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Wang Y, Shen Y, Li Q, Xu H, Gao A, Li K, Rong Y, Gao S, Liang H, Zhang X. Exploring the causal association between genetically determined circulating metabolome and hemorrhagic stroke. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1376889. [PMID: 38812939 PMCID: PMC11133746 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1376889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Hemorrhagic stroke (HS), a leading cause of death and disability worldwide, has not been clarified in terms of the underlying biomolecular mechanisms of its development. Circulating metabolites have been closely associated with HS in recent years. Therefore, we explored the causal association between circulating metabolomes and HS using Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis and identified the molecular mechanisms of effects. Methods We assessed the causal relationship between circulating serum metabolites (CSMs) and HS using a bidirectional two-sample MR method supplemented with five ways: weighted median, MR Egger, simple mode, weighted mode, and MR-PRESSO. The Cochran Q-test, MR-Egger intercept test, and MR-PRESSO served for the sensitivity analyses. The Steiger test and reverse MR were used to estimate reverse causality. Metabolic pathway analyses were performed using MetaboAnalyst 5.0, and genetic effects were assessed by linkage disequilibrium score regression. Significant metabolites were further synthesized using meta-analysis, and we used multivariate MR to correct for common confounders. Results We finally recognized four metabolites, biliverdin (OR 0.62, 95% CI 0.40-0.96, PMVMR = 0.030), linoleate (18. 2n6) (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.08-0.54, PMVMR = 0.001),1-eicosadienoylglycerophosphocholine* (OR 2.21, 95% CI 1.02-4.76, PMVMR = 0.044),7-alpha-hydroxy-3 -oxo-4-cholestenoate (7-Hoca) (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09-0.77, PMVMR = 0.015) with significant causal relation to HS. Conclusion We demonstrated significant causal associations between circulating serum metabolites and hemorrhagic stroke. Monitoring, diagnosis, and treatment of hemorrhagic stroke by serum metabolites might be a valuable approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolou Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yingjie Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hangjia Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Aili Gao
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Kuo Li
- School of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yiwei Rong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongsheng Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiangtong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Cell Transplantation, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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2
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Shibuya T, Sato A, Nishimoto-Kusunose S, Yoshizawa K, Higashi T. Further evidence for blood-to-brain influx of unconjugated bile acids by passive diffusion: Determination of their brain-to-serum concentration ratios in rats by LC/MS/MS. Steroids 2024; 204:109397. [PMID: 38508483 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2024.109397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) reside in the brain and are probably involved in some neurological disorders. The view that most of unconjugated BAs in the brain are derived across the blood-brain barrier from the periphery by passive diffusion depending on their hydrophobicity is currently dominant, but some studies have made conflicting claims. In this study, the correlation analysis between the rat brain and serum levels of unconjugated BAs with a wider range of hydrophobicity was conducted to obtain further evidence about the blood-to-brain influx of unconjugated BAs by passive diffusion. We first developed the precise, accurate and matrix effect-free LC/ESI-MS/MS methods for quantifying eight major unconjugated BAs in the rat brain and serum. Derivatization was employed for increasing the assay sensitivity and specificity. The analysis using these methods reproduced the strong positive correlations between the brain and serum levels, and significant higher concentrations in the serum than in the brain for all the unconjugated BAs. The BA with the higher logPow (hydrophobicity) had the higher brain-to-serum concentration ratio (mono- > di- > trihydroxy BAs). Furthermore, the hydrophobicity was considered as the stronger factor for the blood-to-brain influx of the BAs than the serum protein binding ratio. Thus, this study provided further evidence supporting that passive diffusion is the major mechanism for the blood-to-brain influx of the unconjugated BAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toma Shibuya
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Anri Sato
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Shoich Nishimoto-Kusunose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Kazumi Yoshizawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan.
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3
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Kawade N, Yamanaka K. Novel insights into brain lipid metabolism in Alzheimer's disease: Oligodendrocytes and white matter abnormalities. FEBS Open Bio 2024; 14:194-216. [PMID: 37330425 PMCID: PMC10839347 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. A genome-wide association study has shown that several AD risk genes are involved in lipid metabolism. Additionally, epidemiological studies have indicated that the levels of several lipid species are altered in the AD brain. Therefore, lipid metabolism is likely changed in the AD brain, and these alterations might be associated with an exacerbation of AD pathology. Oligodendrocytes are glial cells that produce the myelin sheath, which is a lipid-rich insulator. Dysfunctions of the myelin sheath have been linked to white matter abnormalities observed in the AD brain. Here, we review the lipid composition and metabolism in the brain and myelin and the association between lipidic alterations and AD pathology. We also present the abnormalities in oligodendrocyte lineage cells and white matter observed in AD. Additionally, we discuss metabolic disorders, including obesity, as AD risk factors and the effects of obesity and dietary intake of lipids on the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noe Kawade
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNagoya UniversityJapan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoya UniversityJapan
| | - Koji Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Research Institute of Environmental MedicineNagoya UniversityJapan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pathobiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoya UniversityJapan
- Institute for Glyco‐core Research (iGCORE)Nagoya UniversityJapan
- Center for One Medicine Innovative Translational Research (COMIT)Nagoya UniversityJapan
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4
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El-Darzi N, Mast N, Li Y, Pikuleva IA. APOB100 transgenic mice exemplify how the systemic circulation content may affect the retina without altering retinal cholesterol input. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:52. [PMID: 38253888 PMCID: PMC10803575 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein B (APOB) is a constituent of unique lipoprotein particles (LPPs) produced in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which separates the neural retina from Bruch's membrane (BrM) and choroidal circulation. These LPPs accumulate with age in BrM and contribute to the development of age-related macular degeneration, a major blinding disease. The APOB100 transgenic expression in mice, which unlike humans lack the full-length APOB100, leads to lipid deposits in BrM. Herein, we further characterized APOB100 transgenic mice. We imaged mouse retina in vivo and assessed chorioretinal lipid distribution, retinal sterol levels, retinal cholesterol input, and serum content as well as tracked indocyanine green-bound LPPs in mouse plasma and retina after an intraperitoneal injection. Retinal function and differentially expressed proteins were also investigated. APOB100 transgenic mice had increased serum LDL content and an additional higher density HDL subpopulation; their retinal cholesterol levels (initially decreased) became normal with age. The LPP cycling between the RPE and choroidal circulation was increased. Yet, LPP trafficking from the RPE to the neural retina was limited, and total retinal cholesterol input did not change. There were lipid deposits in the RPE and BrM, and retinal function was impaired. Retinal proteomics provided mechanistic insights. Collectively, our data suggested that the serum LDL/HDL ratio may not affect retinal pathways of cholesterol input as serum LPP load is mainly handled by the RPE, which offloads LPP excess to the choroidal circulation rather than neural retina. Different HDL subpopulations should be considered in studies linking serum LPPs and age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole El-Darzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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5
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Hu ZL, Yuan YQ, Tong Z, Liao MQ, Yuan SL, Jian Y, Yang JL, Liu WF. Reexamining the Causes and Effects of Cholesterol Deposition in the Brains of Patients with Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6852-6868. [PMID: 37507575 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03529-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system. Numerous studies have shown that imbalances in cholesterol homeostasis in the brains of AD patients precede the onset of clinical symptoms. In addition, cholesterol deposition has been observed in the brains of AD patients even though peripheral cholesterol does not enter the brain through the blood‒brain barrier (BBB). Studies have demonstrated that cholesterol metabolism in the brain is associated with many pathological conditions, such as amyloid beta (Aβ) production, Tau protein phosphorylation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. In 2022, some scholars put forward a new hypothesis of AD: the disease involves lipid invasion and its exacerbation of the abnormal metabolism of cholesterol in the brain. In this review, by discussing the latest research progress, the causes and effects of cholesterol retention in the brains of AD patients are analyzed and discussed. Additionally, the possible mechanism through which AD may be improved by targeting cholesterol is described. Finally, we propose that improving the impairments in cholesterol removal observed in the brains of AD patients, instead of further reducing the already impaired cholesterol synthesis in the brain, may be the key to preventing cholesterol deposition and improving the corresponding pathological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Lin Hu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Yang-Qi Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Zhen Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Mei-Qing Liao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Shun-Ling Yuan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Ye Jian
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Jia-Lun Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China
| | - Wen-Feng Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Sports Rehabilitation, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410012, China.
- Key Laboratory of Protein Chemistry and Developmental Biology of Ministry of Education, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, China.
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6
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Akyol O, Akyol S, Chou MC, Chen S, Liu CK, Selek S, Soares JC, Chen CH. Lipids and lipoproteins may play a role in the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1275932. [PMID: 38033552 PMCID: PMC10687420 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1275932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other classes of dementia are important public health problems with overwhelming social, physical, and financial effects for patients, society, and their families and caregivers. The pathophysiology of AD is poorly understood despite the extensive number of clinical and experimental studies. The brain's lipid-rich composition is linked to disturbances in lipid homeostasis, often associated with glucose and lipid abnormalities in various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Moreover, elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels may be related to a higher probability of AD. Here, we hypothesize that lipids, and electronegative LDL (L5) in particular, may be involved in the pathophysiology of AD. Although changes in cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and glucose levels are seen in AD, the cause remains unknown. We believe that L5-the most electronegative subfraction of LDL-may be a crucial factor in understanding the involvement of lipids in AD pathology. LDL and L5 are internalized by cells through different receptors and mechanisms that trigger separate intracellular pathways. One of the receptors involved in L5 internalization, LOX-1, triggers apoptotic pathways. Aging is associated with dysregulation of lipid homeostasis, and it is believed that alterations in lipid metabolism contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. Proposed mechanisms of lipid dysregulation in AD include mitochondrial dysfunction, blood-brain barrier disease, neuronal signaling, inflammation, and oxidative stress, all of which lead ultimately to memory loss through deficiency of synaptic integration. Several lipid species and their receptors have essential functions in AD pathogenesis and may be potential biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Akyol
- Molecular Cardiology, Vascular and Medicinal Research, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | - Mei-Chuan Chou
- Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shioulan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Kuan Liu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Salih Selek
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, UTHealth Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Chu-Huang Chen
- Molecular Cardiology, Vascular and Medicinal Research, The Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX, United States
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7
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Goikolea J, Latorre-Leal M, Tsagkogianni C, Pikkupeura S, Gulyas B, Cedazo-Minguez A, Loera-Valencia R, Björkhem I, Rodriguez Rodriguez P, Maioli S. Different effects of CYP27A1 and CYP7B1 on cognitive function: Two mouse models in comparison. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 234:106387. [PMID: 37648096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OHC) is produced by the enzyme sterol 27-hydroxylase (Cyp27A1) and is mainly catabolized to 7α-Hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid (7-HOCA) by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 oxysterol 7α-hydroxylase (Cyp7B1). 27OHC is mostly produced in the liver and can reach the brain by crossing the blood-brain barrier. A large body of evidence shows that CYP27A1 overexpression and high levels of 27OHC have a detrimental effect on the brain, causing cognitive and synaptic dysfunction together with a decrease in glucose uptake in mice. In this work, we analyzed two mouse models with high levels of 27OHC: Cyp7B1 knock-out mice and CYP27A1 overexpressing mice. Despite the accumulation of 27OHC in both models, Cyp7B1 knock-out mice maintained intact learning and memory capacities, neuronal morphology, and brain glucose uptake over time. Neurons treated with the Cyp7B1 metabolite 7-HOCA did not show changes in synaptic genes and 27OHC-treated Cyp7B1 knock-out neurons could not counteract 27OHC detrimental effects. This suggests that 7-HOCA and Cyp7B1 deletion in neurons do not mediate the neuroprotective effects observed in Cyp7B1 knock-out animals. RNA-seq of neuronal nuclei sorted from Cyp7B1 knock-out brains revealed upregulation of genes likely to confer neuroprotection to these animals. Differently from Cyp7B1 knock-out mice, transcriptomic data from CYP27A1 overexpressing neurons showed significant downregulation of genes associated with synaptic function and several metabolic processes. Our results suggest that the differences observed in the two models may be mediated by the higher levels of Cyp7B1 substrates such as 25-hydroxycholesterol and 3β-Adiol in the knock-out mice and that CYP27A1 overexpressing mice may be a more suitable model for studying 27-OHC-specific signaling. We believe that future studies on Cyp7B1 and Cyp27A1 will contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease and may lead to potential new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Goikolea
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Latorre-Leal
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Tsagkogianni
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sonja Pikkupeura
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Balazs Gulyas
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Raul Loera-Valencia
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden; Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez Rodriguez
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
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8
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Harnisch LO, Neugebauer S, Mihaylov D, Eidizadeh A, Zechmeister B, Maier I, Moerer O. Quantification of Bile Acids in Cerebrospinal Fluid: Results of an Observational Trial. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2947. [PMID: 38001948 PMCID: PMC10669160 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Bile acids, known as aids in intestinal fat digestion and as messenger molecules in serum, can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), although the blood-brain barrier is generally an insurmountable obstacle for bile acids. The exact mechanisms of the occurrence, as well as possible functions of bile acids in the central nervous system, are not precisely understood. (2) Methods: We conducted a single-center observational trial. The concentrations of 15 individual bile acids were determined using an in-house LC-MS/MS method in 54 patients with various acute and severe disorders of the central nervous system. We analyzed CSF from ventricular drainage taken within 24 h after placement, and blood samples were drawn at the same time for the presence and quantifiability of 15 individual bile acids. (3) Results: At a median time of 19.75 h after a cerebral insult, the concentration of bile acids in the CSF was minute and almost negligible. The CSF concentrations of total bile acids (TBAs) were significantly lower compared to the serum concentrations (serum 0.37 µmol/L [0.24, 0.89] vs. 0.14 µmol/L [0.05, 0.43]; p = 0.033). The ratio of serum-to-CSF bile acid levels calculated from the respective total concentrations were 3.10 [0.94, 14.64] for total bile acids, 3.05 for taurocholic acid, 14.30 [1.11, 27.13] for glycocholic acid, 0.0 for chenodeoxycholic acid, 2.19 for taurochenodeoxycholic acid, 1.91 [0.68, 8.64] for glycochenodeoxycholic acid and 0.77 [0.0, 13.79] for deoxycholic acid; other bile acids were not detected in the CSF. The ratio of CSF-to-serum S100 concentration was 0.01 [0.0, 0.02]. Serum total and conjugated (but not unconjugated) bilirubin levels and serum TBA levels were significantly correlated (total bilirubin p = 0.031 [0.023, 0.579]; conjugated bilirubin p = 0.001 [0.193, 0.683]; unconjugated p = 0.387 [-0.181, 0.426]). No correlations were found between bile acid concentrations and age, delirium, intraventricular blood volume, or outcome measured on a modified Rankin scale. (4) Conclusions: The determination of individual bile acids is feasible using the current LC-MS/MS method. The results suggest an intact blood-brain barrier in the patients studied. However, bile acids were detected in the CSF, which could have been achieved by active transport across the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars-Olav Harnisch
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Sophie Neugebauer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (S.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Diana Mihaylov
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Jena, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; (S.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Abass Eidizadeh
- Interdisciplinary UMG Laboratories, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.E.); (B.Z.)
| | - Bozena Zechmeister
- Interdisciplinary UMG Laboratories, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany; (A.E.); (B.Z.)
| | - Ilko Maier
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany;
| | - Onnen Moerer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University Medical Center, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany;
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9
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Pikuleva IA. Challenges and Opportunities in P450 Research on the Eye. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1295-1307. [PMID: 36914277 PMCID: PMC10506698 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.001072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the 57 cytochrome P450 enzymes found in humans, at least 30 have ocular tissues as an expression site. Yet knowledge of the roles of these P450s in the eye is limited, in part because only very few P450 laboratories expanded their research interests to studies of the eye. Hence the goal of this review is to bring attention of the P450 community to the eye and encourage more ocular studies. This review is also intended to be educational for eye researchers and encourage their collaborations with P450 experts. The review starts with a description of the eye, a fascinating sensory organ, and is followed by sections on ocular P450 localizations, specifics of drug delivery to the eye, and individual P450s, which are grouped and presented based on their substrate preferences. In sections describing individual P450s, available eye-relevant information is summarized and concluded by the suggestions on the opportunities in ocular studies of the discussed enzymes. Potential challenges are addressed as well. The conclusion section outlines several practical suggestions on how to initiate eye-related research. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This review focuses on the cytochrome P450 enzymes in the eye to encourage their ocular investigations and collaborations between P450 and eye researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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10
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Xing C, Huang X, Wang D, Yu D, Hou S, Cui H, Song L. Roles of bile acids signaling in neuromodulation under physiological and pathological conditions. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:106. [PMID: 37308953 PMCID: PMC10258966 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01053-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are important physiological molecules not only mediating nutrients absorption and metabolism in peripheral tissues, but exerting neuromodulation effect in the central nerve system (CNS). The catabolism of cholesterol to BA occurs predominantly in the liver by the classical and alternative pathways, or in the brain initiated by the neuronal-specific enzyme CYP46A1 mediated pathway. Circulating BA could cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and reach the CNS through passive diffusion or BA transporters. Brain BA might trigger direct signal through activating membrane and nucleus receptors or affecting activation of neurotransmitter receptors. Peripheral BA may also provide the indirect signal to the CNS via farnesoid X receptor (FXR) dependent fibroblast growth factor 15/19 (FGF15/19) pathway or takeda G protein coupled receptor 5 (TGR5) dependent glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) pathway. Under pathological conditions, alterations in BA metabolites have been discovered as potential pathogenic contributors in multiple neurological disorders. Attractively, hydrophilic ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), especially tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) can exert neuroprotective roles by attenuating neuroinflammation, apoptosis, oxidative or endoplasmic reticulum stress, which provides promising therapeutic effects for treatment of neurological diseases. This review summarizes recent findings highlighting the metabolism, crosstalk between brain and periphery, and neurological functions of BA to elucidate the important role of BA signaling in the brain under both physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xing
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Dongxue Wang
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Dengjun Yu
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, 154007, China
| | - Shaojun Hou
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
- Anhui Medical University, Heifei, 230032, China
| | - Haoran Cui
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Lung Song
- Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Taiping Road #27, Beijing, 100850, China.
- Anhui Medical University, Heifei, 230032, China.
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11
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Wang L, Yu H, Hao L, Ju M, Feng W, Xiao R. The Interaction Effect of 27-Hydroxycholesterol Metabolism Disorder and CYP27A1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Mild Cognitive Impairment: Evidence from a Case-Control Study. Mol Nutr Food Res 2023; 67:e2200576. [PMID: 36811281 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202200576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC), 27-hydroxylase (CYP27A1) polymorphisms, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS AND RESULTS A case-control study based on EMCOA study includes 220 healthy cognition and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subjects respectively, matched by sex, age, and education. The level of 27-OHC and its related metabolites are examined by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). The results show that 27-OHC level is positively associated with risk of MCI (p < 0.001), negatively associated with specific domain of cognitive function. Serum 27-OHC is positively associated with 7a-hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid (7-HOCA) in cognitive healthy subjects, while positively associated with 3β-hydroxy-5-cholestenoic acid (27-CA) in MCI subjects (p < 0.001). CYP27A1 and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) genotyping are determined. The global cognitive function is significant higher in Del-carrier of rs10713583, compared with AA genotype (p = 0.007). Stroop Color-Word Test Interference Trial (SCWT-IT) is significant higher in G-carrier genotype (p = 0.042), compared with TT genotype in rs12614206. CONCLUSIONS The results show that 27-OHC metabolic disorder is associated with MCI and multi-domain cognitive function. CYP27A1 SNPs is correlated to cognitive function, while the interaction between 27-OHC and CYP27A1 SNPs need further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Wang
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Ling Hao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Mengwei Ju
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Wenjing Feng
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Public Health, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
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12
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Elzayat EM, Shahien SA, El-Sherif AA, Hosney M. miRNAs and Stem Cells as Promising Diagnostic and Therapeutic Targets for Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 94:S203-S225. [PMID: 37212107 PMCID: PMC10473110 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a cumulative progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized mainly by impairment in cognitive functions accompanied by memory loss, disturbance in behavior and personality, and difficulties in learning. Although the main causes of AD pathogenesis are not fully understood yet, amyloid-β peptides and tau proteins are supposed to be responsible for AD onset and pathogenesis. Various demographic, genetic, and environmental risk factors are involved in AD onset and pathogenesis such as age, gender, several genes, lipids, malnutrition, and poor diet. Significant changes were observed in microRNA (miRNA) levels between normal and AD cases giving hope for a diagnostic procedure for AD through a simple blood test. As yet, only two classes of AD therapeutic drugs are approved by FDA. They are classified as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonists (NMDA). Unfortunately, they can only treat the symptoms but cannot cure AD or stop its progression. New therapeutic approaches were developed for AD treatment including acitretin due to its ability to cross blood-brain barrier in the brain of rats and mice and induce the expression of ADAM 10 gene, the α-secretase of human amyloid-β protein precursor, stimulating the non-amyloidogenic pathway for amyloid-β protein precursor processing resulting in amyloid-β reduction. Also stem cells may have a crucial role in AD treatment as they can improve cognitive functions and memory in AD rats through regeneration of damaged neurons. This review spotlights on promising diagnostic techniques such as miRNAs and therapeutic approaches such as acitretin and/or stem cells keeping in consideration AD pathogenesis, stages, symptoms, and risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad M. Elzayat
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Sherif A. Shahien
- Biotechnology/Bimolecular Chemistry Program, Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A. El-Sherif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Hosney
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
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13
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Hartmann H, Ho WY, Chang JC, Ling SC. Cholesterol dyshomeostasis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? FEBS J 2022; 289:7688-7709. [PMID: 34469619 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most common adult-onset motor neuron disease, is characterized by the selective degeneration of motor neurons leading to paralysis and eventual death. Multiple pathogenic mechanisms, including systemic dysmetabolism, have been proposed to contribute to ALS. Among them, dyslipidemia, i.e., abnormal level of cholesterol and other lipids in the circulation and central nervous system (CNS), has been reported in ALS patients, but without a consensus. Cholesterol is a constituent of cellular membranes and a precursor of steroid hormones, oxysterols, and bile acids. Consequently, optimal cholesterol levels are essential for health. Due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), cholesterol cannot move between the CNS and the rest of the body. As such, cholesterol metabolism in the CNS is proposed to operate autonomously. Despite its importance, it remains elusive how cholesterol dyshomeostasis may contribute to ALS. In this review, we aim to describe the current state of cholesterol metabolism research in ALS, identify unresolved issues, and provide potential directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Hartmann
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Yun Ho
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jer-Cherng Chang
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shuo-Chien Ling
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Healthy Longevity Translational Research Programme, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.,Program in Neuroscience and Behavior Disorders, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
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14
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Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Treatment Increases 7 Alpha Hy-Droxy-3-Oxo-4-Cholestenoic Acid and 24-Hydroxycholesterol Concentrations in Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12111450. [DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is the most common form of hydrocephalus in the adult population, and is often treated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage using a ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt. Symptoms of iNPH include gait impairment, cognitive decline, and urinary incontinence. The pathophysiology behind the symptoms of iNPH is still unknown, and no reliable biomarkers have been established to date. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible use of the oxysterols as biomarkers in this disease. CSF levels of the oxysterols 24S- and 27-hydroxycholesterol, as well as the major metabolite of 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7 alpha hydroxy-3-oxo-4-cholestenoic acid (7HOCA), were measured in iNPH-patients before and after treatment with a VP-shunt. Corresponding measurements were also performed in healthy controls. VP-shunt treatment significantly increased the levels of 7HOCA and 24S-hydroxycholesterol in CSF (p = 0.014 and p = 0.037, respectively). The results are discussed in relation to the beneficial effects of VP-shunt treatment. Furthermore, the possibility that CSF drainage may reduce an inhibitory effect of transiently increased pressure on the metabolic capacity of neuronal cells in the brain is discussed. This capacity includes the elimination of cholesterol by the 24S-hydroxylase mechanisms.
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15
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The emerging role of 27-hydroxycholesterol in cancer development and progression: An update. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:109074. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Frascoli M, Reboldi A, Kang J. Dietary Cholesterol Metabolite Regulation of Tissue Immune Cell Development and Function. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:645-653. [PMID: 35961669 PMCID: PMC10215006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is considered the primary environmental factor associated with morbidity and severity of wide-ranging inflammatory disorders. The molecular mechanism linking high-fat or cholesterol diet to imbalances in immune responses, beyond the increased production of generic inflammatory factors, is just beginning to emerge. Diet cholesterol by-products are now known to regulate function and migration of diverse immune cell subsets in tissues. The hydroxylated metabolites of cholesterol oxysterols as central regulators of immune cell positioning in lymphoid and mucocutaneous tissues is the focus of this review. Dedicated immunocyte cell surface receptors sense spatially distributed oxysterol tissue depots to tune cell metabolism and function, to achieve the "right place at the right time" axiom of efficient tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Frascoli
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Andrea Reboldi
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Joonsoo Kang
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA
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17
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Shulpekova Y, Zharkova M, Tkachenko P, Tikhonov I, Stepanov A, Synitsyna A, Izotov A, Butkova T, Shulpekova N, Lapina N, Nechaev V, Kardasheva S, Okhlobystin A, Ivashkin V. The Role of Bile Acids in the Human Body and in the Development of Diseases. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113401. [PMID: 35684337 PMCID: PMC9182388 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are specific and quantitatively important organic components of bile, which are synthesized by hepatocytes from cholesterol and are involved in the osmotic process that ensures the outflow of bile. Bile acids include many varieties of amphipathic acid steroids. These are molecules that play a major role in the digestion of fats and the intestinal absorption of hydrophobic compounds and are also involved in the regulation of many functions of the liver, cholangiocytes, and extrahepatic tissues, acting essentially as hormones. The biological effects are realized through variable membrane or nuclear receptors. Hepatic synthesis, intestinal modifications, intestinal peristalsis and permeability, and receptor activity can affect the quantitative and qualitative bile acids composition significantly leading to extrahepatic pathologies. The complexity of bile acids receptors and the effects of cross-activations makes interpretation of the results of the studies rather difficult. In spite, this is a very perspective direction for pharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shulpekova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Maria Zharkova
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Pyotr Tkachenko
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Tikhonov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexander Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexandra Synitsyna
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-764-98-78
| | - Alexander Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 119435 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Natalia Lapina
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Svetlana Kardasheva
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexey Okhlobystin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119435 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (M.Z.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (N.L.); (V.N.); (S.K.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
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18
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Dias IH, Shokr H, Shephard F, Chakrabarti L. Oxysterols and Oxysterol Sulfates in Alzheimer’s Disease Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 87:1527-1536. [PMID: 35491790 PMCID: PMC9277668 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background: Brain cholesterol levels are tightly regulated but increasing evidence indicates that cholesterol metabolism may drive Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-associated pathological changes. Recent advances in understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD brain have presented a vital role played by mitochondria in oxysterol biosynthesis and their involvement in pathophysiology. Oxysterol accumulation in brain is controlled by various enzymatic pathways including sulfation. While research into oxysterol is under the areas of active investigation, there is less evidence for oxysterol sulfate levels in human brain. Objective: This study investigates the hypothesis that AD brain oxysterol detoxification via sulfation is impaired in later stages of disease resulting in oxysterol accumulation. Methods: Lipids were extracted from postmortem frozen brain tissue and cerebrospinal (CSF) from late- (Braak stage III-IV) and early- (Braak stage I-II) stage AD patients. Samples were spiked with internal standards prior to lipid extraction. Oxysterols were enriched with a two-step solid phase extraction using a polymeric SPE column and further separation was achieved by LC-MS/MS. Results: Oxysterols, 26-hydroxycholesterol (26-OHC), 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-OHC), and 7-oxycholesterol levels were higher in brain tissue and mitochondria extracted from late-stage AD brain tissue except for 24S-hydroxycholesterol, which was decreased in late AD. However, oxysterol sulfates are significantly lower in the AD frontal cortex. Oxysterols, 25-OHC, and 7-oxocholesterol was higher is CSF but 26-OHC and oxysterol sulfate levels were not changed. Conclusion: Our results show oxysterol metabolism is altered in AD brain mitochondria, favoring synthesis of 26-OHC, 25-OHC, and 7-oxocholesterol, and this may influence brain mitochondrial function and acceleration of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irundika H.K. Dias
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hala Shokr
- Manchester Pharmacy School, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Freya Shephard
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Lisa Chakrabarti
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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19
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Ondaro J, Hernandez-Eguiazu H, Garciandia-Arcelus M, Loera-Valencia R, Rodriguez-Gómez L, Jiménez-Zúñiga A, Goikolea J, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Ruiz-Martinez J, Moreno F, Lopez de Munain A, Holt IJ, Gil-Bea FJ, Gereñu G. Defects of Nutrient Signaling and Autophagy in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:836196. [PMID: 35419363 PMCID: PMC8996160 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.836196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons are post-mitotic cells that allocate huge amounts of energy to the synthesis of new organelles and molecules, neurotransmission and to the maintenance of redox homeostasis. In neurons, autophagy is not only crucial to ensure organelle renewal but it is also essential to balance nutritional needs through the mobilization of internal energy stores. A delicate crosstalk between the pathways that sense nutritional status of the cell and the autophagic processes to recycle organelles and macronutrients is fundamental to guarantee the proper functioning of the neuron in times of energy scarcity. This review provides a detailed overview of the pathways and processes involved in the balance of cellular energy mediated by autophagy, which when defective, precipitate the neurodegenerative cascade of Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ondaro
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Haizea Hernandez-Eguiazu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maddi Garciandia-Arcelus
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Rodriguez-Gómez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Jiménez-Zúñiga
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patricia Rodriguez-Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Javier Ruiz-Martinez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Fermín Moreno
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Adolfo Lopez de Munain
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Donostia University Hospital, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ian James Holt
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,IKERBASQUE Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Gil-Bea
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gorka Gereñu
- Department of Neuroscience, Biodonostia Health Research Institute (IIS Biodonostia), San Sebastian, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Basque Country (UPV-EHU), Leioa, Spain
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20
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Wu M, Zhai Y, Liang X, Chen W, Lin R, Ma L, Huang Y, Zhao D, Liang Y, Zhao W, Fang J, Fang S, Chen Y, Wang Q, Li W. Connecting the Dots Between Hypercholesterolemia and Alzheimer’s Disease: A Potential Mechanism Based on 27-Hydroxycholesterol. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:842814. [PMID: 35464321 PMCID: PMC9021879 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.842814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, is a complex and multifactorial disease involving genetic and environmental factors, with hypercholesterolemia considered as one of the risk factors. Numerous epidemiological studies have reported a positive association between AD and serum cholesterol levels, and experimental studies also provide evidence that elevated cholesterol levels accelerate AD pathology. However, the underlying mechanism of hypercholesterolemia accelerating AD pathogenesis is not clear. Here, we review the metabolism of cholesterol in the brain and focus on the role of oxysterols, aiming to reveal the link between hypercholesterolemia and AD. 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is the major peripheral oxysterol that flows into the brain, and it affects β-amyloid (Aβ) production and elimination as well as influencing other pathogenic mechanisms of AD. Although the potential link between hypercholesterolemia and AD is well established, cholesterol-lowering drugs show mixed results in improving cognitive function. Nevertheless, drugs that target cholesterol exocytosis and conversion show benefits in improving AD pathology. Herbs and natural compounds with cholesterol-lowering properties also have a potential role in ameliorating cognition. Collectively, hypercholesterolemia is a causative risk factor for AD, and 27-OHC is likely a potential mechanism for hypercholesterolemia to promote AD pathology. Drugs that regulate cholesterol metabolism are probably beneficial for AD, but more research is needed to unravel the mechanisms involved in 27-OHC, which may lead to new therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingan Wu
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhai
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyi Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weichun Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiyi Lin
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Ma
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Di Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiansong Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuhuan Fang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunbo Chen
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Wang,
| | - Weirong Li
- Science and Technology Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Weirong Li,
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21
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Shulpekova Y, Shirokova E, Zharkova M, Tkachenko P, Tikhonov I, Stepanov A, Sinitsyna A, Izotov A, Butkova T, Shulpekova N, Nechaev V, Damulin I, Okhlobystin A, Ivashkin V. A Recent Ten-Year Perspective: Bile Acid Metabolism and Signaling. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061983. [PMID: 35335345 PMCID: PMC8953976 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids are important physiological agents required for the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nutrients. In addition, bile acids act as sensors of intestinal contents, which are determined by the change in the spectrum of bile acids during microbial transformation, as well as by gradual intestinal absorption. Entering the liver through the portal vein, bile acids regulate the activity of nuclear receptors, modify metabolic processes and the rate of formation of new bile acids from cholesterol, and also, in all likelihood, can significantly affect the detoxification of xenobiotics. Bile acids not absorbed by the liver can interact with a variety of cellular recipes in extrahepatic tissues. This provides review information on the synthesis of bile acids in various parts of the digestive tract, its regulation, and the physiological role of bile acids. Moreover, the present study describes the involvement of bile acids in micelle formation, the mechanism of intestinal absorption, and the influence of the intestinal microbiota on this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Shulpekova
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Elena Shirokova
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Maria Zharkova
- Department of Hepatology University Clinical Hospital No.2, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Pyotr Tkachenko
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Tikhonov
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Alexander Stepanov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Alexandra Sinitsyna
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-499-764-98-78
| | - Alexander Izotov
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | - Tatyana Butkova
- Biobanking Group, Branch of Institute of Biomedical Chemistry “Scientific and Education Center”, 109028 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.I.); (T.B.)
| | | | - Vladimir Nechaev
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Igor Damulin
- Branch of the V. Serbsky National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Narcology, 127994 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexey Okhlobystin
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
| | - Vladimir Ivashkin
- Chair of Internal Diseases Propedeutics, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119048 Moscow, Russia; (Y.S.); (E.S.); (P.T.); (I.T.); (V.N.); (A.O.); (V.I.)
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22
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Kim D, Lee KM, Lee C, Jo YS, Muradillaevna MS, Kim JH, Yoon JH, Song P. Pathophysiological role of 27-hydroxycholesterol in human diseases. Adv Biol Regul 2022; 83:100837. [PMID: 34774482 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2021.100837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols are oxygenated cholesterol derivatives and important regulators of cholesterol metabolism, lipid homeostasis, the immune system, and membrane fluidity regulation. Although the detailed mechanism of action of oxysterols remains unclear, activation of some nuclear receptors, such as liver X receptor α (LXRα) and RAR-related orphan receptors, have been believed to be critical for the regulation of various physiological processes in multiple tissues. 27-Hydroxycholesterol (27-OHC) is an endogenous oxysterol, which has an intermediate function in cholesterol catabolism to bile acid synthesis. According to previous studies, however, there are opposing opinions on whether 27-OHC activates human LXR. Recently, several studies have shown that 27-OHC can activate or inhibit the function of estrogen receptors ERα and ERβ in a tissue-specific manner, indicating that the understanding of 27-OHC-mediated biological output is very complicated. This review summarizes the pathophysiological relevance of 27-OHC in various tissues, with a special discussion on their functions in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayea Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, 41061, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Min Lee
- Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang, 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanhee Lee
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Suk Jo
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea; Department of Brain-Cognitive Science, Daegu-Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jong Hyuk Yoon
- Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, Daegu, 41068, Republic of Korea.
| | - Parkyong Song
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Staurenghi E, Giannelli S, Testa G, Sottero B, Leonarduzzi G, Gamba P. Cholesterol Dysmetabolism in Alzheimer's Disease: A Starring Role for Astrocytes? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121890. [PMID: 34943002 PMCID: PMC8750262 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, the impairment of cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been intensively investigated, and it has been recognized to affect amyloid β (Aβ) production and clearance, tau phosphorylation, neuroinflammation and degeneration. In particular, the key role of cholesterol oxidation products, named oxysterols, has emerged. Brain cholesterol metabolism is independent from that of peripheral tissues and it must be preserved in order to guarantee cerebral functions. Among the cells that help maintain brain cholesterol homeostasis, astrocytes play a starring role since they deliver de novo synthesized cholesterol to neurons. In addition, other physiological roles of astrocytes are to modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity and support neurons providing energy. In the AD brain, astrocytes undergo significant morphological and functional changes that contribute to AD onset and development. However, the extent of this contribution and the role played by oxysterols are still unclear. Here we review the current understanding of the physiological role exerted by astrocytes in the brain and their contribution to AD pathogenesis. In particular, we focus on the impact of cholesterol dysmetabolism on astrocyte functions suggesting new potential approaches to develop therapeutic strategies aimed at counteracting AD development.
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24
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Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Sterols, Oxysterols, and Accessible Cholesterol: Signalling for Homeostasis, in Immunity and During Development. Front Physiol 2021; 12:723224. [PMID: 34690800 PMCID: PMC8531217 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.723224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article we discuss the concept of accessible plasma membrane cholesterol and its involvement as a signalling molecule. Changes in plasma membrane accessible cholesterol, although only being minor in the context of total cholesterol plasma membrane cholesterol and total cell cholesterol, are a key regulator of overall cellular cholesterol homeostasis by the SREBP pathway. Accessible cholesterol also provides the second messenger between patched 1 and smoothened in the hedgehog signalling pathway important during development, and its depletion may provide a mechanism of resistance to microbial pathogens including SARS-CoV-2. We revise the hypothesis that oxysterols are a signalling form of cholesterol, in this instance as a rapidly acting and paracrine version of accessible cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
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25
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Griffiths WJ, Abdel-Khalik J, Moore SF, Wijeyekoon RS, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Farrell K, Breen DP, Williams-Gray CH, Theofilopoulos S, Arenas E, Trupp M, Barker RA, Wang Y. The Cerebrospinal Fluid Profile of Cholesterol Metabolites in Parkinson's Disease and Their Association With Disease State and Clinical Features. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:685594. [PMID: 34526889 PMCID: PMC8435905 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.685594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Disordered cholesterol metabolism is linked to neurodegeneration. In this study we investigated the profile of cholesterol metabolites found in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients. When adjustments were made for confounding variables of age and sex, 7α,(25R)26-dihydroxycholesterol and a second oxysterol 7α,x,y-trihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one (7α,x,y-triHCO), whose exact structure is unknown, were found to be significantly elevated in PD CSF. The likely location of the additional hydroxy groups on the second oxysterol are on the sterol side-chain. We found that CSF 7α-hydroxycholesterol levels correlated positively with depression in PD patients, while two presumptively identified cholestenoic acids correlated negatively with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah F Moore
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruwani S Wijeyekoon
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Krista Farrell
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David P Breen
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline H Williams-Gray
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ernest Arenas
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Miles Trupp
- Department of Clinical Science, Neurosciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Roger A Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Swansea, United Kingdom
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26
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Loera-Valencia R, Ismail MAM, Goikolea J, Lodeiro M, Mateos L, Björkhem I, Puerta E, Romão MA, Gomes CM, Merino-Serrais P, Maioli S, Cedazo-Minguez A. Hypercholesterolemia and 27-Hydroxycholesterol Increase S100A8 and RAGE Expression in the Brain: a Link Between Cholesterol, Alarmins, and Neurodegeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6063-6076. [PMID: 34449045 PMCID: PMC8639576 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cholesterol metabolism in the brain have a major role in the physiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Oxysterols are cholesterol metabolites with multiple implications in memory functions and in neurodegeneration. Previous studies have shown detrimental effects of cholesterol metabolites in neurons, but its effect in glial cells is unknown. We used a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet in mice to study the effects of hypercholesterolemia over the alarmin S100A8 cascade in the hippocampus. Using CYP27Tg, a transgenic mouse model, we show that the hypercholesterolemia influence on the brain is mediated by the excess of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH), a cholesterol metabolite. We also employed an acute model of 27-OH intraventricular injection in the brain to study RAGE and S100A8 response. We used primary cultures of neurons and astrocytes to study the effect of high levels of 27-OH over the S100A8 alarmin cascade. We report that a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet leads to an increase in S100A8 production in the brain. In CYP27Tg, we report an increase of S100A8 and its receptor RAGE in the hippocampus under elevated 27-OH in the brain. Using siRNA, we found that 27-OH upregulation of RAGE in astrocytes and neurons is mediated by the nuclear receptor RXRγ. Silencing RXRγ in neurons prevented 27-OH-mediated upregulation of RAGE. These results show that S100A8 alarmin and RAGE respond to high levels of 27-OH in the brain in both neurons and astrocytes through RXRγ. Our study supports the notion that 27-OH mediates detrimental effects of hypercholesterolemia to the brain via alarmin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Muhammad-Al-Mustafa Ismail
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Lodeiro
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Mateos
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Elena Puerta
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mariana A Romão
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Química E Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Cláudio M Gomes
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Química E Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Neurobiología Funcional y de Sistemas, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Center for Alzheimer Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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27
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Gamba P, Giannelli S, Staurenghi E, Testa G, Sottero B, Biasi F, Poli G, Leonarduzzi G. The Controversial Role of 24-S-Hydroxycholesterol in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050740. [PMID: 34067119 PMCID: PMC8151638 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is influenced by several events, among which the dysregulation of cholesterol metabolism in the brain plays a major role. Maintenance of brain cholesterol homeostasis is essential for neuronal functioning and brain development. To maintain the steady-state level, excess brain cholesterol is converted into the more hydrophilic metabolite 24-S-hydroxycholesterol (24-OHC), also called cerebrosterol, by the neuron-specific enzyme CYP46A1. A growing bulk of evidence suggests that cholesterol oxidation products, named oxysterols, are the link connecting altered cholesterol metabolism to AD. It has been shown that the levels of some oxysterols, including 27-hydroxycholesterol, 7β-hydroxycholesterol and 7-ketocholesterol, significantly increase in AD brains contributing to disease progression. In contrast, 24-OHC levels decrease, likely due to neuronal loss. Among the different brain oxysterols, 24-OHC is certainly the one whose role is most controversial. It is the dominant oxysterol in the brain and evidence shows that it represents a signaling molecule of great importance for brain function. However, numerous studies highlighted the potential role of 24-OHC in favoring AD development, since it promotes neuroinflammation, amyloid β (Aβ) peptide production, oxidative stress and cell death. In parallel, 24-OHC has been shown to exert several beneficial effects against AD progression, such as preventing tau hyperphosphorylation and Aβ production. In this review we focus on the current knowledge of the controversial role of 24-OHC in AD pathogenesis, reporting a detailed overview of the findings about its levels in different AD biological samples and its noxious or neuroprotective effects in the brain. Given the relevant role of 24-OHC in AD pathophysiology, its targeting could be useful for disease prevention or slowing down its progression.
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28
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Höflinger P, Hauser S, Yutuc E, Hengel H, Griffiths L, Radelfahr F, Howell OW, Wang Y, Connor SL, Duell PB, DeBarber AE, Martus P, Lütjohann D, Griffiths WJ, Schöls L. Metabolic profiling in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and brain of patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100078. [PMID: 33891937 PMCID: PMC8135047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is caused by autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations in CYP27A1, a gene encoding cytochrome p450 oxidase essential for bile acid synthesis, resulting in altered bile acid and lipid metabolism. Here, we aimed to identify metabolic aberrations that drive ongoing neurodegeneration in some patients with CTX despite chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) supplementation, the standard treatment in CTX. Using chromatographic separation techniques coupled to mass spectrometry, we analyzed 26 sterol metabolites in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with CTX and in one CTX brain. Comparing samples of drug naive patients to patients treated with CDCA and healthy controls, we identified 7α,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one as the most prominently elevated metabolite in serum and CSF of drug naive patients. CDCA treatment substantially reduced or even normalized levels of all metabolites increased in untreated patients with CTX. Independent of CDCA treatment, metabolites of the 27-hydroxylation pathway were nearly absent in all patients with CTX. 27-hydroxylated metabolites accounted for ∼45% of total free sterol content in CSF of healthy controls but <2% in patients with CTX. Metabolic changes in brain tissue corresponded well with findings in CSF. Interestingly, 7α,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and 5α-cholestanol did not exert toxicity in neuronal cell culture. In conclusion, we propose that increased 7α,12α-dihydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and lack of 27-hydroxycholesterol may be highly sensitive metabolic biomarkers of CTX. As CDCA cannot reliably prevent disease progression despite reduction of most accumulated metabolites, supplementation of 27-hydroxylated bile acid intermediates or replacement of CYP27A1 might be required to counter neurodegeneration in patients with progressive disease despite CDCA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Höflinger
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Hauser
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Holger Hengel
- Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lauren Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Florentine Radelfahr
- Friedrich-Baur-Institute, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Owain W Howell
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sonja L Connor
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Andrea E DeBarber
- Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute of Clinical Epidemiology and applied Biostatistics, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ludger Schöls
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany; Department of Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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29
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Lütjohann D, Stellaard F, Bölükbasi B, Kerksiek A, Parhofer KG, Laufs U. Anti-PCSK 9 antibodies increase the ratios of the brain-specific oxysterol 24S-hydroxycholesterol to cholesterol and to 27-hydroxycholesterol in the serum. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021; 87:4252-4261. [PMID: 33792095 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The serum ratios of the brain-specific oxysterol 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) to cholesterol and to 27-OHC reflect brain cholesterol turnover. We studied the effect of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 monoclonal antibodies (PCSK9ab) that enhance low-density lipoprotein receptor activity on serum cholesterol and oxysterol concentrations. METHODS Twenty-eight hypercholesterolaemic patients (15 males and 13 females) responding insufficiently to maximally tolerated statin and/or ezetimibe therapy were additionally subcutanously treated biweekly with either the PCSK9ab alirocumab (150 mg, n = 13) or evolocumab (140 mg, n = 15). Fasting serum cholesterol was measured by gas chromatography and the oxysterols 24S-OHC and 27-OHC using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry before, after 1-month (n = 28) and after 3-month (n = 13) treatment. RESULTS As expected, PCSK9ab treatment lowered serum cholesterol and oxysterol levels after 1 month. The serum ratio of 24S-OHC to cholesterol increased after 1 month by 17 ± 28% (mean ± standard deviation; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.8 to 28%; P < .01) and 24S-OHC to 27-OHC by 15 ± 39% (95% CI: 0.2 to 30%; P < .01). Within 3 months, 24S-OHC to cholesterol increased by 2.8 μg g-1 mo-1 (95% CI: 2.1 to 3.6; P < .01) and 24S-OHC to 27-OHC by 0.019 mo-1 (95% CI: 0.007 to 0.032; P < .01). CONCLUSION The serum ratios of 24S-OHC to cholesterol and to 27-OHC increased after treatment with PCSK9ab. We hypothesize that this is caused by a reduced entrance of 27-OHC into the brain, increased synthesis of brain cholesterol, increased production of 24S-OHC and its secretion across the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lütjohann
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frans Stellaard
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bediha Bölükbasi
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institut für Klinische Chemie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Universitätsklinikum Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus G Parhofer
- Medizinische Klinik IV-Campus Großhadern, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III (Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin), Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg, Germany.,Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Parrado-Fernandez C, Leoni V, Saeed A, Rodriguez-Rodriguez P, Sandebring-Matton A, Córdoba-Beldad CM, Bueno P, Gali CC, Panzenboeck U, Cedazo-Minguez A, Björkhem I. Sex difference in flux of 27-hydroxycholesterol into the brain. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:3194-3204. [PMID: 33345295 PMCID: PMC8359195 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)/plasma albumin ratio (QAlb) is believed to reflect the integrity of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Recently, we reported that QAlb is lower in females. This may be important for uptake of neurotoxic 27‐hydroxycholesterol (27OH) by the brain in particular because plasma levels of 27OH are higher in males. We studied sex differences in the relation between CSF and plasma levels of 27OH and its major metabolite 7α‐hydroxy‐3‐oxo‐4‐cholestenoic acid (7HOCA) with QAlb. We tested the possibility of sex differences in the brain metabolism of 27OH and if its flux into the brain disrupted integrity of the BBB. Experimental Approach We have examined our earlier studies looking for sex differences in CSF levels of oxysterols and their relation to QAlb. We utilized an in vitro model for the BBB with primary cultured brain endothelial cells to test if 27OH has a disruptive effect on this barrier. We measured mRNA and protein levels of CYP7B1 in autopsy brain samples. Key Results The correlation between CSF levels of 27OH and QAlb was higher in males whereas, with 7HOCA, the correlation was higher in females. No significant sex difference in the expression of CYP7B1 mRNA in brain autopsy samples. A correlation was found between plasma levels of 27OH and QAlb. No support was obtained for the hypothesis that plasma levels of 27OH have a disruptive effect on the BBB. Conclusions and Implications The sex differences are discussed in relation to negative effects of 27OH on different brain functions. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Oxysterols, Lifelong Health and Therapeutics. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v178.16/issuetoc
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.,Discovery and Research, AlzeCure Pharma AB, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Desio, ASST-Monza and School of Medicine, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Anna Sandebring-Matton
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Paula Bueno
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Chaitanya Chakravarthi Gali
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ute Panzenboeck
- Division of Immunology and Pathophysiology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Angel Cedazo-Minguez
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden.,Rare & Neurologic Diseases Research Therapeutic Area, Neurodegeneration Research, Sanofi Pharmaceuticals, Paris, France
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
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Abdel-Khalik J, Hearn T, Dickson AL, Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Austin-Muttitt K, Bigger BW, Morris AA, Shackleton CH, Clayton PT, Iida T, Sircar R, Rohatgi R, Marschall HU, Sjövall J, Björkhem I, Mullins JGL, Griffiths WJ, Wang Y. Bile acid biosynthesis in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome bypassing cholesterol: Potential importance of pathway intermediates. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 206:105794. [PMID: 33246156 PMCID: PMC7816163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2020.105794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bile acids are the end products of cholesterol metabolism secreted into bile. They are essential for the absorption of lipids and lipid soluble compounds from the intestine. Here we have identified a series of unusual Δ5-unsaturated bile acids in plasma and urine of patients with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome (SLOS), a defect in cholesterol biosynthesis resulting in elevated levels of 7-dehydrocholesterol (7-DHC), an immediate precursor of cholesterol. Using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry (LC-MS) we have uncovered a pathway of bile acid biosynthesis in SLOS avoiding cholesterol starting with 7-DHC and proceeding through 7-oxo and 7β-hydroxy intermediates. This pathway also occurs to a minor extent in healthy humans, but elevated levels of pathway intermediates could be responsible for some of the features SLOS. The pathway is also active in SLOS affected pregnancies as revealed by analysis of amniotic fluid. Importantly, intermediates in the pathway, 25-hydroxy-7-oxocholesterol, (25R)26-hydroxy-7-oxocholesterol, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxocholest-5-en-(25R)26-oic acid and the analogous 7β-hydroxysterols are modulators of the activity of Smoothened (Smo), an oncoprotein that mediates Hedgehog (Hh) signalling across membranes during embryogenesis and in the regeneration of postembryonic tissue. Computational docking of the 7-oxo and 7β-hydroxy compounds to the extracellular cysteine rich domain of Smo reveals that they bind in the same groove as both 20S-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol, known activators of the Hh pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Thomas Hearn
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Alison L Dickson
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Karl Austin-Muttitt
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Brian W Bigger
- Stem Cell & Neurotherapies, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Andrew A Morris
- Willink Unit, Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester University Hospitals, Manchester, M13 9WL, UK
| | - Cedric H Shackleton
- University of California San Francisco (UCSF) Benioff Children's Hospital, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Peter T Clayton
- Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Takashi Iida
- Department of Chemistry, College of Humanities & Sciences, Nihon University, Sakurajousui, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8550, Japan
| | - Ria Sircar
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Departments of Biochemistry and Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hanns-Ulrich Marschall
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy, Institute of Medicine, Gothenburg, 41345, Sweden
| | - Jan Sjövall
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, 17177, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Huddinge, 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan G L Mullins
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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32
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Wang Y, Yutuc E, Griffiths WJ. Cholesterol metabolism pathways - are the intermediates more important than the products? FEBS J 2021; 288:3727-3745. [PMID: 33506652 PMCID: PMC8653896 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Every cell in vertebrates possesses the machinery to synthesise cholesterol and to metabolise it. The major route of cholesterol metabolism is conversion to bile acids. Bile acids themselves are interesting molecules being ligands to nuclear and G protein‐coupled receptors, but perhaps the intermediates in the bile acid biosynthesis pathways are even more interesting and equally important. Here, we discuss the biological activity of the different intermediates generated in the various bile acid biosynthesis pathways. We put forward the hypothesis that the acidic pathway of bile acid biosynthesis has primary evolved to generate signalling molecules and its utilisation by hepatocytes provides an added bonus of producing bile acids to aid absorption of lipids in the intestine.
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33
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Dai L, Zou L, Meng L, Qiang G, Yan M, Zhang Z. Cholesterol Metabolism in Neurodegenerative Diseases: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2183-2201. [PMID: 33411241 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02232-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an indispensable component of the cell membrane and plays vital roles in critical physiological processes. Brain cholesterol accounts for a large portion of total cholesterol in the human body, and its content must be tightly regulated to ensure normal brain function. Disorders of cholesterol metabolism in the brain are linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and other atypical cognitive deficits that arise at old age. However, the specific role of cholesterol metabolism disorder in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases has not been fully elucidated. Statins that are a class of lipid-lowering drugs have been reported to have a positive effect on neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we reviewed the physiological and pathological conditions of cholesterol metabolism and discussed the possible mechanisms of cholesterol metabolism and statin therapy in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Dai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Zou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lanxia Meng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Guifen Qiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College and Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Beijing, China
| | - Mingmin Yan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Mast N, El-Darzi N, Petrov AM, Li Y, Pikuleva IA. CYP46A1-dependent and independent effects of efavirenz treatment. Brain Commun 2020; 2:fcaa180. [PMID: 33305262 PMCID: PMC7713991 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcaa180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol excess in the brain is mainly disposed via cholesterol 24-hydroxylation catalysed by cytochrome P450 46A1, a CNS-specific enzyme. Cytochrome P450 46A1 is emerging as a promising therapeutic target for various brain diseases with both enzyme activation and inhibition having therapeutic potential. The rate of cholesterol 24-hydroxylation determines the rate of brain cholesterol turnover and the rate of sterol flux through the plasma membranes. The latter was shown to affect membrane properties and thereby membrane proteins and membrane-dependent processes. Previously we found that treatment of 5XFAD mice, an Alzheimer's disease model, with a small dose of anti-HIV drug efavirenz allosterically activated cytochrome P450 46A1 in the brain and mitigated several disease manifestations. Herein, we generated Cyp46a1-/- 5XFAD mice and treated them, along with 5XFAD animals, with efavirenz to ascertain cytochrome P450 46A1-dependent and independent drug effects. Efavirenz-treated versus control Cyp46a1-/- 5XFAD and 5XFAD mice were compared for the brain sterol and steroid hormone content, amyloid β burden, protein and mRNA expression as well as synaptic ultrastructure. We found that the cytochrome P450 46A1-dependent efavirenz effects included changes in the levels of brain sterols, steroid hormones, and such proteins as glial fibrillary acidic protein, Iba1, Munc13-1, post-synaptic density-95, gephyrin, synaptophysin and synapsin-1. Changes in the expression of genes involved in neuroprotection, neurogenesis, synaptic function, inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis were also cytochrome P450 46A1-dependent. The total amyloid β load was the same in all groups of animals, except lack of cytochrome P450 46A1 decreased the production of the amyloid β40 species independent of treatment. In contrast, altered transcription of genes from cholinergic, monoaminergic, and peptidergic neurotransmission, steroid sulfation and production as well as vitamin D3 activation was the main CYP46A1-independent efavirenz effect. Collectively, the data obtained reveal that CYP46A1 controls cholesterol availability for the production of steroid hormones in the brain and the levels of biologically active neurosteroids. In addition, cytochrome P450 46A1 activity also seems to affect the levels of post-synaptic density-95, the main postsynaptic density protein, possibly by altering the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II inhibitor 1 expression and activity of glycogen synthase kinase 3β. Even at a small dose, efavirenz likely acts as a transcriptional regulator, yet this regulation may not necessarily lead to functional effects. This study further confirmed that cytochrome P450 46A1 is a key enzyme for cholesterol homeostasis in the brain and that the therapeutic efavirenz effects on 5XFAD mice are likely realized via cytochrome P450 46A1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole El-Darzi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Young Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Irina A Pikuleva
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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35
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Localization of sterols and oxysterols in mouse brain reveals distinct spatial cholesterol metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5749-5760. [PMID: 32132201 PMCID: PMC7084107 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917421117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain is a remarkably complex organ and cholesterol homeostasis underpins brain function. It is known that cholesterol is not evenly distributed across different brain regions; however, the precise map of cholesterol metabolism in the brain remains unclear. If cholesterol metabolism is to be correlated with brain function it is essential to generate such a map. Here we describe an advanced mass spectrometry platform to reveal spatial cholesterol metabolism in situ at 400-µm spot diameter on 10-µm tissue slices from mouse brain. We mapped, not only cholesterol, but also other biologically active sterols arising from cholesterol turnover in both wild type and mice lacking cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase (CYP46A1), the major cholesterol metabolizing enzyme. Dysregulated cholesterol metabolism is implicated in a number of neurological disorders. Many sterols, including cholesterol and its precursors and metabolites, are biologically active and important for proper brain function. However, spatial cholesterol metabolism in brain and the resulting sterol distributions are poorly defined. To better understand cholesterol metabolism in situ across the complex functional regions of brain, we have developed on-tissue enzyme-assisted derivatization in combination with microliquid extraction for surface analysis and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to locate sterols in tissue slices (10 µm) of mouse brain. The method provides sterolomic analysis at 400-µm spot diameter with a limit of quantification of 0.01 ng/mm2. It overcomes the limitations of previous mass spectrometry imaging techniques in analysis of low-abundance and difficult-to-ionize sterol molecules, allowing isomer differentiation and structure identification. Here we demonstrate the spatial distribution and quantification of multiple sterols involved in cholesterol metabolic pathways in wild-type and cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase knockout mouse brain. The technology described provides a powerful tool for future studies of spatial cholesterol metabolism in healthy and diseased tissues.
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36
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Crick PJ, Yutuc E, Abdel-Khalik J, Saeed A, Betsholtz C, Genove G, Björkhem I, Wang Y, Griffiths WJ. Formation and metabolism of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids found in the mouse circulation: Lessons learnt from deuterium-enrichment experiments and the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 195:105475. [PMID: 31541728 PMCID: PMC6880786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.105475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
While the presence and abundance of the major oxysterols and cholestenoic acids in the circulation is well established, minor cholesterol metabolites may also have biological importance and be of value to investigate. In this study by observing the metabolism of deuterium-labelled cholesterol in the pdgfbret/ret mouse, a mouse model with increased vascular permeability in brain, and by studying the sterol content of plasma from the CYP46A1 transgenic mouse overexpressing the human cholesterol 24S-hydroxylase enzyme we have been able to identify a number of minor cholesterol metabolites found in the circulation, make approximate-quantitative measurements and postulate pathways for their formation. These "proof of principle" data may have relevance when using mouse models to mimic human disease and in respect of the increasing possibility of treating human neurodegenerative diseases with pharmaceuticals designed to enhance the activity of CYP46A1 or by adeno-associated virus delivery of CYP46A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Ahmed Saeed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Guillem Genove
- ICMC Karolinska Institutet, Novum, 141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
| | - William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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Patel D, Ahmad F, Kambach DM, Sun Q, Halim AS, Kramp T, Camphausen KA, Stommel JM. LXRβ controls glioblastoma cell growth, lipid balance, and immune modulation independently of ABCA1. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15458. [PMID: 31664073 PMCID: PMC6820787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51865-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a critical component of membranes and a precursor for hormones and other signaling molecules. Previously, we showed that unlike astrocytes, glioblastoma cells do not downregulate cholesterol synthesis when plated at high density. In this report, we show that high cell density induces ABCA1 expression in glioblastoma cells, enabling them to get rid of excess cholesterol generated by an activated cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. Because oxysterols are agonists for Liver X Receptors (LXRs), we investigated whether increased cholesterol activates LXRs to maintain cholesterol homeostasis in highly-dense glioblastoma cells. We observed that dense cells had increased oxysterols, which activated LXRβ to upregulate ABCA1. Cells with CRISPR-mediated knockdown of LXRβ, but not ABCA1, had decreased cell cycle progression and cell survival, and decreased feedback repression of the mevalonate pathway in densely-plated glioma cells. LXRβ gene expression poorly correlates with ABCA1 in glioblastoma patients, and expression of each gene correlates with poor patient prognosis in different prognostic subtypes. Finally, gene expression and lipidomics analyses cells revealed that LXRβ regulates the expression of immune response gene sets and lipids known to be involved in immune modulation. Thus, therapeutic targeting of LXRβ in glioblastoma might be effective through diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deven Patel
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Fahim Ahmad
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Diane M Kambach
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Qian Sun
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alan S Halim
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Tamalee Kramp
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Kevin A Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jayne M Stommel
- Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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Léger-Charnay E, Masson EAY, Morala T, Martine L, Buteau B, Leclere L, Bretillon L, Gambert S. Is 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol a potent modulator of cholesterol metabolism in Müller cells? An in vitro study about neuron to glia communication in the retina. Exp Eye Res 2019; 189:107857. [PMID: 31654618 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2019.107857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Communication between neurons and glia plays a major role in nervous tissue homeostasis. It is thought to participate in tuning cholesterol metabolism to cellular demand, which is a critical issue for neuronal health. Cholesterol is a membrane lipid crucial for nervous tissue functioning, and perturbed regulation of its metabolism has been linked to several neurodegenerative disorders. In the brain, 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC) is an oxysterol synthesized by neurons to eliminate cholesterol, and 24S-OHC has been shown to regulate cholesterol metabolism in astrocytes, glial cells which provide cholesterol to neurons. In the retina, 24S-OHC is also an elimination product of cholesterol produced by neurons, especially the retinal ganglion cells. However, it is not known whether Müller cells, the major macroglial cells of the retina, play the role of cholesterol provider for retinal neurons and whether they respond to 24S-OHC signaling, similarly to brain glial cells. In the present study, primary cultures of rat Müller cells were treated with 0, 0.5 or 1.5 μM 24S-OHC for 48 hours. The levels of cholesterol, precursors and oxysterols were quantified using gas chromatography coupled to flame-ionization detection or mass spectrometry. In addition, the expression of key genes related to cholesterol metabolism was analyzed using RTq-PCR. Müller cells were shown to express many genes linked to cholesterol metabolism, including genes coding for proteins implicated in cholesterol biosynthesis (HMGCR), cholesterol uptake and export via lipoproteins (LDL-R, SR-BI, ApoE and ABACA1) and regulation of cholesterol metabolism (SREBP2 and LXRβ). Cholesterol and several of its precursors and oxidative products were present. CYP27A1, the main retinal enzyme implicated in cholesterol elimination via oxysterol production, was quantified at low transcript levels but neither of its two typical products were detected in Müller cells. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that 24S-OHC has a strong hypocholesterolemic effect in Müller cells, leading to cholesterol depletion (-37 % at 1.5 μM). This was mediated by a decrease in cholesterol synthesis, as illustrated by reduced levels of cholesterol precursors: desmosterol (-38 % at 1.5 μM) and lathosterol (-84 % at 1.5 μM), and strong downregulation of HMGCR gene expression (2.4 fold decrease at 1.5μM). In addition, LDL-R and SR-BI gene expression were reduced in response to 24S-OHC treatment (2 fold and 1.6 fold at 1.5 μM, respectively), suggesting diminished lipoprotein uptake by the cells. On the contrary, there was a dramatic overexpression of ABCA1 transporter (10 fold increase at 1.5 μM), probably mediating an increase in cholesterol efflux. Finally, 24S-OHC induced a small but significant upregulation of the CYP27A1 gene. These data indicate that Müller cells possess the necessary cholesterol metabolism machinery and that they are able to sharply adjust their cholesterol metabolism in response to 24S-OHC, a signal molecule of neuronal cholesterol status. This suggests that Müller cells could be major players of cholesterol homeostasis in the retina via neuron-glia crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Léger-Charnay
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Elodie A Y Masson
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Tristan Morala
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Lucy Martine
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Bénédicte Buteau
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Leclere
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France
| | - Ségolène Gambert
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France; Laboratoire de Biochimie Médicale, Plateforme de Biologie Hospitalo-Universitaire, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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39
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Saint-Pol J, Gosselet F. Oxysterols and the NeuroVascular Unit (NVU): A far true love with bright and dark sides. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 191:105368. [PMID: 31026511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The brain is isolated from the whole body by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) which is located in brain microvessel endothelial cells (ECs). Through physical and metabolic properties induced by brain pericytes, astrocytes and neurons (these cells and the ECs referred to as the neurovascular unit (NVU)), the BBB hardly restricts exchanges of molecules between the brain and the bloodstream. Among them, cholesterol exchanges between these two compartments are very limited and occur through the transport of LDLs across the BBB. Oxysterols (mainly 24S and 27-hydroxycholesterol) daily cross the BBB and regulate molecule/cholesterol exchanges via Liver X nuclear Receptors (LXRs). In addition, these oxysterols have been linked to pathological processes in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. Here we propose an overview of the actual knowledge concerning oxysterols and the NVU cells in physiological and in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Saint-Pol
- University of Artois, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (BBB Lab), EA2465, F-62300 Lens, France.
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- University of Artois, Blood-Brain Barrier Laboratory (BBB Lab), EA2465, F-62300 Lens, France
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Loera-Valencia R, Goikolea J, Parrado-Fernandez C, Merino-Serrais P, Maioli S. Alterations in cholesterol metabolism as a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease: Potential novel targets for treatment. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:104-114. [PMID: 30878503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia and it is characterized by the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. However, the complete pathogenesis of the disease is still unknown. High level of serum cholesterol has been found to positively correlate with an increased risk of dementia and some studies have reported a decreased prevalence of AD in patients taking cholesterol-lowering drugs. Years of research have shown a strong correlation between blood hypercholesterolemia and AD, however cholesterol is not able to cross the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) into the brain. Cholesterol lowering therapies have shown mixed results in cognitive performance in AD patients, raising questions of whether brain cholesterol metabolism in the brain should be studied separately from peripheral cholesterol metabolism and what their relationship is. Unlike cholesterol, oxidized cholesterol metabolites known as oxysterols are able to cross the BBB from the circulation into the brain and vice-versa. The main oxysterols present in the circulation are 24S-hydroxycholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol. These oxysterols and their catalysing enzymes have been found to be altered in AD brains and there is evidence indicating their influence in the progression of the disease. This review gives a broad perspective on the relationship between hypercholesterolemia and AD, cholesterol lowering therapies for AD patients and the role of oxysterols in pathological and non-pathological conditions. Also, we propose cholesterol metabolites as valuable targets for prevention and alternative AD treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Loera-Valencia
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Julen Goikolea
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cristina Parrado-Fernandez
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics-IBGM, (University of Valladolid-CSIC), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Paula Merino-Serrais
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden; Instituto Cajal (CSIC), Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales, Madrid, Spain
| | - Silvia Maioli
- Karolinska Institutet, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology Care Sciences and Society, Division of Neurogeriatrics, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Gamba P, Staurenghi E, Testa G, Giannelli S, Sottero B, Leonarduzzi G. A Crosstalk Between Brain Cholesterol Oxidation and Glucose Metabolism in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:556. [PMID: 31213973 PMCID: PMC6554318 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), both cholesterol and glucose dysmetabolism precede the onset of memory deficit and contribute to the disease’s progression. It is indeed now believed that oxidized cholesterol in the form of oxysterols and altered glucose uptake are the main triggers in AD affecting production and clearance of Aβ, and tau phosphorylation. However, only a few studies highlight the relationship between them, suggesting the importance of further extensive studies on this topic. Recently, a molecular link was demonstrated between cholesterol oxidative metabolism and glucose uptake in the brain. In particular, 27-hydroxycholesterol, a key linker between hypercholesterolemia and the increased AD risk, is considered a biomarker for reduced glucose metabolism. In fact, its excess increases the activity of the renin-angiotensin system in the brain, thus reducing insulin-mediated glucose uptake, which has a major impact on brain functioning. Despite this important evidence regarding the role of 27-hydroxycholesterol in regulating glucose uptake by neurons, the involvement of other cholesterol oxidation products that have been clearly demonstrated to be key players in AD cannot be ruled out. This review highlights the current understanding of the potential role of cholesterol and glucose dysmetabolism in AD progression, and the bidirectional crosstalk between these two phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Erica Staurenghi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Serena Giannelli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Barbara Sottero
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, San Luigi Hospital, Turin, Italy
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Fellows Maxwell K, Bhattacharya S, Bodziak ML, Jakimovski D, Hagemeier J, Browne RW, Weinstock-Guttman B, Zivadinov R, Ramanathan M. Oxysterols and apolipoproteins in multiple sclerosis: a 5 year follow-up study. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1190-1198. [PMID: 31085627 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m089664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this work was to investigate whether changes in oxysterol and apolipoprotein levels over 5 years are associated with disease course and disability progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study included 139 subjects [39 healthy controls (HCs), 61 relapsing-remitting MS (RR-MS) patients, and 39 progressive MS (P-MS) patients]. Oxysterols [24-hydroxycholesterol (24HC), 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC), 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), 7α-hydroxycholesterol (7αHC), and 7-ketocholesterol (7KC)] were measured at baseline and 5 years using a novel mass spectrometric method, and apolipoproteins were measured using immunoturbidometric diagnostic kits. Levels of 24HC (P = 0.004), 25HC (P = 0.029), and 27HC (P = 0.026) increased in P-MS patients. 7KC (P = 0.047) and 7αHC (P = 0.001) levels decreased in RR-MS patients, and there were no changes in any oxysterols in HCs. In MS patients, ApoC-II (all P ≤ 0.01) and ApoE (all P ≤ 0.01) changes were positively associated with all oxysterol levels. Increases in 24HC (P = 0.038) and ApoB (P = 0.038) and decreases in 7KC (P = 0.020) were observed in RR-MS patients who converted to secondary P-MS (SP-MS) at follow-up and in SP-MS patients compared with RR-MS patients. Oxysterols and their associations with apolipoproteins differed between MS patients and HCs over 5 years. Oxysterol and apolipoprotein changes were associated with conversion to SP-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Fellows Maxwell
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Sonia Bhattacharya
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Mary Lou Bodziak
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Jesper Hagemeier
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Richard W Browne
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Bianca Weinstock-Guttman
- Jacobs Comprehensive Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research Center, Department of Neurology, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Jacobs Comprehensive Multiple Sclerosis Treatment and Research Center, Department of Neurology, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY.,Center for Biomedical Imaging at Clinical Translational Science Institute Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
| | - Murali Ramanathan
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY .,Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, Department of Neurology The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY
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Björkhem I, Leoni V, Svenningsson P. On the fluxes of side-chain oxidized oxysterols across blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers and origin of these steroids in CSF (Review). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 188:86-89. [PMID: 30586624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to cholesterol itself the side-chain oxidized metabolites 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24OH) and 27-hydroxycholesterol (27OH) are able to pass the blood-brain barrier and the blood-CSF barrier. Most 27OH in circulation is formed extracerebrally and according to catheterization experiments about 5 mg of it is taken up by the brain per 24 h. 24OH is almost exclusively produced in the brain and about 6 mg fluxes from the brain into the circulation per 24 h. In addition to these major fluxes a very minor fraction of these two oxysterols flux from the circulation into CSF. Isotope experiments have shown that almost all 27OH in CSF originates from the circulation and evidence has been presented that this is the case also with a substantial part of 24OH. The levels of both 24OH and 27OH in CSF are thus affected by the integrity of the blood-CSF barrier with higher levels when the barrier is defect. Both levels of 24OH and 27OH in CSF are increased in connection with neurodegeneration and in general the increase in 24OH levels is higher than the increase in 27OH levels. A number of observations in different type of patients including measurements of other biochemical markers support that the increase in levels of 24OH due to neurodegeneration is due to a release of this oxysterol or its precursor cholesterol from dying neuronal cells. In contrast the increase in levels of 27OH is likely to be a consequence of reduced metabolism due to loss of the neuronal enzyme CYP7B1. We discuss the driving forces behind the fluxes of oxysterols in the brain, the limitations in the flux across the barriers and the diagnostic potential for side-chain oxidized oxysterols in CSF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Varese, Varese, Italy
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Oxysterols as a biomarker in diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 491:103-113. [PMID: 30685361 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is one of the most important chemical substances as a structural element in human cells, and it is very susceptible to oxidation reactions that form oxysterol. Oxysterols exhibit almost the exact structure as cholesterol and a cholesterol precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol) with an additional hydroxyl, epoxy or ketone moiety. The oxidation reaction is performed via an enzymatic or non-enzymatic mechanism. The wide array of enzymatic oxysterols encountered in the human body varies in origin and function. Oxysterols establish a concentration equilibrium in human body fluids. Disease may alter the equilibrium, and oxysterols may be used as a diagnostic tool. The current review presents the possibility of using non-enzymatic oxysterols and disturbances in enzymatic oxysterol equilibrium in the human body as a potential biomarker for diagnosing and/or monitoring of the progression of various diseases.
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Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Meljon A, Theofilopoulos S, Abdel-Khalik J, Yutuc E, Parker JE, Kelly DE, Kelly SL, Arenas E, Wang Y. Additional pathways of sterol metabolism: Evidence from analysis of Cyp27a1-/- mouse brain and plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2018; 1864:191-211. [PMID: 30471425 PMCID: PMC6327153 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 27A1 is a key enzyme in both the acidic and neutral pathways of bile acid biosynthesis accepting cholesterol and ring-hydroxylated sterols as substrates introducing a (25R)26-hydroxy and ultimately a (25R)26-acid group to the sterol side-chain. In human, mutations in the CYP27A1 gene are the cause of the autosomal recessive disease cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX). Surprisingly, Cyp27a1 knockout mice (Cyp27a1−/−) do not present a CTX phenotype despite generating a similar global pattern of sterols. Using liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry and exploiting a charge-tagging approach for oxysterol analysis we identified over 50 cholesterol metabolites and precursors in the brain and circulation of Cyp27a1−/− mice. Notably, we identified (25R)26,7α- and (25S)26,7α-dihydroxy epimers of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids, indicating the presence of an additional sterol 26-hydroxylase in mouse. Importantly, our analysis also revealed elevated levels of 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one, which we found increased the number of oculomotor neurons in primary mouse brain cultures. 7α-Hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one is a ligand for the pregnane X receptor (PXR), activation of which is known to up-regulate the expression of CYP3A11, which we confirm has sterol 26-hydroxylase activity. This can explain the formation of (25R)26,7α- and (25S)26,7α-dihydroxy epimers of oxysterols and cholestenoic acids; the acid with the former stereochemistry is a liver X receptor (LXR) ligand that increases the number of oculomotor neurons in primary brain cultures. We hereby suggest that a lack of a motor neuron phenotype in some CTX patients and Cyp27a1−/− mice may involve increased levels of 7α-hydroxycholest-4-en-3-one and activation PXR, as well as increased levels of sterol 26-hydroxylase and the production of neuroprotective sterols capable of activating LXR. Besides CYP27A1 an additional sterol 26-hydroxylase is present in mouse. Sterol-acids are observed as 7α-hydroxy-(25R/S)26-acid epimers. The (25S)26-acid is found in mouse brain of the CYP27A1−/− mouse. The (25R)26-acid is found in brain of the wild type animal. Both epimers are found in plasma of both genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Peter J Crick
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Anna Meljon
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK; Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Jonas Abdel-Khalik
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Eylan Yutuc
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Josie E Parker
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Diane E Kelly
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Steven L Kelly
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-17177, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Swansea University Medical School, ILS1 Building, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
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Lütjohann D, Lopez AM, Chuang JC, Kerksiek A, Turley SD. Identification of Correlative Shifts in Indices of Brain Cholesterol Metabolism in the C57BL6/Mecp2 tm1.1Bird Mouse, a Model for Rett Syndrome. Lipids 2018; 53:363-373. [PMID: 29770459 DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RS) is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from loss-of-function mutations in the X-linked gene methyl-Cpg-binding protein 2 (MECP2). Using a well-defined model for RS, the C57BL6/Mecp2tm1.1Bird mouse, we have previously found a moderate but persistently lower rate of cholesterol synthesis, measured in vivo, in the brains of Mecp2-/y mice, starting from about the third week after birth. There was no genotypic difference in the total cholesterol concentration throughout the brain at any age. This raised the question of whether the lower rate of cholesterol synthesis in the mutants was balanced by a fall in the rate at which cholesterol was converted via cholesterol 24-hydroxylase (Cyp46A1) to 24S-hydroxycholesterol (24S-OHC), the principal route through which cholesterol is ordinarily removed from the brain. Here, we show that while there were no genotypic differences in the concentrations in plasma and liver of three cholesterol precursors (lanosterol, lathosterol, and desmosterol), two plant sterols (sitosterol and campesterol), and two oxysterols (27-hydroxycholesterol [27-OHC] and 24S-OHC), the brains of the Mecp2 -/y mice had significantly lower concentrations of all three cholesterol precursors, campesterol, and both oxysterols, with the level of 24S-OHC being ~20% less than in their Mecp2 +/y controls. Together, these data suggest that coordinated regulation of cholesterol synthesis and catabolism in the central nervous system is maintained in this model for RS. Furthermore, we speculate that the adaptive changes in these two pathways conceivably resulted from a shift in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier as implied by the significantly lower campesterol and 27-OHC concentrations in the brains of the Mecp2-/y mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Adam M Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA
| | - Jen-Chieh Chuang
- Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 6000 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9060, USA
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephen D Turley
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390-9151, USA
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Reinicke M, Schröter J, Müller-Klieser D, Helmschrodt C, Ceglarek U. Free oxysterols and bile acids including conjugates - Simultaneous quantification in human plasma and cerebrospinal fluid by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1037:245-255. [PMID: 30292299 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI(+)-MS/MS) assay was developed and qualified for analyzing 35 analytes of the cholesterol metabolism, including free cholesterol, 17 free, non-esterified oxysterols and 17 free and conjugated bile acids in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. As internal standards, 25 commercially available stable deuterium-labeled analogs of the analytes were used. Pre-analytical investigations included stability tests of analyte concentrations affected by different anticoagulation additives: lithium heparin-, citrate-, EDTA-K3-stabilized plasma and serum, and the stability in EDTA whole blood at RT. This LC-ESI(+)-MS/MS method was successfully applied for the analysis of paired serum/cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients with and without blood-brain barrier disturbance, as well as of 100 plasma samples of a LIFE-Adult study sub-cohort. A fast and simple sample preparation including protein precipitation and on-line solid-phase extraction was developed. As little as 55 μL of human plasma/serum or cerebrospinal fluid were needed for the analysis. It was possible to separate isomeric oxysterols and bile acids within 23 min using a C18 core-shell column. The assay is capable of quantifying in a linear range of 0.8-250 ng mL-1 for free hydroxycholesterols, 0.2-10 ng mL-1 for dihydroxycholesterols, 0.2-500 ng mL-1 for bile acids and 16-2000 μg mL-1 for cholesterol with acceptable accuracy and precision. In cerebrospinal fluid one free oxysterols, five free and five conjugated bile acids could be quantified. No significant differences between patients with and without blood-brain barrier disturbance were obtained. In the LIFE-Adult sub-cohort two free oxysterols, four free and seven conjugated bile acids could be quantified in EDTA plasma. Men showed significantly higher concentrations of 26-OHC than women (p = 0.035). Furthermore, in women lower levels of cholic acid, glycocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, glycoursodeoxycholic acid, glycolithocholic acid and higher levels of taurocholic acid, taurochenodeoxycholic acid, ursodeoxycholic acid/hyodeoxycholic acid were quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madlen Reinicke
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jenny Schröter
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Müller-Klieser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Leipzig University, Liebigstr. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; LIFE - Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Str. 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Schöls L, Rattay TW, Martus P, Meisner C, Baets J, Fischer I, Jägle C, Fraidakis MJ, Martinuzzi A, Saute JA, Scarlato M, Antenora A, Stendel C, Höflinger P, Lourenco CM, Abreu L, Smets K, Paucar M, Deconinck T, Bis DM, Wiethoff S, Bauer P, Arnoldi A, Marques W, Jardim LB, Hauser S, Criscuolo C, Filla A, Züchner S, Bassi MT, Klopstock T, De Jonghe P, Björkhem I, Schüle R. Hereditary spastic paraplegia type 5: natural history, biomarkers and a randomized controlled trial. Brain 2017; 140:3112-3127. [PMID: 29126212 PMCID: PMC5841036 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spastic paraplegia type 5 (SPG5) is a rare subtype of hereditary spastic paraplegia, a highly heterogeneous group of neurodegenerative disorders defined by progressive neurodegeneration of the corticospinal tract motor neurons. SPG5 is caused by recessive mutations in the gene CYP7B1 encoding oxysterol-7α-hydroxylase. This enzyme is involved in the degradation of cholesterol into primary bile acids. CYP7B1 deficiency has been shown to lead to accumulation of neurotoxic oxysterols. In this multicentre study, we have performed detailed clinical and biochemical analysis in 34 genetically confirmed SPG5 cases from 28 families, studied dose-dependent neurotoxicity of oxysterols in human cortical neurons and performed a randomized placebo-controlled double blind interventional trial targeting oxysterol accumulation in serum of SPG5 patients. Clinically, SPG5 manifested in childhood or adolescence (median 13 years). Gait ataxia was a common feature. SPG5 patients lost the ability to walk independently after a median disease duration of 23 years and became wheelchair dependent after a median 33 years. The overall cross-sectional progression rate of 0.56 points on the Spastic Paraplegia Rating Scale per year was slightly lower than the longitudinal progression rate of 0.80 points per year. Biochemically, marked accumulation of CYP7B1 substrates including 27-hydroxycholesterol was confirmed in serum (n = 19) and cerebrospinal fluid (n = 17) of SPG5 patients. Moreover, 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum correlated with disease severity and disease duration. Oxysterols were found to impair metabolic activity and viability of human cortical neurons at concentrations found in SPG5 patients, indicating that elevated levels of oxysterols might be key pathogenic factors in SPG5. We thus performed a randomized placebo-controlled trial (EudraCT 2015-000978-35) with atorvastatin 40 mg/day for 9 weeks in 14 SPG5 patients with 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum as the primary outcome measure. Atorvastatin, but not placebo, reduced serum 27-hydroxycholesterol from 853 ng/ml [interquartile range (IQR) 683-1113] to 641 (IQR 507-694) (-31.5%, P = 0.001, Mann-Whitney U-test). Similarly, 25-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum were reduced. In cerebrospinal fluid 27-hydroxycholesterol was reduced by 8.4% but this did not significantly differ from placebo. As expected, no effects were seen on clinical outcome parameters in this short-term trial. In this study, we define the mutational and phenotypic spectrum of SPG5, examine the correlation of disease severity and progression with oxysterol concentrations, and demonstrate in a randomized controlled trial that atorvastatin treatment can effectively lower 27-hydroxycholesterol levels in serum of SPG5 patients. We thus demonstrate the first causal treatment strategy in hereditary spastic paraplegia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludger Schöls
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tim W Rattay
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Martus
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christoph Meisner
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jonathan Baets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Imma Fischer
- Institute for Clinical Epidemiology and Applied Biostatistics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Jägle
- Center for Rare Diseases and Institute of Human Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthew J Fraidakis
- Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital ‘Attikon’, Medical School of the University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece
| | - Andrea Martinuzzi
- Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Conegliano Research Center, 31015 Conegliano, Italy
| | - Jonas Alex Saute
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genetics Identification Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Scarlato
- Neurology Department and INSPE, San Raffaele Hospital, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Antonella Antenora
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Stendel
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Philip Höflinger
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Charles Marques Lourenco
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lisa Abreu
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Katrien Smets
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Martin Paucar
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge and Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tine Deconinck
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dana M Bis
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sarah Wiethoff
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Peter Bauer
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- CENTOGENE AG, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Alessia Arnoldi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Wilson Marques
- Departamento de Neurologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, Universidade de Sao Paulo, 14049 Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Laura Bannach Jardim
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genetics Identification Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, 90035 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine: Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Internal Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 90040 Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Stefan Hauser
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University Naples, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stephan Züchner
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami, 33136 Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Maria Teresa Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, 23842 Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Thomas Klopstock
- Department of Neurology, Friedrich Baur Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 81377 Munich, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter De Jonghe
- Neurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Neurology, Antwerp University Hospital, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Center for Neurology and Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, Eberhard-Karls-University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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49
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Mast N, Anderson KW, Lin JB, Li Y, Turko IV, Tatsuoka C, Bjorkhem I, Pikuleva IA. Cytochrome P450 27A1 Deficiency and Regional Differences in Brain Sterol Metabolism Cause Preferential Cholestanol Accumulation in the Cerebellum. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:4913-4924. [PMID: 28190002 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.774760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1 or sterol 27-hydroxylase) is a ubiquitous, multifunctional enzyme catalyzing regio- and stereospecific hydroxylation of different sterols. In humans, complete CYP27A1 deficiency leads to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis or nodule formation in tendons and brain (preferentially in the cerebellum) rich in cholesterol and cholestanol, the 5α-saturated analog of cholesterol. In Cyp27a1-/- mice, xanthomas are not formed, despite a significant cholestanol increase in the brain and cerebellum. The mechanism behind cholestanol production has been clarified, yet little is known about its metabolism, except that CYP27A1 might metabolize cholestanol. It also is unclear why CYP27A1 deficiency results in preferential cholestanol accumulation in the cerebellum. We hypothesized that cholestanol might be metabolized by CYP46A1, the principal cholesterol 24-hydroxylase in the brain. We quantified sterols along with CYP27A1 and CYP46A1 in mouse models (Cyp27a1-/-, Cyp46a1-/-, Cyp27a1-/-Cyp46a1-/-, and two wild type strains) and human brain specimens. In vitro experiments with purified P450s were conducted as well. We demonstrate that CYP46A1 is involved in cholestanol removal from the brain and that several factors contribute to the preferential increase in cholestanol in the cerebellum arising from CYP27A1 deficiency. These factors include (i) low cerebellar abundance of CYP46A1 and high cerebellar abundance of CYP27A1, the lack of which probably selectively increases the cerebellar cholestanol production; (ii) spatial separation in the cerebellum of cholesterol/cholestanol-metabolizing P450s from a pool of metabolically available cholestanol; and (iii) weak cerebellar regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis. We identified a new physiological role of CYP46A1, an important brain enzyme and cytochrome P450 that could be activated pharmacologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mast
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Kyle W Anderson
- the Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.,the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and
| | - Joseph B Lin
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Yong Li
- From the Departments of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and
| | - Illarion V Turko
- the Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899.,the Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, and
| | - Curtis Tatsuoka
- Neurology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
| | - Ingemar Bjorkhem
- the Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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50
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Abstract
In this short review we provide a synopsis of recent developments in oxysterol research highlighting topics of current interest to the community. These include the involvement of oxysterols in neuronal development and survival, their participation in the immune system, particularly with respect to bacterial and viral infection and to Th17-cell development, and the role of oxysterols in breast cancer. We also discuss the value of oxysterol analysis in the diagnosis of disease.
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