are considered to be regulating adipogenesis at the early stage, while adiponectin and fatty acid synthase (FAS) is responsible for the mature adipocyte formation. Excess accumulation of these adipose tissues and lipids leads to obesity. Thus, investigating adipose tissue development and the underlying molecular mechanism is important in the therapeutical approach. This review describes the cellular mechanism of 3T3-L1 fibroblast cells on potential anti-adipogenic herbal bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Guru
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Issac
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Manikandan Velayutham
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - N T Saraswathi
- Molecular Biophysics Lab, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, 613401, India
| | - Aziz Arshad
- International Institute of Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences (I-AQUAS), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 71050, Port Dickson, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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12
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Tung YT, Pan CH, Chien YW, Huang HY. Edible Mushrooms: Novel Medicinal Agents to Combat Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4970-4981. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200831151316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is an aggregation of conditions and associated with an increased risk of developing
diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Edible mushrooms are widely consumed in many countries
and are valuable components of the diet because of their attractive taste, aroma, and nutritional value. Medicinal
mushrooms are higher fungi with additional nutraceutical attributes having low-fat content and a transisomer
of unsaturated fatty acids along with high fiber content, biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides
or polysaccharide β-glucans, alkaloids, steroids, polyphenols and terpenoids. In vitro experiments, animal
models, and even human studies have demonstrated not only fresh edible mushroom but also mushroom
extract that has great therapeutic applications in human health as they possess many properties such as antiobesity,
cardioprotective and anti-diabetic effect. They are considered as the unmatched source of healthy foods
and drugs. The focus of this report was to provide a concise and complete review of the novel medicinal properties
of fresh or dry mushroom and extracts, fruiting body or mycelium and its extracts, fiber, polysaccharides,
beta-glucan, triterpenes, fucoidan, ergothioneine from edible mushrooms that may help to prevent or treat metabolic
syndrome and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tang Tung
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hsu Pan
- Ph.D. Program in Drug Discovery and Development Industry, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wen Chien
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Yu Huang
- Graduate Institute of Metabolism and Obesity Science, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan
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Lee HA, Cho JH, Afinanisa Q, An GH, Han JG, Kang HJ, Choi SH, Seong HA. Ganoderma lucidum Extract Reduces Insulin Resistance by Enhancing AMPK Activation in High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113338. [PMID: 33142995 PMCID: PMC7693844 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is used widely in oriental medicine to treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Bioactive substances extracted from G. lucidum have been shown to ameliorate dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes in mice via multiple 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-mediated mechanisms; however, further studies are required to elucidate the anti-obesity effects of G. lucidum in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that 3% G. lucidum extract powder (GEP) can be used to prevent obesity and insulin resistance in a mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were provided with a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with 1, 3, or 5% GEP for 12 weeks and the effect of GEP on body weight, liver, adipose tissue, adipokines, insulin and glucose tolerance (ITT and GTT), glucose uptake, glucose-metabolism related proteins, and lipogenesis related genes was examined. GEP administration was found to reduce weight gain in the liver and fat tissues of the mice. In addition, serum parameters were significantly lower in the 3% and 5% GEP mice groups than in those fed a HFD alone, whereas adiponectin levels were significantly higher. We also observed that GEP improved glucose metabolism, reduced lipid accumulation in the liver, and reduced adipocyte size. These effects may have been mediated by enhanced AMPK activation, which attenuated the transcription and translation of lipogenic genes such as fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP1c). Moreover, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation increased acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), insulin receptor (IR), IR substrate 1 (IRS1), and Akt protein expression and activation, as well as glucose transporter type 1/4 (GLUT1/4) protein production, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Together, these findings demonstrate that G. lucidum may effectively prevent obesity and suppress obesity-induced insulin resistance via AMPK activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon A Lee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.A.L.); (Q.A.)
| | - Jae-Han Cho
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA Eumseong, Chungbuk 27709, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (G.-H.A.); (J.-G.H.)
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Qonita Afinanisa
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.A.L.); (Q.A.)
| | - Gi-Hong An
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA Eumseong, Chungbuk 27709, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (G.-H.A.); (J.-G.H.)
| | - Jae-Gu Han
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, RDA Eumseong, Chungbuk 27709, Korea; (J.-H.C.); (G.-H.A.); (J.-G.H.)
| | - Hyo Jeung Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.K.); (S.H.C.); (H.-A.S.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2308 (H.-A.S.); Fax: +82-43-261-2306 (H.-A.S.)
| | - Seong Ho Choi
- Department of Animal Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.J.K.); (S.H.C.); (H.-A.S.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2308 (H.-A.S.); Fax: +82-43-261-2306 (H.-A.S.)
| | - Hyun-A Seong
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (H.A.L.); (Q.A.)
- Correspondence: (H.J.K.); (S.H.C.); (H.-A.S.); Tel.: +82-43-261-2308 (H.-A.S.); Fax: +82-43-261-2306 (H.-A.S.)
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14
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Huang Y, Wei G, Peng X, Hu G, Su H, Liu J, Chen X, Qiu M. Triterpenoids from functional mushroom Ganoderma resinaceum and the novel role of Resinacein S in enhancing the activity of brown/beige adipocytes. Food Res Int 2020; 136:109303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Phenolic Compounds with Antioxidant Properties from Canola Meal Extracts Inhibit Adipogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010001. [PMID: 31861265 PMCID: PMC6982243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The extraction of phenolic compounds from canola meal produces functional health products and renders the canola meal a more digestible animal feed. The extracted phenolics may have novel bioactivity worth investigation. In this study, several solvents were evaluated for their ability to extract phenolic compounds from canola meal: water (WE) and various 80% organic solvent/water mixtures of methanol (ME), acetone (AE), ethanol (EE), butanol (BE), chloroform (CE) and hexane (HE). The in vitro antioxidant and anti-obesity properties of various extracts were investigated. Anti-obesity properties were studied using adipogenic differentiation inhibition of a murine mesenchymal stem cell line (C3H10T1/2) and a pancreatic lipase inhibition assay. AE, ME, and BE showed significant (p < 0.05) adipogenesis and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities and may have more pharmacological properties. AE down-regulated the gene expression of the major adipogenic transcription factor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), correlating to phenolic content in a dose-dependent manner. The chemical characterization of AE revealed the presence of sinapic acid, ferulic acid, and kaempferol derivatives as main bioactive phenols.
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16
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Ke LQ, Li PD, Xu JP, Wang QS, Wang LL, Wen HP. Microbial communities and soil chemical features associated with commercial production of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lingzhi in soil. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15839. [PMID: 31676878 PMCID: PMC6825212 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52368-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crop production, including mushroom farming, may cause significant changes to the underlying substrates which in turn, can influence crop quality and quantity during subsequent years. Here in this study, we analyzed the production of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lingzhi and the associated soil microbial communities and soil chemical features over 24 months from April 2015 to April 2017. This Basidiomycete mushroom, known as Lingzhi in China, is commonly found on dead trees and wood logs in temperate and subtropical forests. Its economic and medicinal importance have propelled the development of a diversity of cultivation methods. The dominant method uses wood logs as the main substrate, which after colonization by Lingzhi mycelia, are buried in the soil to induce fruiting. The soil microbial communities over the 24 months were analyzed using the Illumina HiSeq platform targeting a portion of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and the fungal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1). Overall, a significant reduction of Lingzhi yield was observed over our experimentation period. Interestingly, temporal changes in soil microbial compositions were detected during the 24 months, with the fungal community showing more changes than that of bacteria in terms of both species richness and the relative abundance of several dominant species after each fruiting. The soil chemical features also showed significant changes, with decreasing soil nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and increasing soil pH and iron content after each fruiting. We discuss the implications of our results in sustainable Lingzhi production in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-Qin Ke
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, P.R. China.
| | - Pu-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jian-Ping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. West, Hamilton Ontario, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Qiu-Shuang Wang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, P.R. China
| | - Liang-Liang Wang
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, P.R. China
| | - Hui-Ping Wen
- College of Ecology, Lishui University, Lishui City, Zhejiang Province, 323000, P.R. China
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17
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Wang F, Yang X, Lu Y, Li Z, Xu Y, Hu J, Liu J, Xiong W. The natural product antroalbol H promotes phosphorylation of liver kinase B1 (LKB1) at threonine 189 and thereby enhances cellular glucose uptake. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10415-10427. [PMID: 31113861 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycemic drugs such as metformin increase glucose uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues to maintain glucose homeostasis, and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway is an important component of this pharmacological activity. Liver kinase B1 (LKB1) acts as a kinase upstream of AMPK and plays an important regulatory role in glucose metabolism. In recent years, as a tumor suppressor, LKB1's antitumor activity has been widely studied, yet its hypoglycemic activity is not clear. Here, using biochemical and cell viability assays, site-directed mutagenesis, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence staining, we found that a natural product, antroalbol H isolated from the basidiomycete mushroom Antrodiella albocinnamomea, increases cellular glucose uptake in murine L6 myotubes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Of note, our results indicated that this effect is related to LKB1-mediated Thr-172 phosphorylation of AMPKα. Furthermore, we observed that antroalbol H induces the phosphorylation of LKB1 specifically at Thr-189 and changes subcellular localization of LKB1. Finally, antroalbol H treatment strikingly promoted glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) translocation to the plasma membrane. We conclude that antroalbol H promotes Thr-189 phosphorylation of LKB1, leading to AMPK activation, revealing this residue as a potential target for increasing glucose uptake, and that antroalbol H therefore has potential for managing hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Xiaoyan Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,the Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yanting Lu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China.,the University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, and
| | - Zhenghui Li
- the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yuhui Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jing Hu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Jikai Liu
- the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan 430074, China,
| | - Wenyong Xiong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China, .,the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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18
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Martínez-Montemayor MM, Ling T, Suárez-Arroyo IJ, Ortiz-Soto G, Santiago-Negrón CL, Lacourt-Ventura MY, Valentín-Acevedo A, Lang WH, Rivas F. Identification of Biologically Active Ganoderma lucidum Compounds and Synthesis of Improved Derivatives That Confer Anti-cancer Activities in vitro. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:115. [PMID: 30837881 PMCID: PMC6389703 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) demonstrate significant anti-cancer activity against triple negative inflammatory breast cancer models. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the bioactive compounds of GLE responsible for this anti-cancer activity. We performed NMR, X-ray crystallography and analog derivatization as well as anti-cancer activity studies to elucidate and test the compounds. We report the structures of the seven most abundant GLE compounds and their selective efficacy against triple negative (TNBC) and inflammatory breast cancers (IBC) and other human cancer cell types (solid and blood malignancies) to illustrate their potential as anti-cancer agents. Three of the seven compounds (ergosterol, 5,6-dehydroergosterol and ergosterol peroxide) exhibited significant in vitro anti-cancer activities, while we report for the first time the structure elucidation of 5,6-dehydroergosterol from Ganoderma lucidum. We also show for the first time in TNBC/IBC cells that ergosterol peroxide (EP) displays anti-proliferative effects through G1 phase cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction via caspase 3/7 activation, and PARP cleavage. EP decreased migratory and invasive effects of cancer cells while inhibiting the expression of total AKT1, AKT2, BCL-XL, Cyclin D1 and c-Myc in the tested IBC cells. Our investigation also indicates that these compounds induce reactive oxygen species, compromising cell fate. Furthermore, we generated a superior derivative, ergosterol peroxide sulfonamide, with improved potency in IBC cells and ample therapeutic index (TI > 10) compared to normal cells. The combined studies indicate that EP from Ganoderma lucidum extract is a promising molecular scaffold for further exploration as an anti-cancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Taotao Ling
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Ivette J. Suárez-Arroyo
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Gabriela Ortiz-Soto
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | | | - Mercedes Y. Lacourt-Ventura
- Cancer Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Anibal Valentín-Acevedo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamón, Puerto Rico
| | - Walter H. Lang
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fatima Rivas
- Department of Chemical Biology & Therapeutics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, United States
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Liu Q, Tie L. Preventive and Therapeutic Effect of Ganoderma (Lingzhi) on Diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1182:201-215. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9421-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Anti-Obesity Effects of Medicinal and Edible Mushrooms. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23112880. [PMID: 30400600 PMCID: PMC6278646 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a group of metabolic disorders caused by multiple factors, including heredity, diet, lifestyle, societal determinants, environment, and infectious agents, which can all lead to the enhancement of storage body fat. Excess visceral fat mass in adipose tissue generate several metabolic disorders, including cardiovascular diseases with chronic inflammation based pathophysiology. The objective of the current review is to summarize the cellular mechanisms of obesity that attenuate by antioxidant potentials of medicinal and edible mushrooms. Studies have showed that mushrooms potentially have antioxidant capacities, which increase the antioxidant defense systems in cells. They boost anti-inflammatory actions and thereby protect against obesity-related hypertension and dyslipidemia. The practice of regular consumption of mushrooms is effective in the treatment of metabolic syndrome, including obesity, and thus could be a good candidate for use in future pharmaceutical or nutraceutical applications.
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Guo WL, Pan YY, Li L, Li TT, Liu B, Lv XC. Ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum ameliorates lipid metabolic disorders and modulates the gut microbiota composition in high-fat diet fed rats. Food Funct 2018; 9:3419-3431. [PMID: 29877551 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00836a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum (GL95) on hyperlipidaemia and gut microbiota, and its regulation mechanism in Wistar rats fed on a high-fat diet (HFD). UPLC-QTOF MS indicated that GL95 was enriched with triterpenoids, especially ganoderic acids. The results of the animal experiment showed that oral administration of GL95 markedly alleviated the dyslipidemia through decreasing the levels of serum total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and inhibiting hepatic lipid accumulation and steatosis. Furthermore, GL95 supplementation altered the composition of gut microbiota, in particular modulating the relative abundance of functionally relevant enterotypes compared with the HFD group. The Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that Alistipes, Defluviitalea, Peptococcaceae and Alloprevotella were negatively correlated with serum and hepatic lipid profiles. Meanwhile, the GL95 treatment regulated the mRNA expression levels of the genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism. The findings above illustrate that Ganoderma triterpenoids have the potential to ameliorate lipid metabolic disorders, in part through modulating specific gut microbiota and regulating the genes involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, suggesting Ganoderma triterpenoids as a potential novel functional food for the treatment or prevention of hyperlipidaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ling Guo
- National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, P. R. China.
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22
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Medicinal mushroom: boon for therapeutic applications. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:334. [PMID: 30073119 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1358-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms are higher fungi with additional nutraceutical attributes having low fat content and a trans-isomer of unsaturated fatty acids along with high fibre content, triterpenes, phenolic compounds, sterols, eritadenine and chitosan. They are considered as the unmatched source of healthy foods and drugs. They have outstanding attractive taste, aroma and nutritional value, so are considered as functional food, which means they are beneficial to the body not only in terms of nutrition but also for improved health. Medicinal mushrooms and their extract have a large number of bioactive components called secondary metabolites. The presence of polysaccharide β-glucans or polysaccharide-protein complexes content in mushroom extract have great therapeutic applications in human health as they possess many properties such as anti-diabetic, anti-cancerous, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory, hypocholesteremia, hepatoprotective nature along with anti-aging. The present review focuses on the comprehensive account of the medicinal properties of various medicinal mushrooms. This will further help the researchers to understand the metabolites and find other metabolites as well from the mushrooms which can be used for the potential development of the drugs to treat various life-threatening diseases.
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Jung S, Son H, Hwang CE, Cho KM, Park SW, Kim HJ. Ganoderma lucidum Ameliorates Non-Alcoholic Steatosis by Upregulating Energy Metabolizing Enzymes in the Liver. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7060152. [PMID: 29914094 PMCID: PMC6025418 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7060152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatosis is a common health problem worldwide due to altered food habits and life styles, and it is intimately linked with various metabolic disorders. In the present study, we investigated the molecular mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum (GL) against the development of non-alcoholic steatosis using in vivo and in vitro settings. C57BL/6 mice fed with normal diet (ND) or high fat diet (HFD) were administered GL extract or vehicle for 16 weeks. HFD feeding increased serum alanine aminotransferase level and hepatic lipid droplet, but these increases were significantly attenuated by GL. GL inhibited the increases in epididymal and perirenal adipose tissue weights and serum cholesterol and LDL levels in HFD-fed mice. Fasting blood glucose levels were elevated in HFD-fed mice compared to ND-fed mice, and glucose and insulin sensitivities were deteriorated. These changes were markedly improved by GL. GL restored the reduction of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) phosphorylation in the liver of HFD-fed mice, and increased AMPK and ACC phosphorylation in HepG2 and 3T3-L1 cells. GL induced GLUT4 protein expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Finally, GL attenuated lipid accumulation induced by free fatty acid in HepG2 cells. Taken together, our results indicate that GL has a potential to improve non-alcoholic steatosis and the associated complicated disorders via the induction of energy metabolizing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soonwoong Jung
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Hyeonwi Son
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Chung Eun Hwang
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea.
| | - Kye Man Cho
- Department of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 52725, Korea.
| | - Sang Won Park
- Bio Anti-aging Medical Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.
| | - Hyun Joon Kim
- Bio Anti-Aging Medical Research Center, Department of Anatomy and Convergence Medical Science, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University School of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea.
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Tseng HH, Yeh WC, Tu YC, Yang BF, Lai YT, Lee HK, Yang YC, Huang HC, Lee YJ, Ou CC, Kuo HP, Kuo YH, Kao MC, Liu JY. Proteomic profiling of Ganoderma tsugae ethanol extract-induced adipogenesis displaying browning features. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:1643-1666. [PMID: 29683472 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderma is classified as a top grade traditional Chinese medicine for promoting human health by regulating 'vital energy'. Its potency towards metabolism and energy homeostasis, particularly, metabolic adaptations of adipocytes, needs to be re-evaluated through an evidence-based study. Here, the triterpenoid-rich Ganoderma tsugae ethanol extract (GTEE) was found to contribute towards adipogenesis accompanied with elevated intracellular lipid metabolic flux. Additionally, proteomic profiling revealed GTEE-upregulated mitochondrial remodeling and chemical energy redox modifications, which display UCP1-positive browning fat-selective features and a NADH-mediated adaptive mechanism. GTEE-treated mice with diet-induced obesity also resulted in the amelioration of white adipocyte hypertrophy and the appearance of UCP1-positive browning adipocytes. Our novel findings unravel that GTEE could promote intracellular metabolic flexibility and plasticity followed by the induction of adipocyte browning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Hsueh Tseng
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wan-Chun Yeh
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yun-Chen Tu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Bi-Fen Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Ting Lai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsien-Kuang Lee
- Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yo-Chang Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Chi Huang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Jen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Chih Ou
- Department of Pharmacology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Han-Peng Kuo
- Research and Development Unit, Sinphar Group, I-Lan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yueh-Hsiung Kuo
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.,Tsuzuki Institute for Traditional Medicine, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ming-Ching Kao
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jah-Yao Liu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Liu R, Cao P, Ren A, Wang S, Yang T, Zhu T, Shi L, Zhu J, Jiang AL, Zhao MW. SA inhibits complex III activity to generate reactive oxygen species and thereby induces GA overproduction in Ganoderma lucidum. Redox Biol 2018; 16:388-400. [PMID: 29631100 PMCID: PMC5953243 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum has high commercial value because it produces many active compounds, such as ganoderic acids (GAs). Salicylic acid (SA) was previously reported to induce the biosynthesis of GA in G. lucidum. In this study, we found that SA induces GA biosynthesis by increasing ROS production, and further research found that NADPH oxidase-silenced strains exhibited a partial reduction in the response to SA, resulting in the induction of increased ROS production. Furthermore, the localization of ROS shows that mitochondria are sources of ROS production in response to SA treatment. An additional analysis focused on the relationship between SA-induced ROS production and mitochondrial functions, and the results showed that inhibitors of mitochondrial complexes I and II exert approximately 40–50% superimposed inhibitory effects on the respiration rate and H2O2 content when co-administered with SA. However, no obvious superimposed inhibition effects were observed in the sample co-treated with mitochondrial complex III inhibitor and SA, implying that the inhibitor of mitochondrial complex III and SA might act on the same site in mitochondria. Additional experiments revealed that complex III activity was decreased 51%, 62% and 75% after treatment with 100, 200, and 400 µM SA, respectively. Our results highlight the finding that SA inhibits mitochondrial complex III activity to increase ROS generation. In addition, inhibition of mitochondrial complex III caused ROS accumulation, which plays an essential role in SA-mediated GA biosynthesis in G. lucidum. This conclusion was also demonstrated in complex III-silenced strains. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first demonstration that SA inhibits complex III activity to increase the ROS levels and thereby regulate secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Mitochondria as a source of salicylic acid (SA) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in Ganoderma lucidum. SA induces the accumulation of ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum by mitochondria ROS overproduction. SA inhibits mitochondrial complex III activity to increase ROS and thereby induces ganoderic acids biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Liang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Wen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, No 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Herbal Medicine for the Treatment of Obesity: An Overview of Scientific Evidence from 2007 to 2017. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:8943059. [PMID: 29234439 PMCID: PMC5632873 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8943059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a very common global health problem, and it is known to be linked to cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Western medical treatments for obesity have many drawbacks, including effects on monoamine neurotransmitters and the potential for drug abuse and dependency. The safety of these medications requires improvement. Herbal medicine has been used for treatment of disease for more than 2000 years, and it has proven efficacy. Many studies have confirmed that herbal medicine is effective in the treatment of obesity, but the mechanisms are not clear. This article will discuss the possible effects and mechanisms of herbal medicine treatments for obesity that have been reported in the past decade.
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Yang Y, Nirmagustina DE, Kumrungsee T, Okazaki Y, Tomotake H, Kato N. Feeding of the water extract from Ganoderma lingzhi to rats modulates secondary bile acids, intestinal microflora, mucins, and propionate important to colon cancer. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2017; 81:1796-1804. [PMID: 28661219 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2017.1343117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of reishi mushroom has been reported to prevent colon carcinogenesis in rodents, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To investigate this effect, rats were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with 5% water extract from either the reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lingzhi) (WGL) or the auto-digested reishi G. lingzhi (AWGL) for three weeks. Both extracts markedly reduced fecal secondary bile acids, such as lithocholic acid and deoxycholic acid (colon carcinogens). These extracts reduced the numbers of Clostridium coccoides and Clostridium leptum (secondary bile acids-producing bacteria) in a per g of cecal digesta. Fecal mucins and cecal propionate were significantly elevated by both extracts, and fecal IgA was significantly elevated by WGL, but not by AWGL. These results suggest that the reishi extracts have an impact on colon luminal health by modulating secondary bile acids, microflora, mucins, and propionate that related to colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshou Yang
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | - Dwi Eva Nirmagustina
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
| | | | - Yukako Okazaki
- b Faculty of Human Life Sciences , Fuji Women's University , Ishikari , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomotake
- c Department of Domestic Science , Iida Women's Junior College , Iida , Japan
| | - Norihisa Kato
- a Graduate School of Biosphere Science , Hiroshima University , Higashi-Hiroshima , Japan
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Han YY, Song MY, Hwang MS, Hwang JH, Park YK, Jung HW. Epimedium koreanum Nakai and its main constituent icariin suppress lipid accumulation during adipocyte differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 14:671-676. [PMID: 27667512 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30079-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with a number of metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes and has become a major health problem worldwide. In the present study, we investigated the effects of Epimedium koreanum Nakai (Herba Epimedii, HE) and its main constituent icariin on the adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. HE extract and icariin significantly reduced lipid accumulation and suppressed the expressions of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP-1c in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. They also inhibited fatty acid synthase (FAS), acyl-Co A synthase (ACS1), and perilipin. Moreover, HE extract and icariin markedly increased the phosphorylation of AMPK. These results indicated that HE extract and icariin can inhibit the adipocyte differentiation through downregulation of the adipogenic transcription factors, suggesting that HE containing icariin may be used as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment and prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunk-Yung Han
- Korean Medicine R&D Center, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Song
- Korean Medicine R&D Center, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sub Hwang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Hwang
- Korean Medicine R&D Center, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ki Park
- Korean Medicine R&D Center, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea; Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Won Jung
- Korean Medicine R&D Center, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea; Department of Herbology, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju 38066, Republic of Korea.
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Characterization of Polysaccharides with Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities from the Edible Mushroom Oudemansiella radicata. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22020234. [PMID: 28165422 PMCID: PMC6155583 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The preliminary structure, in vitro antioxidant and in vivo hepatoprotective activities of water-soluble polysaccharides (ORWP) and alkali-soluble polysaccharides (ORAP), prepared from the mushroom Oudemansiella radicata, were investigated. Both ORWP and ORAP were heteropolysaccharides with mannose, glucose and galactose being the main monosaccharide components. Regarding the antioxidant activities, ORWP and ORAP showed effective 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibitory effects, as well as moderate reducing power and Fe2+ chelating activity. For the hepatoprotective activity, administration of ORWP and ORAP prevented the increase in serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities in a carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage model, suppressed hepatic malondialdehyde formation and stimulated the activities of hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Thus, we speculate that ORWP and ORAP may protect the liver from CCl₄-induced hepatic damage via antioxidant mechanisms.
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Sun LX, Lin ZB, Lu J, Li WD, Niu YD, Sun Y, Hu CY, Zhang GQ, Duan XS. The improvement of M1 polarization in macrophages by glycopeptide derived from Ganoderma lucidum. Immunol Res 2017; 65:658-665. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-017-8893-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Friedman M. Mushroom Polysaccharides: Chemistry and Antiobesity, Antidiabetes, Anticancer, and Antibiotic Properties in Cells, Rodents, and Humans. Foods 2016; 5:E80. [PMID: 28231175 PMCID: PMC5302426 DOI: 10.3390/foods5040080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 2000 species of edible and/or medicinal mushrooms have been identified to date, many of which are widely consumed, stimulating much research on their health-promoting properties. These properties are associated with bioactive compounds produced by the mushrooms, including polysaccharides. Although β-glucans (homopolysaccharides) are believed to be the major bioactive polysaccharides of mushrooms, other types of mushroom polysaccharides (heteropolysaccharides) also possess biological properties. Here we survey the chemistry of such health-promoting polysaccharides and their reported antiobesity and antidiabetic properties as well as selected anticarcinogenic, antimicrobial, and antiviral effects that demonstrate their multiple health-promoting potential. The associated antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulating activities in fat cells, rodents, and humans are also discussed. The mechanisms of action involve the gut microbiota, meaning the polysaccharides act as prebiotics in the digestive system. Also covered here are the nutritional, functional food, clinical, and epidemiological studies designed to assess the health-promoting properties of polysaccharides, individually and as blended mixtures, against obesity, diabetes, cancer, and infectious diseases, and suggestions for further research. The collated information and suggested research needs might guide further studies needed for a better understanding of the health-promoting properties of mushroom polysaccharides and enhance their use to help prevent and treat human chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mendel Friedman
- Western Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 800 Buchanan Street, Albany, CA 94710, USA.
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Chou YJ, Kan WC, Chang CM, Peng YJ, Wang HY, Yu WC, Cheng YH, Jhang YR, Liu HW, Chuu JJ. Renal Protective Effects of Low Molecular Weight of Inonotus obliquus Polysaccharide (LIOP) on HFD/STZ-Induced Nephropathy in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17091535. [PMID: 27649140 PMCID: PMC5037810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17091535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease in diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress, insulin resistance and pro-inflammatory cytokines have been shown to play an important role in pathogeneses of renal damage on type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Inonotus obliquus (IO) is a white rot fungus that belongs to the family Hymenochaetaceae; it has been used as an edible mushroom and exhibits many biological activities including anti-tumor, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperglycemic properties. Especially the water-soluble Inonotus obliquus polysaccharides (IOPs) have been previously reported to significantly inhibit LPS-induced inflammatory cytokines in mice and protect from streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. In order to identify the nephroprotective effects of low molecular weight of IOP fraction (LIOP), from the fruiting bodies of Inonotus obliquus, high-fat diet (HFD) plus STZ-induced type 2-like diabetic nephropathy C57BL/6 mice were investigated in this study. Our data showed that eight weeks of administration of 10–100 kDa, LIOP (300 mg/kg) had progressively increased their sensitivity to glucose (less insulin tolerance), reduced triglyceride levels, elevated the HDL/LDL ratio and decreased urinary albumin/creatinine ratio(ACR) compared to the control group. By pathological and immunohistochemical examinations, it was indicated that LIOP can restore the integrity of the glomerular capsules and increase the numbers of glomerular mesangial cells, associated with decreased expression of TGF-β on renal cortex in mice. Consistently, three days of LIOP (100 μg/mL) incubation also provided protection against STZ + AGEs-induced glucotoxicity in renal tubular cells (LLC-PK1), while the levels of NF-κB and TGF-β expression significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings demonstrate that LIOP treatment could ameliorate glucolipotoxicity-induced renal fibrosis, possibly partly via the inhibition of NF-κB/TGF-β1 signaling pathway in diabetic nephropathy mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Jung Chou
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Chih Kan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Chieh-Min Chang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, En Chu Kong Hospital, New Taipei City 237, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Jen Peng
- Department of Pathology, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Hsien-Yi Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine; Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
- Department of Sports Management, College of Leisure and Recreation Management, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 717, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chun Yu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Rou Jhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
| | - Hsia-Wei Liu
- Department of Life Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan.
| | - Jiunn-Jye Chuu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan 710, Taiwan.
- Pharmacy, Wei Gong Memorial Hospital, Miaoli 351, Taiwan.
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Chen F, Wen Q, Jiang J, Li HL, Tan YF, Li YH, Zeng NK. Could the gut microbiota reconcile the oral bioavailability conundrum of traditional herbs? JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 179:253-264. [PMID: 26723469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE A wealth of information is emerging about the impact of gut microbiota on human health and diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes. As we learn more, we find out the gut microbiota has the potential as new territory for drug targeting. Some novel therapeutic approaches could be developed through reshaping the commensal microbial structure using combinations of different agents. The gut microbiota also affects drug metabolism, directly and indirectly, particularly towards the orally administered drugs. Herbal products have become the basis of traditional medicines such as traditional Chinese medicine and also been being considered valuable materials in modern drug discovery. Of note, low oral bioavailability but high bioactivity is a conundrum not yet solved for some herbs. Since most of herbal products are orally administered, the herbs' constituents are inevitably exposed to the intestinal microbiota and the interplays between herbal constituents and gut microbiota are expected. Emerging explorations of herb-microbiota interactions have an opportunity to revolutionize the way we view herbal therapeutics. The present review aims to provide information regarding the health promotion and/or disease prevention by the interplay between traditional herbs with low bioavailability and gut microbiota through gut microbiota via two different types of mechanisms: (1) influencing the composition of gut microbiota by herbs and (2) metabolic reactions of herbal constituents by gut microbiota. MATERIALS AND METHODS The major data bases (PubMed and Web of Science) were searched using "gut microbiota", "intestinal microbiota", "gut flora", "intestinal flora", "gut microflora", "intestinal microflora", "herb", "Chinese medicine", "traditional medicine", or "herbal medicine" as keywords to find out studies regarding herb-microbiota interactions. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2010 edition, Volume I) was also used to collect the data of commonly used medicinal herbs and their quality control approaches. RESULTS Among the 474 monographs of herbs usually used in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, the quality control approach of 284 monographs is recommended to use high-performance liquid chromatography approach. Notably, the major marker compounds (>60%) for quality control are polyphenols, polysaccharides and saponins, with significant oral bioavailability conundrum. Results from preclinical and clinical studies on herb-microbiota interactions showed that traditional herbs could exert heath promotion and disease prevention roles via influencing the gut microbiota structure. On the other hand, herb constituents such as ginsenoside C-K, hesperidin, baicalin, daidzin and glycyrrhizin could exert their therapeutic effects through gut microbiota-mediated bioconversion. CONCLUSIONS Herb-microbiota interaction studies provide novel mechanistic understanding of the traditional herbs that exhibit poor oral bioavailability. "Microbiota availability" could be taken consideration into describing biological measurements in the therapeutic assessment of herbal medicine. Our review should be of value in stimulating discussions among the scientific community on this relevant theme and prompting more efforts to complement herb-microbiota interactions studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China.
| | - Qi Wen
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Hai-Long Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Yin-Feng Tan
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Yong-Hui Li
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Nian-Kai Zeng
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of R&D of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical College, Haikou 571199, China
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Grahame Hardie D. Regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase by natural and synthetic activators. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:1-19. [PMID: 26904394 PMCID: PMC4724661 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy status that is almost universally expressed in eukaryotic cells. While it appears to have evolved in single-celled eukaryotes to regulate energy balance in a cell-autonomous manner, during the evolution of multicellular animals its role has become adapted so that it also regulates energy balance at the whole body level, by responding to hormones that act primarily on the hypothalamus. AMPK monitors energy balance at the cellular level by sensing the ratios of AMP/ATP and ADP/ATP, and recent structural analyses of the AMPK heterotrimer that have provided insight into the complex mechanisms for these effects will be discussed. Given the central importance of energy balance in diseases that are major causes of morbidity or death in humans, such as type 2 diabetes, cancer and inflammatory disorders, there has been a major drive to develop pharmacological activators of AMPK. Many such activators have been described, and the various mechanisms by which these activate AMPK will be discussed. A particularly large class of AMPK activators are natural products of plants derived from traditional herbal medicines. While the mechanism by which most of these activate AMPK has not yet been addressed, I will argue that many of them may be defensive compounds produced by plants to deter infection by pathogens or grazing by insects or herbivores, and that many of them will turn out to be inhibitors of mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signaling & Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
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Ganoderma lucidum reduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7489. [PMID: 26102296 PMCID: PMC4557287 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 830] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation and intestinal dysbiosis. Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom used in traditional Chinese medicine with putative anti-diabetic effects. Here, we show that a water extract of Ganoderma lucidum mycelium (WEGL) reduces body weight, inflammation and insulin resistance in mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). Our data indicate that WEGL not only reverses HFD-induced gut dysbiosis—as indicated by the decreased Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratios and endotoxin-bearing Proteobacteria levels—but also maintains intestinal barrier integrity and reduces metabolic endotoxemia. The anti-obesity and microbiota-modulating effects are transmissible via horizontal faeces transfer from WEGL-treated mice to HFD-fed mice. We further show that high molecular weight polysaccharides (>300 kDa) isolated from the WEGL extract produce similar anti-obesity and microbiota-modulating effects. Our results indicate that G. lucidum and its high molecular weight polysaccharides may be used as prebiotic agents to prevent gut dysbiosis and obesity-related metabolic disorders in obese individuals. Ganoderma lucidum is a medicinal mushroom used in Traditional Chinese Medicine with putative anti-diabetic properties. Here, the authors show that polysaccharides from a water extract of this mushroom exert beneficial metabolic effects by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota in mice.
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Grienke U, Kaserer T, Pfluger F, Mair CE, Langer T, Schuster D, Rollinger JM. Accessing biological actions of Ganoderma secondary metabolites by in silico profiling. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 114:114-24. [PMID: 25457486 PMCID: PMC4948669 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The species complex around the medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum Karst. (Ganodermataceae) is widely known in traditional medicines, as well as in modern applications such as functional food or nutraceuticals. A considerable number of publications reflects its abundance and variety in biological actions either provoked by primary metabolites, such as polysaccharides, or secondary metabolites, such as lanostane-type triterpenes. However, due to this remarkable amount of information, a rationalization of the individual Ganoderma constituents to biological actions on a molecular level is quite challenging. To overcome this issue, a database was generated containing meta-information, i.e., chemical structures and biological actions of hitherto identified Ganoderma constituents (279). This was followed by a computational approach subjecting this 3D multi-conformational molecular dataset to in silico parallel screening against an in-house collection of validated structure- and ligand-based 3D pharmacophore models. The predictive power of the evaluated in silico tools and hints from traditional application fields served as criteria for the model selection. Thus, the focus was laid on representative druggable targets in the field of viral infections (5) and diseases related to the metabolic syndrome (22). The results obtained from this in silico approach were compared to bioactivity data available from the literature. 89 and 197 Ganoderma compounds were predicted as ligands of at least one of the selected pharmacological targets in the antiviral and the metabolic syndrome screening, respectively. Among them only a minority of individual compounds (around 10%) has ever been investigated on these targets or for the associated biological activity. Accordingly, this study discloses putative ligand target interactions for a plethora of Ganoderma constituents in the empirically manifested field of viral diseases and metabolic syndrome which serve as a basis for future applications to access yet undiscovered biological actions of Ganoderma secondary metabolites on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grienke
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Teresa Kaserer
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Pfluger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christina E Mair
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Computer-Aided Molecular Design Group, Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Lipid decomposition by sonic vibration in matured 3T3-L1 cells within 3-Dimensional artificial adipose. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fermented Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae alleviates high fat diet-induced obesity in association with regulation of intestinal permeability and microbiota in rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8391. [PMID: 25684573 PMCID: PMC4329570 DOI: 10.1038/srep08391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests the anti-inflammatory and anti-obesity activities of Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae (RAM). Here, we evaluated the anti-obesity impact of unfermented (URAM) versus fermented RAM (FRAM) using both in vitro and in vivo models. Both URAM and FRAM exhibited marked anti-inflammatory, anti-adipogenic, and anti-obesity activities, and modulation of the gut microbial distribution. However, FRAM, compared to URAM, resulted in more efficient suppression of NO production and normalization of transepithelial electrical resistance in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 and HCT 116 cells, respectively. Compared to URAM, FRAM more effectively reduced the adipose tissue weight; ameliorated the serum triglyceride and aspartate transaminase levels; restored the serum HDL level and intestinal epithelial barrier function in the LPS control group. The relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Akkermansia as well as Bacteriodetes/Firmicutes ratio in the gut of the LPS control group was significantly enhanced by both URAM and FRAM. However, FRAM, but not URAM, resulted in a significant increase in the distribution of Bacteriodetes and Lactobacillus in the gut of the HFD + LPS group. Our results suggest that FRAM with probiotics can exert a greater anti-obesity effect than URAM, which is probably mediated at least in part via regulation of the intestinal microbiota and gut permeability.
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Dai S, Liu J, Sun X, Wang N. Ganoderma lucidum inhibits proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells by suppressing VEGF expression and up-regulating the expression of connexin 43. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 14:434. [PMID: 25374251 PMCID: PMC4232730 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum, Reishimax) is an herbal mushroom known to have inhibitory effect on tumor cell growth. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for its anti-proliferative effects on the ovarian cancer have not been fully elucidated. Methods Human ovarian cancer cells HO 8910 (HOCC) and human primary ovarian cells (HPOC) were treated with G. lucidum. Effects of G. lucidum treatment on cell proliferation were studied by MTT assay. The expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and connexin 43 (Cx43) were measured by immunohistochemistry and real time polymerase chain reaction. To study the molecular mechanism of CX43 mediated anti-tumor activity, small interference RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown Cx43 expression in HOCC. Results G. lucidum treatment resulted in reduced proliferation of HOCC. Inhibition of proliferation was accompanied by a decrease in VEGF expression and increase in Cx43 expression in the cancer cells. The extent of immune-reactivity of Cx43 or VEGF in cancer cells were correlated with the concentrations of G. lucidum used for treatment. Furthermore, knockdown of Cx43 expression in HOCC abrogated the effect of G. lucidum on cell proliferation without alteration of G. lucidum-induced attenuation of VEGF expression. Conclusions G. lucidum inhibits ovarian cancer by down-regulating the expression of VEGF and up-regulating the downstream Cx43 expression. G. lucidum may be a promising therapeutic agent for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Grienke U, Zöll M, Peintner U, Rollinger JM. European medicinal polypores--a modern view on traditional uses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:564-583. [PMID: 24786572 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal-spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores. MATERIALS AND METHODS All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge. RESULTS Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities. CONCLUSIONS The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Grienke
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Margit Zöll
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ursula Peintner
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstrasse 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Judith M Rollinger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Abstract
The adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway arose early during evolution of eukaryotic cells, when it appears to have been involved in the response to glucose starvation and perhaps also in monitoring the output of the newly acquired mitochondria. Due to the advent of hormonal regulation of glucose homeostasis, glucose starvation is a less frequent event for mammalian cells than for single-celled eukaryotes. Nevertheless, the AMPK system has been preserved in mammals where, by monitoring cellular AMP:adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP):ATP ratios and balancing the rates of catabolism and ATP consumption, it maintains energy homeostasis at a cell-autonomous level. In addition, hormones involved in maintaining energy balance at the whole-body level interact with AMPK in the hypothalamus. AMPK is activated by two widely used clinical drugs, metformin and aspirin, and also by many natural products of plants that are either derived from traditional medicines or are promoted as "nutraceuticals."
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grahame Hardie
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, United Kingdom;
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Polysaccharides from Ganoderma formosanum function as a Th1 adjuvant and stimulate cytotoxic T cell response in vivo. Vaccine 2014; 32:401-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Bioactive metabolites from macrofungi: ethnopharmacology, biological activities and chemistry. FUNGAL DIVERS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-013-0265-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Han Y, Jung HW, Bae HS, Kang JS, Park YK. The extract of Cinnamomum cassia twigs inhibits adipocyte differentiation via activation of the insulin signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:961-967. [PMID: 23627464 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.772211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity is associated with a number of diseases with metabolic abnormalities such as type 2 diabetes (T2D). Medicinal plants have been widely used for the treatment of obesity and related complications. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the antidiabetic properties of the extract of twigs of Cinnamomum cassia Blume (Lauraceae) (Cinnamomi Ramulus; CR) in 3T3-L1 murine preadipocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3T3-L1 cells were differentiated into adipocytes for 3 d in insulin-conditioned medium and then treated with CR extract at concentrations of 100 and 500 μg/mL for 6 d. Adipocyte differentiation was measured by Oil Red O staining, and the expression of master transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBPα), and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), and lipid metabolism factors were investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/insulin signaling pathway was assessed by western blot analysis. RESULTS CR extract significantly reduced lipid accumulation and down-regulated the expression of PPARγ, C/EBPα, and SREBP-1c in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CR extract also suppressed the expression of fatty acid synthase (FAS), acyl-CoA synthase, and perilipin. Moreover, CR extract markedly up-regulated the phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC). In addition, CR extract effectively increased the expression levels of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results suggest that CR extract may have therapeutic potential as a natural agent for the improvement of T2D via regulation of the insulin-dependent signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunkyung Han
- Oriental Medicine R&D Center, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Republic of Korea
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Ortuño Sahagún D, Márquez-Aguirre AL, Quintero-Fabián S, López-Roa RI, Rojas-Mayorquín AE. Modulation of PPAR-γ by Nutraceutics as Complementary Treatment for Obesity-Related Disorders and Inflammatory Diseases. PPAR Res 2012; 2012:318613. [PMID: 23251142 PMCID: PMC3515933 DOI: 10.1155/2012/318613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A direct correlation between adequate nutrition and health is a universally accepted truth. The Western lifestyle, with a high intake of simple sugars, saturated fat, and physical inactivity, promotes pathologic conditions. The main adverse consequences range from cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome to several cancers. Dietary components influence tissue homeostasis in multiple ways and many different functional foods have been associated with various health benefits when consumed. Natural products are an important and promising source for drug discovery. Many anti-inflammatory natural products activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR); therefore, compounds that activate or modulate PPAR-gamma (PPAR-γ) may help to fight all of these pathological conditions. Consequently, the discovery and optimization of novel PPAR-γ agonists and modulators that would display reduced side effects is of great interest. In this paper, we present some of the main naturally derived products studied that exert an influence on metabolism through the activation or modulation of PPAR-γ, and we also present PPAR-γ-related diseases that can be complementarily treated with nutraceutics from functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ortuño Sahagún
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Regeneración Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, camino Ing. R. Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, 44600 Zapopan JAL, Mexico
| | - A. L. Márquez-Aguirre
- Unidad de Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C., 44270 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - S. Quintero-Fabián
- Laboratorio de Desarrollo y Regeneración Neural, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, camino Ing. R. Padilla Sánchez 2100, Las Agujas, 44600 Zapopan JAL, Mexico
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García Barragán, 44430 Tlaquepaque, JAL, Mexico
| | - R. I. López-Roa
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, CUCEI, Universidad de Guadalajara, Boulevard Marcelino García Barragán, 44430 Tlaquepaque, JAL, Mexico
| | - A. E. Rojas-Mayorquín
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto de Neurociencias, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, 45100, JAL, Mexico
- Departamento de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Geriatría (INGER), Periférico Sur No. 2767, Col, San Jerónimo Lídice, Delegación Magdalena Contreras 10200, México DF, Mexico
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