1
|
Ye K, Liu X, Li D, Gao L, Zheng K, Qu J, Xing N, Yang F, Liu B, Li A, Pang Q. Extracellular matrix-regulator MMPA is required for the orderly proliferation of neoblasts and differentiation of ectodermal progenitor cells in the planarian Dugesia japonica. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 659:1-9. [PMID: 37030019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are members of a family of zinc-dependent metallopeptidase proteins that are widely found in plants, animals, and microorganisms. As the regulators of the extracellular matrix and basement membrane, MMPs play an important role in embryogenesis, development, innate immunity, and regeneration. However, the function of MMP family in planarian, a model for regeneration research, is still ambiguous. Here, we cloned 5 MMPs genes from Dugesia japonica and found that DjMMPA was associated with the process of regeneration, neoblasts cell maintenance confusion and destruction. Loss of DjMMPA led to homeostasis confusion and eventually death, owing to neoblasts proliferation disorder. Additionally, DjMMPA RNAi-treated animals had impaired regeneration after amputation. Furthermore, knockdown of DjMMPA had noticeable defects in cell differentiation of ectoderm, especially in eyes and neural progenitor cells, possibly by inhibiting Wnt signaling. Our results suggest that extracellular matrix-regulator MMPA is required for the orderly proliferation of neoblasts and differentiation of ectodermal progenitor cells in the planarian, which provide valuable information for further explorations into the molecular mechanism of MMPS, stem cells, and regeneration.
Collapse
|
2
|
Costa S, Ragusa MA, Lo Buglio G, Scilabra SD, Nicosia A. The Repertoire of Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteases: Evolution, Regulation of Extracellular Matrix Proteolysis, Engineering and Therapeutic Challenges. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12081145. [PMID: 36013323 PMCID: PMC9409782 DOI: 10.3390/life12081145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) belong to a fascinating protein family expressed in all Metazoa. They act as regulators of the turnover of the extracellular matrix, and they are consistently involved in essential processes. Herein, we recapitulate the main activities of mammalian TIMPs (TIMP1-4) in the control of extracellular-matrix degradation and pathologies associated with aberrant proteostasis. We delineate the activity of TIMPs in the control of extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis and discuss the diversity of TIMPs across metazoans taking into account the emergence of the components of the ECM during evolution. Thus, the TIMP repertoire herein analysed includes the homologues from cnidarians, which are coeval with the origins of ECM components; protostomes (molluscs, arthropods and nematodes); and deuterostomes (echinoderms and vertebrates). Several questions, including the maintenance of the structure despite low sequence similarity and the strategies for TIMP engineering, shed light on the possibility to use recombinant TIMPs integrating unique features and binding selectivity for therapeutic applications in the treatment of inflammatory pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Costa
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Maria Antonietta Ragusa
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Gabriele Lo Buglio
- Department of “Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche” (STEBICEF), University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (S.C.); (M.A.R.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Simone Dario Scilabra
- Proteomics Group of Fondazione Ri.MED, Research Department IRCCS ISMETT, Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione, Via E. Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Aldo Nicosia
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation—National Research Council (IRIB-CNR), 90146 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Moneer J, Siebert S, Krebs S, Cazet J, Prexl A, Pan Q, Juliano C, Böttger A. Differential gene regulation in DAPT-treated Hydra reveals candidate direct Notch signalling targets. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258768. [PMID: 34346482 PMCID: PMC8353520 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In Hydra, Notch inhibition causes defects in head patterning and prevents differentiation of proliferating nematocyte progenitor cells into mature nematocytes. To understand the molecular mechanisms by which the Notch pathway regulates these processes, we performed RNA-seq and identified genes that are differentially regulated in response to 48 h of treating the animals with the Notch inhibitor DAPT. To identify candidate direct regulators of Notch signalling, we profiled gene expression changes that occur during subsequent restoration of Notch activity and performed promoter analyses to identify RBPJ transcription factor-binding sites in the regulatory regions of Notch-responsive genes. Interrogating the available single-cell sequencing data set revealed the gene expression patterns of Notch-regulated Hydra genes. Through these analyses, a comprehensive picture of the molecular pathways regulated by Notch signalling in head patterning and in interstitial cell differentiation in Hydra emerged. As prime candidates for direct Notch target genes, in addition to Hydra (Hy)Hes, we suggest Sp5 and HyAlx. They rapidly recovered their expression levels after DAPT removal and possess Notch-responsive RBPJ transcription factor-binding sites in their regulatory regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Moneer
- Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Germany, Biocenter, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Großhaderner Str. 2, Germany
| | - Stefan Siebert
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Stefan Krebs
- Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Gene Center Munich, Feodor-Lynen-Str. 25 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Jack Cazet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Andrea Prexl
- Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Germany, Biocenter, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Großhaderner Str. 2, Germany
| | - Qin Pan
- Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Germany, Biocenter, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Großhaderner Str. 2, Germany
| | - Celina Juliano
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angelika Böttger
- Ludwig Maximilians-University Munich, Germany, Biocenter, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Großhaderner Str. 2, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bouchard C, Boudko DY, Jiang RHY. A SLC6 transporter cloned from the lion's mane jellyfish (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) is expressed in neurons. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218806. [PMID: 31233570 PMCID: PMC6590891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the course of recent comparative genomic studies conducted on nervous systems across the phylogeny, current thinking is leaning in favor of more heterogeneity among nervous systems than what was initially expected. The isolation and characterization of molecular components that constitute the cnidarian neuron is not only of interest to the physiologist but also, on a larger scale, to those who study the evolution of nervous systems. Understanding the function of those ancient neurons involves the identification of neurotransmitters and their precursors, the description of nutrients used by neurons for metabolic purposes and the identification of integral membrane proteins that bind to those compounds. Using a molecular cloning strategy targeting membrane proteins that are known to be present in all forms of life, we isolated a member of the solute carrier family 6 from the scyphozoan jellyfish Cyanea capillata. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that the new transporter sequence belongs to an ancestral group of the nutrient amino acid transporter subfamily and is part of a cluster of cnidarian sequences which may translocate the same substrate. We found that the jellyfish transporter is expressed in neurons of the motor nerve net of the animal. To this end, we established an in situ hybridization protocol for the tissues of C. capillata and developed a specific antibody to the jellyfish transporter. Finally, we showed that the gene that codes for the jellyfish transporter also expresses a long non-coding RNA. We hope that this research will contribute to studies that seek to understand what constitutes a neuron in species that belong to an ancient phylum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bouchard
- College of Science and Mathematics, University of South Florida, Sarasota, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dmitri Y. Boudko
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Rays H. Y. Jiang
- Global and Planetary Health, College of Public Health, University of South Florida USF Genomics Program, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hu B, Xiao J, Yi P, Hu C, Zhu M, Yin S, Wen C, Wu J. Cloning and characteristic of MMP1 gene from Hyriopsis cumingii and collagen hydrolytic activity of its recombinant protein. Gene 2019; 693:92-100. [PMID: 30716434 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.12.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an essential role in a variety of biological processes including wound healing, inflammation, cell invasion, angiogenesis and immune defense. In this study, a putative MMP1 cDNA was cloned and characterized from Hyriopsis cumingii (designated as HcMMP1). The cDNA was 1822 bp in length and encoded a putative protein of 510 amino acids, with a predicted molecular mass of 58.28 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 9.27. HcMMP1 contained all prototype MMPs family signatures, such as signal peptide, prodomain, catalytic center, hinge region, and hemopexin like domain. Quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that in mussels HcMMP1 mRNA was expressed in all tissues tested, and the transcriptional expression levels were significantly up-regulated in hepatopancreas and hemocytes after Aeromonas hydrophila, peptidoglycan stimulations and in mantle after wounding. Moreover, the recombination HcMMP1 protein, successfully expressed in Escherichia coli, was purified by affinity chromatography with the concentration of final yield at 0.3 mg/mL. The recombinase had an essentially hydrolytic activity toward rat type I collagen, mouse II and IV collagen after renaturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Baoqing Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Jun Xiao
- Jiangxi Fisheries Research Institute, Nanchang 330039, China
| | - Peipei Yi
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chenxi Hu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Shuyuan Yin
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Chungen Wen
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Jielian Wu
- College of Life Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Suzuki Y, Chou J, Garvey SL, Wang VR, Yanes KO. Evolution and Regulation of Limb Regeneration in Arthropods. Results Probl Cell Differ 2019; 68:419-454. [PMID: 31598866 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-23459-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration has fascinated both scientists and non-scientists for centuries. Many organisms can regenerate, and arthropod limbs are no exception although their ability to regenerate is a product shaped by natural and sexual selection. Recent studies have begun to uncover cellular and molecular processes underlying limb regeneration in several arthropod species. Here we argue that an evo-devo approach to the study of arthropod limb regeneration is needed to understand aspects of limb regeneration that are conserved and divergent. In particular, we argue that limbs of different species are comprised of cells at distinct stages of differentiation at the time of limb loss and therefore provide insights into regeneration involving both stem cell-like cells/precursor cells and differentiated cells. In addition, we review recent studies that demonstrate how limb regeneration impacts the development of the whole organism and argue that studies on the link between local tissue damage and the rest of the body should provide insights into the integrative nature of development. Molecular studies on limb regeneration are only beginning to take off, but comparative studies on the mechanisms of limb regeneration across various taxa should not only yield interesting insights into development but also answer how this remarkable ability evolved across arthropods and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Suzuki
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA.
| | - Jacquelyn Chou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Sarah L Garvey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Victoria R Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| | - Katherine O Yanes
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Buch PR, Ranadive I, Desai I, Balarakrishnan S. Cyclooxygenase-2 interacts with MMP and FGF pathways to promote epimorphic regeneration in lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Growth Factors 2018; 36:69-77. [PMID: 30196771 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2018.1497021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an inducible enzyme known for its role in promoting inflammation, pain and cancer. It has more recently been attributed a function in epimorphic regeneration of vertebrate appendages. However, its position among the molecular regulators of regeneration remains unclear. This work was aimed at analyzing the influence of COX-2 on critical mediators of regenerative processes in the lizard Hemidactylus flaviviridis. It was found during the early events of regeneration that MMP and FGF genes get altered in their expression in response to administration of etoricoxib, a COX-2 inhibitor. Results herein also reflect a positive correlation between COX-2 activity and gelatinase activities in our system. These observations, for the first time, establish a definitive interaction of the COX-2 signal with the MMPs and FGFs as essential to the initiation of tail regeneration, placing it as one of the top regulators of the molecular events which characterize epimorphosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pranav R Buch
- a Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science , The M. S. University of Baroda , Vadodara , India
| | - Isha Ranadive
- a Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science , The M. S. University of Baroda , Vadodara , India
| | - Isha Desai
- b N. V. Patel College of Pure and Applied Sciences , Vallabh Vidyanagar , Anand , India
| | - Suresh Balarakrishnan
- a Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science , The M. S. University of Baroda , Vadodara , India
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Domínguez-Pérez D, Campos A, Alexei Rodríguez A, Turkina MV, Ribeiro T, Osorio H, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Proteomic Analyses of the Unexplored Sea Anemone Bunodactis verrucosa. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:E42. [PMID: 29364843 PMCID: PMC5852470 DOI: 10.3390/md16020042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnidarian toxic products, particularly peptide toxins, constitute a promising target for biomedicine research. Indeed, cnidarians are considered as the largest phylum of generally toxic animals. However, research on peptides and toxins of sea anemones is still limited. Moreover, most of the toxins from sea anemones have been discovered by classical purification approaches. Recently, high-throughput methodologies have been used for this purpose but in other Phyla. Hence, the present work was focused on the proteomic analyses of whole-body extract from the unexplored sea anemone Bunodactis verrucosa. The proteomic analyses applied were based on two methods: two-dimensional gel electrophoresis combined with MALDI-TOF/TOF and shotgun proteomic approach. In total, 413 proteins were identified, but only eight proteins were identified from gel-based analyses. Such proteins are mainly involved in basal metabolism and biosynthesis of antibiotics as the most relevant pathways. In addition, some putative toxins including metalloproteinases and neurotoxins were also identified. These findings reinforce the significance of the production of antimicrobial compounds and toxins by sea anemones, which play a significant role in defense and feeding. In general, the present study provides the first proteome map of the sea anemone B. verrucosa stablishing a reference for future studies in the discovery of new compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dany Domínguez-Pérez
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Armando Alexei Rodríguez
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Peptide Chemistry, Hanover Medical School (MHH), Feodor-Lynen-Straße 31, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Maria V Turkina
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, SE-581 85 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Tiago Ribeiro
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Hugo Osorio
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde- i3S, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Ipatimup, Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto, Rua Júlio Amaral de Carvalho, 45, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
- Department of Pathology and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Vítor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Porto, Portugal.
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Miao T, Wan Z, Sun L, Li X, Xing L, Bai Y, Wang F, Yang H. Extracellular matrix remodeling and matrix metalloproteinases (ajMMP-2 like and ajMMP-16 like) characterization during intestine regeneration of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 212:12-23. [PMID: 28687360 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2017.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) regulated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is essential for tissue regeneration. In the present study, we used immunohistochemistry (IHC) techniques against ECM components to reveal changes of ECM during intestine regeneration of Apostichopus japonicus. The expression of collagen I and laminin reduced apparently from the eviscerated intestine, while fibronectin exhibited continuous expression in all regeneration stages observed. Meanwhile, we cloned two MMP genes from A. japonicus by RACE PCR. The full-length cDNA of ajMMP-2 like is 2733bp and contains a predicted open reading frame (ORF) of 1716bp encoding 572 amino acids. The full-length cDNA of ajMMP-16 like is 2705bp and contains an ORF of 1452bp encoding 484 amino acids. The predicted protein sequences of each MMP contain two conserved domains, ZnMc_MMP and HX. Homology and phylogenetic analysis revealed that ajMMP-2 like and ajMMP-16 like share high sequence similarity with MMP-2 and MMP-16 from Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, respectively. Then we investigated spatio-temporal expression of ajMMP-2 like and ajMMP-16 like during different regeneration stages by qRT-PCR and IHC. The expression pattern of them showed a roughly opposite trend from that of ECM components. According to our results, a fibronectin-dominate temporary matrix is created in intestine regeneration, and it might provide structural integrity for matrix and promote cell movement. We also hypothesize that ajMMP-2 like and ajMMP-16 like could accelerate cell migration and regulate interaction between ECM components and growth factors. This work provides new evidence of ECM and MMPs involvement in sea cucumber regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zixuan Wan
- Wyoming Seminary College Preparatory School, Kingston, PA 18704, USA
| | - Lina Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xiaoni Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lili Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yucen Bai
- China Rural Technology Development Center, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hongsheng Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Marino-Puertas L, Goulas T, Gomis-Rüth FX. Matrix metalloproteinases outside vertebrates. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:2026-2035. [PMID: 28392403 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family belongs to the metzincin clan of zinc-dependent metallopeptidases. Due to their enormous implications in physiology and disease, MMPs have mainly been studied in vertebrates. They are engaged in extracellular protein processing and degradation, and present extensive paralogy, with 23 forms in humans. One characteristic of MMPs is a ~165-residue catalytic domain (CD), which has been structurally studied for 14 MMPs from human, mouse, rat, pig and the oral-microbiome bacterium Tannerella forsythia. These studies revealed close overall coincidence and characteristic structural features, which distinguish MMPs from other metzincins and give rise to a sequence pattern for their identification. Here, we reviewed the literature available on MMPs outside vertebrates and performed database searches for potential MMP CDs in invertebrates, plants, fungi, viruses, protists, archaea and bacteria. These and previous results revealed that MMPs are widely present in several copies in Eumetazoa and higher plants (Tracheophyta), but have just token presence in eukaryotic algae. A few dozen sequences were found in Ascomycota (within fungi) and in double-stranded DNA viruses infecting invertebrates (within viruses). In contrast, a few hundred sequences were found in archaea and >1000 in bacteria, with several copies for some species. Most of the archaeal and bacterial phyla containing potential MMPs are present in human oral and gut microbiomes. Overall, MMP-like sequences are present across all kingdoms of life, but their asymmetric distribution contradicts the vertical descent model from a eubacterial or archaeal ancestor. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Matrix Metalloproteinases edited by Rafael Fridman.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Marino-Puertas
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Theodoros Goulas
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain..
| | - F Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab, Structural Biology Unit, "María-de-Maeztu" Unit of Excellence, Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (CSIC), Barcelona Science Park; c/Baldiri Reixac, 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain..
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nicosia A, Maggio T, Costa S, Salamone M, Tagliavia M, Mazzola S, Gianguzza F, Cuttitta A. Maintenance of a Protein Structure in the Dynamic Evolution of TIMPs over 600 Million Years. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1056-71. [PMID: 26957029 PMCID: PMC4860685 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Deciphering the events leading to protein evolution represents a challenge, especially for protein families showing complex evolutionary history. Among them, TIMPs represent an ancient eukaryotic protein family widely distributed in the animal kingdom. They are known to control the turnover of the extracellular matrix and are considered to arise early during metazoan evolution, arguably tuning essential features of tissue and epithelial organization. To probe the structure and molecular evolution of TIMPs within metazoans, we report the mining and structural characterization of a large data set of TIMPs over approximately 600 Myr. The TIMPs repertoire was explored starting from the Cnidaria phylum, coeval with the origins of connective tissue, to great apes and humans. Despite dramatic sequence differences compared with highest metazoans, the ancestral proteins displayed the canonical TIMP fold. Only small structural changes, represented by an α-helix located in the N-domain, have occurred over the evolution. Both the occurrence of such secondary structure elements and the relative solvent accessibility of the corresponding residues in the three-dimensional structures raises the possibility that these sites represent unconserved element prone to accept variations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Nicosia
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR) Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
| | - Teresa Maggio
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research-ISPRA, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Salvatore Costa
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Monica Salamone
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR) Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
| | - Marcello Tagliavia
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR) Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
| | - Salvatore Mazzola
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR) Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gianguzza
- Dipartimento Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, University of Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Angela Cuttitta
- Laboratory of Molecular Ecology and Biotechnology, National Research Council-Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR) Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, Torretta Granitola, Trapani, Sicily, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Next Generation Sequencing Identifies Five Major Classes of Potentially Therapeutic Enzymes Secreted by Lucilia sericata Medical Maggots. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8285428. [PMID: 27119084 PMCID: PMC4826915 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8285428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lucilia sericata larvae are used as an alternative treatment for recalcitrant and chronic wounds. Their excretions/secretions contain molecules that facilitate tissue debridement, disinfect, or accelerate wound healing and have therefore been recognized as a potential source of novel therapeutic compounds. Among the substances present in excretions/secretions various peptidase activities promoting the wound healing processes have been detected but the peptidases responsible for these activities remain mostly unidentified. To explore these enzymes we applied next generation sequencing to analyze the transcriptomes of different maggot tissues (salivary glands, gut, and crop) associated with the production of excretions/secretions and/or with digestion as well as the rest of the larval body. As a result we obtained more than 123.8 million paired-end reads, which were assembled de novo using Trinity and Oases assemblers, yielding 41,421 contigs with an N50 contig length of 2.22 kb and a total length of 67.79 Mb. BLASTp analysis against the MEROPS database identified 1729 contigs in 577 clusters encoding five peptidase classes (serine, cysteine, aspartic, threonine, and metallopeptidases), which were assigned to 26 clans, 48 families, and 185 peptidase species. The individual enzymes were differentially expressed among maggot tissues and included peptidase activities related to the therapeutic effects of maggot excretions/secretions.
Collapse
|
13
|
|
14
|
Azevedo A, Prado AF, Antonio RC, Issa JP, Gerlach RF. Matrix metalloproteinases are involved in cardiovascular diseases. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:301-14. [PMID: 24974977 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This MiniReview describes the essential biochemical and molecular aspects of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and briefly discusses how they engage in different diseases, with particular emphasis on cardiovascular diseases. There is compelling scientific evidence that many MMPs, especially MMP-2, play important roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases; inhibition of these enzymes is beneficial to many cardiovascular conditions, sometimes precluding or postponing end-organ damage and fatal outcomes. Conducting comprehensive discussions and further studies on how MMPs participate in cardiovascular diseases is important, because inhibition of these enzymes may be an alternative or an adjuvant for current cardiovascular disease therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Azevedo
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Koropatnick T, Goodson MS, Heath-Heckman EAC, McFall-Ngai M. Identifying the cellular mechanisms of symbiont-induced epithelial morphogenesis in the squid-Vibrio association. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2014; 226:56-68. [PMID: 24648207 PMCID: PMC4245202 DOI: 10.1086/bblv226n1p56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic association between the Hawaiian bobtail squid Euprymna scolopes and the luminous marine bacterium Vibrio fischeri provides a unique opportunity to study epithelial morphogenesis. Shortly after hatching, the squid host harvests bacteria from the seawater using currents created by two elaborate fields of ciliated epithelia on the surface of the juvenile light organ. After light organ colonization, the symbiont population signals the gradual loss of the ciliated epithelia through apoptosis of the cells, which culminates in the complete regression of these tissues. Whereas aspects of this process have been studied at the morphological, biochemical, and molecular levels, no in-depth analysis of the cellular events has been reported. Here we describe the cellular structure of the epithelial field and present evidence that the symbiosis-induced regression occurs in two steps. Using confocal microscopic analyses, we observed an initial epithelial remodeling, which serves to disable the function of the harvesting apparatus, followed by a protracted regression involving actin rearrangements and epithelial cell extrusion. We identified a metal-dependent gelatinolytic activity in the symbiont-induced morphogenic epithelial fields, suggesting the involvement of Zn-dependent matrix metalloproteinase(s) (MMP) in light organ morphogenesis. These data show that the bacterial symbionts not only induce apoptosis of the field, but also change the form, function, and biochemistry of the cells as part of the morphogenic program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Margaret McFall-Ngai
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Dept. of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA Telephone: 608 262 2393; Fax: 608 262 8418;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tucker RP, Adams JC. Adhesion networks of cnidarians: a postgenomic view. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:323-77. [PMID: 24411175 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cell-extracellular matrix (ECM) and cell-cell adhesion systems are fundamental to the multicellularity of metazoans. Members of phylum Cnidaria were classified historically by their radial symmetry as an outgroup to bilaterian animals. Experimental study of Hydra and jellyfish has fascinated zoologists for many years. Laboratory studies, based on dissection, biochemical isolations, or perturbations of the living organism, have identified the ECM layer of cnidarians (mesoglea) and its components as important determinants of stem cell properties, cell migration and differentiation, tissue morphogenesis, repair, and regeneration. Studies of the ultrastructure and functions of intercellular gap and septate junctions identified parallel roles for these structures in intercellular communication and morphogenesis. More recently, the sequenced genomes of sea anemone Nematostella vectensis, Hydra magnipapillata, and coral Acropora digitifera have opened up a new frame of reference for analyzing the cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion molecules of cnidarians and examining their conservation with bilaterians. This chapter integrates a review of literature on the structure and functions of cell-ECM and cell-cell adhesion systems in cnidarians with current analyses of genome-encoded repertoires of adhesion molecules. The postgenomic perspective provides a fresh view on fundamental similarities between cnidarian and bilaterian animals and is impelling wider adoption of species from phylum Cnidaria as model organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard P Tucker
- Department of Cell Biology and Human Anatomy, University of California, Davis, California, USA.
| | - Josephine C Adams
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
McDonald TM, Sumner AJ, Reyes JF, Pascual AS, Uppalapati CK, Cooper KE, Leyva KJ, Hull EE. Matrix metalloproteinases and collective cell migration in 24 h primary zebrafish explant cultures: MMP13 plays an inhibitory role and MMP14 may respond to stretch during reepithelialisation. CELL BIOLOGY INTERNATIONAL REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/cbi3.10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. McDonald
- Biomedical Sciences; College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University; Glendale Arizona 85308 USA
| | - Adam J. Sumner
- College of Dental Medicine; Midwestern University; Glendale Arizona 85308 USA
| | - Jonazary F. Reyes
- Biomedical Sciences; College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University; Glendale Arizona 85308 USA
| | - Agnes S. Pascual
- Biomedical Sciences; College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University; Glendale Arizona 85308 USA
| | - Chandana K. Uppalapati
- Microbiology & Immunology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine; Midwestern University; Glendale Arizona 85308 USA
| | - Kimbal E. Cooper
- Biomedical Sciences; College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University; Glendale Arizona 85308 USA
| | - Kathryn J. Leyva
- Microbiology & Immunology, Arizona College of Osteopathic Medicine; Midwestern University; Glendale Arizona 85308 USA
| | - Elizabeth E. Hull
- Biomedical Sciences; College of Health Sciences, Midwestern University; Glendale Arizona 85308 USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Münder S, Tischer S, Grundhuber M, Büchels N, Bruckmeier N, Eckert S, Seefeldt CA, Prexl A, Käsbauer T, Böttger A. Notch-signalling is required for head regeneration and tentacle patterning in Hydra. Dev Biol 2013; 383:146-57. [PMID: 24012879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2013] [Revised: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Local self-activation and long ranging inhibition provide a mechanism for setting up organising regions as signalling centres for the development of structures in the surrounding tissue. The adult hydra hypostome functions as head organiser. After hydra head removal it is newly formed and complete heads can be regenerated. The molecular components of this organising region involve Wnt-signalling and β-catenin. However, it is not known how correct patterning of hypostome and tentacles are achieved in the hydra head and whether other signals in addition to HyWnt3 are needed for re-establishing the new organiser after head removal. Here we show that Notch-signalling is required for re-establishing the organiser during regeneration and that this is due to its role in restricting tentacle activation. Blocking Notch-signalling leads to the formation of irregular head structures characterised by excess tentacle tissue and aberrant expression of genes that mark the tentacle boundaries. This indicates a role for Notch-signalling in defining the tentacle pattern in the hydra head. Moreover, lateral inhibition by HvNotch and its target HyHes are required for head regeneration and without this the formation of the β-catenin/Wnt dependent head organiser is impaired. Work on prebilaterian model organisms has shown that the Wnt-pathway is important for setting up signalling centres for axial patterning in early multicellular animals. Our data suggest that the integration of Wnt-signalling with Notch-Delta activity was also involved in the evolution of defined body plans in animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Münder
- Department of Biology 2, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Isolani ME, Abril JF, Saló E, Deri P, Bianucci AM, Batistoni R. Planarians as a model to assess in vivo the role of matrix metalloproteinase genes during homeostasis and regeneration. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55649. [PMID: 23405188 PMCID: PMC3566077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are major executors of extracellular matrix remodeling and, consequently, play key roles in the response of cells to their microenvironment. The experimentally accessible stem cell population and the robust regenerative capabilities of planarians offer an ideal model to study how modulation of the proteolytic system in the extracellular environment affects cell behavior in vivo. Genome-wide identification of Schmidtea mediterranea MMPs reveals that planarians possess four mmp-like genes. Two of them (mmp1 and mmp2) are strongly expressed in a subset of secretory cells and encode putative matrilysins. The other genes (mt-mmpA and mt-mmpB) are widely expressed in postmitotic cells and appear structurally related to membrane-type MMPs. These genes are conserved in the planarian Dugesia japonica. Here we explore the role of the planarian mmp genes by RNA interference (RNAi) during tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Our analyses identify essential functions for two of them. Following inhibition of mmp1 planarians display dramatic disruption of tissues architecture and significant decrease in cell death. These results suggest that mmp1 controls tissue turnover, modulating survival of postmitotic cells. Unexpectedly, the ability to regenerate is unaffected by mmp1(RNAi). Silencing of mt-mmpA alters tissue integrity and delays blastema growth, without affecting proliferation of stem cells. Our data support the possibility that the activity of this protease modulates cell migration and regulates anoikis, with a consequent pivotal role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Our data provide evidence of the involvement of specific MMPs in tissue homeostasis and regeneration and demonstrate that the behavior of planarian stem cells is critically dependent on the microenvironment surrounding these cells. Studying MMPs function in the planarian model provides evidence on how individual proteases work in vivo in adult tissues. These results have high potential to generate significant information for development of regenerative and anti cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Emilia Isolani
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Josep F. Abril
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Emili Saló
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona and Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paolo Deri
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang Y, Zhang H, Kong Y, Feng L. Identification and characterization of an amphioxus matrix metalloproteinase homolog BbMMPL2 responding to bacteria challenge. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 37:371-380. [PMID: 22440860 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2012.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Revised: 02/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases mainly involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation. We have cloned and identified BbMMPL2 as homolog of MMPs from adult amphioxus. Recombinant BbMMPL2 proteins underwent self-processing during refolding in vitro. The final ~23 kDa polypeptide displayed proteolytic activity against ECM components like casein, gelatin, collagen IV and fibrinogen, but not laminin, fibronectin or α1-PI. This activity could be inhibited by GM6001 and TIMP-1/2. In addition, real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that BbMMPL2 expressed in all issues/organs in adult amphioxus we tested. Its transcription was significantly up-regulated 12 h post immune challenge by Escherichia coli in epidermis and hepatic diverticulum but only slightly increased by Staphyloccocus aureus in epidermis. Furthermore, recombinant BbMMPL2-EGFP expressed in 293T and NIH/3T3 cells showed aggregation in cytoplasm and induced cell death. Our results provided new evidence that MMP was involved in immune response which could be conserved through evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Marine Biotechnology Research Center, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Nyberg KG, Conte MA, Kostyun JL, Forde A, Bely AE. Transcriptome characterization via 454 pyrosequencing of the annelid Pristina leidyi, an emerging model for studying the evolution of regeneration. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:287. [PMID: 22747785 PMCID: PMC3464666 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The naid annelids contain a number of species that vary in their ability to regenerate lost body parts, making them excellent candidates for evolution of regeneration studies. However, scant sequence data exists to facilitate such studies. We constructed a cDNA library from the naid Pristina leidyi, a species that is highly regenerative and also reproduces asexually by fission, using material from a range of regeneration and fission stages for our library. We then sequenced the transcriptome of P. leidyi using 454 technology. Results 454 sequencing produced 1,550,174 reads with an average read length of 376 nucleotides. Assembly of 454 sequence reads resulted in 64,522 isogroups and 46,679 singletons for a total of 111,201 unigenes in this transcriptome. We estimate that over 95% of the transcripts in our library are present in our transcriptome. 17.7% of isogroups had significant BLAST hits to the UniProt database and these include putative homologs of a number of genes relevant to regeneration research. Although many sequences are incomplete, the mean sequence length of transcripts (isotigs) is 707 nucleotides. Thus, many sequences are large enough to be immediately useful for downstream applications such as gene expression analyses. Using in situ hybridization, we show that two Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes (homologs of frizzled and β-catenin) present in our transcriptome are expressed in the regeneration blastema of P. leidyi, demonstrating the usefulness of this resource for regeneration research. Conclusions 454 sequencing is a rapid and efficient approach for identifying large numbers of genes in an organism that lacks a sequenced genome. This transcriptome dataset will be a valuable resource for molecular analyses of regeneration in P. leidyi and will serve as a starting point for comparisons to non-regenerating naids. It also contributes significantly to the still limited genomic resources available for annelids and lophotrochozoans more generally.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Nyberg
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Aufschnaiter R, Zamir EA, Little CD, Özbek S, Münder S, David CN, Li L, Sarras MP, Zhang X. In vivo imaging of basement membrane movement: ECM patterning shapes Hydra polyps. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:4027-38. [PMID: 22194305 PMCID: PMC3244984 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.087239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth and morphogenesis during embryonic development, asexual reproduction and regeneration require extensive remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM). We used the simple metazoan Hydra to examine the fate of ECM during tissue morphogenesis and asexual budding. In growing Hydra, epithelial cells constantly move towards the extremities of the animal and into outgrowing buds. It is not known, whether these tissue movements involve epithelial migration relative to the underlying matrix or whether cells and ECM are displaced as a composite structure. Furthermore, it is unclear, how the ECM is remodeled to adapt to the shape of developing buds and tentacles. To address these questions, we used a new in vivo labeling technique for Hydra collagen-1 and laminin, and tracked the fate of ECM in all body regions of the animal. Our results reveal that Hydra 'tissue movements' are largely displacements of epithelial cells together with associated ECM. By contrast, during the evagination of buds and tentacles, extensive movement of epithelial cells relative to the matrix is observed, together with local ECM remodeling. These findings provide new insights into the nature of growth and morphogenesis in epithelial tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Aufschnaiter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Evan A. Zamir
- Georgia Institute of Technology, George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Charles D. Little
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Suat Özbek
- Center for Organismal Studies, Department of Molecular Evolution and Genomics, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Münder
- Department of Biology 2, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Charles N. David
- Department of Biology 2, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| | - Michael P. Sarras
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Matveev IV, Adonin LS, Shaposhnikova TG, Podgornaya OI. Aurelia aurita-Cnidarian with a prominent medusiod stage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2011; 318:1-12. [PMID: 22081514 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Aurelia aurita has a complex life cycle that consists of several stages including alternating generations of medusa and polyps, huge sexual, and tiny asexual stages. Cnidarian is thought to possess two tissue layers: endoderm (gastroderm) and ectoderm, which are separated by mesoglea in medusa. The determination of the composition of the A. aurita jellyfish mesoglea was performed. New protein "mesoglein" was determined as one of the main components of mesoglea. Mesoglein is synthesized by mesogleal cells (Mc), which are populated A. aurita mesoglea as a high molecular mass precursor. Mc are involved in the formation of noncollagenous "elastic" fibers. Deduced amino acid sequence of mesoglein contains Zona Pellucida (ZP) domain and Delta/Serrate/Lag-2 domain. According to reverse transcription PCR, mesoglein is expressed in the mature medusa exclusively in the Mc. The sperm binding to the ZP is particularly important for successful fertilization. Antibodies against mesoglein stain the plate in the place of contact of germinal epithelium and oocyte. The structure found was named the "contact plate." The contact plate could be the precursor of the ZP. All our data suggest that Mc and, probably, the whole mesoglea originate from the epidermis (ectoderm). Computer search for mesoglein relatives reveals Nematostella and Trichoplax proteins as predicted ORFs, indicating that ZP proteins are quite ancient purchase in the evolution.
Collapse
|
24
|
Cerdà-Costa N, Guevara T, Karim AY, Ksiazek M, Nguyen KA, Arolas JL, Potempa J, Gomis-Rüth FX. The structure of the catalytic domain of Tannerella forsythia karilysin reveals it is a bacterial xenologue of animal matrix metalloproteinases. Mol Microbiol 2011; 79:119-32. [PMID: 21166898 PMCID: PMC3077575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Metallopeptidases (MPs) are among virulence factors secreted by pathogenic bacteria at the site of infection. One such pathogen is Tannerella forsythia, a member of the microbial consortium that causes peridontitis, arguably the most prevalent infective chronic inflammatory disease known to mankind. The only reported MP secreted by T. forsythia is karilysin, a 52 kDa multidomain protein comprising a central 18 kDa catalytic domain (CD), termed Kly18, flanked by domains unrelated to any known protein. We analysed the 3D structure of Kly18 in the absence and presence of Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) , which are required for function and stability, and found that it evidences most of the structural features characteristic of the CDs of mammalian matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Unexpectedly, a peptide was bound to the active-site cleft of Kly18 mimicking a left-behind cleavage product, which revealed that the specificity pocket accommodates bulky hydrophobic side-chains of substrates as in mammalian MMPs. In addition, Kly18 displayed a unique Mg(2+) or Ca(2+) binding site and two flexible segments that could play a role in substrate binding. Phylogenetic and sequence similarity studies revealed that Kly18 is evolutionarily much closer to winged-insect and mammalian MMPs than to potential bacterial counterparts found by genomic sequencing projects. Therefore, we conclude that this first structurally characterized non-mammalian MMP is a xenologue co-opted through horizontal gene transfer during the intimate coexistence between T. forsythia and humans or other animals, in a very rare case of gene shuffling from eukaryotes to prokaryotes. Subsequently, this protein would have evolved in a bacterial environment to give rise to full-length karilysin that is furnished with unique flanking domains that do not conform to the general multidomain architecture of animal MMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Núria Cerdà-Costa
- Proteolysis Lab; Department of Structural Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC; Barcelona Science Park; Helix Building; c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21; E-08028 Barcelona (Catalunya)
| | - Tibisay Guevara
- Proteolysis Lab; Department of Structural Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC; Barcelona Science Park; Helix Building; c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21; E-08028 Barcelona (Catalunya)
| | - Abdulkarim Y. Karim
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; PL-Krakow 30-387 (Poland)
| | - Miroslaw Ksiazek
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; PL-Krakow 30-387 (Poland)
| | - Ky-Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, Sydney NSW 2145 (Australia)
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006 (Australia)
| | - Joan L. Arolas
- Proteolysis Lab; Department of Structural Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC; Barcelona Science Park; Helix Building; c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21; E-08028 Barcelona (Catalunya)
| | - Jan Potempa
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology; Jagiellonian University; PL-Krakow 30-387 (Poland)
- University of Louisville; School of Dentistry; Oral Health and Systemic Disease; Louisville, KY 40202 (USA)
| | - F. Xavier Gomis-Rüth
- Proteolysis Lab; Department of Structural Biology; Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona, CSIC; Barcelona Science Park; Helix Building; c/ Baldiri Reixac, 15-21; E-08028 Barcelona (Catalunya)
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Notch signalling defines critical boundary during budding in Hydra. Dev Biol 2010; 344:331-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.05.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
26
|
Malloch EL, Perry KJ, Fukui L, Johnson VR, Wever J, Beck CW, King MW, Henry JJ. Gene expression profiles of lens regeneration and development in Xenopus laevis. Dev Dyn 2009; 238:2340-56. [PMID: 19681139 PMCID: PMC2773617 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven hundred and thirty-four unique genes were recovered from a cDNA library enriched for genes up-regulated during the process of lens regeneration in the frog Xenopus laevis. The sequences represent transcription factors, proteins involved in RNA synthesis/processing, components of prominent cell signaling pathways, genes involved in protein processing, transport, and degradation (e.g., the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), as well as many other proteins. The findings implicate specific signal transduction pathways in the process of lens regeneration, including the FGF, TGF-beta, MAPK, Retinoic acid, Wnt, and hedgehog signaling pathways, which are known to play important roles in eye/lens development and regeneration in various systems. In situ hybridization revealed that the majority of genes recovered are expressed during embryogenesis, including in eye tissues. Several novel genes specifically expressed in lenses were identified. The suite of genes was compared to those up-regulated in other regenerating tissues/organisms, and a small degree of overlap was detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica L. Malloch
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Kimberly J. Perry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Lisa Fukui
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Verity R. Johnson
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jason Wever
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Caroline W. Beck
- University of Otago, Department of Zoology, 340 Great King Street, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael W. King
- Indiana University School of Medicine and Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, Terre Haute, IN 47809
| | - Jonathan J. Henry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave. Urbana, IL 61801
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Knorr E, Schmidtberg H, Vilcinskas A, Altincicek B. MMPs regulate both development and immunity in the tribolium model insect. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4751. [PMID: 19270735 PMCID: PMC2649432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are evolutionarily conserved and multifunctional effector molecules in development and homeostasis. In spite of previous, intensive investigation in vitro and in cell culture, their pleiotrophic functions in vivo are still not well understood. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We show that the genetically amenable beetle Tribolium castaneum represents a feasible model organism to explore MMP functions in vivo. We silenced expression of three insect-type Tribolium MMP paralogs and their physiological inhibitors, TIMP and RECK, by dsRNA-mediated genetic interference (RNAi). Knock-down of MMP-1 arrested development during pupal morphogenesis giving phenotypes with altered antennae, compound eyes, wings, legs, and head. Parental RNAi-mediated knock-down of MMP-1 or MMP-2 resulted in larvae with non-lethal tracheal defects and with abnormal intestines, respectively, implicating additional roles of MMPs during beetle embryogenesis. This is different to findings from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, in which MMPs have a negligible role in embryogenesis. Confirming pleiotrophic roles of MMPs our results also revealed that MMPs are required for proper insect innate immunity because systemic knock-down of Tribolium MMP-1 resulted in significantly higher susceptibility to the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Moreover, mRNA levels of MMP-1, TIMP, and RECK, and also MMP enzymatic activity were significantly elevated in immune-competent hemocytes upon stimulation. To confirm collagenolytic activity of Tribolium MMP-1 we produced and purified recombinant enzyme and determined a similar collagen IV degrading activity as observed for the most related human MMP, MMP-19. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE This is the first study, to our knowledge, investigating the in vivo role of virtually all insect MMP paralogs along with their inhibitors TIMP and RECK in both insect development and immunity. Our results from the Tribolium model insect indicate that MMPs regulate tracheal and gut development during beetle embryogenesis, pupal morphogenesis, and innate immune defense reactions thereby revealing the evolutionarily conserved roles of MMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Knorr
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Henrike Schmidtberg
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Boran Altincicek
- Interdisciplinary Research Center, Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Anton-Erxleben F, Thomas A, Wittlieb J, Fraune S, Bosch TCG. Plasticity of epithelial cell shape in response to upstream signals: a whole-organism study using transgenic Hydra. ZOOLOGY 2009; 112:185-94. [PMID: 19201587 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 08/25/2008] [Accepted: 09/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms consist of a variety of cells of distinctive morphology, with the cell shapes often reproduced with astonishing accuracy between individuals and across species. The morphology of cells varies with tissues, and cell shape changes are of profound importance in many occasions of morphogenesis. To elucidate the mechanisms of cell shape determination and regulation is therefore an important issue. One of the simplest multicellular organisms is the freshwater polyp Hydra. Although much is known about patterning in this early branching metazoan, there is currently little understanding of how cells in Hydra regulate their shape in response to upstream signals. We previously reported generation of transgenic Hydra to trace cells and to study cell behavior in vivo in an animal at the basis of animal evolution. Here, we use a novel transgenic line which expresses enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) specifically in the ectodermal epithelial cells to analyze the structure and shape of epithelial cells as they are recruited into specific regions along the body column and respond to upstream signals such as components of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway. As a general theme, in contrast to epithelial cells in more complex animals, ectodermal epithelial cells in Hydra are capable of drastic changes in structure, shape, and cell contact along the body column. The remarkable phenotypic plasticity of epithelial cells in response to positional signals allows Hydra to build its body with only a limited number of different cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Friederike Anton-Erxleben
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, Am Botanischen Garten 9, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Siebert S, Anton-Erxleben F, Bosch TCG. Cell type complexity in the basal metazoan Hydra is maintained by both stem cell based mechanisms and transdifferentiation. Dev Biol 2007; 313:13-24. [PMID: 18029279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms controlling the stability of the differentiated cell state is a fundamental problem in biology. To characterize the critical regulatory events that control stem cell behavior and cell plasticity in vivo in an organism at the base of animal evolution, we have generated transgenic Hydra lines [Wittlieb, J., Khalturin, K., Lohmann, J., Anton-Erxleben, F., Bosch, T.C.G., 2006. Transgenic Hydra allow in vivo tracking of individual stem cells during morphogenesis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 103, 6208-6211] which express eGFP in one of the differentiated cell types. Here we present a novel line which expresses eGFP specifically in zymogen gland cells. These cells are derivatives of the interstitial stem cell lineage and have previously been found to express two Dickkopf related genes [Augustin, R., Franke, A., Khalturin, K., Kiko, R., Siebert, S. Hemmrich, G., Bosch, T.C.G., 2006. Dickkopf related genes are components of the positional value gradient in Hydra. Dev. Biol. 296 (1), 62-70]. In the present study we have generated transgenic Hydra in which eGFP expression is under control of the promoter of one of them, HyDkk1/2/4 C. Transgenic Hydra recapitulate faithfully the previously described graded activation of HyDkk1/2/4 C expression along the body column, indicating that the promoter contains all elements essential for spatial and temporal control mechanisms. By in vivo monitoring of eGFP+ gland cells, we provide direct evidence for continuous transdifferentiation of zymogen cells into granular mucous cells in the head region. We also show that in this tissue a subpopulation of mucous gland cells directly derives from interstitial stem cells. These findings indicate that both stem cell-based mechanisms and transdifferentiation are involved in normal development and maintenance of cell type complexity in Hydra. The results demonstrate a remarkable plasticity in the differentiation capacity of cells in an organism which diverged before the origin of bilaterian animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Siebert
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shimizu H, Takaku Y, Zhang X, Fujisawa T. The aboral pore of hydra: evidence that the digestive tract of hydra is a tube not a sac. Dev Genes Evol 2007; 217:563-8. [PMID: 17636325 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-007-0165-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The digestive tract of Bilateria is a tube with a mouth at one end and an anus at the other end. Radiata, that include the phylum Cnidaria, have a blind-sac form of digestive tract with only one opening. It has therefore been commonly believed that the evolution of the body plan from Radiata to Bilateria included the change of the digestive tract from a blind sac to a tube. In this study, we report that there is a very narrow opening at the aboral end of hydra termed the aboral pore. This confirms a classical finding by Kanajew (Zool Anz, 76:37-44, 1928), but we confirmed it in both asexually reproduced and sexually reproduced polyps, demonstrating that the aboral pore represents innate morphology. We also find that the opening coincides with the site where synthesis of an extracellular matrix-degrading enzyme, hydra matrix metalloprotease, is elevated suggesting that the pore is maintained by extracellular matrix degradation. Finally, we find that there is material transfer through the opening in both inward and outward directions. From these observations, we conclude that the digestive tract and the body plan of hydra is not a blind sac as formerly believed but is a tube with a tapered end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Shimizu
- Department of Developmental Genetics, National Institute of Genetics, 1111 Yata, Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Beare AHM, Metcalfe AD, Ferguson MWJ. Location of injury influences the mechanisms of both regeneration and repair within the MRL/MpJ mouse. J Anat 2007; 209:547-59. [PMID: 17005026 PMCID: PMC2100365 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00641.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult MRL/MpJ mouse regenerates all differentiated structures after through-and-through ear punch wounding in a scar-free process. We investigated whether this regenerative capacity was also shown by skin wounds. Dorsal skin wounds were created, harvested and archived from the same animals (MRL/MpJ and C57BL/6 mice) that received through-and-through ear punch wounds. Re-epithelialization was complete in dorsal wounds in both strains by day 5 and extensive granulation tissue was present by day 14 post-wounding. By day 21, wounds from both strains contained dense amounts of collagen that healed with a scar. The average wound area, as well as alpha-smooth muscle actin expression and macrophage influx were investigated during dorsal skin wound healing and did not significantly differ between strains. Thus, MRL/MpJ mice regenerate ear wounds in a scar-free manner, but heal dorsal skin wounds by simple repair with scar formation. A significant conclusion can be drawn from these data; mechanisms of regeneration and repair can occur within the same animal, potentially utilizing similar molecules and signalling pathways that subtly diverge dependent upon the microenvironment of the injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice H M Beare
- UK Centre for Tissue Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Page-McCaw A, Ewald AJ, Werb Z. Matrix metalloproteinases and the regulation of tissue remodelling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2007; 8:221-33. [PMID: 17318226 PMCID: PMC2760082 DOI: 10.1038/nrm2125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2054] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were discovered because of their role in amphibian metamorphosis, yet they have attracted more attention because of their roles in disease. Despite intensive scrutiny in vitro, in cell culture and in animal models, the normal physiological roles of these extracellular proteases have been elusive. Recent studies in mice and flies point to essential roles of MMPs as mediators of change and physical adaptation in tissues, whether developmentally regulated, environmentally induced or disease associated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Page-McCaw
- Department of Biology and Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, USA
| | - Andrew J. Ewald
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
| | - Zena Werb
- Department of Anatomy and Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143-0452, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Greenlee KJ, Werb Z, Kheradmand F. Matrix metalloproteinases in lung: multiple, multifarious, and multifaceted. Physiol Rev 2007; 87:69-98. [PMID: 17237343 PMCID: PMC2656382 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00022.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a family of 25 secreted and cell surface-bound neutral proteinases, process a large array of extracellular and cell surface proteins under normal and pathological conditions. MMPs play critical roles in lung organogenesis, but their expression, for the most part, is downregulated after generation of the alveoli. Our knowledge about the resurgence of the MMPs that occurs in most inflammatory diseases of the lung is rapidly expanding. Although not all members of the MMP family are found within the lung tissue, many are upregulated during the acute and chronic phases of these diseases. Furthermore, potential MMP targets in the lung include all structural proteins in the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines. However, what is less known is the role of MMP proteolysis in modulating the function of these substrates in vivo. Because of their multiplicity and substantial substrate overlap, MMPs are thought to have redundant functions. However, as we explore in this review, such redundancy most likely evolved as a necessary compensatory mechanism given the critical regulatory importance of MMPs. While inhibition of MMPs has been proposed as a therapeutic option in a variety of inflammatory lung conditions, a complete understanding of the biology of these complex enzymes is needed before we can reasonably consider them as therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kendra J Greenlee
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Bosch TCG. Why polyps regenerate and we don't: towards a cellular and molecular framework for Hydra regeneration. Dev Biol 2006; 303:421-33. [PMID: 17234176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The basis for Hydra's enormous regeneration capacity is the "stem cellness" of its epithelium which continuously undergoes self-renewing mitotic divisions and also has the option to follow differentiation pathways. Now, emerging molecular tools have shed light on the molecular processes controlling these pathways. In this review I discuss how the modular tissue architecture may allow continuous replacement of cells in Hydra. I also describe the discovery and regulation of factors controlling the transition from self-renewing epithelial stem cells to differentiated cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Olshausenstrasse 40, 24098 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Sánchez Alvarado A, Tsonis PA. Bridging the regeneration gap: genetic insights from diverse animal models. Nat Rev Genet 2006; 7:873-84. [PMID: 17047686 DOI: 10.1038/nrg1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Significant progress has recently been made in our understanding of animal regenerative biology, spurred on by the use of a wider range of model organisms and an increasing ability to use genetic tools in traditional models of regeneration. This progress has begun to delineate differences and similarities in the regenerative capabilities and mechanisms among diverse animal species, and to address some of the key questions about the molecular and cell biology of regeneration. Our expanding knowledge in these areas not only provides insights into animal biology in general, but also has important implications for regenerative medicine and stem-cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Sánchez Alvarado
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah School of Medicine, Deptartment of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Galliot B, Miljkovic-Licina M, de Rosa R, Chera S. Hydra, a niche for cell and developmental plasticity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2006; 17:492-502. [PMID: 16807002 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2006.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The silencing of genes whose expression is restricted to specific cell types and/or specific regeneration stages opens avenues to decipher the molecular control of the cellular plasticity underlying head regeneration in hydra. In this review, we highlight recent studies that identified genes involved in the immediate cytoprotective function played by gland cells after amputation; the early dedifferentiation of digestive cells into blastema-like cells during head regeneration, and the early late proliferation of neuronal progenitors required for head patterning. Hence, developmental plasticity in hydra relies on spatially restricted and timely orchestrated cellular modifications, where the functions played by stem cells remain to be characterized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Galliot
- Department of Zoology and Animal Biology, University of Geneva, Sciences III, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Stevenson TJ, Vinarsky V, Atkinson DL, Keating MT, Odelberg SJ. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase activity during newt limb regeneration. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:606-16. [PMID: 16372340 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity is important for newt limb regeneration. In most biological processes that require MMP function, MMP activity is tightly controlled by a variety of mechanisms, including the coexpression of natural inhibitors. Here, we show that gene expression of one such inhibitor, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (NvTIMP1), is upregulated during the wound healing and dedifferentiation stages of regeneration when several MMPs are at their maximal expression levels. Newt MMPs and NvTIMP1 also exhibit similar spatial expression patterns during the early stages of limb regeneration. NvTIMP1 inhibits the proteolytic activity of regeneration-related newt MMPs and, like human TIMP1, can induce a weak mitogenic response in certain cell types. These results suggest that NvTIMP1 may be functioning primarily to maintain optimal levels of MMP activity during the early stages of limb regeneration, while possibly serving a secondary role as a mitogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Stevenson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Within the animal kingdom, there are several examples of organisms with remarkable regenerative abilities. Among vertebrates, newts appear to be the most adept at replacing lost structures and injured organs and can regenerate their limbs, tails, spinal cords, jaws, retinas, lenses, optic nerves, intestines, and heart ventricles. This regenerative ability is dependent on the induction of an unusual degree of cellular plasticity near the site of injury. Mature cells lose their differentiated characteristics and revert to proliferating progenitor cells that will later redifferentiate to replace the lost or injured tissues. This degree of cellular plasticity appears to be restricted to those vertebrates with the most remarkable regenerative abilities and is not observed in mammals. However, in the last several years, there have been a few studies suggesting that certain factors present in newt tissues can induce a dedifferentiation response in mammalian cells. These results suggest that the knowledge gained from studying the molecular basis of cellular plasticity in newts and other regeneration-competent model organisms might one day be used to enhance the regenerative potential in mammals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shannon J Odelberg
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Cardiology and Neurobiology and Anatomy at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah 84132, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Vascotto SG, Beug S, Liversage RA, Tsilfidis C. Expression profiles of elastase1 (NvElastaseI) and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (NvSLPI) during forelimb regeneration in adult Notophthalmus viridescens suggest a role in epithelial remodeling and delamination. Dev Genes Evol 2006; 216:499-509. [PMID: 16508785 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-006-0061-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2005] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular proteases and their inhibitors may regulate a number of important processes involved in forelimb regeneration in the adult newt, including epithelial remodeling, breakdown of extracellular matrix, and dedifferentiation. We have identified a newt homologue of human ElastaseI (NvElastaseI) and its potential inhibitor, SLPI (NvSLPI), and evaluated their spatial and temporal expression during limb regeneration. NvElastaseI is upregulated early in regeneration and is associated with subdermal and wound epithelial cells, suggesting an involvement in wound healing and the generation of the wound epithelium. Up until 15 days post-amputation, NvElastaseI is also scattered throughout the developing blastema and may have a role in the dedifferentiation of stump tissues. NvSLPI is found at the interface between the intact skin and the wound epithelium, and may limit NvElastaseI activity. NvSLPI is also expressed in dermal glands, and is likely involved in anti-microbial activity or function. Quite apart from regeneration, complementary patterns of expression of NvElastaseI and NvSLPI are associated with newt epithelial sloughing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandy Gian Vascotto
- University of Ottawa Eye Institute,Ottawa Hospital, General Division, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Ghaskadbi SS, Shetye L, Chiplonkar S, Ghaskadbi S. Ultraviolet irradiation initiates ectopic foot formation in regenerating hydra and promotes budding. J Biosci 2005; 30:177-82. [PMID: 15886453 DOI: 10.1007/bf02703697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the effects of ultraviolet-C (UVC) and Ultraviolet-B (UVB) on growth and pattern formation in Pelmatohydra oligactis. UVC brings about a significant increase in budding in intact hydra while UVB does not exhibit such an effect. Excessive budding could be a response for survival at wavelengths that damage biological tissues. If the head or base piece of a bisected hydra is irradiated and recombined with the unirradiated missing part, regeneration proceeds normally indicating that exposure of a body part with either an intact head or foot to UVC does not influence pattern formation. Most significantly, in the middle piece, but not in the head or the base piece of a trisected hydra, UVC leads to initiation of ectopic feet formation in almost one third of the cases. Thus, UV irradiation interferes with pattern formation in regenerating hydra, possibly by changing positional values, and promotes budding in intact hydra. This is the first report on induction of ectopic feet formation by UV in regenerating hydra and opens up the possibility of using UV irradiation as a tool to understand pattern formation in the enigmatic hydra.
Collapse
|
41
|
Indra D, Ramalingam K, Babu M. Isolation, purification and characterization of collagenase from hepatopancreas of the land snail Achatina fulica. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 142:1-7. [PMID: 16005653 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2004] [Revised: 01/10/2005] [Accepted: 02/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1, EC:3.4.24.7) was isolated from the hepatopancreas of Achatina fulica and characterized for its enzymatic activity and immunological properties. Procollagenase was isolated using ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel filtration, followed by purification by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid and by dialysis in neutral buffer. In the presence of SDS and beta-mercaptoethanol, the procollagenase resolved into two subunits with molecular masses of 63 and 28 kDa, respectively. The 63 kDa fragment retained its ability to bind and degrade gelatin, but the 28 kDa was inactive. Analysis by 2D gel electrophoresis revealed that the 63 kDa fragment was basic (pIs 7.6, 7.8 and 8.15), while the 28 kDa fragment was acidic (pI 4.7 and 5.1). Western blot analysis confirmed the identity of collagenase, as only matrix metalloproteinase-1 rabbit antibodies against human matrix metalloproteinase-1 (N-terminal region) recognized both the isolated procollagenase and the 63 kDa fragment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Indra
- Biomaterials Division, Central Leather Research Institute, Adyar, Chennai-600020, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Crawford BD, Pilgrim DB. Ontogeny and regulation of matrix metalloproteinase activity in the zebrafish embryo by in vitro and in vivo zymography. Dev Biol 2005; 286:405-14. [PMID: 16112664 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2005.06.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2004] [Revised: 06/22/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) during development, angiogenesis, wound healing, tumor metastasis, and other morphogenetic processes depends on the exquisitely regulated activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Yet very little is known about the activity patterns of these proteases in vivo. We have employed fluorescent MMP-substrates, both in vitro and in vivo, to characterize patterns of MMP activity in the zebrafish embryo. Qualitatively similar patterns of degradation are detected using native Type I or Type IV collagen substrates, suggesting that multiple MMPs are being regulated concomitantly. MMP activity is observed primarily in ECM-rich structures predicted to be undergoing active remodeling, such as the perichordal sheath and somite boundaries. Patterns of Type I and Type IV collagen hydrolysis are similar, but not identical in embryos of any given stage. Conventional gelatin zymography shows MMPs present in embryos as early as 3-somites (11 h) and our in vivo assays detect Type IV collagen degradation at somite boundaries as early as 4-somites (11.5 h). However, we are unable to detect significant in vitro activity using homogenates made from embryos prior to Prim-16 (31 h). Mixed lysate assays demonstrate that this is the result of endogenous inhibitors present in early embryos, suggesting a model of matrix remodeling regulated by spatially heterogeneous MMP inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan D Crawford
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, CW405 Biological Sciences Building, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Vinarsky V, Atkinson DL, Stevenson TJ, Keating MT, Odelberg SJ. Normal newt limb regeneration requires matrix metalloproteinase function. Dev Biol 2005; 279:86-98. [PMID: 15708560 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2004.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 11/17/2004] [Accepted: 12/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Newts regenerate lost limbs through a complex process involving dedifferentiation, migration, proliferation, and redifferentiation of cells proximal to the amputation plane. To identify the genes controlling these cellular events, we performed a differential display analysis between regenerating and nonregenerating limbs from the newt Notophthalmus viridescens. This analysis, coupled with a direct cloning approach, identified a previously unknown Notophthalmus collagenase gene (nCol) and three known matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes, MMP3/10a, MMP3/10b, and MMP9, all of which are upregulated within hours of limb amputation. MMP3/10b exhibits the highest and most ubiquitous expression and appears to account for the majority of the proteolytic activity in the limb as measured by gel zymography. By testing purified recombinant MMP proteins against potential substrates, we show that nCol is a true collagenase, MMP9 is a gelatinase, MMP3/10a is a stromelysin, and MMP3/10b has an unusually broad substrate profile, acting both as a stromelysin and noncanonical collagenase. Exposure of regenerating limbs to the synthetic MMP inhibitor GM6001 produces either dwarfed, malformed limb regenerates or limb stumps with distal scars. These data suggest that MMPs are required for normal newt limb regeneration and that MMPs function, in part, to prevent scar formation during the regenerative process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vinarsky
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Morphogens of hydra Hydra sp. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10893-005-0028-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
45
|
Bosch TCG. Ancient signals: peptides and the interpretation of positional information in ancestral metazoans. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2004; 136:185-96. [PMID: 14529745 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00226-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the 'tool kit' that builds the most fundamental aspects of animal complexity requires data from the basal animals. Among the earliest diverging animal phyla are the Cnidaria which are the first in having a defined body plan including an axis, a nervous system and a tissue layer construction. Here I revise our understanding of patterning mechanism in cnidarians with special emphasis on the nature of positional signals in Hydra as perhaps the best studied model organism within this phylum. I show that (i) peptides play a major role as positional signals and in cell-cell communication; (ii) that intracellular signalling pathways in Hydra leading to activation of target genes are shared with all multicellular animals; (iii) that homeobox genes translate the positional signals; and (iv) that the signals are integrated by a complex genetic regulatory machinery that includes both novel cis regulatory elements as well as taxon specific target genes. On the basis of these results I present a model for the regulatory interactions required for axis formation in Hydra.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C G Bosch
- Zoological Institute, Christian-Albrechts-University, Olshausenstrasse 40, Kiel 24098, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang J, Bai S, Zhang X, Nagase H, Sarras MP. The expression of gelatinase A (MMP-2) is required for normal development of zebrafish embryos. Dev Genes Evol 2003; 213:456-63. [PMID: 12898250 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-003-0346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2003] [Accepted: 07/01/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Gelatinase A, also called matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), belongs to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family. MMP-2 cleaves type IV collagen, denatured collagen (gelatin), and other extracellular matrix (ECM) components. MMP-2 has been reported to be involved in a number of biological and pathological processes, but previous studies have not indicated that its expression is essential for early embryogenesis. In the current study, we have utilized zebrafish as a developmental model to study the role of MMP-2 during embryogenesis. We have successfully isolated a zebrafish MMP-2 (zMMP-2) homologue showing over 80% identity and over 90% similarity to its human counterpart. In situ analysis showed that zMMP-2 was expressed as early as the one-cell stage implying a maternal origin during oogenesis, and embryos continued to express zMMP-2 through at least the 72-h stage of development. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the in situ expression pattern and gelatin zymography indicated that a metalloproteinase with the same gel mobility as vertebrate MMP-2 was present in zebrafish embryos. Injection of zMMP-2 antisense morpholino oligonucleotides into 1- to 4-cell embryos resulted in a truncated axis, monitored through 72 h of development indicating that this metalloproteinase plays an important role in zebrafish embryogenesis. Monpholino-induced alterations in development began to be observed at 12 h of embryogenesis based on morphological and axis marker studies. The results obtained in zebrafish are in contrast to murine knockout studies that indicate that MMP-2 does not have a major role in mouse embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160-7400, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang J, Bai S, Tanase C, Nagase H, Sarras MP. The expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP-2) is required for normal development of zebrafish embryos. Dev Genes Evol 2003; 213:382-9. [PMID: 12736828 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-003-0333-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2002] [Accepted: 04/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MMP activities are controlled by a combination of proteolytic pro-enzyme activation steps and inhibition by endogenous inhibitors like alpha2-macroglobulin and the tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). TIMPs are the key inhibitors in tissue. The expression of both MMPs and TIMPs is controlled during tissue remodeling to maintain a balance in the turnover of extracellular matrix. Disruption of this balance may result in a broad spectrum of diseases. Additionally, TIMP-2 has been reported to have growth factor activities. To further study the function of TIMP-2 in development, we utilized zebrafish as an experimental model system. We have successfully isolated a TIMP-2 homologue from zebrafish (zTIMP-2). This zebrafish TIMP-2 showed high similarity to human TIMP-2 with all critical features conserved. Whole-mount in situ analysis showed that zTIMP-2 was expressed as early as the one-cell stage indicating a maternal origin. This expression continued through later stages of development. RT-PCR analysis confirmed the early expression pattern from the 16-cell stage through blastula, gastrula and 24-h stages. In addition, at the protein level, immunoreactive zTIMP-2 was detected using antibody against recombinant human TIMP-2. RFP-reporter analysis indicated that TIMP-2 can be secreted into the extracellular space where ECM is forming. Functional studies showed that the balance of TIMP-2 expression is important to normal development as reflected by the fact that both blockage of TIMP-2 translation using antisense morpholino oligonculeotides or increased translation of TIMP-2 using a mRNA microinjection approach resulted in abnormal zebrafish development. This is in contrast to murine knockout studies that indicate that TIMP-2 does not have a major role in mouse embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Blvd., Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), also designated matrixins, hydrolyze components of the extracellular matrix. These proteinases play a central role in many biological processes, such as embryogenesis, normal tissue remodeling, wound healing, and angiogenesis, and in diseases such as atheroma, arthritis, cancer, and tissue ulceration. Currently 23 MMP genes have been identified in humans, and most are multidomain proteins. This review describes the members of the matrixin family and discusses substrate specificity, domain structure and function, the activation of proMMPs, the regulation of matrixin activity by tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, and their pathophysiological implication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Visse
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, 1 Aspenlea Rd, London W6 8LH, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mannello F, Canesi L, Faimali M, Piazza V, Gallo G, Geraci S. Characterization of metalloproteinase-like activities in barnacle (Balanus amphitrite) nauplii. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2003; 135:17-24. [PMID: 12781969 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(03)00049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The presence of extracellular matrix (ECM) degrading enzymes was investigated in naupliar stages of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite Darwin. The results of substrate gel-zymography and quantitative assays demonstrated that naupliar extracts contain several protease activities that are specific towards gelatin substrates; some caseinolytic activity was also detected. Substrate specificity was observed in all naupliar stages (II-VI). The gelatinolytic activities showed dependence on both Ca(2+) and Zn(2+) and inhibition by EDTA, EGTA, and 1,10-phenanthroline. Also Mg(2+) partially activated the enzymes, whereas Cd(2+), Cu(2+), Hg(2+) and Pb(2+) were inhibitory. The thermal denaturation profile was significantly different in the presence and absence of Ca(2+) and Zn(2+). Overall, the results indicate that the Ca(2+)/Zn(2+)-dependent gelatinase activities in barnacle nauplii belong to the subfamily of matrix metalloproteases. Barnacle larvae MMPs showed biochemical characteristics different from those of vertebrate MMPs but common to other gelatinases from marine invertebrates: they were unaffected by several protease inhibitors and insensitive to specific activators/inhibitors of vertebrate MMPs. The presence of MMP-like activities in different naupliar stages suggests a constitutive role for these enzymes in ECM remodeling during barnacle larvae growth and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Mannello
- Istituto di Istologia ed Analisi di Laboratorio, Facoltà di Scienze, Via Zeppi, Università di Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029 Urbino (PU), Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Zhang J, Bai S, Zhang X, Nagase H, Sarras MP. The expression of novel membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase isoforms is required for normal development of zebrafish embryos. Matrix Biol 2003; 22:279-93. [PMID: 12853038 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(03)00020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play important roles in the turnover of components of extracellular matrix (ECM) and in the processing of active and latent-signaling molecules bound to the ECM or associated with the cell surface. Through such actions, MMPs regulate a variety of cellular and developmental processes. Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) are of particular importance because they function in the immediate pericellular environment that modulates both cell-cell and cell-ECM interactions. In this study, we utilized zebrafish as a developmental model to study the role of MT-MMPs during early embryogenesis. We successfully isolated two isoforms of a MT-MMP homologue that are structurally similar to MT1-MMP. They have been named zebrafish MT-MMPalpha and beta. Zebrafish MT-MMPbeta is unique among vertebrate MT-MMPs in that it contains an Arg-Glu-Asp (RED) multiple-repeat motif in its linker region. Whole mount in situ analysis, RT-PCR, immunofluorescence, reporter analysis, Western blot analysis, and zymography indicated that MT-MMPalpha and beta were expressed through at least the first 72 h of development and that this expression was targeted to the cell surface. Functional studies using injection of either mRNA or morpholino antisense oligonucleotides resulted in a truncation of the cranial to caudal axis as monitored through 72 h post fertilization, indicating that zebrafish MT-MMPalpha and beta had an important role in embryonic development. Axis markers indicated that these effects likely involved processes occurring later than 10 h of embryogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|