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Qin Y, Bily D, Aguirre M, Zhang K, Xie L. Understanding PPARγ and Its Agonists on Trophoblast Differentiation and Invasion: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Preeclampsia. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112459. [PMID: 37299422 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of pregnancy complications, particularly gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and preeclampsia (PE), is a cause for concern, as they can result in serious health consequences for both mothers and infants. The pathogenesis of these complications is still not fully understood, although it is known that the pathologic placenta plays a crucial role. Studies have shown that PPARγ, a transcription factor involved in glucose and lipid metabolism, may have a critical role in the etiology of these complications. While PPARγ agonists are FDA-approved drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, their safety during pregnancy is not yet established. Nevertheless, there is growing evidence for the therapeutic potential of PPARγ in the treatment of PE using mouse models and in cell cultures. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of the mechanism of PPARγ in placental pathophysiology and to explore the possibility of using PPARγ ligands as a treatment option for pregnancy complications. Overall, this topic is of great significance for improving maternal and fetal health outcomes and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushu Qin
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Donalyn Bily
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Makayla Aguirre
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Linglin Xie
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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2
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Advantages and drawbacks of dexamethasone in glioblastoma multiforme. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2022; 172:103625. [PMID: 35158070 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2022.103625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widespread, malignant, and deadliest type of glial tumor is glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Despite radiation, chemotherapy, and radical surgery, the median survival of afflicted individuals is about 12 months. Unfortunately, existing therapeutic interventions are abysmal. Dexamethasone (Dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, has been used for many years to treat brain edema and inflammation caused by GBM. Several investigations have recently shown that Dex also exerts antitumoral effects against GBM. On the other hand, more recent disputed findings have questioned the long-held dogma of Dex treatment for GBM. Unfortunately, steroids are associated with various undesirable side effects, including severe immunosuppression and metabolic changes like hyperglycemia, which may impair the survival of GBM patients. Current ideas and concerns about Dex's effects on GBM cerebral edema, cell proliferation, migration, and its clinical outcomes were investigated in this study.
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DeRidder L, Sharma A, Liaw K, Sharma R, John J, Kannan S, Kannan RM. Dendrimer-tesaglitazar conjugate induces a phenotype shift of microglia and enhances β-amyloid phagocytosis. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:939-952. [PMID: 33479718 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr05958g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Switching microglia from a disease exacerbating, 'pro-inflammatory' state into a neuroprotective, 'anti-inflammatory' phenotype is a promising strategy for addressing multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Pro-inflammatory microglia contribute to disease progression by releasing neurotoxic substances and accelerating pathogenic protein accumulation. PPARα and PPARγ agonists have both been shown to shift microglia from a pro-inflammatory ('M1-like') to an alternatively activated ('M2-like') phenotype. Such strategies have been explored in clinical trials for neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, but have likely failed due to their poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Hydroxyl-terminated polyamidoamine dendrimers (without the attachment of any targeting ligands) have been shown to cross the impaired BBB at the site of neuroinflammation and accumulate in activated microglia. Therefore, dendrimer conjugation of a PPARα/γ dual agonist may enable targeted phenotype switching of activated microglia. Here we present the synthesis and characterization of a novel dendrimer-PPARα/γ dual agonist conjugate (D-tesaglitazar). In vitro, D-tesaglitazar induces an 'M1 to M2' phenotype shift, decreases secretion of reactive oxygen species, increases expression of genes for phagocytosis and enzymatic degradation of pathogenic proteins (e.g. β-amyloid, α-synuclein), and increases β-amyloid phagocytosis. These results support further development of D-tesaglitazar towards translation for multiple neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis DeRidder
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anjali Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - Kevin Liaw
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
| | - John John
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21218, USA
| | - Sujatha Kannan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA and Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Rangaramanujam M Kannan
- Center for Nanomedicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA and Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, Inc., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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To Probe Full and Partial Activation of Human Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors by Pan-Agonist Chiglitazar Using Molecular Dynamics Simulations. PPAR Res 2020; 2020:5314187. [PMID: 32308671 PMCID: PMC7152983 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5314187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chiglitazar is a promising new-generation insulin sensitizer with low reverse effects for the treatment of type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and has shown activity as a nonselective pan-agonist to the human peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) (i.e., full activation of PPARγ and a partial activation of PPARα and PPARβ/δ). Yet, it has no high-resolution complex structure with PPARs and its detailed interactions and activation mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we docked chiglitazar into three experimentally resolved crystal structures of hPPAR subtypes, PPARα, PPARβ/δ, and PPARγ, followed by 3 μs molecular dynamics simulations for each system. Our MM-GBSA binding energy calculation revealed that chiglitazar most favorably bound to hPPARγ (-144.6 kcal/mol), followed by hPPARα (-138.0 kcal/mol) and hPPARβ (-135.9 kcal/mol), and the order is consistent with the experimental data. Through the decomposition of the MM-GBSA binding energy by residue and the use of two-dimensional interaction diagrams, key residues involved in the binding of chiglitazar were identified and characterized for each complex system. Additionally, our detailed dynamics analyses support that the conformation and dynamics of helix 12 play a critical role in determining the activities of the different types of ligands (e.g., full agonist vs. partial agonist). Rather than being bent fully in the direction of the agonist versus antagonist conformation, a partial agonist can adopt a more linear conformation and have a lower degree of flexibility. Our finding may aid in further development of this new generation of medication.
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Osinski V, Bauknight DK, Dasa SSK, Harms MJ, Kroon T, Marshall MA, Garmey JC, Nguyen AT, Hartman J, Upadhye A, Srikakulapu P, Zhou A, O'Mahony G, Klibanov AL, Kelly KA, Boucher J, McNamara CA. In vivo liposomal delivery of PPARα/γ dual agonist tesaglitazar in a model of obesity enriches macrophage targeting and limits liver and kidney drug effects. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:585-601. [PMID: 31903139 PMCID: PMC6929996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important regulators of obesity-associated inflammation and PPARα and -γ agonism in macrophages has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we tested the efficacy with which liposomal delivery could target the PPARα/γ dual agonist tesaglitazar to macrophages while reducing drug action in common sites of drug toxicity: the liver and kidney, and whether tesaglitazar had anti-inflammatory effects in an in vivo model of obesity-associated dysmetabolism. Methods: Male leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice were administered tesaglitazar or vehicle for one week in a standard oral formulation or encapsulated in liposomes. Following the end of treatment, circulating metabolic parameters were measured and pro-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophage populations were quantified by flow cytometry. Cellular uptake of liposomes in tissues was assessed using immunofluorescence and a broad panel of cell subset markers by flow cytometry. Finally, PPARα/γ gene target expression levels in the liver, kidney, and sorted macrophages were quantified to determine levels of drug targeting to and drug action in these tissues and cells. Results: Administration of a standard oral formulation of tesaglitazar effectively treated symptoms of obesity-associated dysmetabolism and reduced the number of pro-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophages. Macrophages are the major cell type that took up liposomes with many other immune and stromal cell types taking up liposomes to a lesser extent. Liposome delivery of tesaglitazar did not have effects on inflammatory macrophages nor did it improve metabolic parameters to the extent of a standard oral formulation. Liposomal delivery did, however, attenuate effects on liver weight and liver and kidney expression of PPARα and -γ gene targets compared to oral delivery. Conclusions: These findings reveal for the first time that tesaglitazar has anti-inflammatory effects on adipose tissue macrophage populations in vivo. These data also suggest that while nanoparticle delivery reduced off-target effects, yet the lack of tesaglitazar actions in non-targeted cells such (as hepatocytes and adipocytes) and the uptake of drug-loaded liposomes in many other cell types, albeit to a lesser extent, may have impacted overall therapeutic efficacy. This fulsome analysis of cellular uptake of tesaglitazar-loaded liposomes provides important lessons for future studies of liposome drug delivery.
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Wittrisch S, Klöting N, Mörl K, Chakaroun R, Blüher M, Beck-Sickinger AG. NPY 1R-targeted peptide-mediated delivery of a dual PPARα/γ agonist to adipocytes enhances adipogenesis and prevents diabetes progression. Mol Metab 2019; 31:163-180. [PMID: 31918918 PMCID: PMC6931124 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective PPARα/γ dual agonists have been in clinical development for the treatment of metabolic diseases including type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. However, severe adverse side effects led to complications in clinical trials. As most of the beneficial effects rely on the compound activity in adipocytes, the selective targeting of this cell type is a cutting-edge strategy to develop safe anti-diabetic drugs. The goal of this study was to strengthen the adipocyte-specific uptake of the PPARα/γ agonist tesaglitazar via NPY1R-mediated internalization. Methods NPY1R-preferring peptide tesaglitazar-[F7, P34]-NPY (tesa-NPY) was synthesized by a combination of automated SPPS and manual couplings. Following molecular and functional analyses for proof of concept, cell culture experiments were conducted to monitor the effects on adipogenesis. Mice treated with peptide drug conjugates or vehicle either by gavage or intraperitoneal injection were characterized phenotypically and metabolically. Histological analysis and transcriptional profiling of the adipose tissue were performed. Results In vitro studies revealed that the tesaglitazar-[F7, P34]-NPY conjugate selectively activates PPARγ in NPY1R-expressing cells and enhances adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin expression in adipocyte precursor cells. In vivo studies using db/db mice demonstrated that the anti-diabetic activity of the peptide conjugate is as efficient as that of systemically administered tesaglitazar. Additionally, tesa-NPY induces adipocyte differentiation in vivo. Conclusions The use of the tesaglitazar-[F7, P34]-NPY conjugate is a promising strategy to apply the beneficial PPARα/γ effects in adipocytes while potentially omitting adverse effects in other tissues. Tesaglitazar-NPY targets adipocytes via NPY1R receptor-mediated internalization. Peptide-drug conjugate is specifically delivered to NPY1R-expressing cells. Release of tesaglitazar in adipocytes activates PPARγ. Drug delivery enhances adipocyte differentiation and adiponectin expression. Peptide conjugate exhibits antidiabetic activity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Wittrisch
- Universität Leipzig, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity, and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Karin Mörl
- Universität Leipzig, Institute of Biochemistry, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rima Chakaroun
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity, and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Helmholtz Institute for Metabolic, Obesity, and Vascular Research (HI-MAG) of the Helmholtz Zentrum München at the University of Leipzig and University Hospital Leipzig, Ph.-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Bauknight DK, Osinski V, Dasa SSK, Nguyen AT, Marshall MA, Hartman J, Harms M, O’Mahony G, Boucher J, Klibanov AL, McNamara CA, Kelly KA. Importance of thorough tissue and cellular level characterization of targeted drugs in the evaluation of pharmacodynamic effects. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224917. [PMID: 31725756 PMCID: PMC6855449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted nanoparticle delivery is a promising strategy for increasing efficacy and limiting side effects of therapeutics. When designing a targeted liposomal formulation, the in vivo biodistribution of the particles must be characterized to determine the value of the targeting approach. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists effectively treat metabolic syndrome by decreasing dyslipidemia and insulin resistance but side effects have limited their use, making them a class of compounds that could benefit from targeted liposomal delivery. The adipose targeting sequence peptide (ATS) could fit this role, as it has been shown to bind to adipose tissue endothelium and induce weight loss when delivered conjugated to a pro-apoptotic peptide. To date, however, a full assessment of ATS in vivo biodistribution has not been reported, leaving important unanswered questions regarding the exact mechanisms whereby ATS targeting enhances therapeutic efficacy. We designed this study to evaluate the biodistribution of ATS-conjugated liposomes loaded with the PPARα/γ dual agonist tesaglitazar in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. The ATS-liposome biodistribution in adipose tissue and other organs was examined at the cellular and tissue level using microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorescent molecular tomography. Changes in metabolic parameters and gene expression were measured by target and off-target tissue responses to the treatment. Unexpectedly, ATS targeting did not increase liposomal uptake in adipose relative to other tissues, but did increase uptake in the kidneys. Targeting also did not significantly alter metabolic parameters. Analysis of the liposome cellular distribution in the stromal vascular fraction with flow cytometry revealed high uptake by multiple cell types. Our findings highlight the need for thorough study of in vivo biodistribution when evaluating a targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin K. Bauknight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Victoria Osinski
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Siva Sai Krishna Dasa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Anh T. Nguyen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Marshall
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Julia Hartman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Matthew Harms
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gavin O’Mahony
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander L. Klibanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Heitel P, Gellrich L, Heering J, Goebel T, Kahnt A, Proschak E, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Merk D. Urate transporter inhibitor lesinurad is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma modulator (sPPARγM) in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13554. [PMID: 30202096 PMCID: PMC6131501 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31833-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gout is the most common arthritic disease in human but was long neglected and therapeutic options are not satisfying. However, with the recent approval of the urate transporter inhibitor lesinurad, gout treatment has experienced a major innovation. Here we show that lesinurad possesses considerable modulatory potency on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Since gout has a strong association with metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, this side-activity appears as very valuable contributing factor to the clinical efficacy profile of lesinurad. Importantly, despite robustly activating PPARγ in vitro, lesinurad lacked adipogenic activity, which seems due to differential coactivator recruitment and is characterized as selective PPARγ modulator (sPPARγM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Heitel
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Leonie Gellrich
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jan Heering
- Project Group Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60596, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tamara Goebel
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Astrid Kahnt
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ewgenij Proschak
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438, Frankfurt, Germany.
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Shioi R, Okazaki S, Noguchi-Yachide T, Ishikawa M, Makishima M, Hashimoto Y, Yamaguchi T. Switching subtype-selectivity: Fragment replacement strategy affords novel class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/δ (PPARα/δ) dual agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:3131-3134. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ayad T, Phansavath P, Ratovelomanana-Vidal V. Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation and Transfer Hydrogenation: Sustainable Chemistry to Access Bioactive Molecules. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2750-2767. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahar Ayad
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS; 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| | - Phannarath Phansavath
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS; 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
| | - Virginie Ratovelomanana-Vidal
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris; PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech-CNRS; 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie 75005 Paris France
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11
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Thulin P, Bamberg K, Buler M, Dahl B, Glinghammar B. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α agonist, AZD4619, induces alanine aminotransferase-1 gene and protein expression in human, but not in rat hepatocytes: Correlation with serum ALT levels. Int J Mol Med 2016; 38:961-8. [PMID: 27430334 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in serum is the standard biomarker for liver injury. We have previously described a clinical trial with a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist (AZD4619), which unexpectedly caused increased serum levels of ALT in treated individuals without any other evidence of liver injury. We pinpointed a plausible mechanism through which AZD4619 could increase serum ALT levels; namely through the PPARα-specific activation of the human ALT1 gene at the transcriptional level. In the present study, we present data from the preceding rat toxicity study, demonstrating that AZD4619 had no effect on rat serum ALT activity levels, and further experiments were performed to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for this species-related difference. Our results revealed that AZD4619 increased ALT1 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner in human, but not in rat primary hepatocytes. Cloning of the human and rat ALT1 promoters into luciferase vectors confirmed that AZD4619 induced only the human, but not the rat ALT1 gene promoter in a dose-dependent manner. In PPARα-GAL4 reporter gene assays, AZD4619 was >100-fold more potent on the human vs. rat PPARα levels, explaining the differences in induction of the ALT1 gene between the species at the concentration range tested. These data demonstrate the usefulness of the human and rat ALT1 reporter gene assays for testing future drug candidates at the preclinical stage. In drug discovery projects, these assays elucidate whether elevations in ALT levels observed in vivo or in the clinic are due to metabolic effects rather than a toxic event in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Thulin
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Marcin Buler
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Björn Dahl
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca, 43183 Mölndal, Sweden
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Prokoph N, Ormö M, O'Mahony G, Hogner A, McPheat J, Karlsson U, Holmberg Schiavone L, Liu J. Development of an ELISA for High-Throughput Screening of Inhibitors of Cdk5-Mediated PPARγ Phosphorylation. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2016; 14:261-72. [DOI: 10.1089/adt.2015.692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nina Prokoph
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Ormö
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gavin O'Mahony
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Hogner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jane McPheat
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulla Karlsson
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Jianming Liu
- Discovery Sciences, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Blednov YA, Black M, Benavidez JM, Stamatakis EE, Harris RA. PPAR Agonists: I. Role of Receptor Subunits in Alcohol Consumption in Male and Female Mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2016; 40:553-62. [PMID: 26857685 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists reduce voluntary alcohol consumption in rodent models, and evidence suggests that PPARα and γ subunits play an important role in this effect. To define the subunit dependence of this action, we tested selective PPARα and α/γ agonists and antagonists in addition to null mutant mice lacking PPARα. METHODS The effects of fenofibrate (PPARα agonist) and tesaglitazar (PPARα/γ agonist) on continuous and intermittent 2-bottle choice drinking tests were examined in male and female wild-type mice and in male mice lacking PPARα. We compared the ability of MK886 (PPARα antagonist) and GW9662 (PPARγ antagonist) to inhibit the effects of fenofibrate and tesaglitazar in wild-type mice. The estrogen receptor antagonist, tamoxifen, can inhibit PPARγ-dependent transcription and was also studied in male and female mice. RESULTS Fenofibrate and tesaglitazar reduced ethanol (EtOH) consumption and preference in wild-type mice, but these effects were not observed in mice lacking PPARα. MK886 inhibited the action of fenofibrate, but not tesaglitazer, while GW9662 did not inhibit either agonist. The PPAR agonists were more effective in male mice compared to females, and drinking in the continuous 2-bottle choice test was more sensitive to fenofibrate and tesaglitazar compared to drinking in the intermittent access test. Tamoxifen also reduced EtOH consumption in male mice and this action was inhibited by GW9662, but not MK886, suggesting that it acts by activation of PPARγ. CONCLUSIONS Our study using selective PPAR agonists, antagonists, and null mutant mice indicates a key role for PPARα in mediating reduced EtOH consumption by fenofibrate and tesaglitazar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Mendy Black
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Jillian M Benavidez
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - Eleni E Stamatakis
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Regulation of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function by nuclear receptors: implications for health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:589-99. [PMID: 26186742 DOI: 10.1042/cs20150246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle metabolism is highly dependent on mitochondrial function, with impaired mitochondrial biogenesis associated with the development of metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Mitochondria display substantial plasticity in skeletal muscle, and are highly sensitive to levels of physical activity. It is thought that physical activity promotes mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle through increased expression of genes encoded in both the nuclear and the mitochondrial genome; however, how this process is co-ordinated at the cellular level is poorly understood. Nuclear receptors (NRs) are key signalling proteins capable of integrating environmental factors and mitochondrial function, thereby providing a potential link between exercise and mitochondrial biogenesis. The aim of this review is to highlight the function of NRs in skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and discuss the therapeutic potential of NRs for the management and treatment of chronic metabolic disease.
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Admyre T, Amrot-Fors L, Andersson M, Bauer M, Bjursell M, Drmota T, Hallen S, Hartleib-Geschwindner J, Lindmark B, Liu J, Löfgren L, Rohman M, Selmi N, Wallenius K. Inhibition of AMP deaminase activity does not improve glucose control in rodent models of insulin resistance or diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:1486-96. [PMID: 25459661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of AMP deaminase (AMPD) holds the potential to elevate intracellular adenosine and AMP levels and, therefore, to augment adenosine signaling and activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). To test the latter hypothesis, novel AMPD pan inhibitors were synthesized and explored using a panel of in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo models focusing on confirming AMPD inhibitory potency and the potential of AMPD inhibition to improve glucose control in vivo. Repeated dosing of selected inhibitors did not improve glucose control in insulin-resistant or diabetic rodent disease models. Mice with genetic deletion of the muscle-specific isoform Ampd1 did not showany favorable metabolic phenotype despite being challenged with high-fat diet feeding. Therefore, these results do not support the development of AMPD inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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16
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Monnereau L, Cartigny D, Scalone M, Ayad T, Ratovelomanana-Vidal V. Efficient Synthesis of Differentiated syn-1,2-Diol Derivatives by Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation-Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of α-Alkoxy-Substituted β-Ketoesters. Chemistry 2015; 21:11799-806. [PMID: 26139327 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201501884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation was applied to a wide range of racemic aryl α-alkoxy-β-ketoesters in the presence of well-defined, commercially available, chiral catalyst Ru(II) -(N-p-toluenesulfonyl-1,2-diphenylethylenediamine) and a 5:2 mixture of formic acid and triethylamine as the hydrogen source. Under these conditions, dynamic kinetic resolution was efficiently promoted to provide the corresponding syn α-alkoxy-β-hydroxyesters derived from substituted aromatic and heteroaromatic aldehydes with a high level of diastereoselectivity (diastereomeric ratio (d.r.)>99:1) and an almost perfect enantioselectivity (enantiomeric excess (ee)>99 %). Additionally, after extensive screening of the reaction conditions, the use of Ru(II) - and Rh(III) -tethered precatalysts extended this process to more-challenging substrates that bore alkenyl-, alkynyl-, and alkyl substituents to provide the corresponding syn α-alkoxy-β-hydroxyesters with excellent enantiocontrol (up to 99 % ee) and good to perfect diastereocontrol (d.r.>99:1). Lastly, the synthetic utility of the present protocol was demonstrated by application to the asymmetric synthesis of chiral ester ethyl (2S)-2-ethoxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propanoate, which is an important pharmacophore in a number of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ dual agonist advanced drug candidates used for the treatment of type-II diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Monnereau
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech - CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris (France), Fax: (+33) 144-071-062
| | - Damien Cartigny
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech - CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris (France), Fax: (+33) 144-071-062
| | - Michelangelo Scalone
- Process Research & Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Bldg. 62/413, 4070 Basel (Switzerland)
| | - Tahar Ayad
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech - CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris (France), Fax: (+33) 144-071-062.
| | - Virginie Ratovelomanana-Vidal
- PSL Research University, Chimie ParisTech - CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris (France), Fax: (+33) 144-071-062.
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Blednov YA, Benavidez JM, Black M, Ferguson LB, Schoenhard GL, Goate AM, Edenberg HJ, Wetherill L, Hesselbrock V, Foroud T, Harris RA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α and γ are linked with alcohol consumption in mice and withdrawal and dependence in humans. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2014; 39:136-45. [PMID: 25516156 DOI: 10.1111/acer.12610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists reduce voluntary ethanol (EtOH) consumption in rat models and are promising therapeutics in the treatment for drug addictions. We studied the effects of different classes of PPAR agonists on chronic EtOH intake and preference in mice with a genetic predisposition for high alcohol consumption and then examined human genomewide association data for polymorphisms in PPAR genes in alcohol-dependent subjects. METHODS Two different behavioral tests were used to measure intake of 15% EtOH in C57BL/6J male mice: 24-hour 2-bottle choice and limited access (3-hour) 2-bottle choice, drinking in the dark. We measured the effects of pioglitazone (10 and 30 mg/kg), fenofibrate (50 and 150 mg/kg), GW0742 (10 mg/kg), tesaglitazar (1.5 mg/kg), and bezafibrate (25 and 75 mg/kg) on EtOH intake and preference. Fenofibric acid, the active metabolite of fenofibrate, was quantified in mouse plasma, liver, and brain by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Data from a human genome-wide association study (GWAS) completed in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) were then used to analyze the association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in different PPAR genes (PPARA, PPARD, PPARG, and PPARGC1A) with 2 phenotypes: DSM-IV alcohol dependence (AD) and the DSM-IV criterion of withdrawal. RESULTS Activation of 2 isoforms of PPARs, α and γ, reduced EtOH intake and preference in the 2 different consumption tests in mice. However, a selective PPARδ agonist or a pan agonist for all 3 PPAR isoforms did not decrease EtOH consumption. Fenofibric acid, the active metabolite of the PPARα agonist fenofibrate, was detected in liver, plasma, and brain after 1 or 8 days of oral treatment. The GWAS from COGA supported an association of SNPs in PPARA and PPARG with alcohol withdrawal and PPARGC1A with AD but found no association for PPARD with either phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We provide convergent evidence using both mouse and human data for specific PPARs in alcohol action. Reduced EtOH intake in mice and the genetic association between AD or withdrawal in humans highlight the potential for repurposing FDA-approved PPARα or PPARγ agonists for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas
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Baker DJ, Atkinson AM, Wilkinson GP, Coope GJ, Charles AD, Leighton B. Characterization of the heterozygous glucokinase knockout mouse as a translational disease model for glucose control in type 2 diabetes. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1629-41. [PMID: 24772483 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The global heterozygous glucokinase (GK) knockout (gk(wt/del)) male mouse, fed on a high-fat (60% by energy) diet, has provided a robust and reproducible model of hyperglycaemia. This model could be highly relevant to some facets of human type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aimed to investigate the ability of standard therapeutic agents to lower blood glucose at translational doses, and to explore the glucose-lowering potential of novel glucokinase activators (GKAs) in this model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We measured the ability of insulin, metformin, glipizide, exendin-4 and sitagliptin, after acute or repeat dose administration, to lower free-feeding glucose levels in gk(wt/del) mice. Further, we measured the ability of novel GKAs, GKA23, GKA71 and AZD6370 to control glucose either alone or in combination with some standard agents. KEY RESULTS A single dose of insulin (1 unit·kg(-1)), metformin (150, 300 mg·kg(-1)), glipizide (0.1, 0.3 mg·kg(-1)), exendin-4 (2, 20 μg·kg(-1)) and GKAs reduced free-feeding glucose levels. Sitagliptin (10 mg·kg(-1)), metformin (300 mg·kg(-1)) and AZD6370 (30, 400 mg·kg(-1)) reduced glucose excursions on repeat dosing. At a supra-therapeutic dose (400 mg·kg(-1)), AZD6370 also lowered basal levels of glucose without inducing hypoglycaemia. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Standard glucose-lowering therapeutic agents demonstrated significant acute glucose lowering in male gk(wt/del) mice at doses corresponding to therapeutic free drug levels in man, suggesting the potential of these mice as a translatable model of human T2D. Novel GKAs also lowered glucose in this mouse model.
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Ferguson LB, Most D, Blednov YA, Harris RA. PPAR agonists regulate brain gene expression: relationship to their effects on ethanol consumption. Neuropharmacology 2014; 86:397-407. [PMID: 25036611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear hormone receptors that act as ligand-activated transcription factors. Although prescribed for dyslipidemia and type-II diabetes, PPAR agonists also possess anti-addictive characteristics. PPAR agonists decrease ethanol consumption and reduce withdrawal severity and susceptibility to stress-induced relapse in rodents. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms facilitating these properties have yet to be investigated. We tested three PPAR agonists in a continuous access two-bottle choice (2BC) drinking paradigm and found that tesaglitazar (PPARα/γ; 1.5 mg/kg) and fenofibrate (PPARα; 150 mg/kg) decreased ethanol consumption in male C57BL/6J mice while bezafibrate (PPARα/γ/β; 75 mg/kg) did not. We hypothesized that changes in brain gene expression following fenofibrate and tesaglitazar treatment lead to reduced ethanol drinking. We studied unbiased genomic profiles in areas of the brain known to be important for ethanol dependence, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and amygdala, and also profiled gene expression in liver. Genomic profiles from the non-effective bezafibrate treatment were used to filter out genes not associated with ethanol consumption. Because PPAR agonists are anti-inflammatory, they would be expected to target microglia and astrocytes. Surprisingly, PPAR agonists produced a strong neuronal signature in mouse brain, and fenofibrate and tesaglitazar (but not bezafibrate) targeted a subset of GABAergic interneurons in the amygdala. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed co-expression of treatment-significant genes. Functional annotation of these gene networks suggested that PPAR agonists might act via neuropeptide and dopaminergic signaling pathways in the amygdala. Our results reveal gene targets through which PPAR agonists can affect alcohol consumption behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Ferguson
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; The Institute for Neuroscience (INS), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Dana Most
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States; The Institute for Neuroscience (INS), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Yuri A Blednov
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - R Adron Harris
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, United States
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20
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Park MH, Park JY, Lee HJ, Kim DH, Park D, Jeong HO, Park CH, Chun P, Moon HR, Chung HY. Potent anti-diabetic effects of MHY908, a newly synthesized PPAR α/γ dual agonist in db/db mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78815. [PMID: 24244369 PMCID: PMC3828319 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ dual agonists have been developed to alleviate metabolic disorders and have the potential to be used as therapeutic agents for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. In this study, we investigated the effects of a newly synthesized PPAR α/γ dual agonist, 2-[4-(5-chlorobenzo [d] thiazol-2-yl) phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid (MHY908) on type 2 diabetes in vitro and in vivo. To obtain initial evidence that MHY908 acts as a PPAR α/γ dual agonist, ChIP and reporter gene assays were conducted in AC2F rat liver cells, and to investigate the anti-diabetic effects and molecular mechanisms, eight-week-old, male db/db mice were allowed to eat ad libitum, placed on calorie restriction, or administered MHY908 (1 mg or 3 mg/kg/day) mixed in food for 4 weeks. Age-matched male db/m lean mice served as non-diabetic controls. It was found that MHY908 enhanced the binding and transcriptional activity of PPAR α and γ in AC2F cells, and it reduced serum glucose, triglyceride, and insulin levels, however increased adiponectin levels without body weight gain. In addition, MHY908 significantly improved hepatic steatosis by enhancing CPT-1 levels. Remarkably, MHY908 reduced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in the livers of db/db mice, and subsequently reduced insulin resistance. The study shows MHY908 has beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes by simultaneously activating PPAR α/γ and improving ER stress, and suggests that MHY908 could have a potent anti-diabetic effect as a PPAR α/γ dual agonist, and potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Hi Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Lee
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Dae Hyun Kim
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Daeui Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyoung Oh Jeong
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Chan Hum Park
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Pusoon Chun
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam, Korea
| | - Hyung Ryong Moon
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- * E-mail: (HYC); (HRM)
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Molecular Inflammation Research Center for Aging intervention (MRCA), College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
- * E-mail: (HYC); (HRM)
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21
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The PPAR α / γ Agonist, Tesaglitazar, Improves Insulin Mediated Switching of Tissue Glucose and Free Fatty Acid Utilization In Vivo in the Obese Zucker Rat. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:305347. [PMID: 24285952 PMCID: PMC3826326 DOI: 10.1155/2013/305347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility was assessed in male Zucker rats: lean controls, obese controls, and obese rats treated with the dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) α/γ agonist, tesaglitazar, 3 μmol/kg/day for 3 weeks. Whole body glucose disposal rate (Rd) and hepatic glucose output (HGO) were assessed under basal fasting and hyperinsulinemic isoglycemic clamp conditions using [3,3H]glucose. Indices of tissue specific glucose utilization (Rg′) were measured at basal, physiological, and supraphysiological levels of insulinemia using 2-deoxy-D-[2,6-3H]glucose. Finally, whole body and tissue specific FFA and glucose utilization and metabolic fate were evaluated under basal and hyperinsulinemic conditions using a combination of [U-13C]glucose, 2-deoxy-D-[U-14C]glucose, [U-14C]palmitate, and [9,10-3H]-(R)-bromopalmitate. Tesaglitazar improved whole body insulin action by greater suppression of HGO and stimulation of Rd
compared to obese controls. This involved increased insulin stimulation of Rg′
in fat and skeletal muscle as well as increased glycogen synthesis. Tesaglitazar dramatically improved insulin mediated suppression of plasma FFA level, whole body turnover (Rfa), and muscle, liver, and fat utilization. At basal insulin levels, tesaglitazar failed to lower HGO or Rfa
compared to obese controls. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that tesaglitazar has a remarkable ability to improve insulin mediated control of glucose and FFA fluxes in obese Zucker rats.
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Qian H, Lu J, Zhang Z, Min X, Lang M, Yang H, Wang N, Zhang P. The g0/g1 switch gene 2 is an important regulator of hepatic triglyceride metabolism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72315. [PMID: 23951308 PMCID: PMC3741160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Factors that regulate the disposal of hepatic triglycerides contribute to the development of hepatic steatosis. G0/G1 switch gene 2 (G0S2) is a target of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors and plays an important role in regulating lipolysis in adipocytes. Therefore, we investigated whether G0S2 plays a role in hepatic lipid metabolism. Adenovirus-mediated expression of G0S2 (Ad-G0S2) potently induced fatty liver in mice. The liver mass of Ad-G0S2-infected mice was markedly increased with excess triglyceride content compared to the control mice. G0S2 did not change cellular cholesterol levels in hepatocytes. G0S2 was found to be co-localized with adipose triglyceride lipase at the surface of lipid droplets. Hepatic G0S2 overexpression resulted in an increase in plasma Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)/Very-Low-density (VLDL) lipoprotein cholesterol level. Plasma High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and ketone body levels were slightly decreased in Ad-G0S2 injected mice. G0S2 also increased the accumulation of neutral lipids in cultured HepG2 and L02 cells. However, G0S2 overexpression in the liver significantly improved glucose tolerance in mice. Livers expressing G0S2 exhibited increased 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1-3-diazol-4-yl) amino)-6-deoxyglucose uptake compared with livers transfected with control adenovirus. Taken together, our results provide evidence supporting an important role for G0S2 as a regulator of triglyceride content in the liver and suggest that G0S2 may be a molecular target for the treatment of insulin resistance and other obesity-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinfang Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
- Department of Physiology, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Yahui Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Hang Qian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Juan Lu
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
- Department of Physiology, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
- Department of Physiology, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Xinwen Min
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Mingjian Lang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Handong Yang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
| | - Nanping Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Xi’an Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Xi’an, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
- Department of Physiology, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei, China
- * E-mail:
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Trainor GL. The importance of plasma protein binding in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 2:51-64. [PMID: 23496037 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Plasma protein binding of drugs is a well-recognised phenomena, but it is only recently that the implications for drug action in vivo have been fully appreciated. Plasma proteins, by virtue of their high concentration, control the free drug concentration in plasma and in compartments in equilibrium with plasma, thereby, effectively attenuating drug potency in vivo. The historical background and thermodynamic basis for the 'Free Drug Principle' is presented, along with special considerations for intracellular targets, deep compartments and α1-acid glycoprotein binding. Real and apparent exceptions to the principle are discussed along with a survey of citations from the recent medicinal chemistry literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- George L Trainor
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., Discovery Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Research Institute, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
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Interactions between Human Liver Fatty Acid Binding Protein and Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Selective Drugs. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:938401. [PMID: 23476633 PMCID: PMC3588188 DOI: 10.1155/2013/938401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) act as intracellular shuttles for fatty acids as well as lipophilic xenobiotics to the nucleus, where these ligands are released to a group of nuclear receptors called the peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs). PPAR mediated gene activation is ultimately involved in maintenance of cellular homeostasis through the transcriptional regulation of metabolic enzymes and transporters that target the activating ligand. Here we show that liver- (L-) FABP displays a high binding affinity for PPAR subtype selective drugs. NMR chemical shift perturbation mapping and proteolytic protection experiments show that the binding of the PPAR subtype selective drugs produces conformational changes that stabilize the portal region of L-FABP. NMR chemical shift perturbation studies also revealed that L-FABP can form a complex with the PPAR ligand binding domain (LBD) of PPARα. This protein-protein interaction may represent a mechanism for facilitating the activation of PPAR transcriptional activity via the direct channeling of ligands between the binding pocket of L-FABP and the PPARαLBD. The role of L-FABP in the delivery of ligands directly to PPARα via this channeling mechanism has important implications for regulatory pathways that mediate xenobiotic responses and host protection in tissues such as the small intestine and the liver where L-FABP is highly expressed.
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Laghezza A, Pochetti G, Lavecchia A, Fracchiolla G, Faliti S, Piemontese L, Di Giovanni C, Iacobazzi V, Infantino V, Montanari R, Capelli D, Tortorella P, Loiodice F. New 2-(aryloxy)-3-phenylpropanoic acids as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ dual agonists able to upregulate mitochondrial carnitine shuttle system gene expression. J Med Chem 2012; 56:60-72. [PMID: 23171045 DOI: 10.1021/jm301018z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a series of 2-(aryloxy)-3-phenylpropanoic acids, resulting from the introduction of different substituents into the biphenyl system of the previously reported peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ (PPARα/γ) dual agonist 1, allowed the identification of new ligands with higher potency on PPARα and fine-tuned moderate PPARγ activity. For the most promising stereoisomer (S)-16, X-ray and calorimetric studies in PPARγ revealed, at high ligand concentration, the presence of two molecules simultaneously bound to the receptor. On the basis of these results and docking experiments in both receptor subtypes, a molecular explanation was provided for its different behavior as a full and partial agonist of PPARα and PPARγ, respectively. The effects of (S)-16 on mitochondrial acylcarnitine carrier and carnitine-palmitoyl-transferase 1 gene expression, two key components of the carnitine shuttle system, were also investigated, allowing the hypothesis of a more beneficial pharmacological profile of this compound compared to the less potent PPARα agonist fibrates currently used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Laghezza
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco and ‡Laboratorio di Biochimica e Biologia Molecolare, Dipartimento di Bioscienze, Biotecnologie e Biofarmaceutica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70126 Bari, Italy
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Nylander S, Kull B, Björkman JA, Ulvinge JC, Oakes N, Emanuelsson BM, Andersson M, Skärby T, Inghardt T, Fjellström O, Gustafsson D. Human target validation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)β: effects on platelets and insulin sensitivity, using AZD6482 a novel PI3Kβ inhibitor. J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:2127-36. [PMID: 22906130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2012.04898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Based on in vitro and animal data, PI3Kβ is given an important role in platelet adhesion and aggregation but its role in insulin signaling is unclear. OBJECTIVE To strengthen the PI3Kβ target validation using the novel, short-acting inhibitor AZD6482. METHODS AND RESULTS AZD6482 is a potent, selective and ATP competitive PI3Kβ inhibitor (IC(50) 0.01 μm). A maximal anti-platelet effect was achieved at 1 μm in the in vitro and ex vivo tests both in dog and in man. In dog, in vivo AZD6482 produced a complete anti-thrombotic effect without an increased bleeding time or blood loss. AZD6482 was well tolerated in healthy volunteers during a 3-h infusion. The ex vivo anti-platelet effect and minimal bleeding time prolongation in the dog model translated well to data obtained in healthy volunteers. AZD6482 inhibited insulin-induced human adipocyte glucose uptake in vitro (IC(50) of 4.4 μm). In the euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp model, in rats, glucose infusion rate was not affected at 2.3 μm but reduced by about 60% at a plasma exposure of 27 μm. In man, the homeostasis model analysis (HOMA) index increased by about 10-20% at the highest plasma concentration of 5.3 μm. CONCLUSIONS This is the first human target validation for PI3Kβ inhibition as anti-platelet therapy showing a mild and generalized antiplatelet effect attenuating but not completely inhibiting multiple signaling pathways with an impressive separation towards primary hemostasis. AZD6482 at 'supratherapeutic' plasma concentrations may attenuate insulin signaling, most likely through PI3Kα inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nylander
- Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden.
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Comprehensive evidence-based assessment and prioritization of potential antidiabetic medicinal plants: a case study from canadian eastern james bay cree traditional medicine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2012:893426. [PMID: 22235232 PMCID: PMC3247006 DOI: 10.1155/2012/893426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Canadian Aboriginals, like others globally, suffer from disproportionately high rates of diabetes. A comprehensive evidence-based approach was therefore developed to study potential antidiabetic medicinal plants stemming from Canadian Aboriginal Traditional Medicine to provide culturally adapted complementary and alternative treatment options. Key elements of pathophysiology of diabetes and of related contemporary drug therapy are presented to highlight relevant cellular and molecular targets for medicinal plants. Potential antidiabetic plants were identified using a novel ethnobotanical method based on a set of diabetes symptoms. The most promising species were screened for primary (glucose-lowering) and secondary (toxicity, drug interactions, complications) antidiabetic activity by using a comprehensive platform of in vitro cell-based and cell-free bioassays. The most active species were studied further for their mechanism of action and their active principles identified though bioassay-guided fractionation. Biological activity of key species was confirmed in animal models of diabetes. These in vitro and in vivo findings are the basis for evidence-based prioritization of antidiabetic plants. In parallel, plants were also prioritized by Cree Elders and healers according to their Traditional Medicine paradigm. This case study highlights the convergence of modern science and Traditional Medicine while providing a model that can be adapted to other Aboriginal realities worldwide.
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Lindblom P, Berg AL, Zhang H, Westerberg R, Tugwood J, Lundgren H, Marcusson-Ståhl M, Sjögren N, Blomgren B, Öhman P, Skånberg I, Evans J, Hellmold H. Tesaglitazar, a dual PPAR-α/γ agonist, hamster carcinogenicity, investigative animal and clinical studies. Toxicol Pathol 2011; 40:18-32. [PMID: 22131108 DOI: 10.1177/0192623311429972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Tesaglitazar was developed as a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPARα/γ). To support the clinical program, a hamster carcinogenicity study was performed. The only neoplastic findings possibly related to treatment with tesaglitazar were low incidences of hemangioma and hemangiosarcoma in the liver of male animals. A high-power, two-year investigative study with interim necropsies was performed to further elucidate these findings. Treatment with tesaglitazar resulted in changes typical for exaggerated PPARα pharmacology in rodents, such as hepatocellular hypertrophy and hepatocellular carcinoma, but not an increased frequency of hemangiosarcomas. At the highest dose level, there was an increased incidence of sinusoidal dilatation and hemangiomas. No increased endothelial cell (EC) proliferation was detected in vivo, which was confirmed by in vitro administration to ECs. Immunohistochemistry and gene expression analyses indicated increased cellular stress and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in the liver, which may have contributed to the sinusoidal dilatation. A two-fold increase in the level of circulating VEGF was detected in the hamster at all dose levels, whereas no effect on VEGF was observed in patients treated with tesaglitazar. In conclusion, investigations have demonstrated that tesaglitazar does not produce hemangiosarcomas in hamster despite a slight effect on vascular morphology in the liver.
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Ishibashi H, Kim EY, Iwata H. Transactivation potencies of the Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α by perfluoroalkyl carboxylates and sulfonates: estimation of PFOA induction equivalency factors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:3123-3130. [PMID: 21381677 DOI: 10.1021/es103748s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present study assessed the transactivation potencies of the Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (BS PPARα) by perfluorochemicals (PFCs) having various carbon chain lengths (C4-C12) using an in vitro reporter gene assay. Among the twelve PFCs treated with a range of 7.8-250 μM concentration, eight perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) and two perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs) induced BS PPARα-mediated transcriptional activities in a dose-dependent manner. To compare the BS PPARα transactivation potencies of PFCs, the present study estimated the PFOA induction equivalency factors (IEFs), a ratio of the 50% effective concentration of PFOA to the concentration of each compound that can induce the response corresponding to 50% of the maximal response of PFOA. The order of IEFs for the PFCs was as follows: PFOA (IEF: 1)>PFHpA (0.89)>PFNA (0.61)>PFPeA (0.50)>PFHxS (0.41)>PFHxA (0.38)≈PFDA (0.37)>PFBA (0.26)=PFOS (0.26)>PFUnDA (0.15)≫PFDoDA and PFBuS (not activated). The structure-activity relationship analysis showed that PFCAs having more than seven perfluorinated carbons had a negative correlation (r=-1.0, p=0.017) between the number of perfluorinated carbons and the IEF of PFCAs, indicating that the number of perfluorinated carbon of PFCAs is one of the factors determining the transactivation potencies of the BS PPARα. The analysis also indicated that PFCAs were more potent than PFSAs with the same number of perfluorinated carbons. Treatment with a mixture of ten PFCs showed an additive action on the BS PPARα activation. Using IEFs of individual PFCs and hepatic concentrations of PFCs in the liver of wild Baikal seals, the PFOA induction equivalents (IEQs, 5.3-58 ng IEQ/g wet weight) were calculated. The correlation analysis revealed that the hepatic total IEQs showed a significant positive correlation with the hepatic expression levels of cytochrome P450 4A-like protein (r=0.53, p=0.036). This suggests that our approach may be useful for assessing the potential PPARα-mediated biological effects of complex mixtures of PFCs in wild Baikal seal population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ishibashi
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
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Reddy KJ, Singh M, Bangit JR, Batsell RR. The role of insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: an updated review. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2010; 11:633-47. [PMID: 20164784 DOI: 10.2459/jcm.0b013e328333645a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the main pathologic mechanism that links the constellation of clinical, metabolic and anthropometric traits with increased risk for cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes mellitus. These traits include hyperinsulinemia, impaired glucose intolerance, endothelial dysfunction, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and generalized and upper body fat redistribution. This cluster is often referred to as insulin resistance syndrome. The progression of insulin resistance to diabetes mellitus parallels the progression of endothelial dysfunction to atherosclerosis leading to cardiovascular disease and its complications. In fact, insulin resistance assessed by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) has shown to be independently predictive of cardiovascular disease in several studies and one unit increase in insulin resistance is associated with a 5.4% increase in cardiovascular disease risk. This review article addresses the role of insulin resistance as a main causal factor in the development of metabolic syndrome and endothelial dysfunction, and its relationship with cardiovascular disease. In addition to this, we review the type of lifestyle modification and pharmacotherapy that could possibly ameliorate the effect of insulin resistance and reverse the disturbances in insulin, glucose and lipid metabolism.
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Chen H, Dardik B, Qiu L, Ren X, Caplan SL, Burkey B, Boettcher BR, Gromada J. Cevoglitazar, a novel peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha/gamma dual agonist, potently reduces food intake and body weight in obese mice and cynomolgus monkeys. Endocrinology 2010; 151:3115-24. [PMID: 20484464 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cevoglitazar is a dual agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha and -gamma subtypes. Dual activation of PPARalpha and -gamma is a therapeutic approach in development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and diabetic dyslipidemia. In this report, we show that, in addition to improving insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism like other dual PPAR agonists, cevoglitazar also elicits beneficial effects on energy homeostasis in two animal models of obesity. In leptin-deficient ob/ob mice, administration of cevoglitazar at 0.5, 1, or 2 mg/kg for 18 d led to acute and sustained, dose-dependent reduction of food intake and body weight. Furthermore, plasma levels of glucose and insulin were normalized after 7 d of cevoglitazar treatment at 0.5 mg/kg. Plasma levels of free fatty acids and triglycerides were dose-dependently reduced. In obese and insulin-resistant cynomolgus monkeys, treatment with cevoglitazar at 50 and 500 mug/kg for 4 wk lowered food intake and body weight in a dose-dependent manner. In these animals, cevoglitazar also reduced fasting plasma insulin and, at the highest dose, reduced hemoglobin A1c levels by 0.4%. These preclinical results demonstrate that cevoglitazar holds promise for the treatment of diabetes and obesity-related disorders because of its unique beneficial effect on energy balance in addition to improving glycemic and metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Inc., 100 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Fracchiolla G, Laghezza A, Piemontese L, Tortorella P, Mazza F, Montanari R, Pochetti G, Lavecchia A, Novellino E, Pierno S, Conte Camerino D, Loiodice F. New 2-aryloxy-3-phenyl-propanoic acids as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha/gamma dual agonists with improved potency and reduced adverse effects on skeletal muscle function. J Med Chem 2009; 52:6382-93. [PMID: 19775169 DOI: 10.1021/jm900941b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of a new series of 2-aryloxy-3-phenyl-propanoic acids, resulting from the introduction of a linker into the diphenyl system of the previously reported PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist 1, allowed the identification of new ligands with improved potency on PPARalpha and unchanged activity on PPARgamma. For the most interesting stereoisomers S-2 and S-4, X-ray studies in PPARgamma and docking experiments in PPARalpha provided a molecular explanation for their different behavior as full and partial agonists of PPARalpha and PPARgamma, respectively. Due to the adverse effects provoked by hypolipidemic drugs on skeletal muscle function, we also investigated the blocking activity of S-2 and S-4 on skeletal muscle membrane chloride channel conductance and found that these ligands have a pharmacological profile more beneficial compared to fibrates currently used in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fracchiolla
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università degli Studi di Bari, via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italia
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Casimiro-Garcia A, Bigge CF, Davis JA, Padalino T, Pulaski J, Ohren JF, McConnell P, Kane CD, Royer LJ, Stevens KA, Auerbach B, Collard W, McGregor C, Song K. Synthesis and evaluation of novel alpha-heteroaryl-phenylpropanoic acid derivatives as PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:7113-25. [PMID: 19783444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of a new series of phenylpropanoic acid derivatives incorporating an heteroaryl group at the alpha-position and their evaluation for binding and activation of PPARalpha and PPARgamma are presented in this report. Among the new compounds, (S)-3-{4-[3-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-oxazol-4-yl)-propyl]-phenyl}-2-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl-propionic acid (17j), was identified as a potent human PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist (EC(50)=0.013 and 0.061 microM, respectively) with demonstrated oral bioavailability in rat and dog. 17j was shown to decrease insulin levels, plasma glucose, and triglycerides in the ZDF female rat model. In the human apolipoprotein A-1/CETP transgenic mouse model 17j produced increases in hApoA1 and HDL-C and decreases in plasma triglycerides. The increased potency for binding and activation of both PPAR subtypes observed with 17j when compared to previous analogs in this series was explained based on results derived from crystallographic and modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustin Casimiro-Garcia
- Department of Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Chen W, Zhou XB, Liu HY, Xu C, Wang LL, Li S. P633H, a novel dual agonist at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and gamma, with different anti-diabetic effects in db/db and KK-Ay mice. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 157:724-35. [PMID: 19422369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00231.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are attractive targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. P633H (2-[4-(2-Fluoro-benzenesulphonyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3-{4-[2-(5-methyl-2-phenyl-oxazol-4-yl)-ethoxy]-phenyl}-propionic acid), a novel PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist, was investigated for its very different effects on insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in db/db and KK-A(y) mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The action of P633H at PPARalpha/gamma was characterized by using transactivation assays. Functional activation of PPARalpha/gammain vitro was confirmed by pre-adipocyte differentiation and regulation of target gene expression. Anti-diabetic studies were performed in two different diabetic mice models in vivo. KEY RESULTS P633H activated both PPARalpha and PPAR gamma, (with EC(50) values of 0.012 micromol and 0.032 micromol respectively). Additionally, P633H promoted pre-adipocyte differentiation, up-regulated expression of adipose specific transport protein (aP2) mRNA (3T3-Ll cells) and acyl-CoA oxidase mRNA (LO2 cells). In db/db mice, P633H reduced serum glucose, insulin, triglycerides, non-esterified fatty acids and liver triglycerides. It also improved glucose intolerance without affecting food intake and body weight after 15 days of treatment. However in KK-A(y) mice, hyperglycaemia, dyslipidemia and impaired glucose tolerance were not relieved even after a 25 day treatment with P633H. Further studies with real-time PCR and electron microscopy revealed that P633H promoted progression of diabetes in KK-A(y) mice by increasing hepatic gluconeogenesis and exacerbating pancreatic pathology. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Although P633H was a high-potency PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist, with good functional activity in vitro, it produced opposing anti-diabetic effects in db/db and KK-A(y) mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, China
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PAR-5359, a well-balanced PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist, exhibits equivalent antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities in vitro and in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 595:119-25. [PMID: 18727927 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha and gamma are key regulators of lipid homeostasis and insulin resistance. In this study, we characterize the pharmacological profiles of PAR-5359, a dual agonist of PPARalpha and gamma with well-balanced activities. In transient transactivation assay, PAR-5359 (3-(4-(2[4-(4chloro-phenyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridin-1-yl]-ethoxy)-phenyl)-(2S)-ethoxy-propionic acid) significantly activated human and mouse PPARalpha and gamma without activating PPARdelta. In functional assays using human mesenchymal stem cells and human hepatoma HepG2 cells, PAR-5359 significantly induced adipocyte differentiation and human ApoA1 secretion, which coincided with its transactivation potencies against the corresponding human receptor subtypes. Interestingly, PAR-5359 showed equivalent potencies against the mouse receptor subtypes (alpha and gamma; 2.84 microM and 3.02 microM, respectively), which suggests the possibility that PAR-5359 could simultaneously activates each subtype of receptors subtype in under physiological conditions. In an insulin-resistant ob/ob mouse model, PAR-5359 significantly reduced plasma insulin levels, improved insulin sensitivity (HOMA-IR), and completely normalized plasma glucose levels. In a severe diabetic db/db mouse model, PAR-5359 dose-dependently reduced the plasma levels of glucose (ED(30) = 0.07 mg/kg). Furthermore, it lowered plasma levels of non HDL- (ED(30) = 0.13 mg/kg) and total cholesterol (ED(30) = 0.03 mg/kg) in high cholesterol diet-fed rats for 4 days treatment. These results suggest that PAR-5359 has the balanced activities for PPARalpha and PPARgamma in vivo as well as in vitro. And its balanced activities may render PAR-5359 as a pharmacological tool in elucidating the complex roles of PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists.
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Casimiro-Garcia A, Bigge CF, Davis JA, Padalino T, Pulaski J, Ohren JF, McConnell P, Kane CD, Royer LJ, Stevens KA, Auerbach BJ, Collard WT, McGregor C, Fakhoury SA, Schaum RP, Zhou H. Effects of modifications of the linker in a series of phenylpropanoic acid derivatives: Synthesis, evaluation as PPARα/γ dual agonists, and X-ray crystallographic studies. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:4883-907. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Synthesis of polymeric thiazolidinedione and fibrate conjugates. Arch Pharm Res 2008; 31:148-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-001-1133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Quinn CE, Hamilton PK, Lockhart CJ, McVeigh GE. Thiazolidinediones: effects on insulin resistance and the cardiovascular system. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:636-45. [PMID: 17906687 PMCID: PMC2259217 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) have been used for the treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes for the past 10 years. They may delay the development of type 2 diabetes in individuals at high risk of developing the condition, and have been shown to have potentially beneficial effects on cardiovascular risk factors. TZDs act as agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) primarily in adipose tissue. PPAR-gamma receptor activation by TZDs improves insulin sensitivity by promoting fatty acid uptake into adipose tissue, increasing production of adiponectin and reducing levels of inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1(PAI-1) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). Clinically, TZDs have been shown to reduce measures of atherosclerosis such as carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT). However, in spite of beneficial effects on markers of cardiovascular risk, TZDs have not been definitively shown to reduce cardiovascular events in patients, and the safety of rosiglitazone in this respect has recently been called into question. Dual PPAR-alpha/gamma agonists may offer superior treatment of insulin resistance and cardioprotection, but their safety has not yet been assured.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Quinn
- Department of Therapeutics and Pharmacology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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Cha DR, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Wu J, Su D, Han JY, Fang X, Yu B, Breyer MD, Guan Y. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha/gamma dual agonist tesaglitazar attenuates diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice. Diabetes 2007; 56:2036-45. [PMID: 17536062 DOI: 10.2337/db06-1134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are nuclear transcription factors and play a central role in insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. Both PPARalpha and -gamma are expressed in the kidney, and their agonists exhibit renoprotective effects in type 2 diabetes. In the present studies, we investigated the effect of the PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist tesaglitazar on diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic db/db mice. Treatment of db/db mice with tesaglitazar for 3 months significantly lowered fasting plasma glucose and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance levels but had little effect on body weight, adiposity, or cardiac function. Treatment with tesaglitazar was associated with reduced plasma insulin and total triglyceride levels and increased plasma adiponectin levels. Notably, tesaglitazar markedly attenuated albuminuria and significantly lowered glomerulofibrosis, collagen deposition, and transforming growth factor-beta1 expression in renal tissues of db/db mice. In cultured mesangial cells and proximal tubule cells, where both PPARalpha and -gamma were expressed, tesaglitazar treatment abolished high glucose-induced total collagen protein production and type I and IV collagen gene expression. Collectively, tesaglitazar treatment not only improved insulin resistance, glycemic control, and lipid profile but also markedly attenuated albuminuria and renal glomerular fibrosis in db/db mice. These findings support the utility of dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists in treating type 2 diabetes and diabetic nephropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Ryong Cha
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232-2372, USA
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Hu X, Feng Y, Liu X, Zhao XF, Yu JH, Yang YS, Sydow-Bäckman M, Hörling J, Zierath JR, Leng Y. Effect of a novel non-thiazolidinedione peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist on glucose uptake. Diabetologia 2007; 50:1048-57. [PMID: 17333104 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 01/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The effect of the benzopyran derivative T33, a novel non-thiazolidinedione agent, was studied on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), insulin signalling and glucose uptake in adipocytes and skeletal muscle. We hypothesised that T33 could activate PPARgamma and exert a beneficial effect on insulin action on glucose uptake and lipid metabolism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a cell-based reporter gene assay, T33 was identified as a PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist, which activated human PPARgamma and PPARalpha with EC50 values of 19 and 148 nmol/l, respectively. The effect of T33 on glucose metabolism was studied in cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes and L6 myotubes. In vivo effects of T33 on skeletal muscle were determined in ob/ob mice treated with 8 mg/kg T33. The effect of T33 on metabolic abnormalities was observed in diet-induced obese mice. RESULTS Exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to T33 for 4 days increased basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, with no effect noted in L6 myotubes. Treatment of ob/ob mice for 20 days with T33 normalised basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and increased phosphorylation of Akt and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in skeletal muscle. In contrast, phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase was unaltered. Moreover, T33 improved insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism in diet-induced obese mice. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION T33 is non-thiazolidinedione PPARalpha/gamma dual agonist which directly increases basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes and secondarily improves insulin action on insulin signalling and glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle from diabetic ob/ob mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zu Chong Zhi Road 555, Shanghai 201203, China
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41
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Hellmold H, Zhang H, Andersson U, Blomgren B, Holland T, Berg AL, Elebring M, Sjögren N, Bamberg K, Dahl B, Westerberg R, Dillner B, Tugwood J, Tugwood J, Roberts R, Lundholm E, Camejo G, Skånberg I, Evans J. Tesaglitazar, a PPARα/γ Agonist, Induces Interstitial Mesenchymal Cell DNA Synthesis and Fibrosarcomas in Subcutaneous Tissues in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2007; 98:63-74. [PMID: 17468185 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) alpha/gamma agonist tesaglitazar as an oral antidiabetic was recently discontinued. Here we present tumor data from a 2-year carcinogenicity study in rats given 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 micromol/kg tesaglitazar is presented with focus on the findings of subcutaneous fibrosarcomas. To investigate the mechanism for induction of fibrosarcomas, replicative DNA synthesis (immunohistochemical detection of BrdU-labeled cells) and expression of PPARgamma (immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction) in subcutaneous adipose tissues was assessed in rats administered 1 or 10 micromol/kg for 2 weeks or 3 months. Poorly differentiated subcutaneous mesenchymal sarcomas with a predominant spindle cell appearance occurred at the highest dose level of 10 micromol/kg in both sexes, and these tumors were diagnosed as fibrosarcomas. The 10-micromol/kg dose was at or above the maximum tolerated dose and caused considerable cardiovascular mortality. Tesaglitazar stimulated DNA synthesis mainly in subcutaneous interstitial mesenchymal cells. The percentage of BrdU-labeled interstitial cells was increased at 1 and 10 micromol/kg after 2 weeks. The increase in DNA synthesis was still significant at the end of the 12-week treatment at 10 mumol/kg, the dose producing fibrosarcoma. However, at 1 micromol/kg, a dose below the no-observed-effect level for fibrosarcoma, the level of DNA synthesis was similar to control levels at 12 weeks. Immunohistochemical analyses showed no detectable PPARgamma protein in the majority of BrdU-labeled interstitial mesenchymal cells in white and brown fat. This indicates that stimulation of DNA synthesis is not mediated via direct activation of PPARgamma in these cells. The results suggest that the induction of rat fibrosarcoma by tesaglitazar, at exposures 100-fold above the human therapeutic exposure, may involve proliferation of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in subcutaneous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Hellmold
- Department of Safety Assessment, AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, Södertälje, Sweden.
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42
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Lanne B, Dahllöf B, Lindahl C, Ebefors K, Kanmert I, von Bahr H, Miliotis T, Nyström AC, Arnerup G, Paulsons I, Kerb S, Oakes N. PPARalpha and PPARgamma regulation of liver and adipose proteins in obese and dyslipidemic rodents. J Proteome Res 2007; 5:1850-9. [PMID: 16889406 DOI: 10.1021/pr060004o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zucker fatty rats and ob/ob mice are both frequently used hyperlipidemic and insulin-resistant spontaneous genetic models of obesity. We used them to study the effect of PPAR agonists on the protein-expression level in liver and white adipose tissue. PPARalpha-agonist treatments of the rats resulted in that 27% of the quantified hepatic proteins were altered; implicating pronounced peroxisome proliferation and increase in capacity for beta-oxidation of fatty acids although no correction of plasma triglycerides were obtained. On treatment with PPARgamma agonists, adipose proteins were regulated to a much larger extent in the rats compared to mice, 18% and 2%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boel Lanne
- AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, S-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden.
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43
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Chira EC, McMillen TS, Wang S, Haw A, O'Brien KD, Wight TN, Chait A. Tesaglitazar, a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist, reduces atherosclerosis in female low density lipoprotein receptor deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2007; 195:100-9. [PMID: 17214992 PMCID: PMC2702263 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 11/22/2006] [Accepted: 12/11/2006] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) alpha (alpha) and gamma (gamma), which are involved in lipid and glucose homeostasis, also exert modulatory actions on vascular cells where they exhibit anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties. Hence, PPAR agonists potentially can affect atherogenesis both via metabolic effects and direct effects on the vessel wall. We tested whether the dual PPAR-alpha/gamma agonist, tesaglitazar (TZ), would reduce atherosclerosis in a non-diabetic, atherosclerosis-prone mouse model, independent of effects on plasma lipids. METHODS AND RESULTS Low-density lipoprotein receptor deficient (LDLr-/-) mice were fed a Western type diet consisting of 21% butterfat and 0.15% cholesterol, with or without TZ 0.5 micromol/kg of diet, for 12 weeks. TZ reduced atherosclerosis in the female, but not male, LDLr-/- mice without affecting cholesterol and triglyceride levels, HDL binding to biglycan, or the inflammatory markers serum amyloid A (SAA) and serum amyloid P (SAP). TZ also decreased adiposity in both genders. CONCLUSIONS TZ reduced atherosclerosis in the female LDLr-/- mice via lipid-independent mechanisms, probably at least in part by direct actions on the vessels. The body weight changes in these mice are different from the effects of dual PPAR agonists seen in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebele C Chira
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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44
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Martineau LC, Couture A, Spoor D, Benhaddou-Andaloussi A, Harris C, Meddah B, Leduc C, Burt A, Vuong T, Mai Le P, Prentki M, Bennett SA, Arnason JT, Haddad PS. Anti-diabetic properties of the Canadian lowbush blueberry Vaccinium angustifolium Ait. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 13:612-23. [PMID: 16979328 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2006.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Incidence of type II diabetes is rapidly increasing worldwide. In order to identify complementary or alternative approaches to existing medications, we studied anti-diabetic properties of Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., a natural health product recommended for diabetes treatment in Canada. Ethanol extracts of root, stem, leaf, and fruit were tested at 12.5 microg/ml for anti-diabetic activity in peripheral tissues and pancreatic beta cells using a variety of cell-based bioassays. Specifically, we assessed: (1) deoxyglucose uptake in differentiated C2C12 muscle cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes; (2) glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) in beta TC-tet pancreatic beta cells; (3) beta cell proliferation in beta TC-tet cells; (4) lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells; (5) protection against glucose toxicity in PC12 cells. Root, stem, and leaf extracts significantly enhanced glucose transport in C2C12 cells by 15-25% in presence and absence of insulin after 20 h of incubation; no enhancement resulted from a 1 h exposure. In 3T3 cells, only the root and stem extracts enhanced uptake, and this effect was greater after 1 h than after 20 h; uptake was increased by up to 75% in absence of insulin. GSIS was potentiated by a small amount in growth-arrested beta TC-tet cells incubated overnight with leaf or stem extract. However, fruit extracts were found to increase 3H-thymidine incorporation in replicating beta TC-tet cells by 2.8-fold. Lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells was accelerated by root, stem, and leaf extracts by as much as 6.5-fold by the end of a 6-day period. Stem, leaf, and fruit extracts reduced apoptosis by 20-33% in PC12 cells exposed to elevated glucose for 96 h. These results demonstrate that V. angustifolium contains active principles with insulin-like and glitazone-like properties, while conferring protection against glucose toxicity. Enhancement of proliferation in beta cells may represent another potential anti-diabetic property. Extracts of the Canadian blueberry thus show promise for use as a complementary anti-diabetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis C Martineau
- Department of Pharmacology and Membrane Protein Study Group, Université de Montréal, and Montreal Diabetes Research Center, Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
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45
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Zadelaar ASM, Boesten LSM, Jukema JW, van Vlijmen BJM, Kooistra T, Emeis JJ, Lundholm E, Camejo G, Havekes LM. Dual PPARα/γ Agonist Tesaglitazar Reduces Atherosclerosis in Insulin-Resistant and Hypercholesterolemic ApoE*3Leiden Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006; 26:2560-6. [PMID: 16931788 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000242904.34700.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether the dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist tesaglitazar has anti-atherogenic effects in ApoE*3Leiden mice with reduced insulin sensitivity. METHODS AND RESULTS ApoE*3Leiden transgenic mice were fed a high-fat (HF) insulin-resistance-inducing diet. One group received a high-cholesterol (HC) supplement (1% wt/wt; HC group). A second group received the same HC supplement along with tesaglitazar (T) 0.5 micromol/kg diet (T group). A third (control) group received a low-cholesterol (LC) supplement (0.1% wt/wt; LC group). Tesaglitazar decreased plasma cholesterol by 20% compared with the HC group; cholesterol levels were similar in the T and LC groups. Compared with the HC group, tesaglitazar caused a 92% reduction in atherosclerosis, whereas a 56% reduction was seen in the cholesterol-matched LC group. Furthermore, tesaglitazar treatment significantly reduced lesion number beyond that expected from cholesterol lowering and induced a shift to less severe lesions. Concomitantly, tesaglitazar reduced macrophage-rich and collagen areas. In addition, tesaglitazar reduced inflammatory markers, including plasma SAA levels, the number of adhering monocytes, and nuclear factor kappaB-activity in the vessel wall. CONCLUSIONS Tesaglitazar has anti-atherosclerotic effects in the mouse model that go beyond plasma cholesterol lowering, possibly caused by a combination of altered lipoprotein profiles and anti-inflammatory vascular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Susanne M Zadelaar
- Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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46
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Hu X, Feng Y, Shen Y, Zhao XF, Yu JH, Yang YS, Leng Y. Antidiabetic effect of a novel non-thiazolidinedione PPAR gamma/alpha agonist on ob/ob mice. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:1346-52. [PMID: 17007742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00427.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To study whether T33, a new synthesized non-thiazolidinedione (TZD) peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma/alpha dual agonist has an antidiabetic effect on ob/ob mice. METHODS Ob/ob mice were treated with 4 mg/kg or 8 mg/kg T33 by gavage for 20 d. Blood glucose levels were measured regularly. An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and an insulin tolerance test (ITT) were preformed on d 8 and d 12, respectively. The levels of insulin, triglyceride and free fatty acid (FFA) in the serum were measured at the end of administration. The intramuscular and liver triglyceride content was also determined. RESULTS T33 reduced the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia of the ob/ob mice. The OGTT and ITT showed that the insulin resistance state of the ob/ob mice was obviously ameliorated after T33 treatment. After 20 d treatment with 8 mg/kg T33, the triglyceride content in the gastrocnemius muscle decreased significantly. T33 did not have any effect on triglyceride content in the liver, whereas rosiglitazone significantly increased the hepatocyte lipid deposition. CONCLUSION The PPARgamma/alpha dual agonist T33 has antidiabetic and insulin-sensitizing effects in ob/ob mice. It has the potential to be a new therapeutic candidate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Hu
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institute for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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47
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Sharma S, Sowjanya A, Kumari M, Suryaprakash R, Cynthia G, Suresh J, Chakrabarti R. Biochemical mechanism of insulin sensitization, lipid modulation and anti-atherogenic potential of PPAR alpha/gamma dual agonist: Ragaglitazar. Life Sci 2006; 80:235-44. [PMID: 17014868 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/06/2006] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The current goal in the treatment of diabetes is not only to enhance the glycemic control but also to improve the associated cardiovascular risk factors. Among many of the strategies available, a co-ligand of PPARalpha and gamma in a single molecule which combines the insulin sensitizing potential of PPARgamma and the beneficial lipid modulating properties of PPARalpha agonism, has gained attention in the recent past. Here we report the biochemical mechanism by which a dual PPAR alpha/gamma agonist Ragaglitazar (Raga) achieves this goal. The PPARalpha component of Raga appears to contribute to a significant increase in beta oxidation, ApoA1 secretion and inhibition of TG biosynthesis in HepG2 cells. These effects of Raga at 60 microM were similar to that shown by Fenofibrate (Feno) at 250 microM. The PPARgamma component of Raga showed significant G3PDH activity and TG accumulation with a corresponding increase in aP2 expression in 3T3L1 cells. Significantly reduced levels of IL-6 and TNFalpha were observed in the culture supernatants of Raga treated 3T3L1 cells. Raga resulted in significant insulin dependent glucose uptake in 3T3L1 with a corresponding increase in GLUT4 expression. Further, Raga showed a significant cholesterol efflux with a corresponding increase in ABCA1 protein expression in THP-1 macrophages. In conclusion, Raga activates both PPARalpha and gamma regulated pathway in adipocytes as well as in hepatocytes which together contributes for its insulin sensitizing and lipid lowering activity. In addition the dual activation of PPAR alpha/gamma also shows an athero-protective potential by inducing reverse cholesterol efflux and inhibiting the pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Sharma
- Metabolic Disorder Group, Discovery Biology, Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Limited-Discovery Research, Bollaram Road, Miyapur, Hyderabad-500 049, India
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48
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Pourcet B, Fruchart JC, Staels B, Glineur C. Selective PPAR modulators, dual and pan PPAR agonists: multimodal drugs for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes and atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2006; 11:379-401. [PMID: 16939380 DOI: 10.1517/14728214.11.3.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
More than 70% of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) die because of cardiovascular diseases. Current therapeutic strategies are based on separate treatment of insulin resistance and dyslipidaemia. Development of drugs with multimodal activities should improve management of the global cardiovascular risk of T2DM patients and result in better patient compliance. New therapeutic strategies are aimed at targeting the entire spectrum of dysfunctioning organs, cells and regulatory pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of T2DM, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis. PPAR family members play major roles in the regulation of lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis and inflammatory processes, making these transcription factors ideal targets for therapeutic strategies against these diseases. This review discusses why PPARs and development of novel selective PPAR modulators, dual and pan PPAR agonists constitute promising approaches for the treatment of diabetes, dyslipidaemia and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Pourcet
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Département d'Athérosclérose, 01 rue du Professeur Calmette, BP 245, Lille 59019, France
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49
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Savkur RS, Miller AR. Investigational PPAR-gamma agonists for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:763-78. [PMID: 16787140 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.7.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The tremendous increase in the global prevalence of Type 2 diabetes (T2D) and its conglomeration of metabolic disorders has dramatically intensified the search for innovative therapies to fight this emerging epidemic. Over the last decade, the family of nuclear receptors, especially the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), has emerged as one of the most important drug targets aimed at combating the metabolic syndrome. Consequently, compounds that activate the PPARs have served as potential therapeutics for the treatment of T2D and the metabolic anomalies associated with this disorder. This review focuses on the currently marketed compounds and also describes the discovery and development of the next generation of PPAR ligands that are under investigation for the potential treatment of T2D and the metabolic syndrome.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes/metabolism
- Animals
- Cardiovascular Diseases/chemically induced
- Clinical Trials as Topic
- Cricetinae
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Drug Design
- Drug Evaluation, Preclinical
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Drugs, Investigational/therapeutic use
- Drugs, Investigational/toxicity
- Dyslipidemias/drug therapy
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Glucose/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypoglycemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypoglycemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Hypolipidemic Agents/pharmacology
- Hypolipidemic Agents/therapeutic use
- Insulin/metabolism
- Insulin Resistance
- Insulin Secretion
- Islets of Langerhans/drug effects
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Lipid Metabolism/drug effects
- Metabolic Syndrome/complications
- Metabolic Syndrome/drug therapy
- Metabolic Syndrome/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Muscle Cells/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- PPAR alpha/agonists
- PPAR delta/agonists
- PPAR delta/physiology
- PPAR gamma/agonists
- PPAR gamma/chemistry
- PPAR gamma/physiology
- Protein Isoforms/drug effects
- Protein Isoforms/physiology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Rats, Zucker
- Weight Gain/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh S Savkur
- Eli Lilly and Company, Diabetes Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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50
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Abstract
AIM Insulin resistance in patients is associated with increased atherosclerosis and arterial restenosis. It is thought that the concomitant hyperinsulinaemia exacerbates vascular disease because resistance to insulin-induced glucose disposal is associated with resistance to certain effects of insulin which inhibit, but with no resistance to other effects which promote, neointimal hyperplasia. We sought to determine the net effect of hyperinsulinaemia on neointimal hyperplasia in normal animals. METHODS Rats were infused with or without insulin for 16 days and the carotid artery injured by balloon catheter on day 2. RESULTS Steady-state serum insulin concentrations were 0.56 +/- 0.04 and 1.25 +/- 0.05 nm for control and hyperinsulinaemic rats respectively (p < 0.01). Systolic blood pressures, weights and serum glucose levels were not affected by hyperinsulinaemia. Fourteen days after injury, the neointima-to-media area ratio was 0.72 +/- 0.07 and 1.39 +/- 0.15 for control and hyperinsulinaemic rats respectively (p < 0.05). Media area was unaffected by hyperinsulinaemia. CONCLUSIONS The effects of hyperinsulinaemia which promote neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury of rat carotid artery predominate over the effects which inhibit it even in normal animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Foster
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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